657:
129:
32:
2990:
636:. When a word is abbreviated to more than a single letter and was originally spelled with lower case letters then there is no need for capitalization. However, when abbreviating a phrase where only the first letter of each word is taken, then all letters should be capitalized, as in YTD for
1645:
are also often colloquially syllabically abbreviated, as in NorCal (Northern
California), CenCal (Central California), and SoCal (Southern California). Additionally, in the context of Los Angeles, the syllabic abbreviation SoHo (Southern Hollywood) refers to the southern portion of the
443:, so that "not much space is wasted". The standardisation of English in the 15th through 17th centuries included a growth in the use of such abbreviations. At first, abbreviations were sometimes represented with various suspension signs, not only periods. For example, sequences like
549:
Widespread use of electronic communication through mobile phones and the
Internet during the 1990s led to a marked rise in colloquial abbreviation. This was due largely to increasing popularity of textual communication services such as instant and text messaging. The original
1112:
In Latin, and continuing to the derivative forms in
European languages as well as English, single-letter abbreviations had the plural being a doubling of the letter for note-taking. Most of these deal with writing and publishing. A few longer abbreviations use this as well.
321:
writing. In Roman inscriptions, "Words were commonly abbreviated by using the initial letter or letters of words, and most inscriptions have at least one abbreviation". However, "some could have more than one meaning, depending on their context. (For example,
1756:(Young Communists' League), the contractions in Newspeak are supposed to have a political function by virtue of their abbreviated structure itself: nice sounding and easily pronounceable, their purpose is to mask all ideological content from the speaker.
616:
In modern
English, there are multiple conventions for abbreviation, and there is controversy as to which should be used. One generally accepted rule is to be consistent in a body of work. To this end, publishers may express their preferences in a
991:, writing about style in academic writings, allows for an apostrophe to form plural acronyms "only when an abbreviation contains internal periods or both capital and lowercase letters". For example, "DVDs" and "URLs" and "Ph.D.'s", while the
2025:
Syllabic abbreviations are very common in
Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian languages. They are often used as names of organizations. Historically, popularization of abbreviations was a way to simplify mass-education in 1920s (see
545:
Over the years, however, the lack of convention in some style guides has made it difficult to determine which two-word abbreviations should be abbreviated with periods and which should not. This question is considered below.
1899:
With the
National Socialist German Workers' Party gaining power came a frenzy of government reorganisation, and with it a series of entirely new syllabic abbreviations. The single national police force amalgamated from the
679:
says a period is used for both of these shortened forms, but recommends against this practice: advising it only for end-shortened words and lower-case initialisms; not for middle-shortened words and upper-case initialisms.
2136:
Malaysian abbreviation often uses letters from each word, while
Indonesia usually uses syllables; although some cases do not follow the style. For example, general elections in Malaysian Malay often shortened into PRU
1495:
Some titles, such as "Reverend" and "Honourable", are spelt out when preceded by "the", rather than as "Rev." or "Hon." respectively. This is true for most
British publications, and some in the United States.
471:
Mastɔ subwardenɔ y ɔmēde me to you. And wherɔ y wrot to you the last wyke that y trouyde itt good to differrɔ thelectionɔ ovɔ to quīdenaɔ tinitatis y have be thougħt me synɔ that itt woll be thenɔ a bowte
2386:
Modern text messaging is not affected by this issue although, behind the scenes, longer messages are carried in multiple 160-byte short messages in a chain. Characters not in GSM 03.38 require two bytes.
926:
Acronyms that were originally capitalized (with or without periods) but have since entered the vocabulary as generic words are no longer written with capital letters nor with any periods. Examples are
1498:
A repeatedly used abbreviation should be spelt out for identification on its first occurrence in a written or spoken passage. Abbreviations likely to be unfamiliar to many readers should be avoided.
1983:
Syllabic abbreviations are not only used in politics, however. Many business names, trademarks, and service marks from across
Germany are created on the same pattern: for a few examples, there is
1653:
Partially syllabic abbreviations are preferred by the US Navy, as they increase readability amidst the large number of initialisms that would otherwise have to fit into the same acronyms. Hence
914:"; initials within persons' names (such as "George R. Smith"); and "St." within persons' names when the person prefers it (such as "Emily R. St. Clair") (but not in city names such as
2779:
269:). When initialism is used as the preferred term, acronym refers more specifically to when the abbreviation is pronounced as a word rather than as separate letters; examples include
2727:
Do not use full points in abbreviations, or spaces between initials, including those in proper names: IMF, mph, eg, 4am, M&S, No 10, AN Wilson, WH Smith, etc.
1474:
When abbreviating scientific units, no space is added between the number and unit (100mph, 100m, 10cm, 10°C). (This is contrary to the SI standard; see below.)
306:
In early times, abbreviations may have been common due to the effort involved in writing (many inscriptions were carved in stone) or to provide secrecy via
1735:
2293:
848:
advises that periods should not be used with abbreviations on road signs, except for cardinal directions as part of a destination name. (For example,
675:, a word shortened by dropping letters from the end terminates with a period, whereas a word shorted by dropping letters from the middle does not.
