1028:, a continuously variable turns ratio can be obtained, allowing for very smooth control of output voltage. The output voltage is not limited to the discrete voltages represented by actual number of turns. The voltage can be smoothly varied between turns as the brush has a relatively high resistance (compared with a metal contact) and the actual output voltage is a function of the relative area of brush in contact with adjacent windings. The relatively high resistance of the brush also prevents it from acting as a short circuited turn when it contacts two adjacent turns. Typically the primary connection connects to only a part of the winding allowing the output voltage to be varied smoothly from zero to above the input voltage and thus allowing the device to be used for testing electrical equipment at the limits of its specified voltage range.
694:. The other end of the source and load are connected to taps along the winding. Different taps on the winding correspond to different voltages, measured from the common end. In a step-down transformer the source is usually connected across the entire winding while the load is connected by a tap across only a portion of the winding. In a step-up transformer, conversely, the load is attached across the full winding while the source is connected to a tap across a portion of the winding. For a step-up transformer, the subscripts in the above equations are reversed where, in this situation,
1567:
949:
point of the supply is connected to the rail while one 25 kV point is connected to the overhead contact wire. At frequent (about 10 km) intervals, an autotransformer links the contact wire to rail and to the second (antiphase) supply conductor. This system increases usable transmission distance, reduces induced interference into external equipment and reduces cost. A variant is occasionally seen where the supply conductor is at a different voltage to the contact wire with the autotransformer ratio modified to suit.
1017:
20:
1009:
1292:
An
English edition "Contact Lines for Electric Railways" appears to be out of print. This industry standard text describes the various European electrification principles. See the website of the UIC in Paris for the relevant international rail standards, in English. No comparable publications seem to
86:
Since the volts-per-turn is the same in both windings, each develops a voltage in proportion to its number of turns. In an autotransformer, part of the output current flows directly from the input to the output (through the series section), and only part is transferred inductively (through the common
948:
In railway applications, it is common to power the trains at 25 kV AC. To increase the distance between electricity Grid feeder points, they can be arranged to supply a split-phase 25-0-25 kV feed with the third wire (opposite phase) out of reach of the train's overhead collector pantograph. The 0 V
805:
As in a two-winding transformer, the ratio of secondary to primary voltages is equal to the ratio of the number of turns of the winding they connect to. For example, connecting the load between the middle of the winding and the common terminal end of the winding of the autotransformer will result in
1031:
The output voltage adjustment can be manual or automatic. The manual type is applicable only for relatively low voltage and is known as a variable AC transformer (often referred to by the trademark name Variac). These are often used in repair shops for testing devices under different voltages or to
832:
applied to the output. Also, a break in the part of the winding that is used as both primary and secondary will result in the transformer acting as an inductor in series with the load (which under light load conditions may result in nearly full input voltage being applied to the output). These are
855:
In practice, losses mean that both standard transformers and autotransformers are not perfectly reversible; one designed for stepping down a voltage will deliver slightly less voltage than required if it is used to step up. The difference is usually slight enough to allow reversal where the actual
82:
An autotransformer has a single winding with two end terminals and one or more terminals at intermediate tap points. It is a transformer in which the primary and secondary coils have part of their turns in common. The portion of the winding shared by both the primary and secondary is the common
70:, that allows 230-volt devices to be used on 120-volt supply circuits, or the reverse. An autotransformer with multiple taps may be applied to adjust the voltage at the end of a long distribution circuit to correct for excess voltage drop; when automatically controlled, this is one example of a
999:
An induction motor draws very high starting current during its acceleration to full rated speed, typically 6 to 10 times the full load current. Reduced starting current is desirable where the electrical grid is not of sufficient capacity, or where the driven load cannot withstand high starting
888:
applications to interconnect systems operating at different voltage classes, for example 132 kV to 66 kV for transmission. Another application in industry is to adapt machinery built (for example) for 480 V supplies to operate on a 600 V supply. They are also often used for
54:
The autotransformer winding has at least three electrical connections to the winding. Since part of the winding does "double duty", autotransformers have the advantages of often being smaller, lighter, and cheaper than typical dual-winding transformers, but the disadvantage of not providing
83:
section. The portion of the winding not shared by both the primary and secondary is the series section. The primary voltage is applied across two of the terminals. The secondary voltage is taken from two terminals, one terminal of which is usually in common with a primary voltage terminal.
