4648:, have allowed banks to extend their reach all over the world since they no longer have to be near customers to manage both their finances and their risk. The growth in cross-border activities has also increased the demand for banks that can provide various services across borders to different nationalities. Despite these reductions in barriers and growth in cross-border activities, the banking industry is nowhere near as globalised as some other industries. In the US, for instance, very few banks even worry about the Riegle–Neal Act, which promotes more efficient interstate banking. In the vast majority of nations around the globe, the market share for foreign owned banks is currently less than a tenth of all market shares for banks in a particular nation. One reason the banking industry has not been fully globalised is that it is more convenient to have local banks provide loans to small businesses and individuals. On the other hand, for large corporations, it is not as important in what nation the bank is in since the corporation's financial information is available around the globe.
3879:
4097:: in Europe, savings banks took their roots in the 19th or sometimes even in the 18th century. Their original objective was to provide easily accessible savings products to all strata of the population. In some countries, savings banks were created on public initiative; in others, socially committed individuals created foundations to put in place the necessary infrastructure. Nowadays, European savings banks have kept their focus on retail banking: payments, savings products, credits, and insurances for individuals or small and medium-sized enterprises. Apart from this retail focus, they also differ from commercial banks by their broadly decentralised distribution network, providing local and regional outreach – and by their socially responsible approach to business and society.
4391:
2357:
2184:
3767:
1853:
1841:, and the bank is to restore, not the same money, but an equivalent sum, whenever it is demanded and money, when paid into a bank, ceases altogether to be the money of the principal (see Parker v. Marchant, 1 Phillips 360); it is then the money of the banker, who is bound to return an equivalent, by paying a similar sum to that deposited with him, when he is asked for it. The goldsmith paid interest on deposits. Since the promissory notes were payable on demand, and the advances (loans) to the goldsmith's customers were repayable over a longer time-period, this was an early form of
2926:– banks borrow more on demand debt and short term debt, but provide more long-term loans. In other words, they borrow short and lend long. With a stronger credit quality than most other borrowers, banks can do this by aggregating issues (e.g. accepting deposits and issuing banknotes) and redemptions (e.g. withdrawals and redemption of banknotes), maintaining reserves of cash, investing in marketable securities that can be readily converted to cash if needed, and raising replacement funding as needed from various sources (e.g. wholesale cash markets and securities markets).
3971:
1785:
4175:
4448:
4432:
burden with an increased workload and more banks per regulator. While banks struggle to keep up with the changes in the regulatory environment, regulators struggle to manage their workload and effectively regulate their banks. The impact of these changes is that banks are receiving less hands-on assessment by the regulators, less time spent with each institution, and the potential for more problems slipping through the cracks, potentially resulting in an overall increase in bank failures across the United States.
1002:
1979:
70:
2867:
4260:
2029:. When looking at these definitions it is important to keep in mind that they are defining the business of banking for the purposes of the legislation, and not necessarily in general. In particular, most of the definitions are from legislation that has the purpose of regulating and supervising banks rather than regulating the actual business of banking. However, in many cases, the statutory definition closely mirrors the common law one. Examples of statutory definitions:
1664:
4597:(liability) account in his ledger every time he spends money (and the account is normally in credit). When the customer reads his bank statement, the statement will show a credit to the account for deposits, and debits for withdrawals of funds. The customer with a positive balance will see this balance reflected as a credit balance on the bank statement. If the customer is overdrawn, he will have a negative balance, reflected as a debit balance on the bank statement.
2073:
5314:
2377:
928:
948:
5326:
3990:
3957:
4319:
1994:
4568:
938:
2946:
3945:
1701:
4003:
4618:" as it is sometimes called, puts a bank in a difficult and sometimes risky position, as the funds must be lent or invested in a way that yields a return sufficient to pay the high interest being paid on the brokered deposits. This may result in risky decisions and even in eventual failure of the bank. Banks which failed during 2008 and 2009 in the United States during the
4436:
challenge for banks to effectively set their growth strategies with the recent economic market. A rising interest rate environment may seem to help financial institutions, but the effect of the changes on consumers and businesses is not predictable and the challenge remains for banks to grow and effectively manage the spread to generate a return to their shareholders.
2064:, the cheque has lost its primacy in most banking systems as a payment instrument. This has led legal theorists to suggest that the cheque based definition should be broadened to include financial institutions that conduct current accounts for customers and enable customers to pay and be paid by third parties, even if they do not pay and collect cheques .
2858:(CoCos). These are hybrid capital securities that absorb losses in accordance with their contractual terms when the capital of the issuing bank falls below a certain level. Then debt is reduced and bank capitalisation gets a boost. Owing to their capacity to absorb losses, CoCos have the potential to satisfy regulatory capital requirement.
4428:(FFIEC) was established in 1979 as a formal inter-agency body empowered to prescribe uniform principles, standards, and report forms for the federal examination of financial institutions. Although the FFIEC has resulted in a greater degree of regulatory consistency between the agencies, the rules and regulations are constantly changing.
3004:
of the total, 56% in 2008–2009, down from 61% in the previous year. Asian banks' share increased from 12% to 14% during the year, while the share of US banks increased from 11% to 13%. Fee revenue generated by global investment in banking totalled US$ 66.3 billion in 2009, up 12% on the previous year.
3003:
Assets of the largest 1,000 banks in the world grew by 6.8% in the 2008–2009 financial year to a record US$ 96.4 trillion while profits declined by 85% to US$ 115 billion. Growth in assets in adverse market conditions was largely a result of recapitalisation. EU banks held the largest share
2017:
includes a body of persons, whether incorporated or not, who carry on the business of banking' (Section 2, Interpretation). Although this definition seems circular, it is actually functional, because it ensures that the legal basis for bank transactions such as cheques does not depend on how the bank
4431:
In addition to changing regulations, changes in the industry have led to consolidations within the
Federal Reserve, FDIC, OTS, and OCC. Offices have been closed, supervisory regions have been merged, staff levels have been reduced and budgets have been cut. The remaining regulators face an increased
3841:
These implied contractual terms may be modified by express agreement between the customer and the bank. The statutes and regulations in force within a particular jurisdiction may also modify the above terms or create new rights, obligations, or limitations relevant to the bank-customer relationship.
4435:
The changing economic environment has a significant impact on banks and thrifts as they struggle to effectively manage their interest rate spread in the face of low rates on loans, rate competition for deposits and the general market changes, industry trends and economic fluctuations. It has been a
3007:
The United States has the most banks in the world in terms of institutions (5,330 as of 2015) and possibly branches (81,607 as of 2015). This is an indicator of the geography and regulatory structure of the US, resulting in a large number of small to medium-sized institutions in its banking system.
4462:
Banks also face a host of other challenges such as ageing ownership groups. Across the country, many banks' management teams and boards of directors are ageing. Banks also face ongoing pressure from shareholders, both public and private, to achieve earnings and growth projections. Regulators place
3032:
Between 1985 and 2018 banks engaged in around 28,798 mergers or acquisitions, either as the acquirer or the target company. The overall known value of these deals cumulates to around 5,169 bil. USD. In terms of value, there have been two major waves (1999 and 2007) which both peaked at around 460
2134:
Banks issue new money when they make loans. In contemporary banking systems, regulators set a minimum level of reserve funds that banks must hold against the deposit liabilities created by the funding of these loans, in order to ensure that the banks can meet demands for payment of such deposits.
4609:
who deposit large sums of money on behalf of investors through trust corporations. This money will generally go to the banks which offer the most favourable terms, often better than those offered local depositors. It is possible for a bank to engage in business with no local deposits at all, all
2033:"banking business" means the business of receiving money on current or deposit account, paying and collecting cheques drawn by or paid in by customers, the making of advances to customers, and includes such other business as the Authority may prescribe for the purposes of this Act; (Banking Act (
5724:
the promissory note originated as a receipt given by the goldsmith for money, which he took charge of for a customer but was not allowed to use. Such a note was relly a warehouse voucher which could not be assigned. When, however, it became a receipt for a money deposit, which the goldsmith was
2915:
Credit quality improvement – banks lend money to ordinary commercial and personal borrowers (ordinary credit quality), but are high quality borrowers. The improvement comes from diversification of the bank's assets and capital which provides a buffer to absorb losses without defaulting on its
2911:
Netting and settlement of payments – banks act as both collection and paying agents for customers, participating in interbank clearing and settlement systems to collect, present, be presented with, and pay payment instruments. This enables banks to economise on reserves held for settlement of
4458:
There are several reasons for this, one of which is the lax attitude some banks have adopted because of the years of "good times." The potential for this is exacerbated by the reduction in the regulatory oversight of banks and in some cases depth of management. Problems are more likely to go
2335:
However, with the convenience of easy credit, there is also an increased risk that consumers will mismanage their financial resources and accumulate excessive debt. Banks make money from card products through interest charges and fees charged to credit and debit card holders, and
2907:
or payment at the customer's order. These claims on banks can act as money because they are negotiable or repayable on demand, and hence valued at par. They are effectively transferable by mere delivery, in the case of banknotes, or by drawing a cheque that the payee may bank or
5933:(Banking Ordinance, Section 2, Interpretation, Hong Kong) In this case the definition is extended to include accepting any deposits repayable in less than 3 months, companies that accept deposits of greater than HK$ 100 000 for periods of greater than 3 months are regulated as
4463:
added pressure on banks to manage the various categories of risk. Banking is also an extremely competitive industry. Competing in the financial services industry has become tougher with the entrance of such players as insurance agencies, credit unions, cheque cashing services,
4439:
The management of the banks' asset portfolios also remains a challenge in today's economic environment. Loans are a bank's primary asset category and when loan quality becomes suspect, the foundation of a bank is shaken to the core. While always an issue for banks, declining
2916:
obligations. However, banknotes and deposits are generally unsecured; if the bank gets into difficulty and pledges assets as security, to raise the funding it needs to continue to operate, this puts the note holders and depositors in an economically subordinated position.
4626:
of the 1980s. Regulation of brokered deposits is opposed by banks on the grounds that the practice can be a source of external funding to growing communities with insufficient local deposits. There are different types of accounts: saving, recurring and current accounts.
3739:
Usually, the definition of the business of banking for the purposes of regulation is extended to include acceptance of deposits, even if they are not repayable to the customer's order – although money lending, by itself, is generally not included in the definition.
6400:, 4th ed. (Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2009), 125. This popular university textbook explains: "Generally speaking, U.S. financial institutions have been much more heavily regulated and faced greater limitations ... than have their foreign counterparts."
