Gold - Knowledge

5541: 5448: 5564: 5467: 5836: 5369: 5487: 5526: 2285: 5507: 5399: 5343: 5429: 6023: 8094: 5258: 4689: 5328: 5306: 5246: 5291: 4222: 4896: 5227: 6454: 5993: 4513: 5181: 5273: 5162: 8078: 6604: 7614: 4488: 4035: 5208: 7980: 2729: 5751: 1484: 1428: 5414: 6694: 2375: 6075: 6484: 6186: 6544: 6774: 4416:. Water often lubricates faults, filling in fractures and jogs. About 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) below the surface, under very high temperatures and pressures, the water carries high concentrations of carbon dioxide, silica, and gold. During an earthquake, the fault jog suddenly opens wider. The water inside the void instantly vaporizes, flashing to steam and forcing silica, which forms the mineral quartz, and gold out of the fluids and onto nearby surfaces. 1945: 7061: 6664: 6365: 6834: 4267: 6804: 7348: 6514: 6634: 4476: 2277: 6574: 52: 6046: 6744: 6424: 7595: 8342: 7179: 7644:, typically 22k, 18k, 14k or 10k, contain higher percentages of copper, silver, palladium or other base metals in the alloy. Nickel is toxic, and its release from nickel white gold is controlled by legislation in Europe. Palladium-gold alloys are more expensive than those using nickel. High-karat white gold alloys are more resistant to corrosion than are either pure silver or 7466:, the price began to greatly increase, and between 1968 and 2000 the price of gold ranged widely, from a high of $ 850 per troy ounce ($ 27.33/g) on 21 January 1980, to a low of $ 252.90 per troy ounce ($ 8.13/g) on 21 June 1999 (London Gold Fixing). Prices increased rapidly from 2001, but the 1980 high was not exceeded until 3 January 2008, when a new maximum of $ 865.35 per 7870:. The gold alloys' slight malleability facilitates the creation of a superior molar mating surface with other teeth and produces results that are generally more satisfactory than those produced by the creation of porcelain crowns. The use of gold crowns in more prominent teeth such as incisors is favored in some cultures and discouraged in others. 4436:(about 10–30 g/km). In general, gold concentrations for south Atlantic and central Pacific samples are the same (~50 femtomol/L) but less certain. Mediterranean deep waters contain slightly higher concentrations of gold (100–150 femtomol/L), which is attributed to wind-blown dust or rivers. At 10 parts per quadrillion, the Earth's 7253:. On that imaginary island, gold is so abundant that it is used to make chains for slaves, tableware, and lavatory seats. When ambassadors from other countries arrive, dressed in ostentatious gold jewels and badges, the Utopians mistake them for menial servants, paying homage instead to the most modestly dressed of their party. 5540: 6274: 7695:

in computers and other electrical devices. For example, according to the World Gold Council, a typical cell phone may contain 50 mg of gold, worth about three dollars. But since nearly one billion cell phones are produced each year, a gold value of US$ 2.82 in each phone adds to US$ 2.82 billion

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The apparent paradox of the actual toxicology of the substance suggests the possibility of serious gaps in the understanding of the action of gold in physiology. Only salts and radioisotopes of gold are of pharmacological value, since elemental (metallic) gold is inert to all chemicals it encounters

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It was once common to use mercury to recover gold from ore, but today the use of mercury is largely limited to small-scale individual miners. Minute quantities of mercury compounds can reach water bodies, causing heavy metal contamination. Mercury can then enter into the human food chain in the form

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in these applications has been debated; gold connectors are often criticized by audio-visual experts as unnecessary for most consumers and seen as simply a marketing ploy. However, the use of gold in other applications in electronic sliding contacts in highly humid or corrosive atmospheres, and in

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quality, the gold solder alloy must match the fineness of the work, and alloy formulas are manufactured to color-match yellow and white gold. Gold solder is usually made in at least three melting-point ranges referred to as Easy, Medium and Hard. By using the hard, high-melting point solder first,

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coin of gold in use during the periods of Grecian history both before and during the time of the life of Homer weighed between 8.42 and 8.75 grams. From an earlier preference in using silver, European economies re-established the minting of gold as coinage during the thirteenth and fourteenth

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from gold mines have occurred in both developed and developing countries which killed aquatic life in long stretches of affected rivers. Environmentalists consider these events major environmental disasters. Up to thirty tons of used ore can be dumped as waste for producing one troy ounce of gold.