836:
Because it requires both fewer windings and a smaller core, an autotransformer for power applications is typically lighter and less costly than a two-winding transformer, up to a voltage ratio of about 3:1; beyond that range, a two-winding transformer is usually more economical.
806:
the output load voltage being 50% of the primary voltage. Depending on the application, that portion of the winding used solely in the higher-voltage (lower current) portion may be wound with wire of a smaller gauge, though the entire winding is directly connected.
1000:
torque. One basic method to reduce the starting current is with a reduced voltage autotransformer with taps at 50%, 65% and 80% of the applied line voltage; once the motor is started the autotransformer is switched out of circuit.
594:
87:
section), allowing a smaller, lighter, cheaper core to be used as well as requiring only a single winding. However the voltage and current ratio of autotransformers can be formulated the same as other two-winding transformers:
338:
681:
462:
893:" networks are normally three phase autotransformers with taps at the common neutral end. On long rural power distribution lines, special autotransformers with automatic tap-changing equipment are inserted as
162:
889:
providing conversions between the two common domestic mains voltage bands in the world (100 V–130 V and 200 V–250 V). The links between the UK 400 kV and 275 kV "
871:. Because the primary and secondary windings are electrically connected, an autotransformer will allow current to flow between windings and therefore does not provide AC or DC isolation.
828:
side of the input is not at ground voltage, the neutral side of the output will not be either. A failure of the isolation of the windings of an autotransformer can result in full input
214:
51:
sides of the transformer. In contrast, an ordinary transformer has separate primary and secondary windings that are not connected by an electrically conductive path. between them.
1067:
for a variable autotransformer intended to conveniently vary the output voltage for a steady AC input voltage. In 2004, Instrument
Service Equipment applied for and obtained the
897:, so that customers at the far end of the line receive the same average voltage as those closer to the source. The variable ratio of the autotransformer compensates for the
800:
773:
746:
719:
852:
currents. A large three-phase autotransformer may have a "buried" delta winding, not connected to the outside of the tank, to absorb some harmonic currents.
487:
225:
1012:
A variable autotransformer, with a sliding-brush secondary connection and a toroidal core. Cover has been removed to show copper windings and brush.
605:
1385:
1039:, to maintain a steady voltage at the customers' service during a wide range of line and load conditions. Another application is a lighting
349:
43:" (Greek for "self") prefix refers to the single coil acting alone. In an autotransformer, portions of the same winding act as both the
93:
1681:
1661:
1328:
930:
In audio applications, tapped autotransformers are used to adapt speakers to constant-voltage audio distribution systems, and for
1434:
1529:
1378:
1215:
1146:
824:
An autotransformer does not provide electrical isolation between its windings as an ordinary transformer does; if the
1354:
1312:
1285:
1257:
1199:
943:
1819:
1701:
1551:
1371:
1174:
1103:
1610:
1479:
1044:
845:
167:
1615:
1499:
1444:
1439:
1588:
63:
reactance, lower losses, lower excitation current, and increased VA rating for a given size and mass.
1566:
1593:
1691:
1598:
1544:
849:
833:
important safety considerations when deciding to use an autotransformer in a given application.
1666:
1632:
1539:
691:
1649:
1627:
1605:
1494:
1484:
1076:
1293:
exist for
American railways, probably due to the paucity of electrified installations there.
1024:
By exposing part of the winding coils and making the secondary connection through a sliding
965:
809:
If one of the center-taps is used for the ground, then the autotransformer can be used as a
1419:
778:
751:
724:
697:
59:
between primary and secondary circuits. Other advantages of autotransformers include lower
36:
844:
power transmission applications, autotransformers have the limitations of not suppressing
8:
1778:
1696:
1686:
1642:
1637:
1622:
1454:
864:
1788:
1706:
1676:
1671:
1654:
1509:
1489:
1459:
931:
915:
906:
885:
589:{\displaystyle \left(1-{\frac {1}{a}}\right)N_{1}I_{1}={\frac {N_{1}}{a}}(I_{2}-I_{1})}
60:
56:
1575:
1474:
1350:
1308:
1281:
1253:
1195:
1170:
1142:
1036:
894:
71:
67:
48:
23:
Single-phase tapped autotransformer with an output voltage range of 40%–115% of input
1219:
1773:
1098:
1025:
961:
1534:
1514:
1504:
1088:
1016:
934:
such as between a low-impedance microphone and a high-impedance amplifier input.