648:. However, see the following section regarding abbreviations that have become common vocabulary: these are no longer written with capital letters.
668:
A period (a.k.a. full stop) is sometimes used to signify abbreviation, but opinion is divided as to when and if this convention is best practice.
1764:
1331:
1522:(SI) manual the word "symbol" is used consistently to define the shorthand used to represent the various SI units of measure. The manual also
2938:
2915:
1544:
No periods should follow the symbol unless the syntax of the sentence demands otherwise (for example a full stop at the end of a sentence).
1832:; much like acronyms in English, they have a distinctly modern connotation, although contrary to popular belief, many date back to before
2415:
2361:
2316:
467:. While this may seem trivial, it was symptomatic of an attempt by people manually reproducing academic texts to reduce the copy time.
2568:
1086:, an apostrophe may be used in rare cases where clarity calls for it, for example when letters or symbols are referred to as objects.
2206:
845:
840:. There are some house styles, however—American ones included—that remove the periods from almost all abbreviations. For example:
2126:
1530:
The conventions for upper and lower case letters must be observed—for example 1 MW (megawatts) is equal to 1,000,000
632:
If the original word was capitalized then the first letter of its abbreviation should retain the capital, for example Lev. for
2638:
2189:
form abbreviations similarly by using key
Chinese characters from a term or phrase. For example, in Japanese the term for the
1008:
states that the addition of an apostrophe is necessary when pluralizing all abbreviations, preferring "PC's, TV's and VCR's".
2974:
2848:
2748:
2667:
2366:
2298:
1972:, which may be rendered literally as "office of politics" or idiomatically as "political party steering committee", became
96:
2603:
1537:
No periods should be inserted between letters—for example "m.s" (which is an approximation of "m·s", which correctly uses
68:
2053:, or "Communist youth union") used Russian language syllabic abbreviations. In the modern Russian language, words like
1578:, and are always pronounced as words rather than letter by letter. Syllabic abbreviations should be distinguished from
1425:
996:
959:
In the past, some initialisms were styled with a period after each letter and a space between each pair. For example,
2932:
2688:
2540:
2507:
2449:
1853:
1547:
The singular and plural versions of the symbol are identical—not all languages use the letter "s" to denote a plural.
1437:
115:
75:
676:
229:
is an abbreviation consisting of the initial letter of a sequence of words without other punctuation. For example,
1011:
Forming a plural of an initialization without an apostrophe can also be used for a number, or a letter. Examples:
2321:
1507:
Writers often use shorthand to denote units of measure. Such shorthand can be an abbreviation, such as "in" for "
1327:
975:
There are multiple ways to pluralize an abbreviation. Sometimes this accomplished by adding an apostrophe and an
562:, with which 10% or more of the words in a typical SMS message are abbreviated. More recently Twitter, a popular
230:
2065:(from Ministerstvo obrazovaniya i nauki — Ministry of Education and Science) are still commonly used. In nearby
2903:
2793:
Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th Edition 2009, subsection 3.2.7.g
2326:
1613:
53:
82:
2994:
2824:
2476:
The British Cyclopaedia of the Arts, Sciences, History, Geography, Literature, Natural History, and Biography
1523:
1519:
1424:
Acronyms are often referred to with only the first letter of the abbreviation capitalized. For instance, the
49:
20:
534:
linguistic theory in academic Britain, abbreviating became very fashionable. Likewise, a century earlier in
2569:"The End of Short Cuts: The use of abbreviated English by the fellows of Merton College, Oxford 1483-1660"
265:
255:
245:
235:
1318:
992:
558:
character set), for instance. This brevity gave rise to an informal abbreviation scheme sometimes called
64:
1933:
983:), as in "two PC's have broken screens". But, some find this confusing since the notation can indicate
895:
2864:
2802:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), 5th Edition 2001, subsection 3.28
2058:
1359:
Social titles, e.g. Ms or Mr (though these would usually have not had periods—see above) Capt, Prof,
563:
2919:
42:
156:, meaning "short") is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method including shortening,
3010:
1647:
1556:
A syllabic abbreviation is usually formed from the initial syllables of several words, such as
2704:
2407:
2281:
995:
explicitly says, "do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of an abbreviation". Also, the
551:
538:, a fad of abbreviation started that swept the United States, with the globally popular term
157:
2474:
1541:) is the symbol for "metres multiplied by seconds", but "ms" is the symbol for milliseconds.
2576:
2355:
2274:
2262:
1679:
1590:
Syllabic abbreviations are not widely used in English. Some UK government agencies such as
764:
656:
497:
482:
301:
137:
89:
8:
2222:
1779:
In Albanian, syllabic acronyms are sometimes used for composing a person's name, such as
1356:, have completely done away with the use of periods in all abbreviations. These include:
1097:
However, the apostrophe can be dispensed with if the items are set in italics or quotes:
899:
863:
1456:
which has made the full transition to an English word and is rarely capitalised at all).