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Proceedings of the International Symposium on Advanced Mechanical and Power Engineering 2007 (ISAMPE 2007) between Pukyong National University (Korea), University of Fukui (Japan) and University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (China), 22–25 November 2006, hosted by the University of Fukui

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is applied to a legendary story in which precious stones were found in fabulous abundance along with gold coins. The concept of El Dorado underwent several transformations, and eventually accounts of the previous myth were also combined with those of a legendary lost city. El Dorado, was the term

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Gold was at a high price in Egypt until they came in that year. The mithqal did not go below 25 dirhams and was generally above, but from that time its value fell and it cheapened in price and has remained cheap till now. The mithqal does not exceed 22 dirhams or less. This has been the state of

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Gold artifacts probably made their first appearance in Ancient Egypt at the very beginning of the pre-dynastic period, at the end of the fifth millennium BC and the start of the fourth, and smelting was developed during the course of the 4th millennium; gold artifacts appear in the archeology of

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the warring nations moved to fractional gold standards, inflating their currencies to finance the war effort. Post-war, the victorious countries, most notably Britain, gradually restored gold-convertibility, but international flows of gold via bills of exchange remained embargoed; international

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Its scarcity makes it a useful store of value; however, its relative rarity reduced its utility as a currency, especially for transactions in small denominations. ... Rarity is, nevertheless, in itself a source of value, and so is the degree of difficulty which surrounds the winning of the raw

8281:). Although the gold ion is toxic, the acceptance of metallic gold as a food additive is due to its relative chemical inertness, and resistance to being corroded or transformed into soluble salts (gold compounds) by any known chemical process which would be encountered in the human body. 7900:

exploits the ability of the gold particles to adsorb protein molecules onto their surfaces. Colloidal gold particles coated with specific antibodies can be used as probes for the presence and position of antigens on the surfaces of cells. In ultrathin sections of tissues viewed by

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On 2 December 2009, gold reached a new high closing at $ 1,217.23. Gold further rallied hitting new highs in May 2010 after the European Union debt crisis prompted further purchase of gold as a safe asset. On 1 March 2011, gold hit a new all-time high of $ 1432.57, based on

4467:. Based on the published values of 2 to 64 ppb of gold in seawater, a commercially successful extraction seemed possible. After analysis of 4,000 water samples yielding an average of 0.004 ppb, it became clear that extraction would not be possible, and he ended the project. 7699:

Though gold is attacked by free chlorine, its good conductivity and general resistance to oxidation and corrosion in other environments (including resistance to non-chlorinated acids) has led to its widespread industrial use in the electronic era as a thin-layer coating on

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Renner, Hermann; Schlamp, Günther; Hollmann, Dieter; Lüschow, Hans Martin; Tews, Peter; Rothaut, Josef; Dermann, Klaus; Knödler, Alfons; Hecht, Christian; Schlott, Martin; Drieselmann, Ralf; Peter, Catrin; Schiele, Rainer (2000). "Gold, Gold Alloys, and Gold Compounds".