2130:
Banks provide different payment services, and a bank account is considered indispensable by most businesses and individuals. Non-banks that provide payment services such as remittance companies are normally not considered as an adequate substitute for a bank account.
3024::24000+) with an additional 140 smaller banks with an undetermined number of branches. Japan had 129 banks and 12,000 branches. In 2004, Germany, France, and Italy each had more than 30,000 branches – more than double the 15,000 branches in the United Kingdom.
3878:
2347:
Recently, as banks have been faced with pressure from fintechs, new and additional business models have been suggested such as freemium, monetisation of data, white-labeling of banking and payment applications, or the cross-selling of complementary products.
5839:
The Danish loan is the first of many such transactions on behalf of governments which rapidly establish the
Rothschild family as Europe's most powerful bankers, rising to a pre-eminence comparable to that of the Medici and the Fugger in earlier centuries.
4485:
Another major challenge is the ageing infrastructure, also called legacy IT. Backend systems were built decades ago and are incompatible with new applications. Fixing bugs and creating interfaces costs huge sums, as knowledgeable programmers become scarce.
4085:: banks that manage the assets of high-net-worth individuals. Historically a minimum of US$ 1 million was required to open an account, however, over the last years, many private banks have lowered their entry hurdles to US$ 350,000 for private investors.
1837:, which evolved into banknotes, were issued for money deposited as a loan to the goldsmith. Thus, by the 19th century, we find in ordinary cases of deposits, of money with banking corporations, or bankers, the transaction amounts to a mere loan, or
4635:
Custodial accounts are accounts in which assets are held for a third party. For example, businesses that accept custody of funds for clients prior to their conversion, return, or transfer may have a custodial account at a bank for these purposes.
4459:
undetected, resulting in a significant impact on the bank when they are discovered. In addition, banks, like any business, struggle to cut costs and have consequently eliminated certain expenses, such as adequate employee training programs.
5725:
allowed to use for the purpose of making advances to his customers, it developed into an assignable instrument. Ultimately such notes were issued by the goldsmiths in the form of loans and were not necessarily backed by coin and bullion.
2238:
performs banking transactions or professional banking consultations via a remote video and audio connection. Video banking can be performed via purpose built banking transaction machines (similar to an
Automated teller machine) or via a
2295:, which allows banks again to merge with investment and insurance houses. Merging banking, investment, and insurance functions allows traditional banks to respond to increasing consumer demands for "one-stop shopping" by enabling
4502:
obligations, agency securities, and corporate debt. One of the greatest factors in recent years in the movement of deposits was the tremendous growth of money market funds whose higher interest rates attracted consumer deposits.
3796:
The bank account balance is the financial position between the bank and the customer: when the account is in credit, the bank owes the balance to the customer; when the account is overdrawn, the customer owes the balance to the
1845:. The promissory notes developed into an assignable instrument which could circulate as a safe and convenient form of money backed by the goldsmith's promise to pay, allowing goldsmiths to advance loans with little risk of
4026:
activities. Since the two no longer have to be under separate ownership, some use the term "commercial bank" to refer to a bank or a division of a bank that mostly deals with deposits and loans from corporations or large
4241:. This form of banking revolves around several well-established principles based on Islamic laws. All banking activities must avoid interest, a concept that is forbidden in Islam. Instead, the bank earns profit (
4068:
owned by the depositors and often offering rates more favourable than for-profit banks. Typically, membership is restricted to employees of a particular company, residents of a defined area, members of a certain
3831:
The bank must not disclose details of transactions through the customer's account – unless the customer consents, there is a public duty to disclose, the bank's interests require it, or the law demands
2310:
on loans. This helps to offset the losses from bad loans, lowers the price of loans to those who have better credit histories, and offers credit products to high risk customers who would otherwise be denied
2279:
between the cost of funds and the loan interest rate. Historically, profitability from lending activities has been cyclical and dependent on the needs and strengths of loan customers and the stage of the
4053:
in 1920. The main objective of the LDBs is to promote the development of land, agriculture and increase the agricultural production. The LDBs provide long-term finance to members directly through their
2021:
The business of banking is in many common law countries not defined by statute but by common law, the definition above. In other
English common law jurisdictions there are statutory definitions of the
2045:
receiving from the general public money on current, deposit, savings or other similar account repayable on demand or within less than ... or with a period of call or notice of less than that period;
2088:
for customers, paying cheques drawn by customers in the bank, and collecting cheques deposited to customers' current accounts. Banks also enable customer payments via other payment methods such as
4421:(OCC) is the primary federal regulator for national banks. State non-member banks are examined by the state agencies as well as the FDIC. National banks have one primary regulator – the OCC.
4409:
The United States banking industry is one of the most heavily regulated and guarded in the world, with multiple specialised and focused regulators. All banks with FDIC-insured deposits have the
5378:(1) a firm with a Part 4A Permission to carry on the regulated activity of accepting deposits and is a credit institution, but is not a credit union, friendly society or a building society; or
4644:
In modern times there have been huge reductions to the barriers of global competition in the banking industry. Increases in telecommunications and other financial technologies, such as
4622:
had, on average, four times more brokered deposits as a percent of their deposits than the average bank. Such deposits, combined with risky real estate investments, factored into the
2912:
payments since inward and outward payments offset each other. It also enables the offsetting of payment flows between geographical areas, reducing the cost of settlement between them.
2306:
from business lending to consumer lending, which means charging higher interest rates to those customers that are considered to be a higher credit risk and thus increased chance of
2330:
over time (in some countries with underdeveloped financial systems, it is still common to deal strictly in cash, including carrying suitcases filled with cash to purchase a home).
4551:
All withdrawals and deposits are completely the sole decision and responsibility of the account owner unless the parent or guardian is required to do otherwise for legal reasons.
2264:
A bank can generate revenue in a variety of different ways including interest, transaction fees and financial advice. Traditionally, the most significant method is via charging
2284:. Fees and financial advice constitute a more stable revenue stream and banks have therefore placed more emphasis on these revenue lines to smooth their financial performance.
2732:
6566:
4202:
companies, engage in several of these activities. These big banks are very diversified groups that, among other services, also distribute insurance – hence the term
6434:
4582:
there are two kinds of accounts: debit and credit. Credit accounts are
Revenue, Equity and Liabilities. Debit Accounts are Assets and Expenses. The bank credits a
4532:
Notice accounts – the equivalent of certificate accounts with an indefinite term. Savers agree to notify the institution a specified time before withdrawal.
2272:
from the difference between the level of interest it pays for deposits and other sources of funds, and the level of interest it charges in its lending activities.
2972:
Banking crises have developed many times throughout history when one or more risks have emerged for the banking sector as a whole. Prominent examples include the
2969:(the possibility that the bank will become unprofitable, if rising interest rates force it to pay relatively more on its deposits than it receives on its loans).
3812:
The bank agrees to promptly collect the cheques deposited to the customer's account as the customer's agent and to credit the proceeds to the customer's account.
2807:: risk that the value of a portfolio, either an investment portfolio or a trading portfolio, will decrease due to the change in value of the market risk factors.
2287:
In the past 20 years, American banks have taken many measures to ensure that they remain profitable while responding to increasingly changing market conditions.
4593:
The customer debits his or her savings/bank (asset) in his ledger when making a deposit (and the account is normally in debit), while the customer credits a
4451:
4148:
2565:
6099:
Credit risk is most simply defined as the potential that a bank borrower or counterparty will fail to meet its obligations in accordance with agreed terms.
3837:
The bank must not close a customer's account without reasonable notice, since cheques are outstanding in the ordinary course of business for several days.
4425:
3188:
2135:
These reserves can be acquired through the acceptance of new deposits, sale of other assets, or borrowing from other banks including the central bank.
2725:
5423:
1716:
Banking as an archaic activity (or quasi-banking) is thought to have begun as early as the end of the 4th millennium BCE, to the 3rd millennia BCE.
5473:
3583:
2670:
2314:
Third, they have sought to increase the methods of payment processing available to the general public and business clients. These products include
5777:
5957:
5493:
3743:
Unlike most other regulated industries, the regulator is typically also a participant in the market, being either publicly or privately governed
3219:
1569:, under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only a portion of their current liabilities. In addition to other regulations intended to ensure
6112:
4223:
are normally government-owned and charged with quasi-regulatory responsibilities, such as supervising commercial banks, or controlling the cash
3802:
The bank agrees to pay the customer's checks up to the amount standing to the credit of the customer's account, plus any agreed overdraft limit.
4520:
NOW and Super NOW accounts – function like checking accounts but earn interest. A minimum balance may be required on Super NOW accounts.
4270:
4162:
3561:
2622:
1861:
2769:
in order to conduct their business, and how well these risks are managed and understood is a key driver behind profitability, and how much
2718:
1633:
5513:
5352:
4542: – a form of retirement savings in which the funds deposited and interest earned are exempt from income tax until after withdrawal.
1521:
6256:
6163:
3409:
Currently, commercial banks are regulated in most jurisdictions by government entities and require a special bank license to operate.
1001:
6651:
6635:
5112:
4418:
3726:
3466:
6235:
5705:. Routledge Library Editions: Banking and Finance. Vol. 30 (reprint ed.). London: Routledge (published 2012). p. 40.
4526: – carry a monthly limit of preauthorised transfers to other accounts or persons and may require a minimum or average balance.
2801:: risk that a given security or asset cannot be traded quickly enough in the market to prevent a loss (or make the required profit).
4579:
4499:
4103:: banks that prioritize the transparency of all operations and make only what they consider to be socially responsible investments.
3644:
2700:
3817:
And, the bank has a right to combine the customer's accounts since each account is just an aspect of the same credit relationship.
4210:
combining "banque or bank" and "assurance", signifying that both banking and insurance are provided by the same corporate entity.
4161:. The modern definition, however, refers to banks which provide capital to firms in the form of shares rather than loans. Unlike
6073:
4033:: locally operated financial institutions that empower employees to make local decisions to serve their customers and partners.
3610:
3461:
3426:
2992:
2598:
2991:
The 2023 global banking crisis is the latest of these crises: In March 2023, liquidity shortages and bank insolvencies led to
6510:
6471:
5921:
5615:
4410:
1255:
568:
434:
5665:
In the ordinary cases of deposits of money with banking corporations, or bankers, the transaction amounts to a mere loan or
5680:
3807:
The bank may not pay from the customer's account without a mandate from the customer, e.g. a cheque drawn by the customer.
6376:
4494:
To be able to provide home buyers and builders with the funds needed, banks must compete for deposits. The phenomenon of
3605:
3556:
2640:
2604:
6693:
6085:
5669:, or irregular deposit, and the bank is to restore, not the same money, but an equivalent sum, whenever it is demanded.