796:, the period is usually included regardless of whether or not it is a contraction, e.g.
2963:
2659:
2186:
2082:
1917:
1696:
1489:
1004:
390:.)" Many frequent abbreviations consisted of more than one letter: for example COS for
171:
An abbreviation may be a shortened form of a word with a trailing period. For example:
264:
254:
244:
234:
2970:
2928:
2899:
2844:
2754:
2744:
2712:
2684:
2663:
2633:
2546:
2536:
2513:
2503:
2480:
2455:
2445:
2246:
2234:
1802:
Other such names which are used commonly in recent decades are GETOAR, composed from
1940:, but also a repudiation of earlier turns of phrase in favour of neologisms such as
1736:
Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1612:(South of Houston Street). This usage has spread into other American cities, giving
1028:
For units of measure, the same form is used for both singular and plural. Examples:
202:
is an abbreviation formed by replacing letters with an apostrophe. Examples include
2775:
2628:
2309:
1814:(representing the two main dialects of the Albanian language, Gegë and Toskë), and
1570:. It is a variant of the acronym. Syllabic abbreviations are usually written using
1323:
793:
406:
2106:
1909:
1843:
1833:
1829:
1749:
984:
867:
672:
395:
1582:, which combine two words without necessarily taking whole syllables from each.
953:
When an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence, only one period is used:
870:, uses no periods in abbreviations or acronyms, with almost no exceptions. Thus
2607:
2190:
2157:
mum). Another example is Ministry of Health in which Malaysian Malay uses KKM (
1937:
1575:
1485:
887:
871:
700:
501:
478:
314:
2550:
1488:
the double "l" is a separate sound: "Ll. George" for (British prime minister)
3004:
2891:
2758:
2716:
2517:
2484:
2459:
2202:
1865:
1837:
1674:
1662:
1601:
1408:
1015:
988:
786:
240:
2914:
128:
2349:
2343:
1617:
1352:
1342:
Many British publications follow some of these guidelines in abbreviation:
782:
559:
318:
2250:
1376:
Abbreviations beyond three letters (full caps for all except initialisms);
195:. But sometimes the trailing period is not used for such shortened forms.
2012:
1660:
is used (in the full capital form) to mean "Destroyer Squadron 6", while
1579:
907:
618:
420:
410:
307:
879:
664:
a, showing American style of including the period even for contractions.
2887:
2268:
1884:. Along the same lines, the Swiss Federal Railways' Transit Police—the
1768:
1642:
1571:
1538:
911:
161:
1346:
For the sake of convenience, many British publications, including the
1306:
2865:"The Chicago Manual of Style, explained | University of Chicago News"
2337:
2331:
2287:
2118:
2035:
1975:
1512:
1484:
A doubled letter appears in abbreviations of some Welsh names, as in
947:
902:, and hundreds of others contain no periods. The only exceptions are
716:
605:
555:
531:
987:. And, this style is deprecated by many style guides. For instance,
566:, began driving abbreviation use with 140 character message limits.
31:
2110:
2045:
1760:
1670:
1558:
1471:. An initialism is also an acronym but is not pronounced as a word.
748:
732:
285:
281:
2780:
A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
2362:
The abbreviations used in the 1913 edition of Webster's dictionary
2237:). Korean universities often follow the same conventions, such as
1820:—which is an alternative way used to describe all Albanian lands.
1604:
has various neighborhoods named by syllabic abbreviation, such as
1316:
Publications based in the U.S. tend to follow the style guides of
2303:
2066:
1923:
1816:
1804:
1791:
1781:
1759:
A more recent syllabic abbreviation has emerged with the disease
1744:
1623:
1605:
415:
1914:, "order police"); the state KriPos together formed the "SiPo" (
1699:)—are described by Orwell as similar to real examples of German
2989:
2783:(7th ed.). University of Chicago Press. subsection 20.1.2.
2442:
New Hart's Rules: The handbook of style for writers and editors
2306: – Abbreviation consisting of initial letters of a phrase
2027:
2008:
1996:
1655:
883:
875:
554:
supported message lengths of 160 characters at most (using the
535:
165:
2210:
2086:
1943:
1810:
1627:
1595:
1591:
1451:
1326:. The U.S. government follows a style guide published by the
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
148:
133:
2812:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
2567:
Fletcher, John M.; Upton, Christopher A. (1 February 2004).
2073:(Belarus Telecommunication) and Belsat (Belarus Satellite).
1459:
Initialisms are always written in capitals; for example the
1064:
However, the same plurals may be rendered less formally as:
1984:
1609:
1531:
1508:
570:
539:
274:
270:
2843:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 638.
2604:"The Choctaw Expression 'Okeh' and the Americanism 'Okay'"
1274:
313:
Reduction of a word to a single letter was common in both
2213:
words is frequently used for universities: for instance,
1666:
would be "Commander, Naval Air Force (in the) Atlantic".
