384:
used in this way shall contain features that would allow higher-level integration. The frequently used notation for an ASIL X-level component that can be used as a part of an ASIL Y-level system is X(Y). For example, an A(B) component is designed at the ASIL A level of requirements, but is made to fit into ASIL B designs (this subcomponent is colloquially described as "B-ready"). ISO 26262 contains multiple examples of allowed decomposition scenarios, for example ASIL B = A(B) + A(B), i.e. two redundant B-ready ASIL A subcomponents can be combined into an ASIL B design. Headlights provide a natural example of such decomposition: there are at two of them, so they can be designed at ASIL A and combined into an ASIL B system as long as the combination is done properly (for example, it should not introduce a common point of failure).
75:. In the context of ISO 26262, a hazard is assessed based on the relative impact of hazardous effects related to a system, as adjusted for relative likelihoods of the hazard manifesting those effects. That is, each hazard is assessed in terms of severity of possible injuries within the context how much of the time a vehicle is exposed to the possibility of the hazard happening (refer ISO26262 definition of
826:
by the respective standards, but they do not address the same level of hazard. While ASIL D encompasses at most the hazards of a loaded passenger van, DAL A includes the greater hazards of large aircraft loaded with fuel and passengers. Publications might illustrate ASIL D as equivalent to either DAL B, to DAL A, or as an intermediate level.
375:", the QM level means that all assessed risks are tolerable from a safety perspective (even if the manufacturer might want to address them from a customer satisfaction perspective, for example make sure the vehicle starts). So, safety assurance controls are unnecessary and standard quality management processes are sufficient for development.
715:. IEC 61508 defines a widely referenced Safety Integrity Level (SIL) classification. Unlike other functional safety standards, ISO 26262 does not provide normative nor informative mapping of ASIL to SIL; while the two standards have similar processes for hazard assessment, ASIL and SIL are computed from different perspectives.
392:
Given ASIL is a relatively recent development, discussions of ASIL often compare its levels to levels defined in other well-established safety or quality management systems. In particular, the ASIL are compared to the SIL risk reduction levels defined in IEC 61508 and the Design
Assurance Levels used
825:
Unlike SIL, it is the case that both ASIL and DAL are statements measuring degree of hazard. DAL E is the ARP4754 equivalent of QM; in both classifications hazards are negligible and safety management is not required. At the other end, DAL A and ASIL D represent the highest levels of risk addressed
297:
is noteworthy, not only because of the elevated risk it represents and the exceptional rigor required in development, but because automotive electrical, electronic, and software suppliers make claims that their products have been certified or otherwise accredited to ASIL D, ease development to ASIL
41:
for the automotive industry. This classification helps defining the safety requirements necessary to be in line with the ISO 26262 standard. The ASIL is established by performing a risk analysis of a potential hazard by looking at the
Severity, Exposure and Controllability of the vehicle operating
383:
Designing an entire system to the rigorous standards of the higher levels of ASIL can be unwieldy, so ISO 26262 allows "decomposition": redundant subcomponents, each designed to a lower ASIL level, can be combined into a higher ASIL level design using higher-level methodologies. The subcomponents
290:
and to that standard's most stringent level of safety measures to apply for avoiding an unreasonable residual risk. In particular, ASIL D represents likely potential for severely life-threatening or fatal injury in the event of a malfunction and requires the highest level of assurance that the
266:
The ASIL range from ASIL D, representing the highest degree of automotive hazard and highest degree of rigor applied in the assurance the resultant safety requirements, to QM, representing application with no automotive hazards and, therefore, no safety requirements to manage under the
137:
781:
That is, for a given
Tolerable Risk, greater Risk requires more risk reduction, i.e., a smaller design target value for greater probability of dangerous failure. For a safety function operating in high demand or continuous mode of operation, SIL 1 is associated with a
1461:
The main difference between the ISO ASILs and IEC 61508 SIL is that the latter employ quantitative target probability measures while the ASILs are based on qualitative measures. .... In MISRA guidelines and ISO 262 this possibility is taken into account by means of a
253:
195:
776:
801:
While it is more common to compare the ISO 26262 Levels D through QM to the Design
Assurance Levels (DAL) A through E and ascribe those levels to DO-178C; these DAL are actually defined and applied through the definitions of
92:
64:
Because of the reference to SIL and because the ASIL incorporate 4 levels of hazard with a 5th non-hazardous level, it is common in descriptions of ASIL to compare its levels to the SIL levels and
1327:
814:, the scope of ISO 26262 is more comparable to the combined scope of SAE ARP4761 and SAE ARP4754. Functional Hazard Assessment (FHA) is defined in ARP4761 and the DAL are defined in ARP4754.