911:
818:
44:
333:{\displaystyle F_{S}=(N_{1}-N_{2})I_{1}=\left(1-{\frac {1}{a}}\right)N_{1}I_{1}}
1742:
1737:
1727:
1449:
1429:
1414:
1245:
1118:
868:
860:
687:
66:
An example of an application of an autotransformer is one style of traveler's
1813:
1752:
1108:
1064:
919:
814:
676:{\displaystyle {\frac {I_{1}}{I_{2}}}={\frac {1}{a}}={\frac {N_{2}}{N_{1}}}}
1556:
898:
825:
1008:
918:
provides a path for current that is common to all three phases (so-called
1722:
1524:
1464:
1394:
841:
32:
19:
457:{\displaystyle F_{C}=N_{2}(I_{2}-I_{1})={\frac {N_{1}}{a}}(I_{2}-I_{1})}
1747:
1732:
1424:
958:
890:
996:. Max Korndorfer assigned his patent to the General Electric Company.
914:
on three-phase systems that otherwise have no connection to ground. A
859:
Like multiple-winding transformers, autotransformers use time-varying
40:
1363:
1252:(Eleventh ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 10-44, 10-45, 17-39.
1048:
1280:] (in German). Stuttgart: BG Teubner-Verlag. 1997. p. 672.
1035:
The type with automatic voltage adjustment can be used as automatic
1783:
1469:
1113:
686:
One end of the winding is usually connected in common to both the
1793:
1519:
829:
343:
The ampere-turns provided by the common section of the winding:
219:
The ampere-turns provided by the series section of the winding:
1040:
157:{\displaystyle {\frac {V_{1}}{V_{2}}}={\frac {N_{1}}{N_{2}}}=a}
1409:
1216:"Commercial site explaining why autotransformers are smaller"
1093:
810:
1798:
988:. He filed the application with the U.S. Patent office in
1768:
1020:
Variable
Transformer - part of Tektronix 576 Curve Tracer
879:
1167:
Principles of electric machines and power electronics
1079:, being used to refer to a variable autotransformer.
781:
754:
727:
700:
608:
490:
352:
228:
170:
96:
964:. One of the well-known designs of such starters is
1071:trademark for the same type of product. The term
794:
767:
740:
713:
675:
588:
456:
332:
208:
156:
1811:
1194:(3rd ed.). Fairmont Press. pp. 89–91.
1345:Croft, Terrell; Summers, Wilford, eds. (1987).
1379:
1307:. Pune: Technical Publications. p. 330.
867:to operate properly and will not function on
1349:(Eleventh ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
1344:
1003:
957:Autotransformers can be used as a method of
904:A special form of auto transformer called a
848:currents and as acting as another source of
1329:"Trademark Status & Document Retrieval"
1192:Electrical Transformers and Power Equipment
1386:
1372:
1250:Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers
952:
1244:
1682:Rotary variable differential transformer
1662:Linear variable differential transformer
1302:
1139:Transformer and Inductor Design Handbook
1015:
1007:
884:Autotransformers are frequently used in
18:
1189:
1160:
1158:
1136:
1812:
1393:
1240:
1238:
1236:
817:(connected to the two end taps) to an
1367:
1169:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 64.
209:{\displaystyle (0<V_{2}<V_{1})}
1435:Condition monitoring of transformers
1155:
1530:Toroidal inductors and transformers
1278:Contact Lines for Electric Railways
1233:
1164:
1054:
880:Power transmission and distribution
13:
1338:
14:
1831:
1274:Fahrleitungen elektrischer Bahnen
1032:simulate abnormal line voltages.
980:starter was invented in 1908, by
1565:
944:25 kV AC railway electrification
863:to transfer power. They require
1347:American Electricians' Handbook
1141:(2nd ed.). Marcel Dekker.
