97:
652:
503:
a horse?" Then the emperor questioned those around him. Some remained silent, while some, hoping to ingratiate themselves with Zhao Gao, said it was a horse, and others said it was a deer. Zhao Gao secretly arranged for all those who said it was a deer to be brought before the law. Thereafter the officials were all terrified of Zhao Gao.
1164:'damn fool'. The difference is in the degree of lexical diversification along the scales of meaning. English seems to have more 'fool' words with more specificity – Japanese seems to have fewer 'fool' words with more vagueness. There are decided pragmatic and communicative advantages to such lexical vagueness. If you call me a
502:
Zhao Gao was contemplating treason but was afraid the other officials would not heed his commands, so he decided to test them first. He brought a deer and presented it to the Second
Emperor but called it a horse. The Second Emperor laughed and said, "Is the chancellor perhaps mistaken, calling a deer
517:
Kokiden flew into a rage. "A man out of favor with His
Majesty is expected to have trouble feeding himself. And here he is living in a fine stylish house and saying awful things about all of us. No doubt the grovelers around him are assuring him that a deer is a
1134:
One likely reason for the relatively few
Japanese words for 'fool' is vagueness. In both English and Japanese, the words for 'fool' have meanings that vary along scales of friendly–hostile, or joking–serious. In English, at one end of a scale are words like
1103:
recounts asking his language teacher "to prepare a list of the most stunning and forcible insults, pejoratives, and curses in
Japanese", but was surprised that the "short, unimaginative, and seeming ineffectual" list had only two words:
1181:
is one of the most insulting terms in the
Japanese lexicon, but it is vague and can range in meaning from an affectionate 'silly-willy' to an abusive 'jerk-off fool'.
1253:
is an explosive word." Nevertheless, "In Tokyo and its surroundings, we find exactly the opposite, so you must be careful with the usage of these words."
1349:
on May 7, 1945, "American forces have officially designated this bomb as 'baka', baka being
Japanese for foolish, silly, or stupid." In modern times,
1185:
is so widely used that it has become semantically weak and vague. Such vagueness can serve to conceal hostility and thus to maintain social harmony.
1763:
776:"blockhead; dullard; dimwit; simpleton; dolt; fool". These are found in many frequently-used Japanese expressions. Some more insulting
1742:
1613:
1440:
490:) meaning "deliberate misrepresentation for ulterior purposes". Zhao was an infamous minister who served the first emperor
1768:
1552:
1079:" in Japan. Usages of this term can be discussed in terms of pragmatic depth, dialectal variation, and proper names.
443:
591:
1312:
1099:
can be language specific. For instance, Japanese has fewer words for calling someone a "fool" than
English.
1606:
A Practical
Sanskrit Dictionary: With Transliteration, Accentuation, and Etymological Analysis Throughout
65:
1300:
117:
1749:
What Does Baka Mean in
Japanese – and Why You (Probably) Shouldn’t Use It, Coto Japanese Academy
667:
1285:
1274:
808:
471:
754:
27:
757:
and thesauruses, the lexicographer
Michael Carr differentiates eight interrelated meanings.
208:
571:
254: 1313–1364), "Yoritō, probably inebriated, loudly demands to know what kind of fool (
8:
1337:
1306:
1289:
886:"worthless; foolish; valueless; trifling; insignificant" is used in expressions such as
1773:
1694:
1374:
1269:
671:
576:) means "bewilderment, loss of consciousness, delusion, folly" and comes from the root
1748:
1609:
1569:
1548:
1436:
1195:
953:"excess; foolish; absurd; extreme; extravagant" is found in a number of expressions:
545:
509:
411:
85:
73:
1686:
1483:
1294:
1038:
407:
346:
1203:
244:
1430:
295:
1114:
931:, all meaning "foolish; absurd; ridiculous". It is further used in phrases like
737:") depicts it with one eye, a horse's mouth and ears, and deer horn and hooves.