343:
Modeling of the ASIL B design can rely on an informal languages. This and other differences requirements make the cost difference between C and B to be the largest step across all the ASILs.
1030:
1011:
1437:
Perallos, Asier; Hernandez-Jayo, Unai; Onieva, Enrique; Garcia-Zuazola, Ignacio, eds. (2011). "Cyber
Security Risk Analysis for Intelligent Transport Systems and In-vehicle Networks".
1628:
The derivation of the SIL is covered in more detail in part 5 of the standard, "Examples of methods for the determination of safety integrity levels" which explains different
317:
Loss of braking for rear wheels only is less dangerous, this hazard is associated with ASIL C. Another example of a less critical function that warrants the ASIL C rating is
298:
D, or are otherwise suitable to or supportive of development of items to ASIL D. Any product able to comply with ASIL D requirements would also comply with any lower level.
206:
1190:"Renesas Electronics Introduces 4th-Generation V850 Microcontrollers Series ( … developed for applications with the highest functional safety requirements (ASIL D/SIL3))"
45:
There are four ASILs identified by the standard: ASIL A, ASIL B, ASIL C, ASIL D. ASIL D dictates the highest integrity requirements on the product and ASIL A the lowest.
148:
86:
In short, ASIL refers both to risk and to risk-dependent requirements (standard minimal risk treatment for a given risk). Whereas risk may be generally expressed as
742:
481:
1072:
324:
For ASIL C designs the use of semi-formal modeling languages is highly recommended. Executable validation using either prototyping or simulation is mandatory.
291:
dependent safety goals are sufficient and have been achieved. An example of dangerous hazard that warrants the ASIL D level is loss of braking on all wheels.
20:
258:
illustrating the role of
Exposure and Controllability in establishing relative probability, which is combined with Severity to form an expression of risk.
1342:
The additional level, QM, stands for
Quality Management and denotes non-hazardous items that require only standard quality management compliance.
507:
1211:
1073:"News Release: Freescale Qorivva Microcontroller is First Automotive MCU to Receive ISO 26262 Functional Safety Standard Certification"
840:
132:{\displaystyle {\text{Risk}}=({\text{expected loss in case of the accident}})\times ({\text{probability of the accident occurring}})}
1385:
Other variations include the use of "ASILs" (Automotive Safety
Integrity Levels) which are derived differently, with ASIL being a
271:
safety processes. The intervening levels are simply a range of intermediate degrees of hazard and degrees of assurance required.
723:
statement of assessed risk, assessed in terms of three risk parameters in a qualitative way that leaves room for interpretation.
1744:
1700:
1673:
1120:
1481:
Probabilistic Safety
Assessment using Quantitative Analysis Techniques : Application in the Heavy Automotive Industry
1076:
1142:
79:) as well as the relative likelihood that a typical driver can act to prevent the injury (refer ISO26262 definitions of
1617:
1374:
1580:
1448:
971:
1720:. 2019 49th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks Workshops (DSN-W). IEEE.
1529:
These state a maximal frequency of occurrence, rather than a mainly qualitative integrity target as in ISO 26262.
1769:
1557:
These state a maximal frequency of occurrence, rather than a mainly qualitative integrity target as in ISO 26262.
978:
The risk score for some potentially hazardous situation is given numerically as the product of three factors: ...