8054:, Germany, and contains flakes of gold leaf. There are also some expensive (c. $ 1000) cocktails which contain flakes of gold leaf. However, since metallic gold is inert to all body chemistry, it has no taste, it provides no nutrition, and it leaves the body unaltered. 5919:, said that "he wearing of silk and gold are forbidden on the males of my nation, and they are lawful to their women". This, however, has not been enforced consistently throughout history, e.g. in the Ottoman Empire. Further, small gold accents on clothing, such as in 7388:, originating in September 1919, provides a daily benchmark price to the industry. The afternoon fixing was introduced in 1968 to provide a price when US markets are open. As of September 2017, gold was valued at around $ 42 per gram ($ 1,300 per troy ounce). 6315:, that is chlorination in the melt. The Wohlwill process results in higher purity, but is more complex and is only applied in small-scale installations. Other methods of assaying and purifying smaller amounts of gold include parting and inquartation as well as 5447: 2312:

into 28 square metres (300 sq ft). Gold leaf can be beaten thin enough to become semi-transparent. The transmitted light appears greenish-blue because gold strongly reflects yellow and red. Such semi-transparent sheets also strongly reflect

9602: 3411:. Nitric acid oxidizes the metal to +3 ions, but only in minute amounts, typically undetectable in the pure acid because of the chemical equilibrium of the reaction. However, the ions are removed from the equilibrium by hydrochloric acid, forming 10533:

Corner, B.; Durrheim, R. J.; Nicolaysen, L. O. (1990). "Relationships between the Vredefort structure and the Witwatersrand basin within the tectonic framework of the Kaapvaal craton as interpreted from regional gravity and aeromagnetic data".

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transmuted several thousand atoms of bismuth into gold at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Gold can be manufactured in a nuclear reactor, but doing so is highly impractical and would cost far more than the value of the gold that is produced.

5563: 4097:. In both cases, satellite spectrometers at first only indirectly detected the resulting gold. However, in August 2017, the spectroscopic signatures of heavy elements, including gold, were observed by electromagnetic observatories in the 5466: 10641:

Tassara, Santiago; González-Jiménez, José M.; Reich, Martin; Schilling, Manuel E.; Morata, Diego; Begg, Graham; Saunders, Edward; Griffin, William L.; O’Reilly, Suzanne Y.; Grégoire, Michel; Barra, Fernando; Corgne, Alexandre (2017).

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Mézaille, Nicolas; Avarvari, Narcis; Maigrot, Nicole; Ricard, Louis; Mathey, François; Le Floch, Pascal; Cataldo, Laurent; Berclaz, Théo; Geoffroy, Michel (1999). "Gold(I) and Gold(0) Complexes of Phosphinine‐Based Macrocycles".

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of gold. This amount, along with estimations of the rate of occurrence of these neutron star merger events, suggests that such mergers may produce enough gold to account for most of the abundance of this element in the universe.

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Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022).

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was found growing from gold mining solution; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes, such as gold, silver, copper, iron and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides.

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material, especially if it is exotic and has to be brought some distance. Gold is, geologically, a relatively rare material on Earth and occurs only in specific places which are remote from most other places.

7209:. Though the gold stock grows by only 1% or 2% per year, very little metal is irretrievably consumed. Inventory above ground would satisfy many decades of industrial and even artisan uses at current prices. 7767:

in some high-energy applications (only silver and copper are more conductive per volume, but gold has the advantage of corrosion resistance). For example, gold electrical wires were used during some of the

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A 2004 research paper suggests that microbes can sometimes play an important role in forming gold deposits, transporting and precipitating gold to form grains and nuggets that collect in alluvial deposits.

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The average gold mining and extraction costs were about $ 317 per troy ounce in 2007, but these can vary widely depending on mining type and ore quality; global mine production amounted to 2,471.1 tonnes.

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Metallic and gold compounds have long been used for medicinal purposes. Gold, usually as the metal, is perhaps the most anciently administered medicine (apparently by shamanic practitioners) and known to

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From April 2001 to August 2011, spot gold prices more than quintupled in value against the US dollar, hitting a new all-time high of $ 1,913.50 on 23 August 2011, prompting speculation that the long

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In August 2020, the gold price picked up to US$ 2060 per ounce after a total growth of 59% from August 2018 to October 2020, a period during which it outplaced the Nasdaq total return of 54%.

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are typically made of gold. It is long lasting and unaffected by the passage of time and may aid in the ring symbolism of eternal vows before God and the perfection the marriage signifies. In

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The oldest known map of a gold mine was drawn in the 19th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt (1320–1200 BC), whereas the first written reference to gold was recorded in the 12th Dynasty around 1900 BC.