1502:
1347:
891:
260:
250:
2017:, the nickname of its founder followed by his surname.
660:
Sign in New York City subway, reading "Penna." for Penn
2898:, pg. 53. New York City: Macmillan Publishers, 1993.
2743:(9th ed.). London: Profile Books. p. 117.
2346: – Acronym redundantly coupled with its word(s)
1042:
When an abbreviation contains more than one period,
955:
The capital of the United States is Washington, D.C.
804:. In some cases, periods are optional, as in either
2502:. Facts on file. Infobase Publishing. p. 261.
2294:
List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions
2149:
mum) while Indonesian often shortened into pemilu (
2125:, "State Oil and Natural Gas Mining Company"), and
2117:, "National Petroleum"), its Indonesian equivalent
1307:
Conventions followed by publications and newspapers
624:Some controversies that arise are described below.
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2962:
2593:, Cambridge University Press, 2006, Vol. 2, p. 36.
2271: – Word consisting of two words put together
2123:Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi Negara
1669:Syllabic abbreviations are a prominent feature of
1478:
1379:Words seldom abbreviated with lower case letters (
542:generally credited as a remnant of its influence.
500:period, between the 15th and 17th centuries, the
3002:
2358: – Abbreviation consisting of three letters
2352: – Abbreviated slang used in text messaging
2290: – Group of letters pronounced as if a word
2085:; examples abound in organization names such as
1524:defines the way in which units should be written
280:Initialisms, contractions and crasis share some
2369: – Names and aliases of Unicode characters
2284: – Reduction of a word to one of its parts
2185:East Asian languages whose writing systems use
1932:, "secret state police"). The new order of the
1765:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
1598:(Office of Telecommunications) use this style.
611:
326:can be an abbreviation for many words, such as
2805:
2334: – Recent term that is gaining acceptance
1828:Syllabic abbreviations were and are common in
1332:National Institute of Standards and Technology
2738:
2591:The Cambridge History of the English Language
2566:
2265: – Abbreviations used in music notation.
2180:
2109:, abbreviations are common; examples include
1922:, "security police"); and there was also the
1076:New Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors
1074:The DTs (This is the recommended form in the
910:, Number), to avoid confusion with the word "
2916:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
2826:The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage
2497:
2105:In Southeast Asian languages, especially in
2057:(from Rossiysky selskokhozyaystvenny bank —
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1941:
1927:
1915:
1907:
1901:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1863:
1857:
1841:
999:specifically says, "without an apostrophe".
405:Abbreviations were frequently used in early
2169:alaysia), compared to Indonesian Kemenkes (
1334:sets the style for abbreviations of units.
486:
384:
376:
368:
360:
352:
344:
336:
328:
151:
2472:
2317:List of business and finance abbreviations
1954:("state security", the secret police) and
1763:(Corona Virus Disease 2019) caused by the
1594:(Office of Communications) and the former
1419:Scientific units (see Measurements below).
789:, disallow periods for all abbreviations.
2763:Do not use full stops in abbreviations...
2683:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
2662:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
2207:Japanese abbreviated and contracted words
1785:—an abbreviation from his original name (
1683:. The political contractions of Newspeak—
846:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
419:used many abbreviations, for example the
288:functions, and are connected by the term
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2679:Allen, Robert, ed. (2008). "Full stop".
2530:
2253:" originated as a Chinese abbreviation.
2095:Fondo Nacional de Financimiento Forestal
1551:
1365:Two-letter abbreviations for countries (
655:
588:"Meaning of the abbreviation."
127:
2768:
2562:
2560:
2435:
2433:
2100:
2093:("Mexican Petroleums") or Fonafifo for
2003:, the name of its founder, followed by
1991:, the name of its founder, followed by
1906:of the various states became the OrPo (
1789:) a famous Albanian poet and writer—or
1534:and 1,000,000,000 mW (milliwatts).
1511:" or can be a symbol such as "km" for "
781:Some British style guides, such as for
573:, abbreviations can be annotated using
488:Registrum Annalium Collegii Mertonensis
3003:
2960:
2921:The International System of Units (SI)
2838:
2705:"Guardian and Observer style guide: A"
2473:Partington, Charles Frederick (1838).
2439:
1936:in the east brought about a conscious
1862:(variously capitalised), and likewise
1616:, San Francisco (South of Market) and
1503:Measurements: abbreviations or symbols
2678:
2606:. Jim Fay. 2007-09-13. Archived from
2535:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
2479:. Wm. S. Orr and Company. p. 5.
2367:Unicode alias names and abbreviations
2201:(国連). (Such abbreviations are called
2081:Syllabic abbreviations are common in
2774:
2681:Pocket Fowler's Modern English Usage
2557:
2498:Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy (2004).
2430:
2299:List of abbreviations in photography
2225:) and is used similarly in Chinese:
2097:(National Forestry Financing Fund).
