598:—migrate to sea, and only at the end of their life return to fresh water to spawn. Prior to the Locks construction, no significant salmon runs existed here, as there was only a small drainage stream from Lake Union into Salmon Bay. In order to provide enough water to operate the Locks, Cedar River was rerouted into Lake Washington (which was lowered 9 feet). Cedar River originally flowed into the Duwamish River along with the White River from the South. White River was rerouted into the Puyallup River. Cedar and White Rivers did support significant Salmon runs but also created severe flooding conditions for the early settlers. The rerouting of these two major rivers was a mixed blessing, while reducing flood threats, the Duwamish River salmon runs were decimated. To rectify this situation, salmon runs were rerouted through the Locks, which included introducing a major run of Sockeye Salmon using stock from Baker River, Washington.
640:
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689:
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305:, Chittenden's replacement as Seattle District Commander, construction of the Ballard, or Government, Locks connecting Salmon Bay to Shilshole Bay began in 1911, proceeding without further controversy or legal entanglements. In July 1912, the Locks gates were closed for the first time, turning Salmon Bay from saltwater to freshwater. The first ship passed through the locks on August 3, 1916. On August 25, 1916, the temporary dam at Montlake was breached. During the following three months, Lake Washington drained, lowering the water level by 8.8 ft (2.7 m) and drying up more than 1,000 acres (400 ha) of
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opened up huge lowland areas for development but significantly disrupted the
Duwamish salmon runs. To rectify this problem, salmon runs were reintroduced allowing the fish to migrate through the locks. The locks officially opened for boat traffic on May 8, 1917. The total cost of the project to that point was $ 3.5 million, with $ 2.5 million having come from the federal government and the rest from local governments.
286:
632:. In a few years, the surviving adults return, climb the fish ladder, and reach their spawning ground to continue the life cycle. Of the millions of young fish born, only a relative few survive to adulthood. Causes of death include natural predators, commercial and sport fishing, disease, low stream flows, poor water quality, flooding, and concentrated developments along streams and lakes.
554:. To prevent this, a basin was dredged just above (east of) the large lock. The heavier salt water settles into the basin and drains through a pipe discharging downstream of the locks area. In 1975, the saltwater drain was modified to divert some salt water from the basin to the fish ladder, where it is added via a diffuser to the fish ladder attraction water; see
340:
times there were problems maintaining an adequate water supply to maintain lake level and operate the locks. Conversely, with several rivers redirected, flooding worsened throughout the watershed. That last problem was exacerbated by logging, and at times during storms the locks had to be opened just to allow water to flow out.
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appropriated $ 250,000, placed under the control of the Corps of
Engineers, for excavation of the canal between Lake Union and Lake Washington. In June 1910, the US Congress gave its approval for the lock, on the condition that the rest of the canals along the route be paid for locally. Construction
643:
The fish ladder in profile. The actual fish ladder makes several right angle turns, which are not reflected in this diagram. The pamphlet shows the height of each weir. The last three weirs are adjustable to the level of Salmon Bay. Salt water is mixed with fresh water by the diffuser well in weirs
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To further restrict saltwater intrusion, in 1966, a hinged barrier was installed just upstream of the large lock. This hollow metal barrier is filled with air to remain in the upright position, blocking the heavier salt water. When necessary to accommodate deep-draft vessels, the barrier is flooded
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While generally a success, the project was not without its problems. Salt water began to make its way upstream toward Lake Union, requiring a system of siphons and flushing mechanisms. Because the Cedar River was the main water source both for the lakes and locks and for
Seattle's potable water, at
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Visitors to the locks can observe the salmon through windows as they progress along their route. Although the viewing area is open year-round, the "peak" viewing time is during spawning season, from about the beginning of July through mid-August. A public art work, commissioned by the
Seattle Arts
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The Cedar River was rerouted into Lake
Washington to provide sufficient water flow for operating the Locks. Additionally the White River was rerouted into the Puyallup River. The Cedar and White Rivers both originally flowed into the Duwamish causing frequent flooding. The rerouting of the rivers
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The ladder was designed to use attraction water: fresh water flowing swiftly out the bottom of the fish ladder, in the direction opposite which anadromous fish migrate at the end of their lives. However, the attraction water from this first ladder was not effective. Instead, most salmon used the
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The fish approaching the ladder smell the attraction water, recognizing the scent of Lake
Washington and its tributaries. They enter the ladder, and either jump over each of the 21 weirs or swim though tunnel-like openings. They exit the ladder into the fresh water of Salmon Bay. They continue
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The complex includes two locks. Using the small lock when boat traffic is low conserves fresh water during summer, when the lakes receive less inflow. Having two locks also allows one of the locks to be drained for maintenance without blocking all boat traffic. The large lock is drained for
613:: most weirs are now one foot higher than the previous one. The old fish ladder had only 10 "steps"; the new one has 21. A diffuser well mixes salt water gradually into the last 10 weirs. As a part of the rebuilding, the Corps also added an underground chamber with a viewing gallery.