5407:
5142:
3771:
2936:
system, a new sum of money is created and conversely, whenever the principal on that loan is repaid money is destroyed.
6567:"To what extent will the banking industry be globalized? A study of bank nationality and reach in 20 European nations"
4413:(FDIC) as a regulator. However, for soundness examinations (i.e., whether a bank is operating in a sound manner), the
6057:
5710:
4780:
4619:
4366:
4300:
4091:: banks located in jurisdictions with low taxation and regulation. Many offshore banks are essentially private banks.
2849:
2705:
2664:
2480:
977:
5781:
4348:
4022:, the U.S. Congress required that banks only engage in banking activities, whereas investment banks were limited to
6298:
3882:
An illustration of
Northern National Bank as advertised in a 1921 book highlighting the opportunities available in
2246:
17:
5908:
6571:
6120:
4390:
1757:
1640:
141:
1818:, and who charged a fee for that service. In exchange for each deposit of precious metal, the goldsmiths issued
5521:
5501:
5481:
5003:
4344:
3853:, may be partly or wholly exempt from bank license requirements, and therefore regulated under separate rules.
2292:
1514:
725:
476:
2504:
2464:
1960:
The definition of a bank varies from country to country. See the relevant country pages for more information.
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3719:
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879:
822:
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4424:
Each regulatory agency has its own set of rules and regulations to which banks and thrifts must adhere. The
3036:
Here is a list of the largest deals in history in terms of value with participation from at least one bank:
5289:
5028:
4385:
3766:
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3346:
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Banks are susceptible to many forms of risk which have triggered occasional systemic crises. These include
1866:
1769:
1163:
849:
226:
2255:, who works for the bank based on a contract, whose main job is to increase the customer base for the bank
1756:
families dominated banking in 14th-century
Florence, establishing branches in many other parts of Europe.
6688:
6502:
4740:
3617:
2854:
2356:
2183:
1849:. Thus the goldsmiths of London became the forerunners of banking by creating new money based on credit.
1574:
670:
5982:
5448:
3826:
on cheques deposited to the customer's account, to the extent that the customer is indebted to the bank.
5934:
5607:
5304:
4765:
4110:
is a banking operation without any physical bank branches. Transactions are usually accomplished using
4036:
3021:
2933:
2756:
2486:
2252:
2207:
Bank by mail: Most banks accept cheque deposits via mail and use mail to communicate to their customers
2005:
In most common law jurisdictions there is a Bills of
Exchange Act that codifies the law in relation to
1892:
1842:
1799:
1566:
630:
558:
390:
116:
30:
This article is about financial organisation that provides money upon conditions. For other uses, see
6205:
6137:
5394:
5239:
5107:
4976:
4745:
4529:
Certificate accounts – subject to loss of some or all interest on withdrawals before maturity.
4115:
3932:
Most banks are profit-making, private enterprises. However, some are owned by the government, or are
3915:
2985:
2381:
1968:
1507:
1450:
1245:
1168:
533:
368:
6629:
6026:
4578:
are accounting records produced by banks under the various accounting standards of the world. Under
4039:: regulated banks that provide financial services and credit to under-served markets or populations.
2995:, and within two weeks, several of the world's largest banks failed or were shut down by regulators
1826:; these receipts could not be assigned, only the original depositor could collect the stored goods.
5132:
5013:
4966:
4678:
4329:
4111:
3993:
3856:
The requirements for the issue of a bank license vary between jurisdictions but typically include:
3712:
3639:
3593:
3456:
3451:
2919:
2695:
2649:
2474:
2249:, mostly for private banking or business banking, who visits customers at their homes or businesses
2201:
2105:
2089:
1852:
1605:
1128:
1075:
941:
483:
402:
5886:
5550:
6683:
5152:
4956:
4623:
4333:
3933:
3017:
2981:
2923:
2658:
2531:
1709:
730:
373:
161:
42:
6354:
6111:
Bolt, Wilko; Haan, Leo de; Hoeberichts, Marco; Oordt, Maarten van; Swank, Job (September 2012).
5629:
The first state deposit bank was the Bank of St. George in Genoa, which was established in 1407.
5535:
5699:
Richards, Richard D. (1929). "The
Goldsmith bankers and the evolution of English paper money".
5269:
5137:
5122:
4892:
4657:
3866:'Fit and Proper' requirements for the bank's controllers, owners, directors, or senior officers
3529:
2760:
2432:
2006:
1880:
1485:
1362:
1337:
1295:
1208:
38:
6537:
5360:
3693:
6488:
6212:
5603:
5593:
5179:
5102:
4471:
4340:
4228:
4140:
4076:
4046:
4042:
3960:
2327:
2085:
1900:
1410:
970:
904:
665:
603:
563:
422:
201:
191:
31:
6658:
Provides an overview of the national banking system of the US, its regulation, and the OCC.
6269:
6176:
5736:
Richards. The usual denomination was 50 or 100 pounds, so these notes were not an everyday
5652:
Commentaries on the Law of
Bailments: With Illustrations from the Civil and the Foreign Law
5562:
5264:
5214:
5169:
5147:
4847:
4837:
4770:
4705:
4523:
2543:
2427:
2230:
2097:
1675:
1570:
1490:
1460:
1302:
1265:
1228:
827:
802:
680:
640:
635:
503:
292:
241:
171:
151:
1584:
Banking in its modern sense evolved in the fourteenth century in the prosperous cities of
8:
5244:
4993:
4755:
4700:
4061:
3578:
3524:
2842:
2830:
2770:
2276:
2226:
2160:
1435:
1430:
1332:
1104:
894:
720:
710:
660:
598:
307:
176:
121:
6411:
5880:
5759:
6617:
6542:
5274:
5204:
5184:
5174:
5090:
4785:
4645:
4498:
had to dollars moving from savings accounts and into direct market instruments such as
4199:
4018:: the term used for a normal bank to distinguish it from an investment bank. After the
3921:
3398:
2966:
2837:, which sets a framework within which a bank or depository institution must manage its
2303:
2269:
2152:
1998:
1982:
1967:, a banker is defined as a person who carries on the business of banking by conducting
1964:
1944:"bench, counter". Benches were used as makeshift desks or exchange counters during the
1806:
emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries. Merchants started to store their gold with the
1784:
1695:
1601:
1470:
1357:
1085:
869:
844:
740:
735:
623:
608:
583:
548:
336:
156:
54:
6646:
6584:
6164:"Bank Stability and Market Discipline: Debt-for-Equity Swap versus Subordinated Notes"
4506:
To compete for deposits, US savings institutions offer many different types of plans:
1952:
bankers, who used to make their transactions atop desks covered by green tablecloths.
6506:
6467:
6053:
5706:
5611:
5517:
5497:
5477:
5403:
5399:
5279:
5254:
5229:
5209:
5199:
5189:
5117:
4902:
4862:
4795:
4673:
4495:
4242:
3925:
3905:
2816:
2782:
2778:
2417:
2307:
2222:
1896:
1846:
1830:
1765:
1629:
1585:
1290:
1275:
1223:
1203:
1133:
1090:
947:
782:
777:
618:
588:
523:
236:
6328:
6206:"No Pain, No Gain? Effecting Market Discipline via "Reverse Convertible Debentures""
4517: – permit any amount to be added to or withdrawn from the account at any time.
3534:
2984:
in the 1980s and early 1990s, the Japanese banking crisis during the 1990s, and the
2841:. The categorisation of assets and capital is highly standardised so that it can be
6678:
6655:
6580:
6201:
6133:
6129:
5795:
5259:
5249:
5234:
5224:
5194:
4941:
4931:
4926:
4877:
4822:
4775:
4545:
4475:
4174:
4019:
3899:
3846:
3756:
3667:
3634:
3176:
2977:
2885:
2810:
2680:
2560:
2522:
2508:
2361:
2240:
2195:
2127:, and by investing in marketable debt securities and other forms of money lending.
2124:
1931:
1625:
1589:
1382:
1347:
1342:
1327:
1312:
1250:
1218:
1123:
1009:
993:
963:
931:
859:
837:
817:
792:
655:
645:
553:
471:
6329:"M&A by Industries - Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA)"
2123:. Banks lend money by making advances to customers on current accounts, by making
2111:
Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current accounts, by accepting
6498:
6492:
5700:
5650:
5597:
5219:
4983:
4961:
4897:
4872:
4852:
4750:
4735:
4693:
4688:
4555:
4514:
4414:
4179:
4132:
4082:
4030:
4015:
3911:
3869:
Approval of the bank's business plan as being sufficiently prudent and plausible.
3760:
3508:
3495:
3490:
3271:
3239:
3117:
2834:
2752:
2554:
2527:
2516:
2412:
2337:
2156:
2148:
1986:
1938:
1876:
1834:
1790:
1609:
1562:
1550:. Lending activities can be directly performed by the bank or indirectly through
1539:
1480:
1465:
1425:
1322:
1307:
1280:
1260:
1190:
1180:
899:
884:
874:
797:
787:
700:
650:
593:
573:
543:
518:
493:
407:
297:
287:
136:
111:
75:
4147:
activities such as M&A, trade for their own accounts, make markets, provide
3751:. However, in some countries, this is not the case. In the UK, for example, the
2191:
Banks offer many different channels to access their banking and other services:
429:
6673:
6595:
5646:
5080:
4857:
4827:
4812:
4575:
4479:
4447:
4195:
4144:
4119:
4023:
4007:
3970:
3949:
3893:
3789: – defined as any entity for which the bank agrees to conduct an account.
3781:
Banking law is based on a contractual analysis of the relationship between the
3672:
3566:
3544:
3539:
3207:
3008:
As of November 2009, China's top four banks have in excess of 67,000 branches (
2958:
2929:
2822:
2798:
2766:
2628:
2454:
2369:
2344:
This helps in making a profit and facilitates economic development as a whole.
2281:
2216:
2210:
2144:
2120:
2061:
1920:
1648:
1551:
1543:
1475:
1440:
1285:
1235:
1173:
1045:
951:
864:
832:
772:
705:
690:
685:
613:
412:
395:
378:
282:
247:
231:
216:
131:
6565:
Berger, Allen N; Dai, Qinglei; Ongena, Steven; Smith, David C (1 March 2003).
5494:
Temples, Tithes, and Taxes: The Temple and the Economic Life of Ancient Israel
4278:
4049:(LDB). The history of LDB is quite old. The first LDB was started at Jhang in
2961:(where many depositors may request withdrawals in excess of available funds),
2795:: risk of loss arising from a borrower who does not make payments as promised.
