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494:. It is a testament to the history and evolution of the trade that those skills have reached an extremely high level of attainment and skill over time. A fine goldsmith can and will work to a tolerance approaching that of precision machinery, but largely using only his eyes and hand tools. Quite often the goldsmith's job involves the making of mountings for
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attempting to uncover the chemical techniques used by ancient artisans have remarked that their findings confirm that "the high level of competence reached by the artists and craftsmen of these ancient periods who produced objects of an artistic quality that could not be bettered in ancient times and has not yet been reached in modern ones."
505:'Jeweller', however, is a term mostly reserved for a person who deals in jewellery (buys and sells) and not to be confused with a goldsmith, silversmith, gemologist, diamond cutter, and diamond setters. A 'jobbing jeweller' is the term for a jeweller who undertakes a small basic amount of jewellery repair and alteration.
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217:; more recently jewelry arts schools, specializing in teaching goldsmithing and a multitude of skills falling under the jewelry arts umbrella, are available. Many universities and junior colleges also offer goldsmithing, silversmithing, and metal arts fabrication as a part of their fine arts curriculum.
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In contrast, the earliest exploitation and working of gold occurs in the
Balkans during the mid-fifth millennium BC, several centuries after the earliest known copper smelting. This is demonstrated most spectacularly in the various objects adorning the burials at Varna, Bulgaria (Renfrew 1986;
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Some pieces date back thousands of years and were made using many techniques that still are used by modern goldsmiths. Techniques developed by some of those goldsmiths achieved a skill level that was lost and remained beyond the skills of those who followed, even to modern times. Researchers
891:
Highamet al. 2007). In contrast, the earliest gold objects found in
Southwest Asia date only to the beginning of the fourth millennium BC as at Nahal Qanah in Israel (Golden 2009), suggesting that gold exploitation may have been a Southeast European invention, albeit a short-lived one.
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and usually were one of the most important and wealthiest of the guilds in a city. The guild kept records of members and the marks they used on their products. These records, when they survive, are very useful to historians. Goldsmiths often acted as
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The oldest known gold jewelry in the world is from an archaeological site in Varna
Necropolis, Bulgaria, and is over 6,000 years old (radiocarbon dated between 4,600 BC and 4,200 BC).
354:, since they dealt in gold and had sufficient security for the safe storage of valuable items, though they were usually restrained from lending at interest, which was regarded as
248:, for example. It is fairly easy to "pressure weld", wherein, similarly to clay, two small pieces may be pounded together to make one larger piece. Gold is classified as a
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and other forming tools to make the metal into shapes needed to build the intended piece. Then parts are fabricated through a wide variety of processes and assembled by
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where the metal is available, either indigenously or imported, and the history of these activities is extensive. Superbly made objects from the ancient cultures of
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Ancient
Mercury-Based Plating Methods: Combined Use of Surface Analytical Techniques for the Study of Manufacturing Process and Degradation Phenomena
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244:. It may easily be melted, fused, and cast without the problems of oxides and gas that are problematic with other metals such as
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to make it stronger and to create different colors. Depending on the metals used to create the alloy, the color can change.
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The first major gold-working centre was situated at the mouth of the Danube, on the shores of the Black Sea in
Bulgaria
1055:, Vol. 52, No. 1, translated from Croatian, Institut društvenih znanosti "Ivo Pilar", Područni centar Dubrovnik, 2009.
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metal of all, offers unique opportunities for the worker. In today's world a wide variety of other metals, especially
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developed among goldsmiths in
Germany around 1430, who had long used the technique on their metal pieces. The notable
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during the early-20th century. The man in the middle may be a "Klingalees" (orang Keling), someone from South India
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caste is one of the oldest communities in goldsmithing in India, whose superb gold artworks were displayed at
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Gabriel Maria Ingo, Giuseppe Guida, Emma
Angelini, Gabriella Di Carlo, Alessio Mezzi, Giuseppina Padeletti,
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grave 43 at the Varna cemetery, the richest single grave from Old Europe, dated about 4600–4500 BC.
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normally were members of a separate guild, since the trades were not allowed to overlap. Many
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Ancient technology for metal coatings 2,000 years ago can't be matched even today
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A goldsmith might have a wide array of skills and knowledge at their disposal.
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Because it is so soft, however, 24 karat gold is rarely used. It is usually
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Metalworker who specializes in working with gold and other precious metals
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History of
Humanity: From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century BC
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The goldsmith will use a variety of tools and machinery, including the
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969:. Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. pp. 39, 201.
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Zlatarska biljeĹľnica obitelji
Kalogjera iz Blata na otoku KorÄŤuli
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Gems and
Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World
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form, lasting indefinitely without oxidization and tarnishing.
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The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000–3500 BC
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1027:(3rd ed.). Lightning Source Incorporated. p. 91.
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in the world with an approximate age of over 6,000 years.