309:
provide examples of such languages). Executable validation using either prototyping or simulation is mandatory.
793:
In commercial publications, ASIL D has been illustrated to align with SIL 3 and ASIL A is compared to SIL 1.
1098:
1774:
1572:
Handbook of Camera
Monitor Systems : The Automotive Mirror-Replacement Technology Based on ISO 16505
991:
1569:
Bernhard Kaiser (9 March 2016). "Functional Safety of Camera Monitor Systems". In Anestis Tersis (ed.).
736:
In the context of IEC 61508, higher risk applications require greater robustness to dangerous failures:
732:
target probability or frequency measures of dangerous failures depending on the type of safety function.
248:{\displaystyle {\text{ASIL}}={\text{Severity}}\times ({\text{Exposure}}\times {\text{Controllability}})}
1779:
1013:
Functional Safety & Diagnostics of Hybrid Vehicles ("Severity x Exposure x Controllability = ASIL")
21:
ISO 26262 § Part 9: Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL)-oriented and safety-oriented analysis
1233:
1644:
Frech, Marcus; Josef Mieslinger (2012). "Functional Safety Seminar & 1-Day HerculesTM Workshop".
1167:
1143:"Press Release: Vector is the first supplier to deliver an ASIL-D certified AUTOSAR operating system"
934:
1479:
956:
190:{\displaystyle {\text{Risk}}={\text{Severity}}\times ({\text{Exposure}}\times {\text{Likelihood}})}
1548:. Dependable Computing - EDCC 2020 Workshops. Munich, Germany. September 7, 2020. pp. 200 214
1520:. Dependable Computing - EDCC 2020 Workshops. Munich, Germany. September 7, 2020. pp. 200–214
771:{\displaystyle {\text{probability of failure}}<{{\text{Tolerable Risk}} \over {\text{Risk}}}}
1499:
In the area of functional safety, standards such as ISO 26262 assess safety mainly focusing on
34:
1121:"Certified tools for functional safety ("Certified for software development up ... ASIL D …")"
917:
1734:
1663:
80:
76:
1690:
301:
ISO 26262 "highly recommends" the use of semi-formal modeling languages for ASIL D designs (
356:
1420:
defines the three risk parameters in a qualitative way that leaves room for interpretation
1189:
1032:
Smart & Compact Battery Cell Management System for Fully Electrical Vehicles (Sheet 9)
787:
783:
401:. While there are some similarities, it is important to also understand the differences.
8:
1593:...then the minimum requirement from ISO 26262 regarding safety analyses is to conduct a
360:
1488:
944:
372:
1542:"Concepts and Risk Analysis for a Cooperative and Automated Highway Platooning System"
286:, refers to the highest classification of initial hazard (injury risk) defined within
1740:
1696:
1669:
1576:
1444:
1517:
Concepts and Risk Analysis for a Cooperative and Automated Highway Platooning System
1721:
811:
1570:
1541:
1515:
1438:
1402:
42:
scenario. The safety goal for that hazard in turn carries the ASIL requirements.
822:
define the design assurance objectives that must be accomplished for given DAL.
65:
895:
318:
919:
ISO 26262-3:2011(en) Road vehicles — Functional safety — Part 3: Concept phase
1763:
1725:
852:
33:- Functional Safety for Road Vehicles standard. This is an adaptation of the
351:
ASIL A is the lowest rating of the functional safety. A typical example are
337:
1436:
1009:
1736:
Reference Architectures for Critical Domains: Industrial Uses and Impacts
1409:. Controlled Natural Language. Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland. p. 42
352:
1047:
Hercules™ Safety Microcontrollers - 1 Day Safety MCU Workshop (sheet 25)
898:
National Instruments White Paper on ISO 26262 functional safety standard
810:. Especially in terms of the management of vehicular hazards through a
333:
359:
can be used during the development (higher levels require more formal
1403:"Controlled Natural Language for Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment"
1347:
877:
835:
712:
708:
669:
634:
611:
588:
455:
426:
302:
287:
268:
38:
30:
1597:
analysis (i.e. no need to calculate with failure probabilities ....