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
2814:, 6th Edition 2010, subsection 4.29
2796:
2787:
2531:Gelderen, Elly van (2014). "4 1.".
2033:Leninist organisations such as the
2007:, the town of its head office; and
13:
2829:, Three Rivers Press, 1999, p. 24.
2418:from the original on 29 March 2018
2051:Kommunisticheskii Soyuz Molodyozhi
1856:of any German police force, begat
1767:(itself frequently abbreviated to
1620:(Lower Downtown), amongst others.
1608:(Triangle below Canal Street) and
1461:"British Broadcasting Corporation"
1426:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1002:However, the 1999 style guide for
997:American Psychological Association
16:Shortened form of a word or phrase
14:
3022:
2896:The Elements of Technical Writing
2533:A History of the English Language
2412:Latin is Simple Online Dictionary
2133:, "Ministry of Transportation").
1854:Criminal Investigation Department
1799:), another famous Albanian poet.
1626:-based electric service provider
1438:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
1337:
627:
523:) for promotional reasons, as in
2988:
2641:from the original on 12 May 2008
2500:Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome
2209:). The syllabic abbreviation of
1311:
860:all follow this recommendation.)
30:
2954:
2944:from the original on 2021-06-04
2908:
2881:
2857:
2832:
2817:
2732:
2697:
2672:
2652:
2573:The Simplified Spelling Society
2380:
2322:List of classical abbreviations
2197:(国際連合) is often abbreviated to
1479:Miscellaneous and general rules
1328:U.S. Government Printing Office
1108:Dot the 'i's and cross the 't's
1050:after the final one. Examples:
409:. Manuscripts of copies of the
41:needs additional citations for
2841:Garner's Modern American Usage
2621:
2596:
2583:
2524:
2491:
2466:
2400:
2327:List of medieval abbreviations
1630:is a syllabic abbreviation of
963:, but today this is typically
1:
2393:
1526:, the principal rules being:
1520:International System of Units
1093:Dot the i's and cross the t's
677:Fowler's Modern English Usage
21:Abbreviation (disambiguation)
2823:Siegal, AM., Connolly, WG.,
1709:
1673:, the fictional language of
1574:, sometimes starting with a
612:Style conventions in English
519:was often used (in the form
164:(which includes acronym) or
7:
2629:"What does "OK" stand for?"
2444:. Oxford University Press.
2256:
2205:(略語) in Japanese; see also
1774:
1742:(Communist International),
1702:
1319:The Chicago Manual of Style
993:Modern Language Association
10:
3027:
2181:Chinese and Japanese kanji
2076:
2020:
1934:German Democratic Republic
1714:in the 20th century. Like
1707:and Russian contractions (
1585:
1406:). A notable exception is
651:
515:('the'). In modern times,
299:
295:
18:
2340: – Number-based word
2059:Russian Agricultural Bank
1823:
1797:Aleksander Stavre Drenova
1771:, partly an initialism).
1038:1 min or 45 min
970:
604:to reveal its meaning by
574:
564:social networking service
183:is sometimes abbreviated
2408:"brevis/breve, brevis M"
2373:
2121:(from its original name
1890:—are abbreviated as the
132:Example of 15th-century
2961:Orwell, George (1949).
2131:Kementerian Perhubungan
2041:Communist International
1150:following line or page
1090:The x's of the equation
1046:recommends putting the
1035:1 ft or 16 ft
1032:1 lb or 20 lb
175:is usually abbreviated
2969:. Secker and Warburg.
2839:Garner, Bryan (2009).
2739:The Economist (2005).
2249:. The English phrase "
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1942:
1928:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1864:
1858:
1852:but idiomatically the
1842:
1787:Millosh Gjergj Nikolla
1428:can be abbreviated as
1119:Singular abbreviation
665:
494:
487:
385:
377:
369:
361:
353:
345:
337:
329:
152:
140:
2282:Clipping (morphology)
1929:Geheime Staatspolizei
1728:Geheime Staatspolizei
1691:(Ministry of Truth),
1687:(English Socialism),
1552:Syllabic abbreviation
1234:opus (plural: opera)
659:
642:printed circuit board
530:During the growth of
469:
138:scribal abbreviations
136:manuscript text with
131:
2997:at Wikimedia Commons
2965:Nineteen Eighty-Four
2579:on October 15, 2007.
2440:Ritter, R M (2005).
2356:Three-letter acronym
2275:List of portmanteaus
2263:Abbreviation (music)
2101:Malay and Indonesian
1836:, if not the end of
1680:Nineteen Eighty-Four
1125:Plural abbreviation
906:(an abbreviation of
765:The Right Honourable
646:for your information
498:Early Modern English
483:University of Oxford
302:Scribal abbreviation
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
2223:University of Tokyo
2091:Petróleos Mexicanos
2014:Adolf "Adi" Dassler
1720:Nationalsozialismus
1677:'s dystopian novel
1414:"Mr F. W. de Klerk"
1024:Mind your Ps and Qs
606:hovering the cursor
447:were replaced with
292:in loose parlance.
