20:
496:
162:
and several
Kurdish notables and tribe leaders were the heads of the sections. According to Robert Olson, the British intelligence reported that by 1924
91:
Then also they opposed the fact that the members of parliament were appointed by the central government and not elected by the people.
71:
That only
Turkish was taught at the schools, and the religious schools were closed, therefore no education was available for the Kurds
166:
was the registered as the head of office in
Istanbul. At its beginning there were mainly Kurdish notables and former officers of the
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489:
461:
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in 1925. After many members from the Azadî were arrested following the failed revolt in Beytüssebab, the movement has chosen
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77:
The Turks also settled
Turkish refugees in the areas of Kurdish majority, attempting to achieve a Turkish majority.
48:
secret organization. According to Kurds who reported to
British intelligence officers, Azadî was established in
548:
324:
239:
178:. During its first General Congress in 1924, in which several commanders from the Hamidye cavalry and also
553:
453:
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44:(Society for Kurdish Freedom), later Civata Xweseriya Kurd (Society for Kurdish Independence) was a
174:, attempting to secure their support. They also attempted to gain the support of the former Sultan
170:
amongst its members. It appointed several of its members to establish ties with diplomats from the
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The attempts of the
Turkish Government to exploit the mineral reserves in the Kurdish provinces
68:
That only the
Turkish language was allowed in the courts, which could lead to misunderstandings
518:
198:
190:
186:
163:
56:. The aim of Azadî was to deliver the Kurds a life in freedom in a developed environment.
8:
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Taxes had to be paid several times a year, and no benefit was perceived from the taxes
522:
457:
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53:
24:
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The
Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925
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According to Robert Olson, Azadî has established sections in the cities of
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took part, it was decided that the Kurds should revolt against the Turks.
19:
194:
179:
159:
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450:
The
Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity
139:
106:
The
Military raids which were conducted in villages inhabited by Kurds
175:
155:
81:
202:
100:
The lack of respect to the Kurdish officers and soldiers within the
490:"The Kurdish Warrior Tradition and the Importance of the Peshmerga"
143:
127:
385:
The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone
115:
111:
64:
Several reasons were put forward for its establishment, such as:
49:
131:
147:
311:
Meiselas, Susan; Bruinessen, Martin van; Whitley, A. (1997).
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45:
135:
257:
The Sung Home. Narrative, Morality, and the Kurdish Nation
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342:
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failed, following which the Kurds assembled around the
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189:
in September 1924 and also in the organization of the
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294:
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429:
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515:Imagining Kurdistan: Identity, Culture and Society
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277:
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97:That there were no Kurdish Governors employed
39:
185:The Azadî was a leading force involved the
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18:
541:
447:
512:
476:
435:
423:
411:
382:
370:
358:
346:
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283:
225:
313:Kurdistan: In the Shadow of History
255:Hamelink, Wendelmoet (2016-04-21).
13:
513:Galip, Özlem Belçim (2015-04-24).
14:
565:
502:from the original on 2013-10-29.
88:places from Kurdish into Turkish
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482:
441:
376:
304:
248:
219:
84:from all maps and the gradual
1:
212:
448:Romano, David (2006-03-02).
7:
383:Klein, Janet (2011-05-31).
16:Kurdish secret organization
10:
570:
454:Cambridge University Press
205:, who was involved in the
80:Then also the omitting of
59:
389:Stanford University Press
232:University of Texas Press
35:
86:renaming of geographical
226:Olson, Robert (1989).
40:
27:
23:The founder of Azadî,
549:Kurdish organisations
519:Bloomsbury Publishing
191:Sheikh Said rebellion
22:
197:as its leader. The
41:Civata Azadiya Kurd
554:Kurdish rebellions
456:. pp. 34–35.
187:Beytüssebab mutiny
28:
528:978-0-85772-643-8
463:978-0-521-85041-4
426:, pp. 47–48.
398:978-0-8047-7570-0
361:, pp. 42–43.
349:, pp. 43–45.
270:978-90-04-31481-8
164:Seyyit Abdulkadir
561:
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209:from 1927–1930.
207:Ararat rebellion
54:Halid Beg Cibran
43:
37:
25:Halid Beg Cibran
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391:. p. 175.
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319:. p. 124.
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263:. p. 176.
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168:Hamidye cavalry
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17:
12:
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5:
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521:. p. 56.
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373:, p. 169.
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234:. p. 41.
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172:British Empire
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89:
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38:), officially
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479:, p. 99.
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438:, p. 91.
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317:Random House
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102:Turkish Army
63:
31:
29:
195:Sheikh Said
180:Sheikh Said
52:in 1921 by
543:Categories
477:Olson 1989
436:Olson 1989
424:Olson 1989
412:Olson 1989
371:Olson 1989
359:Olson 1989
347:Olson 1989
326:0679423893
299:Olson 1989
284:Olson 1989
241:0292776195
213:References
120:Diyarbakir
34:(English:
199:rebellion
176:Mehmed VI
156:Malazgirt
82:Kurdistan
497:Archived
144:Erzincan
128:Istanbul
112:Erzurum
60:History
50:Erzurum
46:Kurdish
36:Freedom
525:
460:
395:
323:
267:
238:
203:Xoybûn
160:Harput
158:, and
132:Bitlis
116:Dersim
500:(PDF)
493:(PDF)
261:BRILL
140:Hınıs
124:Siirt
32:Azadî
523:ISBN
458:ISBN
393:ISBN
321:ISBN
265:ISBN
236:ISBN
136:Kars
30:The
152:Van
148:Muş
545::
517:.
495:.
452:.
387:.
335:^
315:.
291:^
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