1440:
Intelligent Transport Systems : Technologies and Applications
1212:"Microcontrollers foster ISO 26262 ASIL D-compliant system design"
1269:
1267:
1265:
1252:
1250:
1248:
867:
862:
857:
815:
807:
803:
533:
394:
1718:
Component-Level ASIL Decomposition for Automotive Architectures
872:
819:
537:
398:
387:
46:
1716:
Frigerio, Alessandro; Vermeulen, Bart; Goossens, Kees (2019).
1609:
1366:
1262:
1245:
306:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1168:"SafeTI™ Design Packages for Functional Safety Applications"
1075:. Freescale Semiconductor. September 6, 2012. Archived from
1715:
1407:
Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop, CNL 2018
1353:
1291:
1099:"Programming Research certificated to ISO 26262 - ASIL D"
1010:
Steve Hartley; Ireri Ibarra; Gunwant Dhadyalla (2011),
1328:"A Guide to Automotive Safety Integrity Levels (ASIL)"
1308:
1279:
59:
29:(ASIL) is a risk classification scheme defined by the
1643:
1053:
745:
209:
151:
95:
796:
1689:Xie, G.; Zhang, Y.; Li, R.; Li, K.; Li, K. (2023).
993:
Risk Assessment Guidelines (sheet 4, Kinney method)
1235:ARM® CortexTM-R4 Safety Microcontrollers (sheet 3)
989:
939:. Embedded Technologies. Penton Electronics Group.
770:
247:
189:
131:
1761:
1732:
1273:
1256:
976:. China Lake, California: Naval Weapons Center.
786:of 10 per hour while SIL 4 is associated with a
1668:. Automated Vehicle Safety. SAE International.
1568:
1432:
1430:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
1477:
1575:. Augmented Vision and Reality. p. 525.
973:Practical Risk Analysis for Safety Management
922:. International Standardization Organization.
1688:
1427:
1400:
1302:
1049:, Texas Instruments, Texas Instruments, 2013
969:
901:
896:http://www.ni.com/white-paper/13647/en/#toc2
728:On the other hand, the IEC 61508 SIL employ
388:Comparison with Other Hazard Level Standards
1241:, Vision Series Embedded, Arrow Electronics
933:Hobbs, Chris; Lee, Patrick (July 9, 2013).
788:probability of dangerous failure rate limit
71:The determination of ASIL is the result of
970:Kinney, G. F.; Wiruth, A. D. (June 1976).
56:) do not dictate any safety requirements.
1661:
1314:
1285:
1059:
932:
406:Approximate cross-domain mapping of ASIL
19:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1733:Nakagawa, E.Y.; Antonino, P.O. (2023).
1354:Frigerio, Vermeulen & Goossens 2019
1192:. Renesas Electronics. November 4, 2010
829:
1762:
1692:Functional Safety for Embedded Systems
999:, economie, Belgian Federal Government
784:probability of dangerous failure limit
1739:. Springer International Publishing.
1632:approaches to the derivation of SILs.
1101:. Programming Research. July 25, 2013
123:probability of the accident occurring
109:expected loss in case of the accident
1466:measure known as 'controllability'.
1401:Paul Chomicz (August 27–28, 2018).
284:Automotive Safety Integrity Level D
200:ASIL may be similarly expressed as
73:hazard analysis and risk assessment
60:Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment
13:
703:
14:
1791:
797:SAE ARP4761 and SAE ARP4754 (DAL)
27:Automotive Safety Integrity Level
562:Aviation: ground (ED-109/DO-278)
378:
1637:
1602:
1562:
1534:
1508:
1471:
1394:
1359:
1320:
1226:
1204:
1182:
1160:
1135:
1113:
1091:
1065:
66:DO-178C Design Assurance Levels
1214:. THOMASNET. September 6, 2012
1039:
1023:
1003:
983:
963:
926:
889:
242:
226:
184:
168:
126:
118:
112:
104:
1:
1614:ldra.com Standards Compliance
1371:ldra.com Standards Compliance
936:Understanding ISO 26262 ASILs
883:
418:Domain-Specific Safety Levels
1274:Nakagawa & Antonino 2023
1257:Nakagawa & Antonino 2023
81:severity and controllability
7:
846:
403:
355:(non-braking). Less strict
50:
49:that are identified as QM (
10:
1796:
1655:
1443:. Wiley. pp. 87, 95.