731:
332:
1333:
1222:
531:
259:
1713:
1757:
1362:
1127:
491:
467:
385:
361:
234:
375:
1325:
1265:
1033:
277:
556:. Modern reference works give two possible Sanskrit sources for the word,
530:
word meaning "fool". According to the Japanese linguist and lexicographer
1100:
841:
430:
403:
1280:
1088:
1076:
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69:
19:"馬鹿" redirects here. For a Chinese meaning of the same characters, see
1698:
1547:. Translated by Burton Watson (3rd ed.). Renditions. p. 70.
1487:
769:
429:
originated as a Chinese literary "allusion to a historical fool", the
228:
1288:" "To Like Too Much and Look Like a Fool"). Some titles from modern
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communities. This has also led to the satirical and ironic use of
717:
258:) has the temerity to order him to dismount." According to Carr, "
1588:
1242:
1092:
777:
1361:
to call someone a fool or mock anime communities, especially in
584:
means "senile, feeble minded, stupid, decrepit" and comes from
466:
as meaning "point at a deer and say horse" (指鹿曰馬). Namely, the
290:
121:
211:(1336–1392), when the "Northern and Southern Courts" battled.
1354:
603:
are less reliable. Two Edo-period dictionaries proposed that
262:
found that the original editions (fourteenth century) of the
164:
159:
104:
1574:. Translated by Edward G. Seidensticker. Knopf. p. 268.
720:
demon with a horse's head and deer's body. The c. 1832
651:
374:; "The Life of an Amorous Man"), which was a classic of the
1019:
Three special meanings are unrelated semantic connections.
772:
is a rare word for "congenitally mentally deficient"), and
507:
The Japanese idiom first appears in the 11th-century novel
80:
has a long history, an uncertain etymology (possibly from
596:), meaning "dull, stupid, foolish, inexperienced; fool".
522:
Second, the most linguistically sound etymology is that
1172:, I cannot be so sure of what you mean. The expression
481:; lit. "point at a deer and call it a horse", Japanese
402:
are uncertain, Japanese scholars have proposed various
1632:
Bernabe, Marc; Niimura, Ken; March, Guillermo (2004).
1168:, I know exactly what you mean. But if you call me a
447:. This etymology first appears in the (c. 1548)
662:
The same 馬鹿 "horse deer" characters that transcribe
580:
meaning "bewildered, perplexed, confused". Sanskrit
1631:
1677:Russell, I. Willis (1947). "Among the New Words".
1526:
1500:
1155:'silly chump' and at the other end are words like
853:"make a fool of (someone); treat with contempt",
760:Three basic "fool; foolish" meanings distinguish
1755:
1567:
1432:Warriors of Japan: As Portrayed in the War Tales
1343:flying bomb. The earliest recorded usage was in
1046:"numbness (of limbs)" is used in the expression
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1159:
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666:are also used for names in Chinese zoological
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1666:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 11–12.
1233:. Many Japanese dictionaries treat the words
1143:. And in Japanese, at one end are words like
682:
476:
494:(r. 246–221 BCE) and forced the second
68:) "foolish" and is the most frequently used
1435:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 210.
1316:("Idiots, Tests, and Summoned Creatures").
1245:. "However, in Osaka and its surroundings,
1059:means "(an antique kind of) coin counter".
882:"excess" expand upon "folly; foolishness".
807:"stupid jerk, ass, asshole, dumbass". Some
634:"grow senile; dote; become feeble-minded" (
425:First, the oldest hypothesis suggests that
280:editions (c. 1600) had the characters
154:
1636:. Japan Publications Trading. p. 151.
1634:Japanese in MangaLand: Learning the Basics
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1069:Japanese in MangaLand: Learning the Basics
1603:
1542:
1075:as "the most commonly used" and the "top
498:(r. 210–207 BCE) to commit suicide.
1651:. New York: William Morrow. p. 167.