2660:Txtng: the Gr8 Db8
2241:(홍대) as short for
2187:Chinese characters
2115:Petroliam Nasional
1918:Sicherheitspolizei
1876:uniform department
1697:Ministry of Plenty
1490:David Lloyd George
1463:is abbreviated to
1005:The New York Times
666:
445:⟨er⟩
141:
2993:Media related to
2976:978-0-452-28423-4
2869:news.uchicago.edu
2850:978-0-19-538275-4
2776:Turabian, Kate L.
2750:978-1-84765-030-6
2668:978-0-19-954490-5
2634:The Straight Dope
2247:Hongik University
2235:Peking University
1872:protection police
1304:
1303:
1105:s of the equation
779:
778:
525:Y Olde Tea Shoppe
521:⟨y⟩
517:⟨Þ⟩
449:⟨ɔ⟩
394:and COSS for its
324:⟨A⟩
126:
125:
118:
100:
3018:
2992:
2981:
2980:
2968:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2927:(8th ed.),
2926:
2912:
2906:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2836:
2830:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2676:
2670:
2658:Crystal, David.
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2600:
2594:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2575:. Archived from
2564:
2555:
2554:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2404:
2387:
2384:
2310:List of acronyms
2243:Hongik Daehakgyo
1979:
1971:
1969:politisches Büro
1965:
1959:
1953:
1951:Staatssicherheit
1947:
1931:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1895:
1889:
1887:Transportpolizei
1883:
1869:
1861:
1847:
1324:Associated Press
1198:law (job title)
1116:
1115:
982:
905:
868:medical journals
850:"Northwest Blvd"
794:American English
683:
682:
603:
602:
599:
596:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
526:
522:
518:
514:
506:
492:
490:
462:
454:
450:
446:
438:
430:
426:
388:
380:
372:
364:
356:
348:
340:
332:
325:
267:
257:
247:
237:
155:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3001:
3000:
2985:
2984:
2977:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2924:
2913:
2909:
2886:
2882:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2837:
2833:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2773:
2769:
2751:
2737:
2733:
2721:
2719:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2677:
2673:
2657:
2653:
2644:
2642:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2588:
2584:
2565:
2558:
2543:
2529:
2525:
2510:
2496:
2492:
2471:
2467:
2452:
2438:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2259:
2183:
2107:Malay languages
2103:
2079:
2023:
1910:Ordnungspolizei
1903:Schutzpolizeien
1850:criminal police
1844:Kriminalpolizei
1826:
1777:
1750:collective farm
1588:
1554:
1505:
1481:
1340:
1314:
1309:
1021:The roaring 20s
985:possessive case
980:
973:
903:
866:, used in many
654:
630:
614:
600:
597:
594:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
524:
520:
516:
512:
504:
493:
476:
460:
452:
448:
444:
436:
428:
424:
323:
304:
298:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3024:
3014:
3013:
2999:
2998:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2953:
2933:
2907:
2880:
2856:
2849:
2831:
2816:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2767:
2749:
2731:
2711:. 2021-04-30.
2696:
2689:
2671:
2651:
2620:
2595:
2582:
2556:
2541:
2523:
2508:
2490:
2465:
2450:
2429:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2266:
2258:
2255:
2191:United Nations
2182:
2179:
2102:
2099:
2078:
2075:
2055:Rosselkhozbank
2022:
2019:
1938:denazification
1825:
1822:
1776:
1773:
1650:neighborhood.