532:Aviation: airborne (ED-12/
18:
620:
597:
568:
549:
546:
519:
516:
493:
490:
467:
464:
435:
416:
346:
327:
312:
274:
261:
1726:10.1109/dsn-w.2019.00021
990:Chris Van der Cruyssen,
16:Risk assessment standard
1478:Peter Björkman (2011).
1418:The ISO 26262 standard
1387:qualitative measurement
719:An ISO 26262 ASIL is a
52:
1770:Automotive engineering
1501:qualitative assessment
772:
748:probability of failure
249:
191:
133:
35:Safety Integrity Level
1665:The Role of ISO 26262
1662:Pimentel, J. (2019).
773:
366:
282:, an abbreviation of
250:
192:
134:
1610:"IEC 61508 Standard"
1367:"IEC 61508 Standard"
1148:. Vector. 2013-02-18
1079:on February 16, 2014
1035:, STMicroelectronics
830:Associated standards
743:
332:ASIL B examples are
207:
149:
93:
1170:. Texas Instruments
711:is an extension of
408:
357:design walkthroughs
1775:Safety engineering
1489:Uppsala University
1019:, pp. sheet 8
768:
404:
393:in the context of
373:Quality Management
361:design inspections
245:
187:
129:
1780:Automotive safety
1746:978-3-031-16957-1
1702:978-1-000-88131-8
1675:978-0-7680-0275-1
812:Safety Life Cycle
766:
764:
759:
749:
701:
700:
240:
232:
221:
213:
182:
174:
163:
155:
124:
110:
99:
1787:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1729:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1486:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1332:jamasoftware.com
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1260:
1254:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
987:
981:
980:
967:
961:
960:
954:
950:
948:
940:
930:
924:
923:
914:
899:
893:
790:of 10 per hour.
777:
775:
774:
769:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
750:
747:
409:
254:
252:
251:
246:
241:
238:
233:
230:
222:
219:
214:
211:
196:
194:
193:
188:
183:
180:
175:
172:
164:
161:
156:
153:
138:
136:
135:
130:
125:
122:
111:
108:
100:
97:
68:, respectively.
55:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1658:
1653:
1642:
1638:
1622:
1620:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1567:
1563:
1551:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1523:
1521:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1493:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1435:
1428:
1412:
1410:
1399:
1395:
1379:
1377:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1336:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1303:Xie et al. 2023
1301:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1263:
1255:
1246:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
988:
984:
968:
964:
953:|magazine=
952:
951:
942:
941:
931:
927:
916:
915:
902:
894:
890:
886:
849:
832:
799:
761:
756:
754:
746:
744:
741:
740:
706:
704:IEC 61508 (SIL)
390:
381:
369:
349:
330:
315:
277:
264:
239:Controllability
237:
229:
218:
210:
208:
205:
204:
179:
171:
160:
152:
150:
147:
146:
121:
107:
96:
94:
91:
90:
62:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1793:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1758:
1757:
1745:
1730:
1713:
1701:
1686:
1674:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:Arrow Roadshow
1636:
1601:
1581:
1561:
1533:
1507:
1503:techniques ...