1627:
1625:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1249:is a rather non-offensive word, whereas
710:is a rare alternate Japanese reading of
650:
95:
16:Pejorative term in the Japanese language
1676:
1509:
1474:Carr, Michael (1982). "Baka and Fool".
1198:show regional variations between using
544:; 1663–1733) originally suggested that
233:) being used as an insult in 1342. The
1756:
1711:
1646:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
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1459:
1428:
1387:
840:"foolish face; stupid look"; and some
243:) refused to pay obeisance to retired
1661:
1622:
1402:
1229:has more of a slang connotation than
949:"do a foolish thing; act foolishly".
88:), and sociolinguistic complexities.
1473:
1139:and at the other end are words like
1527:Shinmura Izuru 新村出 (1971). "馬鹿考 ".
1501:Shinmura Izuru 新村出 (1971). "馬鹿考 ".
1456:
340:Many classical Japanese texts used
13:
1714:"What does 'baka' mean on TikTok?"
1664:A Dictionary of Japanese Loanwords
1604:Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1924).
1023:"trough shell" is a truncation of
655:Mumashika depiction from the 1832
410:. The two most widely cited are a
14:
1785:
1764:Slurs related to low intelligence
1736:
1712:Pellot, Emerald (31 March 2021).
1126:explains the comparatively small
971:"awfully; terribly; extremely";
871:"make a fool/ass of (oneself)".
768:"ament; idiot; imbecile; fool" (
646:
293:-era (1469–1487) edition of the
1705:
1670:
1655:
1640:
1597:
1256:
1122:Carr proposes that intentional
895:"foolish; absurd; ridiculous";
599:Other proposed etymologies for
560:(transcribed 慕何) "foolish" and
350:military chronicle transcribed
249:
1593:. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. 2008.
1578:
1561:
1545:Records of the Grand Historian
1536:
1494:
1422:
904:"foolish; silly; stupid"; and
444:Records of the Grand Historian
393:
344:. For instance, the (c. 1616)
1:
1380:
1310:("A Karate-Crazy Life"), and
1082:
862:"call (someone) a fool", and
798:"big fool damned idiot", and
326:(lit. "break family"), means
214:In the earliest example, the
1531:. Chikuma. pp. 100–104.
1505:. Chikuma. pp. 100–104.
1189:
1007:"excessive politeness"; and
457:) dictionary, which glosses
438:
203:The first written usages of
7:
1368:
1194:According to Marc Bernabe,
980:"ridiculously/dirt cheap";
740:
488:Shika o Sashite Uma to Nasu
10:
1790:
1769:Japanese words and phrases
1476:The Review of Liberal Arts
1418:. Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2007.
1398:. Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2001.
1336:for the Imperial Japanese
1319:
1298:("Fishing Fool's Diary"),
1225:. In addition, the insult
1221:"fool; idiot; jackass" in
998:"ridiculously expensive";
831:"foolish/horse laugh" and
822:"foolproof; idiot-proof",
198:
64:) means "fool", or (as an
25:
18:
1662:Evans, Toshie M. (1997).
1568:Murasaki Shikibu (1976).
1284:"Love Fool") and songs ("
1217:
1211:
1177:
1160:
1151:
1113:
1062:
1051:
1028:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
976:
967:
958:
945:
940:"Nonsense!; Go on!", and
936:
927:
918:
909:
900:
891:
874:Two extended meanings of
867:
858:
849:
836:
827:
818:
803:
794:
785:
726:
712:
700:
683:
639:
630:
621:
612:
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564:(摩訶羅) "stupid". Sanskrit
540:
483:
477:
462:
453:
384:
370:
356:
331:
322:
320:(lit. "horse bride"), or
316:
310:
308:, which was also written
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191:
185:
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149:
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109:
56:
46:
40:
1313:Baka to Test to Shōkanjū
548:priests coined the word
538:scholar Amano Sadakage (
398:Although the origins of
220:historical epic records
1608:. Motilal Banarsidass.
