1928:, citizenship was granted by each town and village only to residents. These citizens enjoyed access to community property and in some cases additional protection under the law. Additionally, the urban towns and the rural villages had differing rights and laws. The creation of Helvetic citizenship, which gave equally to citizens of the old towns and their tenants and servants, led to conflict. The wealthier villagers and urban citizens held rights to forests, common lands and other municipal properties which they did not wish to share with the newly enfranchised, who were generally poor. The compromise solution, which was written into the municipal laws of the Helvetic Republic, is still valid today. Two politically separate but often geographically similar organizations were created. The first, the so-called municipality, was a political community formed by election and its voting body consists of all resident citizens. However, the community land and property remained with the former local citizens who were gathered together into the
44:
1605:
1883:
indicate the large differences in the degree of organization, powers and responsibilities that they hold throughout
Switzerland. While in many cantons the political municipalities holds the power to make and implement policy, in some cities the Bürgergemeinde has right to self-government, and can
1963:
for money and use of the property. It was not until the political municipalities acquired rights over property that served the public (such as schools, fire stations, etc.) and taxes, that they obtained full independence. For example, in the city of Bern, the property division of 1852 gave the
1679:(citizenship), regardless of where they were born or where they may currently live. Membership of the Bürgergemeinde of a municipality is not to be confused with holding the municipality's citizenship, which, in certain cantons such as Valais, are two distinct legal concepts. Instead of the
1988:
providing relief to the poor in certain cantons. This tradition dates back to the 16th century. In the 20th century, this was taken over by the
Federal Social Welfare organization, and later by cantonal governments. However, in some cantons
1971:
removed discrimination based on one's place and canton of origin and all male Swiss citizens were granted equal political rights. This revised constitution finally removed all the political voting and electoral body rights from the
1691:). It is, however, possible for a person to not possess bourgeoisie of the municipality from which they originate; laws relating to these matters vary depending on the canton in which the Bürgergemeinde is located. The
1865:
1984:
losing its former importance to a large extent. Nevertheless, the institution was not fundamentally challenged in certain cantons. This may be due, primarily, to the tradition of the
180:
170:
1863:
with the political communes handle the associated responsibilities. In
Nidwalden, Schwyz, and Appenzell Innerrhoden, however, there are privately organized corporations (
1904:
is active in the local community. It may run hospitals, retirement and youth homes, provide scholarships and support the unemployed, the disabled and addicts. Some
1711:
often include the same area but may be separate depending on the relevant cantonal law. With the increase in mobility since the first half of the 19th century, the
1948:
were able to maintain power as political communities. In the canton of Zurich the
Municipal Act of 1866 brought the political municipality back into existence.
846:
1955:
was often dominated by the latter's ownership of community property. Often the administration and profits made from the property were retained by the
1642:
1480:
496:
491:
1940:(1814–1830), certain canton, having regained independence, revoked the reforms that the French-imposed Helvetic Republic had implemented. In the
2129:
1715:
and the rights associated with citizenship in the municipality have lost most of their meaning. Today, in
Switzerland there are nearly 2000
1510:
1540:
1431:
84:
1993:
have voluntarily remained active participants in the provision of social welfare. In many other cantons, e.g. the canton of
Lucerne, the
1525:
1485:
706:
1470:
1555:
1436:
1250:
1944:(1830–1848), the liberal revolutions of the common people helped to restore some rights again in a few cantons. In other cantons, the
1900:
still grants municipal citizenship, which is a fundamental aspect of the process of naturalisation. In addition, in many cantons the
2011:
1550:
1530:
2204:
1535:
1495:
1276:
791:
186:
1475:
1560:
1520:
581:
1659:(also Burgergemeinde, Ortsgemeinde, Ortsbürgergemeinde, Tagwen, bourgeoisie, commune bourgeoise, vischnanca burgaisa, English:
1590:
1575:
1565:
1545:
1505:
1500:
1465:
746:
646:
1615:
1635:
1459:
1245:
656:
145:
2209:
2187:
2116:
1580:
1515:
1490:
1240:
811:
661:
556:
541:
516:
511:
501:
109:
1585:
1570:
2039:
1255:
751:
716:
636:
1126:
906:
761:
483:
1980:
in the population was reduced as a result of increasing migration from rural areas to the cities. This led to the
1628:
1269:
671:
631:
566:
25:
1941:
651:
626:
571:
166:
1812:
776:
176:
158:
1454:
1232:
781:
736:
666:
616:
77:
126:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
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390:
385:
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375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
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295:
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285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
64:
1968:
1675:. It includes all individuals who are citizens of the Bürgergemeinde, usually by having inherited the
1219:
57:
1937:
1908:
also provide cultural services, such as supporting libraries and museums. To cover these tasks, the
133:
200:
2006:
1700:
34:
1912:
may collect taxes or interest, or use their community assets (such as fields, farms and woods).