1470:
1449:
1426:
1393:
1358:
1346:
1319:
1307:
1290:
1278:
1261:
1244:
1225:
1203:
1181:
1159:
1134:
1112:
1090:
1064:
1052:
1038:
1022:
1002:
982:
962:
925:
900:
887:
885:
882:
881:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
848:
845:
844:
843:
838:
831:
828:
798:
795:
779:
778:
758:Tolerable Risk
753:
734:
733:
725:
724:
705:
702:
699:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
664:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
629:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
606:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
583:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
558:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
528:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
502:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
484:50126/128/129)
476:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
450:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
421:
420:
415:
389:
386:
380:
377:
371:Referring to "
368:
365:
348:
345:
329:
326:
319:cruise control
314:
311:
276:
273:
263:
260:
256:
255:
244:
236:
228:
225:
217:
198:
197:
186:
178:
170:
167:
159:
140:
139:
128:
120:
117:
114:
106:
103:
61:
58:
37:(SIL) used in
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1792:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1704:
1698:
1695:. CRC Press.
1694:
1693:
1687:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1631:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1584:
1582:9783319296111
1578:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1558:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1530:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1490:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1452:
1450:9781118894767
1446:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1421:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1317:, p. 89.
1316:
1315:Pimentel 2019
1311:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1288:, p. 86.
1287:
1286:Pimentel 2019
1282:
1276:, p. 90.
1275:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1259:, p. 91.
1258:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1213:
1207:
1191:
1185:
1169:
1163:
1144:
1138:
1123:. IAR Systems
1122:
1116:
1100:
1094:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1062:, p. 88.
1061:
1060:Pimentel 2019
1056:
1048:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1015:
1014:
1006:
995:
994:
986:
979:
975:
974:
966:
958:
946:
938:
937:
929:
921:
920:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
897:
892:
888:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
853:ASIL accuracy
851:
850:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
827:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
794:
791:
789:
785:
751:
739:
738:
737:
731:
727:
726:
722:
718:
717:
716:
714:
710:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
673:
671:
668:Agriculture (
666:
665:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
638:
636:
631:
630:
626:
623:
617:
615:
613:
608:
607:
603:
600:
594:
592:
590:
585:
584:
580:
577:
574:
571:
565:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
543:
541:
539:
535:
530:
529:
525:
522:
513:
511:
509:
504:
503:
499:
496:
487:
485:
483:
478:
477:
473:
470:
461:
459:
457:
452:
451:
447:
444:
441:
438:
432:
430:
428:
423:
422:
419:
414:
411:
410:
407:
402:
400:
396:
385:
379:Decomposition
376:
374:
364:
362:
358:
354:
344:
341:
339:
335:
325:
322:
320:
310:
308:
304:
299:
296:
292:
289:
285:
281:
272:
270:
259:
234:
223:
215:
203:
202:
201:
176:
165:
157:
145:
144:
143:
115:
101:
89:
88:
87:
84:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
57:
54:
48:
43:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
1750:. Retrieved
1735:
1717:
1706:. Retrieved
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1664:
1645:
1639:
1630:quantitative
1629:
1627:
1621:. Retrieved
1613:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1586:. Retrieved
1571:
1564:
1556:
1550:. Retrieved
1545:
1536:
1528:
1522:. Retrieved
1516:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1492:. Retrieved
1480:
1473:
1463:
1460:
1454:. Retrieved
1439:
1419:
1417:
1411:. Retrieved
1406:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1378:. Retrieved
1370:
1361:
1349:
1341:
1335:. Retrieved
1331:
1322:
1310:
1305:, p. 4.