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The locks can elevate a 760-by-80-foot (232 m × 24 m) vessel 26 ft (7.9 m), from the level of Puget Sound at a very low tide to the level of freshwater Salmon Bay, in 10–15 minutes. The locks handle both pleasure boats and commercial vessels, ranging from
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526:
used to regulate the freshwater levels of the ship canal and lakes. The gates on the dam release or store water to maintain the lake within a 2 ft (0.61 m) range of 20 to 22 ft (6.1 to 6.7 m) above sea level. Maintaining this lake level is necessary for
198:, attract more than one million visitors annually, making it one of Seattle's top tourist attractions. The construction of the locks profoundly reshaped the topography of Seattle and the surrounding area, lowering the water level of Lake Washington and
534:"Smolt flumes" in the spillway help young salmon to pass safely downstream. Higher water levels are maintained in the summer to accommodate recreation as well as to allow the lakes to act as a water storage basin in anticipation of drought conditions.
383:
The complex includes two locks, 30 ft × 150 ft (9.1 m × 45.7 m) (small) and 80 ft × 825 ft (24 m × 251 m) (large). The complex also includes a 235 ft (72 m)
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The fish ladder at the
Chittenden locks is unusual—materials published by the federal government say "unique"—in being located where salt and fresh water meet. Normally, fish ladders are located entirely within fresh water.
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As early as 1854, there was discussion of building a navigable connection between Lake
Washington and Puget Sound for the purpose of transporting logs, milled lumber, and fishing vessels. Thirteen years later, the
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1805:
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Commission, provides literary interpretation of the experience through recordings of
Seattle poet Judith Roche's "Salmon Suite," a sequence of five poems tied to the annual migratory sequence of the fish.
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To maintain the water level of the fresh water Lake
Washington and Lake Union at 20–22 feet (6.1–6.7 m) above sea level, or more specifically, 20.6 ft (6.3 m) above Puget Sound's mean low
671:). Sockeye primarily migrate up the Cedar River to spawn and most end up at the Landsberg Dam Hatchery. Chinook and Coho migrate up the Issaquah Creek and most end up at the Issaquah Hatchery.
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Major Hiram M. Chittenden, the Seattle District Engineer for the Corps of Engineers from April 1906 to September 1908. They were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
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following the waterway to the lake, river, or stream where they were born. Once there, the females lay eggs, which the males fertilize. Most salmon die shortly after spawning.
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was then delayed by legal challenges, mainly by mill owners in Ballard who feared property damage and loss of waterfront in Salmon Bay, and by Lake Washington property owners.
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holding water back from locks under construction, cross section of locks, and location of surrounding buildings including Administration Building and Cavanaugh House.
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A worker cleaning the small lock during annual maintenance. Drying out the chambers allows inspection and repair. After cleaning, the walls are painted.
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As work of the Federal Government, this document is in the public domain, and some of the wording in this article is almost verbatim from the pamphlet.
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As work of the Federal Government, this document is in the public domain, and some of the wording in this article is almost verbatim from the pamphlet.