925:
874:
856:voltage level is not critical.
1702:Variable-frequency transformer
1552:Transformer utilization factor
1321:
1296:
1266:
1208:
1183:
1130:
583:
557:
451:
425:
402:
376:
268:
242:
203:
171:
27:In electrical engineering, an
16:Type of electrical transformer
1:
1303:Bakshi, M. V.; Bakshi, U. A.
1124:
1611:Energy efficient transformer
1190:Pansini, Anthony J. (1999).
821:(the side with the ground).
77:
7:
1616:Amorphous metal transformer
1500:Resonant inductive coupling
1440:Electrical insulation paper
1082:
992:and was granted the patent
937:
10:
1836:
1248:; Beaty, H. Wayne (1978).
1104:Faraday's law of induction
971:
941:
1761:
1715:
1574:
1563:
1402:
1043:that doesn't produce the
1004:Variable autotransformers
467:For ampere-turn balance,
1594:Distribution transformer
1137:McLyman, Wm. T. (1988).
1063:was a U.S. trademark of
994:US 1,096,922 in May 1914
1692:Solid-state transformer
1599:Pad-mounted transformer
1545:Transformer oil testing
1305:Electrical Machines - I
953:Autotransformer starter
1667:Parametric transformer
1633:Instrument transformer
1589:Buck–boost transformer
1540:Dissolved gas analysis
1021:
1013:
796:
769:
742:
715:
677:
590:
458:
334:
210:
158:
24:
1820:Electric transformers
1650:Isolation transformer
1628:Grounding transformer
1606:Delta-wye transformer
1485:Pressure relief valve
1077:genericised trademark
1019:
1011:
797:
795:{\displaystyle V_{1}}
770:
768:{\displaystyle N_{1}}
743:
741:{\displaystyle V_{2}}
716:
714:{\displaystyle N_{2}}
678:
591:
459:
335:
211:
159:
22:
865:alternating currents
779:
752:
725:
698:
606:
488:
350:
226:
168:
94:
57:electrical isolation
1779:Mitsubishi Electric
1697:Trigger transformer
1687:Scott-T transformer
1643:Voltage transformer
1638:Current transformer
1623:Flyback transformer
1455:Induction regulator
1165:Sen, P. C. (1997).
1059:From 1934 to 2002,
916:zig-zag transformer
910:is used to provide
1789:Schneider Electric
1707:Zigzag transformer
1677:Rotary transformer
1672:Planar transformer
1655:Austin transformer
1510:Short-circuit test
1490:Quadrature booster
1460:Leakage inductance
1022:
1014:
966:Korndörfer starter
932:impedance matching
895:voltage regulators
792:
765:
738:
711:
673:
586:
454:
330:
206:
154:
25:
1807:
1806:
1475:Open-circuit test
1037:voltage regulator
748:are greater than
671:
644:
631:
555:
510:
423:
303:
146:
119:
72:voltage regulator
68:voltage converter
49:secondary winding
31:is an electrical
1827:
1774:General Electric
1569:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1242:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1218:. Archived from
1212:
1206:
1205:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1134:
1099:Electromagnetism
1055:Variac trademark
1047:typical of most
962:induction motors
901:along the line.
802:, respectively.
801:
799:
798:
793:
791:
790:
774:
772:
771:
766:
764:
763:
747:
745:
744:
739:
737:
736:
720:
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717:
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710:
709:
682:
680:
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669:
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637:
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629:
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619:
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587:
582:
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569:
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541:
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388:
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328:
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304:
296:
280:
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267:
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238:
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215:
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207:
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201:
189:
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163:
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155:
147:
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135:
134:
125:
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118:
117:
108:
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98:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1757:
1711:
1584:Autotransformer
1570:
1561:
1535:Transformer oil
1515:Stacking factor
1505:Severity factor
1398:
1392:
1357:
1341:
1339:Further reading
1336:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1246:Fink, Donald G.