1587:
1584:
1576:capital letter
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1535:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1457:
1448:(compare with
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1392:
1377:
1374:
1363:
1339:
1338:United Kingdom
1336:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:Runs batted in
972:
969:
924:
923:
861:
854:"W. Jefferson"
838:United Nations
826:European Union
777:
776:
773:
770:
767:
761:
760:
757:
754:
751:
745:
744:
741:
738:
735:
729:
728:
725:
722:
719:
713:
712:
709:
706:
703:
697:
696:
693:
690:
687:
653:
650:
629:
628:Capitalization
626:
613:
610:
479:Merton College
474:
297:
294:
266:/ˌbiː.biːˈsiː/
124:
123:
65:"Abbreviation"
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3023:
3012:
3011:Abbreviations
3009:
3008:
3006:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2957:
2940:
2936:
2934:92-822-2213-6
2930:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2892:Robert W. Bly
2889:
2884:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2692:
2690:9780191727078
2686:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2610:on 2010-12-24
2609:
2605:
2599:
2592:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2561:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2542:9789027270436
2538:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2509:9780816074822
2505:
2501:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2451:9780198610410
2447:
2443:
2436:
2434:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2383:
2379:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:Běijīng Dàxué
2228:
2224:
2220:
2219:Tōkyō daigaku
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:kokusai rengō
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2061:, RusAg) and
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:Theo Albrecht
1986:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1966:. The phrase
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1866:Schutzpolizei
1860:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1838:the Great War
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1675:George Orwell
1672:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1663:COMNAVAIRLANT
1659:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1634:and (Thomas)
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:New York City
1599:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:International
1561:
1560:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1412:which writes
1411:
1410:
1409:The Economist
1405:
1401:
1400:"GB Whiteley"
1397:
1396:"FW de Klerk"
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:, instead of
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1312:United States
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:horse height
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1082:According to
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
989:Kate Turabian
986:
978:
968:
966:
962:
957:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
921:
917:
913:
909:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
862:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:United States
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
787:The Economist
784:
774:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
758:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
726:
723:
720:
718:
715:
714:
710:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
694:
691:
688:
685:
684:
681:
678:
674:
671:According to
669:
663:
658:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
625:
622:
620:
609:
607:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
547:
543:
541:
537:
533:
528:
510:
507:was used for
503:
499:
489:
484:
480:
473:
468:
466:
458:
442:
434:
422:
418:
417:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
387:
381:
379:
373:
371:
365:
363:
357:
355:
349:
347:
341:
339:
333:
331:
320:
316:
311:
309:
303:
293:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
262:
258:
252:
248:
242:
238:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
154:
150:
146:
139:
135:
130:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2995:Abbreviation
2964:
2956:
2946:, retrieved
2920:
2910:
2895:
2883:
2872:. Retrieved
2868:
2859:
2840:
2834:
2825:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2740:
2734:
2726:
2720:. Retrieved
2709:The Guardian
2708:
2699:
2680:
2674:
2654:
2643:. Retrieved
2632:
2623:
2612:. Retrieved
2608:the original
2598:
2590:
2585:
2577:the original
2572:
2532:
2526:
2499:
2493:
2475:
2468:
2441:
2420:. Retrieved
2411:
2402:
2382:
2350:SMS language
2344:RAS syndrome
2242:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2104:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2070:
2069:, there are
2062:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2024:
2013:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1963:Volkspolizei
1898:
1875:
1871:
1849:
1848:, literally
1827:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1758:
1753:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1641:Sections of
1640:
1635:
1632:Commonwealth
1631:
1622:
1618:LoDo, Denver
1600:
1589:
1580:portmanteaus
1567:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1517:
1506:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1353:The Guardian
1351:
1341:
1317:
1315:
1283:ss. (or §§)
1122:Word/phrase
1111:
1102:
1096:
1084:Hart's Rules
1083:
1081:
1075:
1063:
1047:
1044:Hart's Rules
1043:
1041:
1027:
1010:
1003:
1001:
976:
974:
964:
960:
958:
954:
952:
925:
919:
915:
857:
853:
849:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
791:
783:The Guardian
780:
775:R——t Hon...
769:mid and end
749:The Reverend
733:The Reverend
673:Hart's Rules
670:
667:
661:
645:
644:and FYI for
641:
638:year-to-date
637:
633:
631:
623:
615:
593:abbreviation
568:
548:
544:
532:philological
529:
508:
495:
470:
464:
456:
440:
432:
414:
404:
399:
398:etc. plural
391:
383:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
335:
327:
312:
305:
290:abbreviation
289:
279:
256:/ˌaɪ.biːˈɛm/
246:/ˌjuː.ɛsˈeɪ/
236:/ˌɛf.biːˈaɪ/
226:
222:
220:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
197:
192:
188:
184:
181:abbreviation
180:
176:
172:
170:
145:abbreviation
144:
142:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2741:Style guide
2161:ementerian
2063:Minobrnauki
2001:Hans Riegel
1268:literature
1220:manuscript
1170:literature
1142:typography
1128:Discipline
692:Short form
689:Shortening
619:style guide
421:Tironian et
411:Old English
308:obfuscation
200:contraction
158:contraction
2948:2021-12-16
2904:0020130856
2888:Gary Blake
2874:2024-06-23
2722:2023-04-22
2645:2008-05-12
2614:2008-05-12
2589:Lass, R.,
2551:1097127034
2394:References
2269:Blend word
2071:Beltelecom
1769:SARS-CoV-2
1693:Miniplenty
1643:California
1572:lower case
1539:middle dot
961:U. S.
858:"PED XING"
686:Full form
640:, PCB for
477:Warden of
465:exacerbate
396:nominative
300:See also:
223:initialism
162:initialism
76:newspapers
2759:236346040
2717:0261-3077
2518:882540013
2485:551503698
2460:225098030
2338:Numeronym
2332:Neologism
2288:Gramogram
2229:(北大) for
2217:(東大) for
2177:ehatan).
2165:esihatan
2119:Pertamina
2036:Comintern
1976:Politbüro
1740:Comintern
1732:politburo
1648:Hollywood
1513:kilometre
1404:"Park JS"
1060:The d.t.s
864:AMA style
844:The U.S.