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As work of the Federal Government, this document is in the public domain, and some of the wording in this article is almost verbatim from the pamphlet.
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To allow for the intended boat traffic, three bridges were removed along the ship canal route, at Latona Avenue, Fremont, Stone Way. The
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The Chittenden Locks shortly after their construction. The Carl P. English Gardens had not yet been started. The inset shows the nearby
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started planning the project. Some preliminary work was begun in 1906, and work began in earnest five years later under the command of
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by 8.8 feet (2.7 m), adding miles of new waterfront land, reversing the flow of rivers, and leaving piers in the eastern half of
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440:) are closed. The vessel is assisted by the lockwall attendants who assure it is tied down and ready for the chamber to be drained.
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Vessels passing from the freshwater Lakes Washington and Union to Puget Sound enter the lock chamber through the open upper gates (
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to cargo ships. Over 1 million tons of cargo, fuel, building materials, and seafood products pass through the locks each year.
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in 1925. The University Bridge was improved in 1932, and in 1934 the Lake Washington Ship Canal project was declared complete.
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Attraction water is visible in two places in this photo; the lower part of the fish ladder snakes around the diffuser well.
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421:, the locks were formally opened on July 4, 1917, although the first ship passed on August 3, 1916. They were named after
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Among the species of salmonids migrating routinely through the ladder at the Chittenden Locks are Chinook (king) salmon (
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approximately 2-weeks, usually in November, and the small lock is drained for about the same period, usually in March.
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The cover of the US government pamphlet "Lake Washington Ship Canal Fish Ladder" depicts the fish ladder at the locks.
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898:
Ficken, Robert E. (January 1986). "Seattle's 'Ditch': The Corps of Engineers and the Lake Washington Ship Canal".
680:), once migrated through the Locks but none have been seen in years. The run is considered functionally extinct.
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with six 32 ft × 12 ft (9.8 m × 3.7 m) gates to assist in water-level control. A
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endorsed a canal project, which included a plan for building a naval shipyard on Lake Washington. In 1891 the
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Transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
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The Ballard Locks carry more boat traffic than any other lock in the U.S., and the locks, along with the
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US Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District: Lake Washington Ship Canal and Hiram M. Chittenden Locks
606:; also, many were injured by hitting the walls and gates of the locks, or by hitting boat propellers.
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If excessive salt water were allowed to migrate into Salmon Bay, the salt could eventually damage the
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The Corps rebuilt the fish ladder in 1976 by increasing the flow of attraction water and adding more
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To move boats from the water level of the lakes to the water level of Puget Sound, and vice versa.
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indicated here by a darker gray. The longest weir in the ladder is for the viewing window.
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The salt water barrier during annual maintenance, with water pumped out of the large lock.
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The offspring remain in the fresh water until they are ready to migrate to the ocean as
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1115:"Chittenden Locks small chamber closing 12 days for annual maintenance (press release)"
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1063:"Turning Point 11: Borne on 4 July: The Saga of the Lake Washington Ship Canal"
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When the water pressure is equal on both sides of the gate, the lower gates (
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1090:"Short Trips: Fascinating history sets the stage for a Ballard Locks outing"
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Locks on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
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Dams on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
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View from above of the part of the fish ladder over the viewing room.
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455:) is opened allowing water to drain via gravity out to Puget Sound.
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1014:"Mitigating Salt-Water Intrusion through Hiram M. Chittenden Locks"
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462:) are opened, allowing the vessels to leave the lock chamber.
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531:, mooring facilities, and vessel clearances under bridges.
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309:, as well as drying up the Black River and cutting off the
1012:
Mausshardt, Sherrill; Singleton, Glen (July–August 1995).
356:
The locks and associated facilities serve three purposes:
1018:
Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
842:. Images of America. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing.
1000:(Pamphlet). US Government Printing Office. 1996-792-501.
921:
771:(Pamphlet). US Government Printing Office. 1999-791-887.