1281:
1234:
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1184:
1172:. Retrieved
1162:
1150:. Retrieved
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1115:
1103:. Retrieved
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:the original
1067:
1055:
1046:
1041:
1031:
1025:
1012:
1005:
992:
985:
977:
972:
965:
935:
928:
918:
891:
824:
800:
792:
780:
735:
730:quantitative
729:
720:
707:
667:
632:
609:
586:
561:
531:
508:ECSS-Q-ST-80
505:
479:
453:
425:Automotive (
424:
417:
412:
405:
391:
382:
370:
350:
342:
338:brake lights
331:
323:
316:
300:
294:
293:
283:
279:
278:
265:
257:
199:
141:
85:
72:
70:
63:
44:
26:
25:
1595:qualitative
1546:Proceedings
1464:qualitative
1083:January 23,
808:SAE ARP4754
804:SAE ARP4761
721:qualitative
633:Machinery (
610:Household (
526:Category A
517:Category D
514:Category E
353:tail lights
1764:Categories
1752:2023-07-28
1708:2023-07-28
1681:2023-07-28
1623:2022-12-13
1588:2022-12-14
1552:2022-12-14
1524:2022-12-14
1494:2022-12-13
1456:2022-12-13
1413:2022-12-14
1380:2022-12-13
1337:2022-12-13
884:References
523:Category B
520:Category C
334:headlights
181:Likelihood
1218:August 6,
1196:August 6,
1174:August 6,
1152:August 6,
1127:August 6,
1105:April 25,
955:ignored (
945:cite book
878:IEC 61508
841:SAE J2980
836:ISO 26262
713:IEC 61508
709:ISO 26262
670:ISO 25119
635:ISO 13849
612:IEC 60730
589:IEC 62304
587:Medical (
480:Railway (
456:IEC 61508
454:General (
427:ISO 26262
303:Stateflow
288:ISO 26262
269:ISO 26262
235:×
224:×
177:×
166:×
116:×
39:IEC 61508
31:ISO 26262
1389:of risk.
847:See also
618:Class A
595:Class A
231:Exposure
220:Severity
173:Exposure
162:Severity
77:exposure
1656:Sources
868:DO-178C
863:ARP4754
858:ARP4761
816:DO-178C
682:AgPL b
676:AgPL QM
624:Class C
621:Class B
601:Class C
598:Class B
506:Space (
482:CENELEC
395:DO-178C
47:Hazards
1743:
1699:
1672:
1579:
1447:
873:DO-254
820:DO-254
691:AgPL e
688:AgPL d
685:AgPL c
679:AgPL a
556:DAL-A
547:DAL-D
544:DAL-E
538:DO-254
534:DO-178
500:SIL-4
491:SIL-1
474:SIL-4
465:SIL-1
445:ASIL D
442:ASIL C
439:ASIL B
436:ASIL A
413:Domain
399:DO-254
347:ASIL A
328:ASIL B
313:ASIL C
295:ASIL D
280:ASIL D
275:ASIL D
262:Levels
1648:: 63.
1485:(PDF)
1239:(PDF)
1146:(PDF)
1017:(PDF)
997:(PDF)
647:PL b
553:DAL-B
550:DAL-C
497:SIL-3
494:SIL-2
471:SIL-3
468:SIL-2
307:SysML
53:below
1741:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1618:LDRA
1577:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1375:LDRA
1220:2013
1198:2013
1176:2013
1154:2013
1129:2013
1107:2017
1085:2015
957:help
818:and
806:and
763:Risk
752:<
656:PL e
653:PL d
650:PL c
644:PL a
581:AL1
566:AL6
397:and
336:and
305:and
212:ASIL
154:Risk
98:Risk
51:see
1722:doi
578:AL2
575:AL3
572:AL4
569:AL5
433:QM
363:).
142:or
83:).
1766::
1626:.
1616:.
1612:.
1591:.
1555:.
1544:.
1527:.
1497:.
1487:.
1459:.
1429:^
1416:.
1405:.
1383:.
1373:.
1369:.
1340:.
1330:.
1293:^
1264:^
1247:^
949::
947:}}
943:{{
903:^
697:-
662:-
627:-
604:-
488:-
462:-
448:-
367:QM
340:.
321:.
1755:.
1728:.
1724::
1711:.
1684:.
1422:.
1356:.
1222:.
1200:.
1178:.
1156:.
1131:.
1109:.
1087:.
959:)
694:-
672:)
659:-
641:-
637:)
614:)
591:)
540:)
536:/
510:)
458:)
429:)
243:)
227:(
216:=
185:)
169:(
158:=
127:)
119:(
113:)
105:(
102:=
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.