1353:has often been used in
1301:Inubaka: Crazy for Dogs
616:"generous; unsparing" (
337:"disorder; confusion".
314:(lit. "mother bride"),
237:commander Toki Yoritō (
167:transcription; earlier
118:Japanese writing system
91:
1286:Suki Sugite Baka Mitai
1275:Pretty Little Baka Guy
1187:
1071:, Marc Bernabe listed
659:
520:
505:
382:with the modern kanji
113:
1647:Seward, Jack (1972).
1429:Varley, Paul (1994).
1264:frequently occurs in
1166:stupid son-of-a-bitch
1132:
1130:of Japanese insults.
1016:"honest to a fault".
789:"stupid,fool,idiot",
755:Japanese dictionaries
654:
515:
500:
366:Kōshoku Ichidai Otoko
99:
171:renderings included
26:For other uses, see
1338:Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka
1307:Karate Baka Ichidai
1290:Japanese literature
764:"ass; jerk; fool",
1543:Qian Sima (1993).
1375:Japanese profanity
1270:Japanese pop music
942:bakana mane o suru
722:Hyakki Yagyō Emaki
672:Japanese mythology
660:
657:Hyakki Yagyō Emaki
441:207 BCE) from the
209:Nanboku-chō period
114:
1615:978-81-208-2000-5
1571:The Tale of Genji
1442:978-0-8248-1601-8
1414:"ばか 【馬鹿・莫迦・破家】".
1196:Japanese dialects
855:baka yobawarisuru
546:Japanese Buddhist
510:The Tale of Genji
412:Classical Chinese
299:dictionary notes
157:"horse deer") in
86:Classical Chinese
74:Japanese language
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1268:. Examples from
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1087:The linguistic
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526:derives from a
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201:
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66:adjectival noun
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1743:ばか【馬鹿, 莫迦, 破家】
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1737:External links
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1691:10.2307/487246
1685:(3): 113–114.
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1334:military slang
1321:
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1304:("Dog Fool"),
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1223:Kansai dialect
1191:
1188:
1141:stupid asshole
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915:bakabakarashii
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1718:In The Know
1137:silly goose
1108:"fool" and
1101:Jack Seward
1009:bakashōjiki
864:baka o miru
753:entries in
472:zhǐlù-wéimǎ
431:Qin dynasty
404:etymologies
394:Etymologies
347:Kōyō Gunkan
116:The modern
103:written in
76:. The word
1758:Categories
1488:10252/2038
1381:References
1281:Ai no Baka
1089:pragmatics
1083:Pragmatics
1000:bakateinei
906:bakarashii
824:baka warai
536:Edo-period
496:Qin Er Shi
376:Ukiyozōshi
364:'s (1682)
296:Setsuyōshū
70:pejorative
1774:Profanity
1724:5 October
1190:Dialectal
1183:Baka-yarō
1174:baka-yarō
1170:baka-yarō
1157:baka-yarō
1124:vagueness
1119:"beast".
1091:of using
1077:swearword
991:bakadakai
973:bakayasui
924:bakakusai
833:baka zura
814:baka yoke
809:compounds
800:baka-yarō
745:Based on
735:emakimono
708:Mumashika
582:mahallaka
562:mahallaka
484:鹿を指して馬となす
276:; later
163:phonetic
1720:. Yahoo!
1482:: 1–18.
1448:19 April
1416:日本国語大辞典
1396:デジタル大辞泉
1369:See also
1365:spaces.
1346:Newsweek
1341:kamikaze
1243:synonyms
1146:kamaboko
1110:chikushō
946:馬鹿な真似をする
888:bakageta
859:馬鹿よばわりする
782:bakamono
747:semantic
741:Meanings
697:akashika
689:red deer
554:Sanskrit
528:Sanskrit
435:Zhao Gao
433:traitor
420:Sanskrit
416:loanword
270:written
264:Taiheiki
260:Shinmura
256:bakamono
235:Ashikaga
222:bakamono
217:Taiheiki
145:hiragana
135:katakana
82:Sanskrit
62:katakana
52:hiragana
21:Red deer
1745:, jeKai
1589:Koujien
1324:During
1320:English
1093:insults
1025:bakagai
933:baka ie
919:馬鹿々々らしい
778:lexemes
518:horse."