10954:"Furthermore the second member of Delegation XVIII is carrying four small but evidently heavy jars on a yoke, probably containing the gold dust which was the tribute paid by the Indians." in 8319:

in 2001 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society; gold contact allergies affect mostly women. Despite this, gold is a relatively non-potent contact allergen, in comparison with metals like

5506: 2240:. Gold's high malleability, ductility, resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions, as well as conductivity of electricity have led to its continued use in corrosion-resistant 4165:

rocks were laid down between 700 and 950 million years before the Vredefort impact. These gold-bearing rocks had furthermore been covered by a thick layer of Ventersdorp lavas and the

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of all metals. It can be drawn into a wire of single-atom width, and then stretched considerably before it breaks. Such nanowires distort via the formation, reorientation, and migration of

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of gold exist above ground. This is equal to a cube, with each side measuring roughly 21.7 meters (71 ft). The world's consumption of new gold produced is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in

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in 1924 by neutron bombardment. An American team, working without knowledge of Nagaoka's prior study, conducted the same experiment in 1941, achieving the same result and showing that the

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would hold 15,000 tonnes of gold. These figures are three orders of magnitude less than reported in the literature prior to 1988, indicating contamination problems with the earlier data.

5180: 4205:. In 2017, an international group of scientists established that gold "came to the Earth's surface from the deepest regions of our planet", the mantle, as evidenced by their findings at 3088: 6327:

In 1997, recycled gold accounted for approximately 20% of the 2700 tons of gold supplied to the market. Jewelry companies such as Generation Collection and computer companies including

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coast, thought to be the earliest "well-dated" finding of gold artifacts in history. Several prehistoric Bulgarian finds are considered no less old – the golden treasures of Hotnitsa,

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Gold extraction is also a highly energy-intensive industry, extracting ore from deep mines and grinding the large quantity of ore for further chemical extraction requires nearly 25

7939:, helping to limit the depth to which the electron beam penetrates the specimen. This improves definition of the position and topography of the specimen surface and increases the 11761: 5974:. Analysis of the extremely rare collection of 425 gold coins indicated that they were from the late 9th century. Dating to around 1,100 years back, the gold coins were from the 5587: 14563:

Tsuruta, Kyoko; Matsunaga, Kayoko; Suzuki, Kayoko; Suzuki, Rie; Akita, Hirotaka; Washimi, Yasuko; Tomitaka, Akiko; Ueda, Hiroshi (2001). "Female predominance of gold allergy".

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is golden. A person's most valued or most successful latter years are sometimes considered "golden years" or "golden jubilee". The height of a civilization is referred to as a

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of gold in its compounds ranges from −1 to +5, but Au(I) and Au(III) dominate its chemistry. Au(I), referred to as the aurous ion, is the most common oxidation state with soft

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mines are usually at least 3 ppm. Because ore grades of 30 ppm are usually needed before gold is visible to the naked eye, in most gold mines the gold is invisible.

5473: 5056:—where Rumpelstiltskin turns hay into gold for the peasant's daughter in return for her child when she becomes a princess—and the stealing of the hen that lays golden eggs in 7792:. In medieval times, gold was often seen as beneficial for the health, in the belief that something so rare and beautiful could not be anything but healthy. Even some modern 7428:

was equal to $ 20.67 ($ 0.665 per gram), but in 1934 the dollar was devalued to $ 35.00 per troy ounce ($ 0.889/g). By 1961, it was becoming hard to maintain this price, and

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which resulted in the discovery of some of the largest natural gold deposits in recorded history. The gold fields are confined to the northern and north-western edges of the

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and their trading market have become a small fraction of all markets and fixed exchange rates of currencies to gold have been replaced by floating prices for gold and gold

5226: 5290: 7243:. Gold has been used as a symbol for purity, value, royalty, and particularly roles that combine these properties. Gold as a sign of wealth and prestige was ridiculed by 4310:

of accompanying minerals followed by weathering; and by washing of the dust into streams and rivers, where it collects and can be welded by water action to form nuggets.