1243:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1089:Voltage divider
1085:
1057:
1006:
978:autotransformer
974:
955:
946:
940:
928:
882:
877:
861:magnetic fields
819:unbalanced line
786:
782:
780:
777:
776:
759:
755:
753:
750:
749:
732:
728:
726:
723:
722:
705:
701:
699:
696:
695:
692:electrical load
665:
661:
655:
651:
649:
636:
625:
621:
615:
611:
609:
607:
604:
603:
577:
573:
564:
560:
546:
542:
540:
531:
527:
521:
517:
502:
495:
491:
489:
486:
485:
479:
472:
445:
441:
432:
428:
414:
410:
408:
396:
392:
383:
379:
370:
366:
357:
353:
351:
348:
347:
324:
320:
314:
310:
295:
288:
284:
275:
271:
262:
258:
249:
245:
233:
229:
227:
224:
223:
197:
193:
184:
180:
169:
166:
165:
140:
136:
130:
126:
124:
113:
109:
103:
99:
97:
95:
92:
91:
80:
45:primary winding
29:autotransformer
17:
12:
11:
5:
1833:
1823:
1822:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1743:Repeating coil
1740:
1738:Polyphase coil
1735:
1730:
1728:Induction coil
1725:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
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1591:
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1547:
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1527:
1522:
1517:
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1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1450:High-leg delta
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1430:Circle diagram
1427:
1422:
1417:
1415:Buchholz relay
1412:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1320:
1313:
1295:
1286:
1265:
1258:
1232:
1207:
1200:
1182:
1175:
1154:
1148:978-0824778286
1147:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1119:Magnetic field
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1056:
1053:
1005:
1002:
982:Max Korndorfer
973:
970:
954:
951:
942:Main article:
939:
936:
927:
924:
881:
878:
876:
873:
869:direct current
789:
785:
762:
758:
735:
731:
708:
704:
688:voltage source
684:
683:
668:
664:
658:
654:
648:
643:
640:
635:
628:
624:
618:
614:
597:
596:
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559:
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427:
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341:
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327:
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150:
143:
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129:
123:
116:
112:
106:
102:
79:
76:
35:with only one
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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1222:on 2013-09-20
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1109:Ignition coil
1107:
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1075:has become a
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1065:General Radio
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1557:Vector group
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1224:. Retrieved
1220:the original
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926:Audio system
905:
903:
899:voltage drop
883:
875:Applications
858:
854:
850:ground fault
839:
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342:
218:
85:
81:
65:
53:
28:
26:
1723:Hybrid coil
1525:Tap changer
1465:Magnet wire
1395:Transformer
842:three phase
599:Therefore:
33:transformer
1748:Tesla coil
1733:Oudin coil
1425:Center tap
1226:2013-09-19
1176:0471022950
1125:References
922:current).
891:Super Grid
1051:dimmers.
1049:thyristor
912:grounding
571:−
500:−
439:−
390:−
293:−
256:−
78:Operation
1814:Category
1784:ProlecGE
1495:Resolver
1480:Polarity
1470:Metadyne
1114:Inductor
1083:See also
990:May 1908
938:Railways
846:harmonic
690:and the
1794:Siemens
1520:Synchro
1445:Growler
1420:Bushing
972:History
907:zig zag
830:voltage
826:neutral
61:leakage
39:. The "
37:winding
1403:Topics
1397:topics
1353:
1311:
1284:
1256:
1198:
1173:
1145:
1073:variac
1069:Variac
1061:Variac
1041:dimmer
986:Berlin
1716:Coils
1576:Types
1410:Balun
1276:[
1094:Balun
1026:brush
886:power
811:balun
1799:TBEA
1351:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1171:ISBN
1143:ISBN
976:The
775:and
721:and
191:<
178:<
47:and
41:auto
1769:ABB
1045:EMI
984:of
840:In
1816::
1235:^
1157:^
968:.
481::
474:=
74:.
1387:e
1380:t
1373:v
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1331:.
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1151:.
788:1
784:V
761:1
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647:=
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584:)
579:1
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558:(
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538:=
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508:a
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493:(
478:C
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406:=
403:)
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377:(
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286:(
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243:(
240:=
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186:2
182:V
175:0
172:(
152:a
149:=
142:2
138:N
132:1
128:N
122:=
115:2
111:V
105:1
101:V
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