252:
199:History
1699:487246
1697:
1612:
1585:"ばか".
1551:
1529:新村出全集
1503:新村出全集
1439:
1063:Usages
1055:, and
982:bakane
968:馬鹿々々しく
955:bakani
897:bakana
727:百鬼夜行絵巻
627:bokeru
586:mūrkha
534:, the
328:rōzeki
291:Bunmei
122:insult
1695:JSTOR
1587:広辞苑 (
1355:anime
1095:like
1052:馬鹿になる
922:, or
910:馬鹿らしい
868:馬鹿を見る
850:馬鹿にする
791:ōbaka
770:ament
718:yōkai
625:) or
609:ōmaka
592:मूर्ख
552:from
454:運歩色葉集
418:from
371:好色一代男
189:, or
169:ateji
165:kanji
160:ateji
147:, or
105:kanji
54:, or
1726:2021
1610:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1533:, p.
1450:2013
1437:ISBN
1359:baka
1351:baka
1330:baka
1292:are
1262:Baka
1251:baka
1237:and
1235:baka
1231:baka
1206:and
1200:baka
1178:馬鹿野郎
1161:馬鹿野郎
1152:蒲鉾馬鹿
1148:baka
1106:baka
1097:baka
1073:baka
1057:baka
1044:Baka
1021:Baka
1013:馬鹿正直
1004:馬鹿丁寧
995:馬鹿高い
977:馬鹿安い
951:Baka
937:馬鹿言え
928:馬鹿臭い
892:馬鹿げた
884:Baka
880:baka
876:baka
844:are
828:馬鹿笑い
819:馬鹿ヨケ
811:are
804:馬鹿野郎
780:are
774:baka
766:baka
762:baka
751:baka
679:mǎlù
670:and
664:baka
640:松屋筆記
622:俚言集覧
605:baka
601:baka
566:moha
558:moha
550:baka
541:天野信景
524:baka
478:指鹿為馬
459:baka
427:baka
406:and
400:baka
380:baka
352:baka
342:baka
301:baka
268:baka
266:had
240:土岐頼遠
205:baka
155:lit.
125:baka
101:Baka
92:Word
78:baka
35:Baka
28:Baka
1687:doi
1484:hdl
1247:aho
1241:as
1239:aho
1227:aho
1215:or
1208:aho
1202:in
1067:In
1042:".
1029:馬鹿貝
989:or
986:馬鹿値
962:or
959:馬鹿に
901:馬鹿な
837:馬鹿面
795:大馬鹿
786:馬鹿者
730:; "
643:).
631:惚ける
613:大まか
578:muh
572:मोह
354:as
286:."
143:in
133:in
127:as
107:as
84:or
60:in
50:in
1760::
1716:.
1693:.
1683:22
1681:.
1624:^
1511:^
1480:63
1478:.
1458:^
1404:^
1328:,
1278:,
1218:あほ
1212:阿呆
1115:畜生
1036:;
913:,
713:馬鹿
704:.
701:赤鹿
684:馬鹿
674:.
513:.
463:馬鹿
439:d.
422:.
390:.
386:馬鹿
360:.
357:馬嫁
333:狼藉
323:破家
317:馬嫁
311:母嫁
305:馬鹿
289:A
283:馬鹿
273:バカ
250:r.
227:馬鹿
195:.
192:破家
186:馬嫁
183:,
180:母嫁
177:,
174:莫迦
150:馬鹿
140:ばか
137:,
130:バカ
110:馬鹿
57:バカ
47:ばか
44:,
41:馬鹿
1728:.
1701:.
1689::
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1486::
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