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Lake Washington Ship Canal and Hiram M. Chittenden Locks
602:
locks. This made them an easy target for predators like
594:; they hatch in lakes, rivers, and streams—or, nowadays
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The grounds feature a visitors center, as well as the
819:
Lake Washington Ship Canal: Hiram M. Chittenden Locks
372:
from Puget Sound with the fresh water of the lakes (
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Construction plan of Locks complex, showing various
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1831:Transportation buildings and structures in Seattle
1048:mentions that the locks are operated by the Corps.
265:, which is located across the Sound from Seattle.
953:Emerald City: an environmental history of Seattle
1787:
1821:National Register of Historic Places in Seattle
948:
522:South of the small lock is a spillway dam with
432:in the accompanying diagram). The lower gates (
240:Lake Washington Ship Canal § Early efforts
29:Chittenden Locks and Lake Washington Ship Canal
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1180:"Stoney Gate Valves: Are Their Days Numbered?"
865:"Ballard Locks' 80th Birthday Is A 'Landmark'"
781:
779:
465:The process is reversed for upstream locking.
392:is integrated into the locks for migration of
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821:(Pamphlet). US Army Corps of Engineers. 2006.
1145:Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife
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216:National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark
1141:"Lake Washington Sockeye Salmon Background"
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1826:Transport infrastructure completed in 1916
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998:The Lake Washington Ship Canal Fish Ladder
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206:high and dry. The Locks are listed on the
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1796:1917 establishments in Washington (state)
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37:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
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562:and sinks to the bottom of the chamber.
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328:were completed in 1917, followed by the
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54:An aerial view of the locks, facing west
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1030:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1995)121:4(224)
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708:"National Register Information System"
702:
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289:Aerial view of the locks from the west
1841:United States Army Corps of Engineers
1777:United States Army Corps of Engineers
1604:Carl S. English Jr. Botanical Gardens
1557:
1489:Carl S. English Jr. Botanical Gardens
1210:
928:. San Francisco: Arcadia Publishing.
537:
451:) are closed and the draining valve (
412:Carl S. English Jr. Botanical Gardens
352:Ballard Locks and surrounding grounds
196:Carl S. English Jr. Botanical Gardens
1811:Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
1236:
1087:
837:
713:National Register of Historic Places
502:to fishing boats returning from the
208:National Register of Historic Places
1178:Chapman, David (January 12, 2013).
1046:American Society of Civil Engineers
697:
212:American Society of Civil Engineers
123:Charles A. D. Young (locks and dam)
13:
14:
1857:
1166:
1121:, Seattle District. March 9, 2012
957:. Yale University Press. p.
922:Eastside Heritage Center (2006).
648:
1538:
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1469:Ballard Avenue Historic District
555:
210:and have been designated by the
1133:
1107:
1088:Holt, Gordy (August 15, 2007).
1081:
1051:
1005:
863:Cavanagh, Sean (July 6, 1997).
268:
179:, between the neighborhoods of
1200:Corps of Engineers Foundation
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925:Lake Washington: The East Side
856:
565:
134:
1:
1448:The Walrus and the Carpenter
295:Washington State Legislature
251:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
18:United States historic place
7:
1202:http://www.ballardlocks.org
901:Pacific Northwest Quarterly
509:
343:
10:
1862:
1846:Water transport in Seattle
1585:Lake Washington Ship Canal
1187:US Army Corps of Engineers
1119:US Army Corps of Engineers
1094:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
436:) and the draining valve (
419:US Army Corps of Engineers
259:Puget Sound Naval Shipyard
237:
234:, fully completed in 1934
232:Lake Washington Ship Canal
177:Lake Washington Ship Canal
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665:), Sockeye (red) salmon (
659:), Coho (silver) salmon (
582:Fish ladder viewing room.
447:) and the filling valve (
368:To prevent the mixing of
157:Hiram M. Chittenden Locks
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133:NRHP reference
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119:
111:
74:
59:
47:
43:
34:
27:
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1262:Ballard Carnegie Library
949:Matthew Klingle (2007).