2009:, including cheques, and this Act contains a statutory definition of the term
6667:
5854:
5842:
The family is soon represented in all the important centres of the continent.
5811:
International financing in the 19th Century took hold due to the Rothschilds.
5655:(9 ed.). Boston: Little, Brown, and Company (published 1878). p. 87
5127:
5008:
4998:
4988:
4971:
4907:
4683:
4441:
4402:
4224:
4203:
4187:
4158:
4154:
4088:
3996:
3850:
3431:
3303:
3283:
3013:
2838:
2535:
2459:
2422:
2296:
2235:
2172:
2093:
1924:
1644:
1597:
1578:
1495:
1455:
1400:
1025:
909:
889:
812:
767:
538:
528:
508:
385:
196:
186:
166:
101:
91:
5946:
e.g. Tyree's Banking Law in New Zealand, A L Tyree, LexisNexis 2003, p. 70.
5685:
5642:
5330:
5318:
5070:
5065:
5033:
5018:
4951:
4946:
4936:
4800:
4710:
4234:
4220:
4100:
4094:
4065:
4057:
3883:
3744:
3627:
3622:
3571:
3499:
3374:
3085:
2774:
2634:
2112:
2057:
1978:
1749:
1420:
1317:
1055:
695:
498:
363:
302:
259:
221:
206:
126:
106:
69:
4183:
3792:
The law implies rights and obligations into this relationship as follows:
3747:. Central banks also typically have a monopoly on the business of issuing
2866:
2326:. They make it easier for consumers to conveniently make transactions and
6533:
6306:
5075:
5048:
5038:
5023:
4720:
4715:
4594:
4464:
4207:
4107:
4070:
3600:
3551:
3335:
3315:
3251:
2965:(the chance that those who owe money to the bank will not repay it), and
2962:
2804:
2792:
2613:
2584:
2449:
2402:
2323:
2072:
2040:"banking business" means the business of either or both of the following:
1945:
1761:
1725:
1636:
1588:
but, in many ways, functioned as a continuation of ideas and concepts of
1415:
1377:
1367:
1352:
1080:
1070:
1050:
1040:
1035:
854:
745:
715:
326:
211:
146:
96:
6000:
4227:. They generally provide liquidity to the banking system and act as the
2376:
1663:
6171:
5900:
5060:
4867:
4842:
4539:
4136:
3677:
2407:
2319:
2315:
2077:
1904:
1815:
1632: – have played a central role over many centuries. The
1194:
1142:
1095:
1065:
1060:
331:
6077:
6072:
4558: – designed to help people save regularly to meet certain goals.
4186:, Brazil, the bank is the largest financial institution in Brazil and
2299:
of products (which, the banks hope, will also increase profitability).
6264:
5043:
4887:
4832:
4615:
4282:
3979:
3446:
2900:
2549:
2539:
2385:
2164:
2116:
2034:
1884:
1807:
444:
266:
6435:"Banks scramble to fix old systems as IT 'cowboys' ride into sunset"
4318:
4245:) and fees on the financing facilities that it extends to customers.
3989:
3956:
2950:
2813:: risk arising from the execution of a company's business functions.
2225:
allows customers to conduct transactions over the telephone with an
1565:
over banks. Most countries have institutionalized a system known as
1557:
Whereas banks play an important role in financial stability and the
6175:. The Hebrew University Business School. p. 59. Archived from
5737:
4921:
4805:
4510:
4398:
4394:
3748:
3441:
3404:
3129:
3097:
2973:
2444:
2397:
2265:
1949:
1857:
1803:
1729:
1030:
488:
321:
4548: – offered by some institutions under definite restrictions.
3983:
3033:
bil. USD followed by a steep decline (−82% from 2007 until 2018).
2825:: risks related to the aggregate economy the bank is operating in.
1829:
Gradually the goldsmiths began to lend money out on behalf of the
4760:
4417:
is the primary federal regulator for Fed-member state banks; the
3486:
3436:
2878:
2874:
2773:
a bank is required to hold. Bank capital consists principally of
1819:
1753:
1593:
1558:
1445:
1270:
1152:
807:
578:
181:
6050:
Blockchain Babel: The Crypto-craze and the Challenge to Business
2819:: a type of risk related to the trustworthiness of the business.
2557:
services (lock box, remote deposit capture, merchant processing)
4725:
4567:
4238:
4050:
3975:
3759:) issue their own banknotes in addition to those issued by the
3148:
2904:
2469:
2101:
2053:
1993:
1975:
drawn on them and also collecting cheques for their customers.
1972:
1823:
1822:
certifying the quantity and purity of the metal they held as a
1811:
1741:
1724:
The present era of banking can be traced to medieval and early
1621:
1617:
1113:
358:
5796:"The History of Banks | How They've Changed through the Years"
2945:
2493:
2048:
paying or collecting cheques drawn by or paid in by customers.
5956:
McLeay, Michael; Radia, Amar; Thomas, Ryland (8 March 2014).
5085:
4882:
4817:
3944:
3775:
2365:
2056:(Electronic Funds Transfer at Point Of Sale), direct credit,
1895:
in London to allow multiple banks to clear transactions. The
1773:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1700:
1613:
1372:
1213:
466:
417:
4002:
6461:
4790:
4730:
3964:
3823:
3504:
3009:
2593:
2512:
2499:
2219:
is using one's mobile phone to conduct banking transactions
2213:
over the Internet to perform multiple types of transactions
2168:
1674: with: history after the 19th century. You can help by
1547:
1240:
1118:
1016:
675:
513:
439:
1903:
on a large scale, financing the purchase of shares in the
6412:"Making Innovation More Competitive: The Case of Fintech"
4614:. Accepting a significant quantity of such deposits, or "
4249:
4139:" (guarantee the sale of) stock and bond issues, provide
4073:
or religious organisations, and their immediate families.
4045:: The special banks providing long-term loans are called
3896:, dealing directly with individuals and small businesses;
1879:
originated the permanent issue of banknotes in 1695. The
6333:
Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA)
6110:
6005:
BANKEDGE | Professional Certification Courses In Banking
5537:
A History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day
4639:
4470:
As a reaction, banks have developed their activities in
4079:: savings banks associated with national postal systems.
1577:
based on an international set of capital standards, the
37:"Banks" and "Banker" redirect here. For other uses, see
5580:
Banks, Places and Entrepreneurs in Renaissance Florence
3755:
licenses banks, and some commercial banks (such as the
1887:
facility in 1728. By the beginning of the 19th century
1728:
Italy, to the rich cities in the centre and north like
2340:
to retailers who accept the bank's cards for payments.
1704:
This 15th-century painting depicts money-dealers at a
6486:
5594:"Central Banking: The Early Years: Other Early Banks"
5302:
4444:
has become a big problem for financial institutions.
2932:/destruction – whenever a bank gives out a loan in a
6614:
International Banking in the 19th and 20th Centuries
6564:
6494:
Monetary and Financial Statistics: Compilation Guide
6489:"Source Data for Monetary and Financial Statistics"
2455:
Personal loan (Secured and Unsecured Personal loan)
2268:on the capital it lends out to customers. The bank
1768:founded the earliest-known state deposit bank, and
4426:Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
2998:
5955:
1760:set up one of the most famous Italian banks, the
6665:
4482:and have become big players in such activities.
2671:Standardized approach (counterparty credit risk)
5582:, Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain, Variorum
2788:Some of the main risks faced by banks include:
6538:"For Banks, Wads of Cash and Loads of Trouble"
6078:"Principles for the Management of Credit Risk"
5949:
5878:
5533:
3845:Some types of financial institutions, such as
4267:The examples and perspective in this section
3873:
3720:
2726:
1643:(founded in 1472), while the oldest existing
1515:
971:
6532:
6457:
6455:
6236:"Personal Data And The Next Subprime Crisis"
4126:
3902:, providing services to mid-market business;
3418:International regulatory standards for banks
1561:of a country, most jurisdictions exercise a
27:Financial institution which accepts deposits
5540:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1996.
4489:
4347:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4165:, they tend not to invest in new companies.
3027:
2494:Business (or commercial/investment) banking
4285:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
4157:were traditionally banks which engaged in
3914:, providing wealth management services to
3727:
3713:
2733:
2719:
2084:Banks act as payment agents by conducting
1522:
1508:
978:
964:
68:
6652:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
6452:
5924:, 1966, English Court of Appeal, 2 QB 431
5553:universalis.fr Accessed 15 September 2018
5424:"How Banks Use Loans to Create Liquidity"
5113:List of bank mergers in the United States
4419:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
4367:Learn how and when to remove this message
4301:Learn how and when to remove this message
2895:The economic functions of banks include:
2757:Investment banking § Risk management
2115:, and by issuing debt securities such as
308:Transaction (checking / current)
6346:
6200:
5698:
5591:
5391:
4566:
4446:
4389:
4173:
4001:
3988:
3969:
3955:
3943:
3877:
3765:
2993:three bank failures in the United States
2944:
2865:
2747:Financial risk management § Banking
2701:Standardized approach (operational risk)
2375:
2355:
2182:
2071:
1992:
1977:
1851:
1783:
1699:
1538:is a financial institution that accepts
6464:Consumer and business credit management
6409:
6251:
6249:
5702:The Early History of Banking in England
4397:, The People's Trust Company Building,
4214:
3889:Banks' activities can be divided into:
2861:
2143:Activities undertaken by banks include
14:
6666:
6647:A Guide to the National Banking System
6462:Mishler, Lon; Cole, Robert E. (1995).
6113:"Bank Profitability during Recessions"
6074:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
5958:"Money creation in the modern economy"
4586:to increase its balance, and debits a
4250:Challenges within the banking industry
3908:, directed at large business entities;
3427:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
2302:Second, they have expanded the use of
2275:This difference is referred to as the
2138:
6161:
6047:
5922:United Dominions Trust Ltd v Kirkwood
5911:from the original on 11 October 2023.
5641:
5569:, New York, Dodd, Mead & Company.
4640:Globalisation in the banking industry
4630:
4411:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
2890:
6466:. Homewood: Irwin. pp. 128–29.
6396:Scott Besley and Eugene F. Brigham,
6246:
4662:
4605:One source of deposits for banks is
4600:
4562:
4345:adding citations to reliable sources
4312:
4253:
4169:
3763:, the UK government's central bank.
2067:
1907:for the British government in 1875.
1658:
937:
6377:"List of Commercial Banks in Nepal"
6233:
5606:, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers (
2641:Standardized approach (credit risk)
2605:Standardized approach (market risk)
2571:
2204:adjacent to or remote from the bank
24:
6606:
6432:
6086:Bank for International Settlements
5962:Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin
5937:rather than as banks in Hong Kong.