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of rocks before the meteor struck, and thus the gold did not actually arrive in the asteroid/meteorite. What the Vredefort impact achieved, however, was to distort the

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Wu, Ming-Ling; Tsai, Wei-Jen; Ger, Jiin; Deng, Jou-Fang; Tsay, Shyh-Haw; et al. (2001). "Cholestatic Hepatitis Caused by Acute Gold Potassium Cyanide Poisoning".

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Only 10% of the world consumption of new gold produced goes to industry, but by far the most important industrial use for new gold is in fabrication of corrosion-free

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and the direct convertibility of currencies to gold have been abandoned by world governments, led in 1971 by the United States' refusal to redeem its dollars in gold.

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Jung, Jaehoon; Kim, Hyemi; Kim, Jong Chan; Park, Min Hee; Han, Young-Kyu (2011). "Gold Behaves as Hydrogen in the Intermolecular Self-Interaction of Metal Aurides MAu

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followed by solders with progressively lower melting points, goldsmiths can assemble complex items with several separate soldered joints. Gold can also be made into

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By 2014, the gold jewelry industry was escalating despite a dip in gold prices. Demand in the first quarter of 2014 pushed turnover to $ 23.7 billion according to a

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wedding ceremonies, the wedded couple is adorned with a golden crown (though some opt for wreaths, instead) during the ceremony, an amalgamation of symbolic rites.

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that included thousands of people and nearly a hundred camels where he gave away so much gold that it depressed the price in Egypt for over a decade, causing high

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detectors confirmed the event as a neutron star merger. Current astrophysical models suggest that this single neutron star merger event generated between 3 and 13

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Its scarcity makes it a useful store of value; however, its relative rarity reduced its utility as a currency, especially for transactions in small denominations.

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gold) is designated as 24 karat, abbreviated 24k. English gold coins intended for circulation from 1526 into the 1930s were typically a standard 22k alloy called

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Richards, Douglas G.; McMillin, David L.; Mein, Eric A. & Nelson, Carl D. (January 2002). "Gold and its relationship to neurological/glandular conditions".

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or other economic disruptions, though its efficacy as such has been questioned; historically, it has not proven itself reliable as a hedging instrument. Modern

5245: 4185:, just inside the rim of the original 300 km (190 mi) diameter crater caused by the meteor strike. The discovery of the deposit in 1886 launched the 10520: 5497: 13493: 12370: 5161: 14341: 12422: 8429: 3624: 13516: 9399:

Aleklett, K.; Morrissey, D.; Loveland, W.; McGaughey, P.; Seaborg, G. (1981). "Energy dependence of Bi fragmentation in relativistic nuclear collisions".

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Since the 1880s, South Africa has been the source of a large proportion of the world's gold supply, and about 22% of the gold presently accounted is from

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transition metals, such as in titanium tetraauride and the analogous zirconium and hafnium compounds. These chemicals are expected to form gold-bridged

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Willbold, Matthias; Elliott, Tim; Moorbath, Stephen (2011). "The tungsten isotopic composition of the Earth's mantle before the terminal bombardment".

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when irradiated by an electron beam, and these low-energy electrons are the most commonly used signal source used in the scanning electron microscope.

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washstand (athénienne or lavabo), 1800–1814, legs, base and shelf of yew wood, gilt bronze mounts, iron plate beneath shelf, Metropolitan Museum of Art

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is most economical in large, easily mined deposits. Ore grades as little as 0.5 parts per million (ppm) can be economical. Typical ore grades in

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Well-defined cluster compounds are numerous. In some cases, gold has a fractional oxidation state. A representative example is the octahedral species

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are also important in commercial jewelry as these produce white gold alloys. Fourteen-karat gold-copper alloy is nearly identical in color to certain

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In popular culture gold is a high standard of excellence, often used in awards. Great achievements are frequently rewarded with gold, in the form of

5573: 14198: 9206: 6064:(with 276 tonnes) overtook South Africa as the world's largest gold producer, the first time since 1905 that South Africa had not been the largest. 7779:

It is estimated that 16% of the world's presently-accounted-for gold and 22% of the world's silver is contained in electronic technology in Japan.