1840:
1836:
1372:
1297:
1289:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
806:
801:
796:
786:
771:
766:
756:
741:
731:
726:
711:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
641:
621:
611:
606:
601:
591:
586:
576:
561:
546:
536:
526:
1848:
1699:
which had been bequeathed or otherwise given to the members of the bourgeoisie. The political
1357:
1925:
1844:
1664:
1302:
901:
721:
596:
551:
531:
521:
506:
207:
1727:
The Bürgergemeinde is known by different names in individual cantons. These names include:
1776:
1387:
1204:
8:
1382:
1209:
115:
43:
1736:
1609:
1327:
1921:
1820:
1352:
1933:
1852:
1832:
1828:
1816:
1422:
1377:
1337:
1332:
1312:
2043:
1869:
1688:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2109:
2103:
2097:
121:
1752:
1744:
1680:
1347:
1322:
100:
2198:
2035:
1764:
1441:
1417:
1402:
1788:
138:
105:
95:
1696:
1672:
1317:
1668:
2016:
1824:
1362:
90:
1367:
1920:
The beginnings of the modern municipality system date back to the
1780:
1397:
1342:
1896:
even have their own legislative assembly. In some cantons, the
1800:
1796:
1768:
1756:
1732:
1704:
1407:
1392:
1307:
1885:
1951:
The relationship between the political municipality and the
1889:
1856:
1412:
1997:
and political municipality have merged into each other.
2136:
Stämpfli, Bern 2016, ISBN 978-3-7272-3217-6, p. 135/6.
1959:, leaving the political municipality dependent on the
2149:
2055:
1683:, Swiss legal documents, e.g. passports, contain the
1976:. In the cities, the percentage of members in the
16:Statutory corporation in public law in Switzerland
2181:
2110:
2196:
2175:
2169:
2104:
2098:
1964:political municipality the right to levy taxes.
1636:
1643:
1629:
2134:Staatsrecht der schweizerischen Kantone.
1936:(1803–1814), and especially during the
2197:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2056:"Website of the Swiss Association of
1876:) that operate in much the same way.
1695:also often holds and administers the
2188:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
2150:Website of the Swiss Association of
2117:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
1884:have its own executive council. In
1807:, which emerged from the so-called
13:
2078:
14:
2221:
2143:
1603:
42:
2205:Local government in Switzerland
2123:
2048:
2029:
1:
2022:
1460:(Full list of Municipalities)
1969:Federal Constitution of 1874
1251:Federal Administrative Court
7:
2210:Subdivisions of Switzerland
2000:
1298:Appenzell Ausserrhoden (AR)
10:
2226:
1915:
1701:communes or municipalities
1303:Appenzell Innerrhoden (AI)
1660:
127:Élisabeth Baume-Schneider
1722:
24:This article is part of
2042:7 November 2017 at the
2038:bourgeoisie-de-sion.ch
2007:Communes of Switzerland
35:Politics of Switzerland
1873:
1841:Appenzell Ausserrhoden
1610:Switzerland portal
1476:Appenzell Ausserrhoden
1246:Federal Criminal Court
146:Federal administration
1926:Old Swiss Confederacy
1879:The various types of
1845:Appenzell Innerrhoden
1815:. In the cantons of
1665:statutory corporation
1471:Appenzell Innerrhoden
1432:Cantonal legislatures
1313:Basel-Landschaft (BL)
1241:Federal Supreme Court
1874:Korporationsgemeinde
1256:Federal Patent Court
1785:vischnanca burgaisa
1661:Citizens' Community
1437:Cantonal executives
116:Karin Keller-Sutter
1803:, they are called
1761:Ortsbürgergemeinde
1719:and corporations.