5143:List of largest U.S. bank failures
3772:Bank for International Settlements
2852:, regulators force banks to issue
2259:
25:
6705:
6636:Banking, Banks, and Credit Unions
6623:
6410:Van Loo, Rory (1 February 2018).
5592:Macesich, George (30 June 2000).
5474:The Kingdom of Armenia: A History
4781:International Bank Account Number
3939:
3365:Mitsubishi Tokyo Financial Group
2706:Standardised measurement approach
2481:National Electronic Fund Transfer
2243:enabled bank branch clarification
1772:(Bank of St. George), in 1407 at
1573:, banks are generally subject to
6572:Journal of Banking & Finance
6536:; Martin, Andrew (3 July 2009).
6352:
6121:Journal of Banking & Finance
5760:"A History of British Banknotes"
5359:. 1 January 2014. Archived from
5324:
5312:
4893:Treasury management § Banks
4379:
4317:
4258:
3924:, relating to activities on the
2903:and current accounts subject to
2761:Treasury management § Banks
2202:Automated teller machine banking
1662:
1608: – notably, the
1000:
946:
936:
927:
926:
6558:
6526:
6480:
6426:
6403:
6390:
6369:
6321:
6291:
6227:
6194:
6155:
6104:
6066:
6041:
6019:
5993:
5975:
5940:
5927:
5915:
5893:
5879:de Albuquerque, Martim (1855).
5872:
5847:
5816:
5788:
5780:. eccount money. Archived from
5778:"A short history of overdrafts"
5770:
5752:
5743:
5730:
5692:
5674:
5634:
5585:
5572:
5556:
3948:National Bank of the Republic,
2999:Size of global banking industry
2899:Issue of money, in the form of
2623:Internal ratings-based approach
1779:
1641:Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena
6487:Statistics Department (2001).
6268:. pp. 3–4. Archived from
6162:Raviv, Alon (13 August 2014).
6134:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2012.05.011
5544:
5527:
5506:
5486:
5466:
5441:
5416:
5385:
5344:
5004:Non-bank financial institution
4536:Individual retirement accounts
3254:Financial Corp, Massachusetts
2940:
2753:Finance § Risk management
2364:, now a modern retail bank in
2037:), Section 2, Interpretation).
1542:from the public and creates a
726:Strategic financial management
13:
1:
6585:10.1016/S0378-4266(02)00386-2
6299:"FDIC: HSOB Commercial Banks"
6048:Pejic, Igor (28 March 2019).
6029:. The Street. 24 October 2007
6001:"Banking Channels | Bankedge"
5516:Transaction Publishers, 2005
5337:
5285:Banking in the United Kingdom
4143:, and advise corporations on
3703:Business and Economics Portal
3392:
2850:financial crisis of 2007–2008
2690:Advanced measurement approach
2439:Individual retirement account
2187:An American bank in Maryland.
1955:
1795:, by Lady Jane Lindsay, 1905.
880:Sustainable development goals
6052:(1st ed.). Kogan Page.
5449:"Basel Regulatory Framework"
5290:Banking in the United States
5029:Savings and loan association
4386:Banking in the United States
4122:through an online interface.
4108:direct or internet-only bank
3753:Financial Services Authority
3660:Pillar 2: Supervisory review
3517:Pillar 1: Regulatory capital
3347:Royal Bank of Scotland Group
3179:, Charlotte, North Carolina
2855:Contingent convertible bonds
2229:, or when requested, with a
2086:checking or current accounts
2018:is structured or regulated.
1971:for their customers, paying
1910:
1758:Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici
1596:that had their roots in the
1575:minimum capital requirements
1546:while simultaneously making
7:
6503:International Monetary Fund
5905:Online Etymology Dictionary
5885:. in: George Bell. p.
5599:Issues in Money and Banking
5514:Risk: A Sociological Theory
4741:Deposit creation multiplier
4651:
4500:U.S. Department of Treasury
4281:, discuss the issue on the
4037:Community development banks
3770:Global headquarters of the
3686:Pillar 3: Market disclosure
2579:Specific banking frameworks
2380:An interior of a branch of
2351:
2178:
1719:
10:
6710:
6642:(archived 11 January 2012)
5983:"How Do Banks Make Money?"
5645:(1832). "On Deposits". In
5608:Greenwood Publishing Group
5578:Goldthwaite, R. A. (1995)
4766:Fractional-reserve banking
4655:
4383:
4237:adhere to the concepts of
3916:high-net-worth individuals
3874:Different types of banking
3402:
3396:
2934:fractional-reserve banking
2883:
2750:
2744:
2487:Real-time gross settlement
2001:in Pokhara, Western Nepal.
1843:fractional reserve banking
1800:Fractional reserve banking
1693:
1654:
1567:fractional-reserve banking
631:Fractional-reserve banking
559:Enterprise risk management
36:
29:
6694:Economic history of Italy
5681:Lord Chancellor Cottenham
5395:The Principles of Banking
5392:Choudhry, Moorad (2012).
5108:List of accounting topics
4977:Independent advisory firm
4746:Electronic funds transfer
4590:to decrease its balance.
4198:, more commonly known as
4151:to institutional clients.
4127:Types of investment banks
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
2986:sub-prime mortgage crisis
2976:that occurred during the
2418:Recurring deposit account
2391:
2382:National Westminster Bank
2291:First, this includes the
2196:Branch, in-person banking
2106:automated teller machines
1563:high degree of regulation
1451:Guaranteed minimum income
1246:Diversification (finance)
534:Diversification (finance)
5935:deposit taking companies
5567:Banking Through the Ages
5133:List of economics topics
5014:Person-to-person lending
4967:Boutique investment bank
4679:Automated teller machine
4554:Club accounts and other
4490:Loan activities of banks
3934:non-profit organisations
3785:(defined above) and the
3028:Mergers and acquisitions
2920:Asset liability mismatch
2696:Basic indicator approach
2650:Counterparty credit risk
2599:Internal models approach
2475:Automated teller machine
2328:smooth their consumption
2090:Automated Clearing House
1937:, meaning "table", from
1814:, who possessed private
1129:Employee stock ownership
1076:Refund anticipation loan
484:Automated teller machine
6632:– World's Biggest Banks
6355:"Land Development Bank"
5428:www.philadelphiafed.org
5153:List of stock exchanges
4957:Industrial loan company
4624:savings and loan crisis
4620:global financial crisis
2982:Savings and Loan crisis
2924:Maturity transformation
2765:Banks face a number of
2659:Current exposure method
1893:bankers' clearing house
1710:Cleansing of the Temple
1046:Unsecured personal loan
731:Stress test (financial)
43:Banker (disambiguation)
6357:. TNAU Agritech Portal
6027:"How Banks Make Money"
5859:www.localhistories.org
5855:"A History of Banking"
5740:for the common people.
5551:naissance de la banque
5534:Davies, R; Davies, G.
5453:www.federalreserve.gov
5270:Banking in Switzerland
5138:List of finance topics
5123:List of banking crises
4916:Types of institutions:
4658:Category:Banking terms
4572:
4455:
4406:
4191:
4047:land development banks
4043:Land development banks
4011:
4006:National Copper Bank,
3999:
3986:
3967:
3953:
3886:
3778:
3045:Acquiring institution
2954:
2881:
2433:Certificate of deposit
2388:
2373:
2293:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
2188:
2081:
2007:negotiable instruments
2002:
1990:
1883:established the first
1881:Royal Bank of Scotland
1872:
1796:
1713:
1486:Universal basic income
1363:Portfolio optimization
1338:Investment performance
1209:Alternative investment
39:Banks (disambiguation)
6640:UCB Libraries GovPubs
6398:Principles of Finance
6213:University of Florida
5496:Baker Academic, 2006
5180:Banking in Bangladesh
5103:List of largest banks
4656:Further information:
4570:
4524:Money market accounts
4472:financial instruments
4450:
4393:
4231:in event of a crisis.
4229:lender of last resort
4177:
4141:investment management
4005:
3992:
3973:
3961:The BANK of Greenland
3959:
3947:
3881:
3863:Minimum capital ratio
3769:
2948:
2869:
2745:Further information:
2423:Fixed deposit account
2379:
2359:
2186:
2076:Large door to an old
2075:
1996:
1981:
1901:international finance
1855:
1787:
1703:
905:Too connected to fail
666:Investment management
564:Environmental finance
423:Correspondent account
117:Community development
78:, established in 1694
32:Bank (disambiguation)
6616:(St Martin's, 1983)
6076:(30 November 1999).
5824:"History of banking"
5265:Banking in Singapore
5215:Banking in Hong Kong
5170:Banking in Australia
5148:List of oldest banks
4848:Pigmy Deposit Scheme
4838:Overdraft protection
4771:Full-reserve banking
4706:CAMELS rating system
4571:Suburban bank branch
4341:improve this section
4279:improve this section
4269:may not represent a
4215:Other types of banks
4116:electronic transfers
4077:Postal savings banks
3222:, Chicago, Illinois
2862:Banks in the economy
2428:Money market account
2253:Direct Selling Agent
2247:Relationship manager
2198:in a retail location
2098:telegraphic transfer
2052:Since the advent of
1770:Banco di San Giorgio
1491:Volatility (finance)
1461:Risk-return spectrum
1303:Fundamental analysis
1169:Defined contribution
803:Exchange traded fund
681:Mathematical finance
641:Fundamental analysis
636:Full-reserve banking
242:Bank holding company
152:Export credit agency
53:Part of a series on
5784:on 5 November 2013.
5245:Banking in Pakistan
4994:Mutual savings bank
4756:Factoring (finance)
4668:Terms and concepts:
4478:operations such as
4452:Safra National Bank
4149:securities services
3525:Capital requirement
3048:Target institution
2831:capital requirement
2665:Standardised method
2566:Securities Services
2227:automated attendant
2175:and other related.
2161:transaction banking
2139:Range of activities
2023:business of banking
1708:(bench) during the
1651:(founded in 1590).
1436:Financial inclusion
1431:Financial deepening
1333:Investment advisory
1105:Employment contract
895:Time value of money
721:Statistical finance
711:Sustainable finance
661:Investment advisory
303:Time deposit (Bond)
6689:Italian inventions
6612:Born, Karl Erich.
6543:The New York Times
5989:. 27 October 2017.