7704:, thereby ensuring good connection. For example, gold is used in the connectors of the more expensive electronics cables, such as audio, video and 5992: 13159: 12556: 10335: 5516: 5089:. Trying to produce gold led the alchemists to systematically find out what can be done with substances, and this laid the foundation for today's 3364:

with many other metals at higher temperatures. These alloys can be produced to modify the hardness and other metallurgical properties, to control

16763: 11719: 8023:, flake or dust is used on and in some gourmet foods, notably sweets and drinks as decorative ingredient. Gold flake was used by the nobility in 5413: 1739: 7507:

Gold futures are traded on the COMEX exchange. These contacts are priced in USD per troy ounce (1 troy ounce = 31.1034768 grams). Below are the

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Hainfeld, James F.; Dilmanian, F. Avraham; Slatkin, Daniel N.; Smilowitz, Henry M. (2008). "Radiotherapy enhancement with gold nanoparticles".

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of gold was given the name of a unit of currency. For a long period, the United States government set the value of the US dollar so that one

6149: 6140:, in and around Johannesburg, but also in isolated patches to the south-east and south-west of Johannesburg, as well as in an arc around the 1979: 7916:, are applied as conductive coating to biological specimens and other non-conducting materials such as plastics and glass to be viewed in a 6078:

Relative sizes of an 860 kg (1,900 lb) block of gold ore and the 30 g (0.96 ozt) of gold that can be extracted from it,

4982:. The legends surrounding El Dorado changed over time, as it went from being a man, to a city, to a kingdom, and then finally to an empire. 13051: 8869: 3948:

consisting of Au and Au cations in its crystal structure has been found. It has been shown to be unexpectedly stable at normal conditions.

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Wolfgang Jeitschko; Manfred H. Moller (1979). "The crystal structures of Au2P3 and Au7P10I, polyphosphides with weak Au–Au interactions".

9734:. Oak Ridge, TN: National Academy of Sciences — National Research Council — Subcommittee on Radio Chemistry. US Atomic Energy Commission. 9165:

Schmidbaur, Hubert; Cronje, Stephanie; Djordjevic, Bratislav; Schuster, Oliver (2005). "Understanding gold chemistry through relativity".

9071: 7748:. Switch contacts are generally subjected to more intense corrosion stress than are sliding contacts. Fine gold wires are used to connect 5949:, those who had something of gold were in possession of something of great value on Earth and a substance to even help souls to paradise. 5835: 5769:

and other decorations. Winners of athletic events and other graded competitions are usually awarded a gold medal. Many awards such as the

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near Georgeville, North Carolina in 1803. The first major gold strike in the United States occurred in a small north Georgia town called

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published an opinion on the re-evaluation of gold as a food additive. Concerns included the possible presence of minute amounts of gold

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with other metals for use in jewelry, altering its hardness and ductility, melting point, color and other properties. Alloys with lower

3983:, which describes the tendency of gold ions to interact at distances that are too long to be a conventional Au–Au bond but shorter than 3172: 8253:

Pure metallic (elemental) gold is non-toxic and non-irritating when ingested and is sometimes used as a food decoration in the form of

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or anti-icing by passing electricity through it. The heat produced by the resistance of the gold is enough to prevent ice from forming.

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for investment or collector purposes do not require good mechanical wear properties; they are typically fine gold at 24k, although the

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A 2013 study has claimed water in faults vaporizes during an earthquake, depositing gold. When an earthquake strikes, it moves along a

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properties and at present two are still used as pharmaceuticals in the treatment of arthritis and other similar conditions in the US (

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to dissolve the gold. Cyanide is a highly poisonous chemical, which can kill living creatures when exposed in minute quantities. Many

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The European exploration of the Americas was fueled in no small part by reports of the gold ornaments displayed in great profusion by

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La Niece, Susan (senior metallurgist in the British Museum Department of Conservation and Scientific Research) (15 December 2009).