209:-making skills, as well as the very similar skills of the
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of the fifteenth century were either goldsmiths, such as
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grace museums and collections throughout the world. The
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Roberts, Benjamin W.; Thornton, Christopher P. (2009).
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A goldsmith workshop during the mid-seventeenth century
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Peristil : zbornik radova za povijest umjetnosti
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Goldsmiths must be skilled in forming metal through
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
700:A Brahmin goldsmith from Goa, India, 16th century
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963:Anthony, David W.; Chi, Jennifer, eds. (2010).
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498:, in which case they often are referred to as
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714:Museum of Arts and Popular Customs of Seville
998:, ScienceDaily, ScienceDaily, July 24, 2013,
939:. University of Chicago Press. p. 292.
861:(322). Department of Prehistory and Europe,
464:is pure gold and historically, was known as
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170:, decorative and serviceable utensils, and
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401:', Vishwakarma (Viswabrahmins, Acharis) '
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1024:McQuhae's Practical Technical Instructor
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460:alloys, also may be used frequently. 24
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851:"Development of metallurgy in Eurasia"
345:Europe goldsmiths were organized into
272:Gold has been worked by humans in all
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1021:McQuhae, William (17 December 2008).
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424:, or the sons of goldsmiths, such as
205:. The trade has very often included
54:adding citations to reliable sources
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333:father teaches his son to cast gold
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909:. UNESCO / Routledge. p. 99.
774:An Afghan goldsmith in Kabul, 1928
225:Compared to other metals, gold is
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903:de Laet, Sigfried J. (1996).
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395:The Great Exhibition of 1851
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436:Contemporary goldsmithing
317:Varna Necropolis treasure
2407:Metalworking occupations
712:Goldsmith's workshop in
666:Christoph Steidl Porenta
444:Modern goldsmith at work
1903:Nickel silver (alpacca)
729:Karo people (Indonesia)
625:Andrea Cagnetti – Akelo
532:17th century goldsmith.
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933:Grande, Lance (2009).
731:goldsmith in Sumatra (
578:Gaspard van der Heyden
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524:Category:Silversmiths
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133:The Baqdadi goldsmith
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1719:Wire wrapped jewelry
1699:Repoussé and chasing
1077:at Wikimedia Commons
543:Filippo Brunelleschi
385:, 16th century India
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
2261:Ebonite (vulcanite)
1047:Vinicije B. Lupis,
593:Jean-Valentin Morel
520:Category:Goldsmiths
2392:History of banking
1606:Jewellery designer
750:Goldsmith shop in
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946:978-0-226-30511-0
916:978-92-3-102811-3
548:Benvenuto Cellini
452:, being the most
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307:
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302:South America
299:
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294:North America
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134:
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106:December 2010
98:
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70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2371:Wearable art
2366:Phaleristics
2361:Metalworking
2266:Gutta-percha
2042:Lapis lazuli
1828:Colored gold
1709:Stonesetting
1600:
1301:Steam hammer
1178:
1112:Metalworking
1052:
1048:
1043:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1003:
994:
988:
980:
965:
958:
950:
935:
928:
920:
905:
898:
889:
882:. Retrieved
858:
854:
844:
609:Contemporary
588:Arnold Lulls
518:Main pages:
504:
499:
488:swage blocks
480:rolling mill
477:
470:
447:
422:Master E. S.
407:
388:
340:
336:
271:
224:
180:
143:
141:
132:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2308:Art jewelry
2132:Tiger's eye
2037:Labradorite
1987:Chrysocolla
1982:Chrysoberyl
1898:Mokume-gane
1875:Base metals
1647:centrifugal
1616:Silversmith
1491:Ferronnière
1441:Belt buckle
1436:Belly chain
1333:Fabrication
1311:Trip hammer
1306:Swage block
1291:Hardy tools
1199:Silversmith
1194:Pewtersmith
1174:Coppersmith
820:Silversmith
736: 1918
686:Renaissance
661:Gary Noffke
657:(1918–2013)
640:Mary Lee Hu
410:printmaking
364:base metals
360:Middle Ages
298:Mesoamerica
250:noble metal
211:silversmith
148:metalworker
65:"Goldsmith"
2402:Goldsmiths
2386:Categories
2142:Tourmaline
2087:Prasiolite
1962:Aventurine
1833:Crown gold
1735:Draw plate
1684:Metal clay
1621:Watchmaker
1611:Lapidarist
1596:Clockmaker
1471:Collar pin
1466:Chatelaine
1353:Metallurgy
1240:Planishing
1214:Whitesmith
1169:Bladesmith
1164:Blacksmith
1075:Goldsmiths
836:References
598:Paul Storr
514:Historical
306:Copper Age
172:ceremonial
160:silverware
154:and other
76:newspapers
2288:Toadstone
2225:Operculum
2152:Variscite
2147:Turquoise
2127:Tanzanite
2062:Moonstone
2057:Marcasite
2052:Malachite
1977:Carnelian
1952:Amazonite
1939:gemstones
1913:Pinchbeck
1858:Argentium
1848:Shibuichi
1789:Palladium
1768:Materials
1704:Soldering
1694:Polishing
1669:Engraving
1664:Enameling
1630:Processes
1601:Goldsmith
1536:Tie chain
1511:Neck ring
1501:Lapel pin
1410:Jewellery
1348:Machining
1343:Jewellery
1223:Processes
1189:Locksmith
1179:Goldsmith
879:163062746
855:Antiquity
830:Toreutics
805:engraving
760:Indonesia
496:gemstones
492:soldering
484:drawplate
466:fine gold
454:malleable
418:engravers
414:engraving
358:. In the
321:jewellery
227:malleable
203:polishing
187:soldering
176:religious
144:goldsmith
2356:Gemology
2330:Fineness
2321:(purity)
2256:Bog-wood
2203:Precious
2183:Ammolite
2122:Sunstone
2112:Sodalite
2107:Sapphire
2067:Obsidian
2007:Fluorite
1997:Diopside
1957:Amethyst
1937:Mineral
1928:Tungsten
1923:Titanium
1838:Electrum
1794:Platinum
1679:Kazaziye
1674:Filigree
1652:lost-wax
1551:Toe ring
1541:Tie clip
1516:Pectoral
1506:Necklace
1481:Cufflink
1456:Bracelet
1451:Bolo tie
1431:Barrette
1358:Smithing
1296:Pritchel
1209:Tinsmith
1184:Gunsmith
1150:Smithing
865:: 1015.
780:See also
500:jewelers
458:platinum
368:jewelers
343:medieval
313:Bulgaria
274:cultures
164:platters
2351:Fashion
2325:Finding
2173:Abalone
2082:Peridot
2047:Larimar
2032:Kyanite
2017:Howlite
2002:Emerald
1992:Diamond
1865:Tumbaga
1843:ShakudĹŤ
1799:Rhodium
1750:Mandrel
1689:Plating
1642:Casting
1637:Carving
1546:Tie pin
1521:Pendant
1496:Genital
1486:Earring
1368:Welding
1338:Forming
1328:Casting
1255:Swaging
1250:Sinking
1245:Raising
1230:Forging
884:28 July
756:Sumatra
672:Gallery
630:Cartier
473:alloyed
379:Brahmin
352:bankers
260:History
246:bronzes
237:with a
235:element
231:ductile
207:jewelry
199:casting
195:forging
178:items.
168:goblets
90:scholar
2315:(mass)
2251:Bezoar
2157:Zircon
2117:Spinel
2092:Quartz
2027:Jasper
2012:Garnet
1908:Pewter
1893:Copper
1888:Bronze
1815:alloys
1804:Silver
1755:Pliers
1745:Hammer
1657:vacuum
1584:People
1577:Making
1561:pocket
1461:Brooch
1426:Anklet
1286:Hammer
1281:Fuller
1204:Tinker
1157:Smiths
1031:
973:
943:
913:
877:
809:niello
807:, and
482:, the
347:guilds
300:, and
286:Europe
278:Africa
254:native
239:yellow
201:, and
191:sawing
183:filing
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2319:Carat
2313:Carat
2301:Terms
2276:Shell
2230:Pearl
2220:Nacre
2210:Ivory
2198:Black
2193:Coral
2188:Copal
2178:Amber
2137:Topaz
2096:smoky
1967:Beryl
1947:Agate
1883:Brass
1728:Tools
1566:strap
1556:Watch
1531:Tiara
1476:Crown
1446:Bindi
1418:Forms
1276:Forge
1271:Anvil
1264:Tools
875:S2CID
825:Sunar
650:Mazlo
462:karat
403:Sunar
391:Sunar
356:usury
331:Aztec
290:India
242:color
146:is a
97:JSTOR
83:books
2271:Hair
2102:Ruby
2077:Opal
2072:Onyx
2022:Jade
1784:Gold
1740:File
1526:Ring
1029:ISBN
971:ISBN
941:ISBN
911:ISBN
886:2018
752:Aceh
522:and
450:Gold
428:and
408:The
389:The
282:Asia
221:Gold
152:gold
69:news
2215:Jet
1971:red
867:doi
383:Goa
341:In
174:or
135:by
52:by
2388::
979:.
949:.
919:.
888:.
873:.
859:83
857:.
853:.
803:,
758:,
754:,
733:c.
727:A
502:.
468:.
432:.
377:A
296:,
292:,
288:,
284:,
280:,
229:,
197:,
193:,
189:,
185:,
166:,
162:,
142:A
2098:)
2094:(
1973:)
1969:(
1402:e
1395:t
1388:v
1142:e
1135:t
1128:v
1104:e
1097:t
1090:v
1037:.
869::
738:)
311:(
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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