5764:britishnotes.co.uk
5275:Banking in Tunisia
5205:Banking in Germany
5185:Banking in Belgium
5175:Banking in Austria
5164:Banking by country
5091:White-collar crime
4786:Investment banking
4631:Custodial accounts
4573:
4456:
4407:
4200:financial services
4192:
4062:co-operative banks
4012:
4000:
3987:
3968:
3954:
3922:investment banking
3887:
3847:building societies
3779:
3399:Banking regulation
2967:interest rate risk
2955:
2891:Economic functions
2882:
2823:Macroeconomic risk
2389:
2384:on Castle Street,
2374:
2304:risk-based pricing
2231:telephone operator
2189:
2153:investment banking
2082:
2003:
1991:
1983:Banco de Venezuela
1965:English common law
1891:had established a
1873:
1797:
1714:
1696:History of banking
1602:history of banking
1471:Structured product
1411:Citizen's dividend
1358:Passive management
1086:Debt consolidation
870:Security (finance)
845:History of banking
741:Structured product
736:Structured finance
549:Economic expansion
55:financial services
6630:Guardian Datablog
6512:978-1-58906-584-0
6473:978-0-256-13948-8
6234:Rustici, Chiara.
6204:(November 2002).
6202:Flannery, Mark J.
6143:on 3 October 2020
6007:. 8 February 2016
5882:Notes and Queries
5617:978-0-275-96777-2
5476:Routledge, 2001
5357:Rulebook Glossary
5353:"Bank of England"
5300:
5299:
5280:Banking in Turkey
5255:Banking in Russia
5230:Banking in Israel
5210:Banking in Greece
5200:Banking in France
5190:Banking in Canada
5118:List of bank runs
4903:Wealth management
4863:Shell corporation
4796:Pre-qualification
4674:Anonymous banking
4612:brokered deposits
4601:Brokered deposits
4563:Types of accounts
4546:Checking accounts
4496:disintermediation
4377:
4376:
4369:
4311:
4310:
4303:
4170:Combination banks
4064:: not-for-profit
3926:financial markets
3906:corporate banking
3737:
3736:
3419:
3390:
3389:
3091:Other financials
2873:main building in
2817:Reputational risk
2783:subordinated debt
2779:retained earnings
2743:
2742:
2318:, prepaid cards,
2223:Telephone banking
2149:corporate banking
2125:installment loans
2068:Standard business
1802:and the issue of
1766:Republic of Genoa
1692:
1691:
1606:banking dynasties
1586:Renaissance Italy
1532:
1531:
1204:Active management
1134:Employee benefits
1091:Debt rescheduling
988:
987:
783:Corporate finance
778:Capital structure
753:
752:
524:Corporate finance
344:
343:
16:(Redirected from
6701:
6656:Washington, D.C.
6600:
6599:
6593:
6591:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6530:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6484:
6478:
6477:
6459:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6407:
6401:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6362:
6350:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6314:
6309:on 26 March 2010
6305:. Archived from
6295:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6274:
6261:
6253:
6244:
6243:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6210:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6181:
6168:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6142:
6136:. Archived from
6117:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6094:
6082:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6045:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5953:
5947:
5944:
5938:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5836:
5834:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5806:
5800:worldbank.org.ro
5792:
5786:
5785:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5756:
5750:
5747:
5741:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5721:
5719:
5696:
5690:
5689:(1848) 2 HLC 28.
5678:
5672:
5671:
5662:
5660:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5624:
5589:
5583:
5576:
5570:
5560:
5554:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5531:
5525:
5510:
5504:
5490:
5484:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5380:(2) an EEA bank.
5370:
5368:
5348:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5308:
5260:Banking in Spain
5250:Banking in Qatar
5240:Banking in Japan
5235:Banking in Italy
5225:Banking in India
5195:Banking in China
4942:Cooperative bank
4932:Building society
4878:Substitute check
4823:Money laundering
4776:Internet banking
4701:Bankers' bonuses
4663:
4556:savings accounts
4515:deposit accounts
4476:financial market
4467:companies, etc.
4372:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4352:
4321:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4286:
4262:
4261:
4254:
4208:portmanteau word
4133:Investment banks
4020:Great Depression
4016:Commercial banks
3900:business banking
3757:Bank of Scotland
3729:
3722:
3715:
3668:Economic capital
3635:Operational risk
3417:
3415:Basel Framework
3412:
3411:
3340:National agency
3189:BankAmerica Corp
3177:NationsBank Corp
3039:
3038:
2978:Great Depression
2886:Financial system
2811:Operational risk
2735:
2728:
2721:
2681:Operational risk
2576:
2575:
2572:Capital and risk
2532:foreign exchange
2523:Revolving credit
2465:Current accounts
2362:building society
2338:transaction fees
2241:video conference
2169:consumer finance
2145:personal banking
2062:internet banking
2027:banking business
1969:current accounts
1870:
1856:Interior of the
1835:promissory notes
1687:
1684:
1666:
1659:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1393:
1383:Target date fund
1348:Investor profile
1343:Investment style
1328:Impact investing
1313:Growth investing
1251:Equity (finance)
1124:Salary packaging
1004:
994:Personal finance
990:
989:
980:
973:
966:
950:
940:
939:
930:
929:
860:Personal finance
793:Equity (finance)
656:Impact investing
646:Growth investing
554:Enterprise value
461:
460:
272:
271:
227:Savings and loan
72:
50:
49:
21:
18:Banking industry
6709:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6664:
6663:
6626:
6609:
6607:Further reading
6604:
6603:
6589:
6587:
6563:
6559:
6549:
6547:
6531:
6527:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6499:Washington D.C.
6485:
6481:
6474:
6460:
6453:
6443:
6441:
6431:
6427:
6416:UCLA Law Review
6408:
6404:
6395:
6391:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6360:
6358:
6351:
6347:
6337:
6335:
6327:
6326:
6322:
6312:
6310:
6297:
6296:
6292:
6285:
6278:
6276:
6275:on 15 June 2012
6272:
6259:
6255:
6254:
6247:
6232:
6228:
6218:
6216:
6208:
6199:
6195:
6185:
6183:
6182:on 13 July 2018
6179:
6166:
6160:
6156:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6115:
6109:
6105:
6092:
6090:
6080:
6071:
6067:
6060:
6046:
6042:
6032:
6030:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6010:
6008:
5999:
5998:
5994:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5966:
5964:
5954:
5950:
5945:
5941:
5932:
5928:
5920:
5916:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5877:
5873:
5863:
5861:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5841:
5832:
5830:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5804:
5802:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5749:Richards, p. 40
5748:
5744:
5735:
5731:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5697:
5693:
5679:
5675:
5658:
5656:
5647:Schouler, James
5639:
5635:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5610:). p. 42.
5590:
5586:
5577:
5573:
5561:
5557:
5549:
5545:
5532:
5528:
5511:
5507:
5491:
5487:
5471:
5467:
5457:
5455:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5432:
5430:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5410:
5390:
5386:
5379:
5377:
5366:
5364:
5363:on 13 July 2018
5351:
5349:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5325:
5323:
5313:
5311:
5303:
5301:
5220:Banking in Iran
5158:
4984:Islamic banking
4962:Investment bank
4898:Venture capital
4873:Stock statement
4853:Private banking
4751:Ethical banking
4736:Deposit account
4694:Banking license
4689:Bank regulation
4660:
4654:
4642:
4633:
4607:deposit brokers
4603:
4576:Bank statements
4565:
4492:
4415:Federal Reserve
4388:
4382:
4373:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4338:
4322:
4307:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4276:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4217:
4196:Universal banks
4180:Banco do Brasil
4172:
4129:
4120:direct deposits
4031:Community banks
3942:
3912:private banking
3876:
3860:Minimum capital
3822:The bank has a
3761:Bank of England
3733:
3509:Risk management
3496:Monetary policy
3416:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3354:United Kingdom
3343:United Kingdom
3272:Bank of America
3240:Bank of America
3118:Travelers Group
3064:
3054:
3052:
3042:Date announced
3030:
3001:
2943:
2893:
2888:
2864:
2835:bank regulation
2763:
2749:
2739:
2574:
2561:Credit services
2555:Cash management
2528:Risk management
2505:Capital raising
2496:
2413:Savings account
2394:
2354:
2262:
2260:Business models
2181:
2157:private banking
2141:
2070:
1958:
1939:Old High German
1919:was taken into
1913:
1877:Bank of England
1864:
1791:Bank of England
1789:Sealing of the
1782:
1764:, in 1397. The
1722:
1698:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1672:needs expansion
1657:
1634:oldest existing
1552:capital markets
1528:
1481:Systematic risk
1466:Social dividend
1426:Economic bubble
1391:
1323:Hedge (finance)
1308:Government bond
1261:Estate planning
1191:Personal budget
1185:
1181:Social security
1164:Defined benefit
1157:
984:
919:
918:
900:Too big to fail
885:Systematic risk
798:Ethical banking
788:Cost of capital
763:
755:
754:
701:Private banking
671:Islamic banking
651:Hedge (finance)
574:Ethical banking
544:Economic bubble
519:Climate finance
494:Bank regulation
458:
450:
449:
408:Instant payment
354:
346:
345:
269:
252:
251:
87:
79:
76:Bank of England
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6707:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6684:Legal entities
6681:
6676:
6660:
6659:
6643:
6633:
6625:
6624:External links
6622:
6621:
6620:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6596:Google Scholar
6579:(3): 383–415.
6557:
6525:
6511:
6505:. p. 24.
6479:
6472:
6451:
6433:Irrera, Anna.
6425:
6402:
6389:
6368:
6345:
6320:
6290:
6257:"Banking 2010"
6245:
6226:
6193:
6154:
6128:(9): 2552–64.
6103:
6065:
6058:
6040:
6018:
5992:
5987:GOBankingRates
5974:
5948:
5939:
5926:
5914:
5892:
5871:
5846:
5815:
5787:
5769:
5751:
5742:
5729:
5711:
5691:
5673:
5633:
5616:
5584:
5571:
5563:Hoggson, N. F.