717:Professor
634:Leviticus
556:GSM 03.38
461:exacɔbate
3005:Category
2939:archived
2918:(2006),
2639:Archived
2422:29 March
2416:Archived
2257:See also
2127:Kemenhub
2111:Petronas
2046:Komsomol
1993:discount
1878:) begat
1775:Albanian
1761:COVID-19
1754:Komsomol
1689:Minitrue
1671:Newspeak
1559:Interpol
1467:, never
1322:and the
1280:section
1192:Justice
1057:M.Phil.s
916:St Louis
772:Rt Hon.
727:Prof...
511:, as in
475:—
472:mydsomɔ.
451:, as in
400:consules
370:Aurelius
286:phonetic
282:semantic
173:etcetera
106:May 2008
2304:Acronym
2251:Gung ho
2239:Hongdae
2233:(北京大学,
2221:(東京大学,
2203:ryakugo
2199:kokuren
2173:terian
2141:ilihan
2083:Spanish
2077:Spanish
2067:Belarus
2021:Russian
2011:, from
1999:, from
1987:, from
1924:Gestapo
1817:Arbanon
1805:Gegeria
1792:ASDRENI
1782:Migjeni
1752:), and
1745:kolkhoz
1724:Gestapo
1624:Chicago
1606:Tribeca
1586:English
1518:In the
1394:Names (
1294:volume
1273:s. (or
1262:quarto
920:St Paul
759:Rev——d
743:Rev...
695:Source
662:sylvani
652:Periods
560:Textese
496:In the
491:, 1503.
416:Beowulf
407:English
296:History
227:acronym
193:abbrev.
90:scholar
2973:
2931:
2902:
2847:
2757:
2747:
2715:
2687:
2666:
2549:
2539:
2516:
2506:
2483:
2458:
2448:
2129:(from
2043:) and
2028:Likbez
2009:Adidas
1997:Haribo
1881:SchuPo
1830:German
1824:German
1722:) and
1685:Ingsoc
1656:DESRON
1636:Edison
1568:police
1446:"SARS"
1442:"Sars"
1436:, and
1434:"NATO"
1430:"Nato"
1385:"p.r."
1371:"U.S."
1369:, not
1330:. The
1300:notes
1286:notes
1254:notes
1240:notes
1226:notes
1212:notes
1164:folio
1156:notes
1136:didot
1071:MPhils
1054:Ph.D.s
1018:, RBIs
971:Plural
946:, and
908:Numero
884:et al.
856:, and
828:, and
724:Prof.
701:Doctor
536:Boston
457:master
435:, and
392:consul
382:, and
338:amicus
216:little
189:abbrv.
166:crasis
153:brevis
147:(from
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2942:(PDF)
2925:(PDF)
2374:Notes
2245:, or
2227:Běidà
2215:Tōdai
2211:kanji
2171:Kemen
2153:ihan
2151:pemil
2113:(for
2087:Pemex
1944:Stasi
1893:TraPo
1859:KriPo
1811:Tosks
1628:ComEd
1596:Oftel
1592:Ofcom
1532:watts
1486:Welsh
1469:"Bbc"
1465:"BBC"
1452:laser
1387:, or
1361:etc.;
1248:page
1237:opp.
1206:line
1178:hand
948:scuba
944:snafu
940:laser
936:lidar
932:radar
928:sonar
756:Revd
740:Rev.
711:D——r
595:</
582:title
502:thorn
453:mastɔ
441:since
429:&
427:) or
413:poem
378:aurum
362:Aulus
346:annus
319:Roman
315:Greek
191:, or
185:abbr.
149:Latin
134:Latin
97:JSTOR
83:books
2971:ISBN
2929:ISBN
2900:ISBN
2890:and
2845:ISBN
2755:OCLC
2745:ISBN
2713:ISSN
2685:ISBN
2664:ISBN
2547:OCLC
2537:ISBN
2514:OCLC
2504:ISBN
2481:OCLC
2456:OCLC
2446:ISBN
2424:2018
2145:aya
2089:for
2005:Bonn
1985:Aldi
1960:for
1957:VoPo
1948:for
1834:1933
1716:Nazi
1710:q.v.
1703:q.v.
1614:SoMa
1610:SoHo
1509:inch
1389:"pr"
1381:"PR"
1367:"US"
1350:and
1297:vv.
1265:Qq.
1251:pp.
1231:op.
1223:MSS
1209:ll.
1195:JJ.
1181:hh.
1167:Ff.
1153:ff.
1139:dd.
1101:The
1068:PhDs
836:for
834:U.N.
824:for
822:E.U.
812:for
810:U.S.
802:Mrs.
785:and
753:mid
737:end
721:end
705:mid
601:>
598:abbr
591:>
579:abbr
576:<
571:HTML
463:for
459:and
455:for
439:for
431:for
386:avus
330:ager
317:and
284:and
275:NASA
273:and
271:SWAT
214:for
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210:and
208:I am
206:for
179:and
177:etc.
69:news
2175:Kes
2030:).
1874:or
1738:),
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900:ICU
896:MRI
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800:or
798:Dr.
792:In
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569:In
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