1220:Popular initiative
134:Federal Chancellor
1922:Helvetic Republic
1741:commune bourgeois
1653:
1652:
1373:Schaffhausen (SH)
1270:Foreign relations
187:Political parties
167:Council of States
2217:
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2091:
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1942:Regeneration era
1868:
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1645:
1638:
1631:
1608:
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1606:
1481:Basel-Landschaft
1318:Basel-Stadt (BS)
177:National Council
159:Federal Assembly
118:(Vice President)
46:
21:
20:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2195:
2194:
2159:
2152:Bürgergemeinden
2146:
2141:
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2128:
2124:
2092:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2058:Bürgergemeinden
2054:
2053:
2049:
2044:Wayback Machine
2034:
2030:
2025:
2003:
1991:Bürgergemeinden
1957:Bürgergemeinden
1946:Bürgergemeinden
1938:Restoration era
1918:
1906:Bürgergemeinden
1894:Bürgergemeinden
1881:Bürgergemeinden
1864:
1861:Bürgergemeinden
1813:legal successor
1725:
1717:Bürgergemeinden
1697:common property
1689:place of origin
1649:
1620:
1616:Other countries
1604:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1457:
1447:
1446:
1428:
1427:
1388:St. Gallen (SG)
1292:
1282:
1281:
1272:
1262:
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1260:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1196:
487:
486:
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480:
216:
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150:
87:(by seniority)
80:
78:Federal Council
70:
69:
60:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2223:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2193:
2192:
2185:in the online
2165:Bürgergemeinde
2162:
2145:
2144:External links
2142:
2139:
2138:
2122:
2114:in the online
2094:Bürgergemeinde
2077:
2047:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1995:Bürgergemeinde
1986:Bürgergemeinde
1982:Bürgergemeinde
1978:Bürgergemeinde
1974:Bürgergemeinde
1961:Bürgergemeinde
1953:Bürgergemeinde
1932:. During the
1930:Bürgergemeinde
1917:
1914:
1910:Bürgergemeinde
1902:Bürgergemeinde
1898:Bürgergemeinde
1811:and are their
1749:Burgergemeinde
1724:
1721:
1713:Bürgergemeinde
1709:Bürgergemeinde
1693:Bürgergemeinde
1681:place of birth
1657:Bürgergemeinde
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1599:
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1563:
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1548:
1543:
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1528:
1523:
1518:
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1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1462:
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1455:Municipalities
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1383:Solothurn (SO)
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1363:Nidwalden (NW)
1360:
1358:Neuchâtel (NE)
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1277:European Union
1273:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1233:Federal courts
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
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644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
488:
482:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
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288:
283:
278:
273:
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263:
258:
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228:
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217:
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119:
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101:Ignazio Cassis
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56:
55:
52:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
33:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2222:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:Kooperationen
2153:
2148:
2147:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2065:
2063:
2062:Korporationen
2059:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:Mediation era
1931:
1927:
1924:. Under the
1923:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1859:there are no
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
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1710:
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1617:
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1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
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1502:
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1474:
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1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1442:Landsgemeinde
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:Obwalden (OW)
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:Fribourg (FR)
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
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1343:Grisons (GR)
139:Viktor Rossi
122:Albert Rösti
106:Viola Amherd
96:Guy Parmelin
65:Human rights
58:Constitution
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2160:(in German)
2066:(in German)
2036:Information
1729:bourgeoisie
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1669:public law
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1348:Jura (JU)
1323:Bern (BE)
1205:Mandatory
214:Elections
201:Elections
110:President
91:Beat Jans
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2040:Archived
2001:See also
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