5555:
5543:
5526:
5505:
5485:
5465:
5440:
5415:
5409:978-1119755647
5408:
5384:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5321:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5097:Related lists:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5081:Mortgage fraud
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4858:Private credit
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4828:Narrow banking
4825:
4820:
4815:
4813:Mobile banking
4810:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4661:
4653:
4650:
4641:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4602:
4599:
4588:credit account
4584:credit account
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4549:
4543:
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4521:
4518:
4491:
4488:
4384:Main article:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4357:September 2008
4325:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4308:
4291:September 2009
4273:of the subject
4271:worldwide view
4266:
4264:
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4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4232:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4155:Merchant banks
4152:
4145:capital market
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4089:Offshore banks
4086:
4080:
4074:
4055:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4024:capital market
4008:Salt Lake City
3950:Salt Lake City
3941:
3940:Types of banks
3938:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3894:retail banking
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3827:
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3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
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3800:
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3717:
3709:
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3705:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3673:Liquidity risk
3670:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3632:
3631:
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3598:
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3575:
3574:
3569:
3559:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3535:Leverage ratio
3532:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3502:
3493:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3475:
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3429:
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3397:Main article:
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3333:
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3325:
3322:
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3307:
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3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:United States
3290:
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3280:United States
3278:
3275:
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3264:
3261:
3260:United States
3258:
3255:
3249:
3248:United States
3246:
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3237:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:United States
3226:
3223:
3217:
3216:United States
3214:
3211:
3208:JPMorgan Chase
3205:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:United States
3194:
3191:
3186:
3185:United States
3183:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:United States
3135:
3132:
3127:
3126:United States
3124:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3055:($ millions)
3049:
3046:
3043:
3029:
3026:
3000:
2997:
2988:in the 2000s.
2959:liquidity risk
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2930:Money creation
2927:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2892:
2889:
2863:
2860:
2827:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2799:Liquidity risk
2796:
2741:
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2738:
2737:
2730:
2723:
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2629:Foundation IRB
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2558:
2552:
2547:
2536:interest rates
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2405:
2400:
2393:
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2370:West Yorkshire
2353:
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2312:
2300:
2282:economic cycle
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2233:
2220:
2217:Mobile banking
2214:
2211:Online banking
2208:
2205:
2199:
2180:
2177:
2140:
2137:
2094:Wire transfers
2069:
2066:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2038:
1957:
1954:
1921:Middle English
1912:
1909:
1889:Lubbock's Bank
1860:Branch of the
1793:Charter (1694)
1781:
1778:
1721:
1718:
1694:Main article:
1690:
1689:
1669:
1667:
1656:
1653:
1649:Berenberg Bank
1604:, a number of
1544:demand deposit
1530:
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1500:
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1476:Sustainability
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1443:
1441:Financial risk
1438:
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1428:
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1174:Social pension
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865:Public finance
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773:Bond (finance)
770:
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762:Related topics
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728:
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353:Funds transfer
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334:
329:
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285:
283:Christmas club
277:
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258:
257:
254:
253:
248:Lists of banks
245:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
202:Postal savings
199:
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184:
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159:
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144:
139:
134:
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124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
88:
86:Types of banks
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9:
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6303:www5.fdic.gov
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6286:(638 KB)
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5828:History World
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5643:Story, Joseph
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5402:. p. 3.
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5149:
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5139:
5136:
5134:
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5129:
5128:List of banks
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5017:
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5009:Offshore bank
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4999:Merchant bank
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4989:Mortgage bank
4987:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4972:Bulge bracket
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4927:Bankers' bank
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4908:Wire transfer
4906:
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4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
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4772:
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4722:
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4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4684:Banking agent
4682:
4680:
4677:
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4672:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4649:
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4487:
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4477:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4460:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4442:asset quality
4437:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4404:
4403:New York City
4400:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4380:United States
4371:
4368:
4360:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4326:This section
4324:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4305:
4302:
4294:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4265:
4256:
4255:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4235:Islamic banks
4233:
4230:
4226:
4225:interest rate
4222:
4221:Central banks
4219:
4218:
4209:
4205:
4204:bancassurance
4201:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4188:Latin America
4185:
4181:
4176:
4164:
4160:
4159:trade finance
4156:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4101:Ethical banks
4099:
4096:
4095:Savings banks
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4083:Private banks
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4058:Credit unions
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3997:Al-Rajhi Bank
3995:
3991:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3974:An office of
3972:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3946:
3937:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3918:and families;
3917:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3851:credit unions
3848:
3843:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
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3801:
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3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:Capital ratio
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3432:Basel Accords
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3304:Sumitomo Bank
3302:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3286:& Co Inc
3285:
3284:Merrill Lynch
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3220:Bank One Corp
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3100:Holding N.V.
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:Mid industry
3073:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3005:
2996:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2947:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2887:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2843:risk weighted
2840:
2839:balance sheet
2836:
2832:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:Business loan
2498:
2497:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:Time deposits
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2297:cross-selling
2294:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2236:Video banking
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2173:trade finance
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2113:term deposits
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:Middle French
1922:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1686:
1677:
1673:
1670:This section
1668:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1645:merchant bank
1642:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1598:ancient world
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1579:Basel Accords
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1496:Watered stock
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1456:Market impact
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:Asset pricing
1399:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
992:
991:
981:
976:
974:
969:
967:
962:
961:
959:
958:
953:
949:
945:
943:
935:
933:
925:
924:
923:
922:
915:
914:
911:
910:Watered stock
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
890:Systemic risk
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
850:List of banks
848:
846:
843:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
768:Asset pricing
766:
765:
759:
758:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
539:Eco-investing
537:
535:
532:
530:
529:Disinvestment
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
509:Capital asset
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
468:
465:
464:
463:
462:
454:
453:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
424:
421:
420:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
387:
384:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
350:
349:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
318:
317:
313:
312:
309:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
279:
278:
274:
273:
268:
265:
261:
256:
255:
250:
249:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
192:Participation
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
172:Middle market
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
102:Bulge bracket
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
83:
82:
77:
71:
67:
66:
63:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6661:
6645:
6639:
6613:
6594:– via
6588:. Retrieved
6576:
6570:
6560:
6548:. Retrieved
6541:
6534:Lipton, Eric
6528:
6516:. Retrieved
6493:
6482:
6463:
6442:. Retrieved
6438:
6428:
6419:
6415:
6405:
6397:
6392:
6380:. Retrieved
6371:
6359:. Retrieved
6348:
6336:. Retrieved
6332:
6323:
6311:. Retrieved
6307:the original
6302:
6293:
6277:. Retrieved
6270:the original
6263:
6239:
6229:
6217:. Retrieved
6215:. p. 31
6196:
6184:. Retrieved
6177:the original
6170:
6157:
6145:. Retrieved
6138:the original
6125:
6119:
6106:
6098:
6091:. Retrieved
6084:
6068:
6049:
6043:
6031:. Retrieved
6021:
6009:. Retrieved
6004:
5995:
5986:
5977:
5965:. Retrieved
5961:
5951:
5942:
5929:
5917:
5904:
5895:
5881:
5874:
5862:. Retrieved
5858:
5849:
5838:
5831:. Retrieved
5827:
5818:
5810:
5803:. Retrieved
5799:
5790:
5782:the original
5772:
5763:
5754:
5745:
5732:
5723:
5716:. Retrieved
5701:
5694:
5686:Foley v Hill
5684:
5676:
5666:
5664:
5657:. Retrieved
5651:
5636:
5628:
5621:. Retrieved
5598:
5587:
5579:
5574:
5566:
5558:
5546:
5536:
5529:
5512:N Luhmann –
5508:
5488:
5472:M. Chahin –
5468:
5456:. Retrieved
5452:
5443:
5431:. Retrieved
5427:
5418:
5393:
5387:
5373:
5372:
5365:. Retrieved
5361:the original
5356:
5346:
5294:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5096:
5095:
5071:Cheque fraud
5066:Bank robbery
5054:
5053:
5034:Savings bank
5019:Private bank
4952:Ethical bank
4947:Credit union
4937:Central bank
4915:
4914:
4801:Pre-approval
4711:Cash advance
4667:
4666:
4643:
4634:
4611:
4610:funds being
4606:
4604:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4574:
4513:or ordinary
4505:
4493:
4484:
4469:
4461:
4457:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4408:
4363:
4354:
4339:Please help
4327:
4297:
4288:
4268:
4163:venture caps
4066:cooperatives
3931:
3888:
3884:Toledo, Ohio
3855:
3844:
3840:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3745:central bank
3742:
3738:
3645:Standardized
3606:Standardized
3500:Central bank
3408:
3375:UFJ Holdings
3165:Switzerland
3156:Switzerland
3106:Netherlands
3094:Netherlands
3086:RFS Holdings
3035:
3031:
3006:
3002:
2990:
2971:
2956:
2949:OTP Bank in
2894:
2853:
2847:
2828:
2787:
2764:
2635:Advanced IRB
2470:Cheque books
2346:
2343:
2324:credit cards
2286:
2274:
2263:
2190:
2142:
2133:
2129:
2110:
2083:
2058:direct debit
2051:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1962:
1959:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1916:
1914:
1874:
1871:in the 1910s
1838:
1828:
1798:
1788:
1780:Early modern
1723:
1715:
1705:
1680:
1676:adding to it
1671:
1583:
1556:
1535:
1533:
1421:Credit union
1405:
1318:Growth stock
1296:independence
1056:Student loan
1013:
823:participants
696:Pension fund
504:Asset growth
499:Bank secrecy
374:Bill payment
293:Money-market
263:
246:
127:Credit union
61:
47:
6546:. Macon, Ga
6338:28 February
6313:4 September
6147:13 December
6089:. p. 1
6033:8 September
5640:, Compare:
5492:ME Stevens
5076:Cyber Crime
5049:Zombie bank
5039:Shadow bank
5024:Public bank
4721:Call report
4716:Credit Card
4595:credit card
4540:Keogh plans
4538:(IRAs) and
4465:credit card
4239:Islamic law
4027:businesses.
3601:Market risk
3552:Credit risk
3362:2005-02-18
3336:HM Treasury
3332:2009-02-26
3316:Sakura Bank
3300:1999-10-13
3268:2008-09-14
3252:FleetBoston
3236:2003-10-27
3204:2004-01-14
3173:1998-04-13
3145:2014-09-29
3114:1998-04-06
3082:2007-04-25
3053:transaction
2980:, the U.S.