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656:Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
468:
443:Next, the upper gates (
1673:University Link tunnel
1525:Statue of Leif Erikson
1318:Black Coffee Northwest
1287:National Nordic Museum
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96:47.66556°N 122.39722°W
1688:I-5 Ship Canal Bridge
718:National Park Service
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604:Herschel the sea lion
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263:Bremerton, Washington
229:
222:Prior to construction
1494:Fishermen's Terminal
1474:Ballard Commons Park
1423:Seattle Coffee Works
1196:on October 16, 2015.
662:Oncorhynchus kisutch
552:freshwater ecosystem
479:Fishermen's Terminal
230:All sections of the
194:and the surrounding
101:47.66556; -122.39722
1749:Reginald H. Thomson
1744:James. B. Cavanaugh
1739:Hiram M. Chittenden
1499:Golden Gardens Park
1358:Full Tilt Ice Cream
1308:8oz Burger & Co
1277:Grace Gospel Chapel
1272:Fire Station No. 18
1267:Ballard High School
1151:on October 20, 2017
838:Woog, Adam (2008).
720:. January 23, 2007.
677:Oncorhynchus mykiss
590:Pacific salmon are
374:saltwater intrusion
303:James. B. Cavanaugh
293:In early 1909, the
255:Hiram M. Chittenden
167:at the west end of
128:(support buildings)
92: /
1383:La Carta de Oaxaca
1353:Frankie & Jo's
1040:July 10, 2012, at
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668:Oncorhynchus nerka
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538:Salt water barrier
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247:United States Navy
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163:, is a complex of
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1713:Salmon Bay Bridge
1683:University Bridge
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1313:Beast and Cleaver
1117:(Press release).
869:The Seattle Times
840:The Ballard Locks
330:University Bridge
183:to the north and
153:
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149:December 14, 1978
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1801:Ballard, Seattle
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1282:The Majestic Bay
1257:Ballard Building
1238:Ballard, Seattle
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1189:. Archived from
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1616:Montlake Cut
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1378:Katsu Burger
1368:Hattie's Hat
1328:Caffè Umbria
1191:the original
1153:. Retrieved
1149:the original
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1069:. Essay 3425
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70:, Washington
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1657:Puget Sound
1637:Portage Bay
1611:Fremont Cut
1433:Spice Waala
1428:Serious Pie
1388:Lil Woody's
1373:Hood Famous
1348:El Borracho
1155:November 8,
1044:on site of
908:(1): 11–20.
674:Steelhead (
566:Fish ladder
390:fish ladder
311:Cedar River
192:fish ladder
99: /
87:122°23′50″W
75:Coordinates
1790:Categories
1647:Salmon Bay
1642:Lake Union
1520:Ballard FC
592:anadromous
504:Bering Sea
394:anadromous
279:cofferdams
204:Salmon Bay
200:Lake Union
169:Salmon Bay
84:47°39′56″N
64:Salmon Bay
1666:Crossings
1625:Landforms
1457:Geography
1418:Rupee Bar
1403:Mt. Bagel
1343:Dough Joy
1245:Buildings
1125:March 16,
370:sea water
120:Architect
115:1911–1917
1543:Category
1338:Delancey
1301:Business
1038:Archived
1035:Abstract
518:Spillway
510:Spillway
386:spillway
344:Function
307:wetlands
185:Magnolia
140:78002751
60:Location
1513:Related
1443:Un Bien
423:US Army
322:Ballard
181:Ballard
173:Seattle
68:Seattle
1722:People
1363:Gracia
1333:Copine
965:
932:
846:
630:smolts
500:kayaks
398:salmon
1708:Locks
1592:Works
1464:Adams
1408:Paseo
1194:(PDF)
1183:(PDF)
684:Notes
611:weirs
556:below
469:Locks
214:as a
165:locks
159:, or
112:Built
1157:2018
1127:2012
1101:2007
1075:2007
963:ISBN
930:ISBN
876:2021
844:ISBN
798:2007
363:tide
324:and
155:The
1026:doi
1022:121
261:in
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135:No.
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481:.
460:B
453:D
449:C
445:A
438:D
434:B
430:A
365:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