2963:credit risk
2941:Bank crisis
2805:Market risk
2793:Credit risk
2614:Credit risk
2585:Market risk
2544:derivatives
2540:commodities
2450:Mutual fund
2403:Credit card
2320:smart cards
2316:debit cards
1946:Renaissance
1930:, from Old
1897:Rothschilds
1865: [
1862:Vyborg-Bank
1762:Medici Bank
1726:Renaissance
1683:August 2020
1637:retail bank
1630:Rothschilds
1416:Cooperative
1378:Stockbroker
1368:Speculation
1353:Market risk
1081:Refinancing
1071:Payday loan
1051:Rent-to-own
1041:Credit card
1036:Charge card
855:Market risk
746:Toxic asset
716:Speculation
604:engineering
142:Development
122:Cooperative
6668:Categories
6590:28 January
6444:2 November
6288:charts 7–8
6172:EconPapers
6093:28 January
5522:0202307646
5502:0801047773
5482:0700714529
5338:References
5061:Bank fraud
4868:Soft probe
4843:Piggy bank
4474:, through
4454:, New York
4182:office in
4137:underwrite
3694:Disclosure
3678:Legal risk
3491:Regulation
3479:Background
3403:See also:
3393:Regulation
3386:41,431.03
3357:41,878.65
3327:45,494.36
3295:48,766.15
3289:Brokerage
3263:49,260.63
3231:58,663.15
3199:61,633.40
3168:65,891.51
3140:72,558.18
3123:Insurance
3109:98,189.19
2953:(Slovakia)
2884:See also:
2848:After the
2751:See also:
2408:Debit card
2078:bank vault
1999:Nepal Bank
1997:Branch of
1956:Definition
1950:Florentine
1942:banc, bank
1905:Suez canal
1899:pioneered
1808:goldsmiths
1628:, and the
1626:Berenbergs
1219:allocation
1195:investment
1143:Retirement
1096:Bankruptcy
1066:Title loan
828:regulation
477:management
472:allocation
369:Electronic
162:Industrial
157:Investment
137:Depository
112:Commercial
6422:(1): 232.
6361:8 January
6265:TheCityUK
5833:20 August
5718:20 August
5659:20 August
5350:Compare:
5044:Sparebank
4888:Tax haven
4833:Overdraft
4646:Bloomberg
4616:hot money
4480:brokerage
4328:does not
4283:talk page
4184:São Paulo
4054:branches.
3980:Mariehamn
3749:banknotes
3447:Basel III
3210:& Co
3065:industry
3020::13000+,
3016::12000+,
3012::18000+,
2901:banknotes
2550:Term loan
2386:Liverpool
2360:A former
2165:insurance
2117:banknotes
2035:Singapore
1911:Etymology
1885:overdraft
1831:depositor
1804:banknotes
1776:, Italy.
1600:. In the
1571:liquidity
1271:Financial
1224:economics
808:Financial
599:economics
579:Financial
445:BRICS PAY
237:Wholesale
232:Universal
132:Custodian
6518:14 March
5909:Archived
5738:currency
5623:12 March
5604:Westport
5524:(p. 181)
4922:Bad bank
4806:Subprime
4652:See also
4511:Passbook
4399:Brooklyn
4395:Citibank
4277:You may
3978:bank in
3787:customer
3442:Basel II
3405:Basel II
3130:Citicorp
3098:ABN-AMRO
3051:Value of
2974:bank run
2673:(SA-CCR)
2445:Mortgage
2398:ATM card
2352:Products
2266:interest
2179:Channels
2108:(ATMs).
1915:The word
1858:Helsinki
1820:receipts
1730:Florence
1720:Medieval
1540:deposits
1392:See also
1031:Car loan
1026:Mortgage
932:Category
624:services
609:forecast
584:analysis
489:Bad debt
275:Accounts
260:Accounts
197:Payments
187:Offshore
167:Merchant
92:Advising
6679:Banking
6654:(OCC),
6650:(PDF).
6550:13 July
6279:20 June
6219:13 July
6186:13 July
5649:(ed.).
5565:(1926)
5376:means:
5367:20 July
5305:Portals
4761:Finance
4349:removed
4334:sources
3618:CVA vol
3487:Banking
3467:Endgame
3437:Basel I
3159:UBS AG
3077:Nation
3068:Nation
2879:Estonia
2875:Tallinn
2771:capital
2637:(A-IRB)
2631:(F-IRB)
2517:hybrids
2311:credit.
2308:default
2270:profits
2092:(ACH),
1973:cheques
1932:Italian
1847:default
1754:Peruzzi
1655:History
1622:Welsers
1618:Fuggers
1610:Medicis
1594:lending
1559:economy
1446:Fintech
1291:planner
1276:adviser
1153:Pension
942:Commons
619:planner
589:analyst
337:Prepaid
298:Savings
288:Deposit
222:Savings
207:Private
182:Neobank
107:Central
62:Banking
6618:online
6509:
6470:
6382:6 June
6353:TNAU.
6240:Forbes
6056:
6011:5 July
5967:9 July
5901:"bank"
5709:
5667:mutuum
5614:
5520:
5500:
5480:
5458:14 May
5433:14 May
5406:
5295:
5055:Crime:
4726:Cheque
4243:markup
4051:Punjab
3976:Nordea
3628:SA-CVA
3623:BA-CVA
3584:SA-CCR
3545:Tier 2
3540:Tier 1
3383:Japan
3380:Banks
3371:Japan
3368:Banks
3351:Banks
3324:Japan
3321:Banks
3312:Japan
3309:Banks
3277:Banks
3257:Banks
3245:Banks
3225:Banks
3213:Banks
3193:Banks
3182:Banks
3162:Banks
3153:Banks
3149:UBS AG
3134:Banks
3103:Banks
2951:Prešov
2905:cheque
2775:equity
2759:, and
2534:(FX),
2509:equity
2489:(RTGS)
2483:(NEFT)
2392:Retail
2322:, and
2277:spread
2104:, and
2102:EFTPOS
2054:EFTPOS
2015:banker
2011:banker
1963:Under
1928:banque
1839:mutuum
1833:, and
1824:bailee
1816:vaults
1812:London
1748:. The
1742:Venice
1624:, the
1620:, the
1616:, the
1612:, the
1590:credit
1229:growth
1114:Salary
1012:
1010:Credit
952:Portal
875:Shares
838:system
818:market
379:Mobile
359:Cheque
327:Credit
262:
217:Retail
212:Public
147:Direct
6674:Banks
6638:from
6273:(PDF)
6260:(PDF)
6209:(PDF)
6180:(PDF)
6167:(PDF)
6141:(PDF)
6116:(PDF)
6081:(PDF)
5864:6 May
5805:6 May
5400:Wiley
5331:Money
5319:Banks
5086:Usury
4883:SWIFT
4818:Money
4071:union
3984:Åland
3797:bank.
3776:Basel
3640:Basic
3572:A-IRB
3567:F-IRB
3557:SA-CR
3274:Corp
3242:Corp
3071:Name
3060:Name
2908:cash.
2833:is a
2767:risks
2708:(SMA)
2692:(AMA)
2661:(CEM)
2625:(IRB)
2601:(IMA)
2477:(ATM)
2441:(IRA)
2366:Leeds
2121:bonds
1935:banco
1923:from
1869:]
1774:Genoa
1750:Bardi
1746:Genoa
1738:Siena
1734:Lucca
1706:banca
1614:Pazzi
1548:loans
1373:Stock
1281:asset
1214:Asset
594:asset
467:Asset
457:Terms
418:SWIFT
332:Debit
314:Cards
267:Cards
6592:2016
6552:2018
6520:2009
6507:ISBN
6468:ISBN
6446:2018
6384:2019
6363:2014
6340:2018
6315:2016
6281:2011
6221:2018
6188:2018
6149:2019
6095:2016
6054:ISBN
6035:2011
6013:2020
5969:2022
5866:2020
5835:2020
5807:2020
5720:2020
5707:ISBN
5661:2020
5625:2009
5612:ISBN
5518:ISBN
5498:ISBN
5478:ISBN
5460:2024
5435:2024
5404:ISBN
5374:bank
5369:2020
4791:Loan
4731:Coin
4580:GAAP
4332:any
4330:cite
4206:, a
4118:and
4114:and
4112:ATMs
4010:1911
3965:Nuuk
3952:1908
3849:and
3824:lien
3783:bank
3505:Risk
3462:FRTB
3457:NSFR
3377:Inc
3318:Ltd
3306:Ltd
3120:Inc
3010:ICBC
2829:The
2781:and
2667:(SM)
2594:FRTB
2513:debt
2435:(CD)
2119:and
2060:and
1987:Coro
1917:bank
1875:The
1752:and
1744:and
1592:and
1536:bank
1406:Bank
1286:plan
1241:Cash
1193:and
1119:Wage
1061:Pawn
1017:Debt
833:risk
676:Loan
614:plan
514:Cash
440:SPFS
435:CIPS
413:Giro
391:RTGS
386:Wire
364:Card
97:Banq
74:The
41:and
6581:doi
6439:U.S
6130:doi
5887:431
4343:by
4060:or
3994:ATM
3832:it.
3774:in
3650:AMA
3611:IMA
3594:CCF
3588:IMM
3579:EAD
3562:IRB
3452:LCR
3088:BV
3063:Mid
3022:ABC
3018:CCB
3014:BOC
2871:SEB
2096:or
2025:or
1985:in
1948:by
1810:of
1678:.
1647:is
1639:is
1266:ETF
1256:ESG
813:law
569:ESG
430:CLS
403:ACH
322:ATM
6670::
6577:27
6575:.
6569:.
6540:.
6501::
6497:.
6491:.
6454:^
6437:.
6420:65
6418:.
6414:.
6331:.
6301:.
6262:.
6248:^
6238:.
6211:.
6169:.
6126:36
6124:.
6118:.
6097:.
6083:.
6003:.
5985:.
5960:.
5907:.
5903:.
5857:.
5837:.
5826:.
5809:.
5798:.
5762:.
5722:.
5683:,
5663:.
5627:.
5602:.
5596:.
5451:.
5426:.
5398:.
5371:.
5355:.
4401:,
4178:A
4106:A
3982:,
3963:,
3936:.
3507:/
3498:/
3489:/
2877:,
2845:.
2785:.
2777:,
2755:,
2542:,
2538:,
2515:/
2511:/
2368:,
2171:,
2167:,
2163:,
2159:,
2155:,
2151:,
2147:,
2100:,
2013::
1867:fi
1740:,
1736:,
1732:,
1581:.
1554:.
1534:A
396:NS
6598:.
6583::
6554:.
6522:.
6476:.
6448:.
6386:.
6365:.
6342:.
6317:.
6283:.
6242:.
6223:.
6190:.
6151:.
6132::
6062:.
6037:.
6015:.
5971:.
5889:.
5868:.
5766:.
5462:.
5437:.
5412:.
5307::
4405:.
4370:)
4364:(
4359:)
4355:(
4351:.
4337:.
4304:)
4298:(
4293:)
4289:(
4275:.
4190:.
4135:"
3928:.
3728:e
3721:t
3714:v
2922:/
2734:e
2727:t
2720:v
2546:)
2530:(
2519:)
2507:(
2372:.
2080:.
1989:.
1712:.
1685:)
1681:(
1523:e
1516:t
1509:v
1014:·
979:e
972:t
965:v
264:·
45:.
34:.
20:)
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