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It has been estimated that up to one-quarter of the yearly global gold production originates from artisanal or small scale mining.

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affairs for about twelve years until this day by reason of the large amount of gold which they brought into Egypt and spent there .

1692: 13713: 11249: 9735: 7884:, and can be made with tightly controlled particle sizes up to a few tens of nanometers across by reduction of gold chloride with 7019:

which in turn dissolves these heavy metals facilitating their passage into surface water and ground water. This process is called

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extensively, requiring some of the mining to occur at depths of nearly 4,000 m (13,000 ft), making them, especially the

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prints, gold toners produce red tones. Kodak published formulas for several types of gold toners, which use gold as the chloride.

1523: 13669: 11973:"Hijab – The Islamic Dress Code: Its historical development, evidence from sacred sources and views of selected Muslim scholars" 5614: 4149:

Gold which is reachable by humans has, in one case, been associated with a particular asteroid impact. The asteroid that formed

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occurred whenever large gold deposits were discovered. The first documented discovery of gold in the United States was at the

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in 2016, about 5,726,000,000 troy ounces (178,100 t) of gold has been accounted for, of which 85% remains in active use.

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without noticeable hardening. A single gram of gold can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square metre (11 sq ft), and an

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Whereas most metals are gray or silvery white, gold is slightly reddish-yellow. This color is determined by the frequency of

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had the resources to make them major gold-producing areas for much of history. One of the earliest known maps, known as the

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often focused on it; however, the transmutation of the chemical elements did not become possible until the understanding of

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was the world's leading gold-mining country, followed in order by Russia, Australia, the United States, Canada, and Ghana.

5987: 2225: 14418: 13457: 13024: 12793: 12343: 8767: 7365:(k), with 24 karat (24k) being pure gold (100%), and lower karat numbers proportionally less (18k = 75%). The purity of a 7201:

output is declining. With the sharp growth of economies in the 20th century, and increasing foreign exchange, the world's

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was driven in large part by reports of gold deposits in the region, which was eventually referred to by Europeans as the "

4259:. Electrum's color runs from golden-silvery to silvery, dependent upon the silver content. The more silver, the lower the 4189:. Some 22% of all the gold that is ascertained to exist today on Earth has been extracted from these Witwatersrand rocks. 3763:

of gold include +1 (gold(I) or aurous compounds) and +3 (gold(III) or auric compounds). Gold ions in solution are readily

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Central banks continue to keep a portion of their liquid reserves as gold in some form, and metals exchanges such as the

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light, making them useful as infrared (radiant heat) shields in the visors of heat-resistant suits and in sun visors for

2213:. Gold coins ceased to be minted as a circulating currency in the 1930s, and the world gold standard was abandoned for a 7015:

and mercury. When sulfide-bearing minerals in these ore dumps are exposed to air and water, the sulfide transforms into

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were also very large, and until very recently, still mined by opencast methods. They also exploited smaller deposits in

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Much of the rest of the gold on Earth is thought to have been incorporated into the planet since its very beginning, as

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Encyclopædia of Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical, and Analytical, as Applied to the Arts and Manufacturers: Glass-zinc

4912: 4606:("salt pit"). However, Varna gold is most often called the oldest since this treasure is the largest and most diverse. 4479:

Oldest golden artifacts in the world (4600–4200 BC) from Varna necropolis, Bulgaria — grave offerings on exposition in

2394:

among the metal's valence electrons, in the ultraviolet range for most metals but in the visible range for gold due to

13356: 5005:". From the late 15th to early 19th centuries, European trade in the region was primarily focused in gold, along with 120: 16464: 16428: 14732: 12913:

Norgate, Terry; Haque, Nawshad (2012). "Using life cycle assessment to evaluate some environmental impacts of gold".

12330: 11451: 11360: 11213: 11118: 10864: 10603: 10088:

Riedel, S.; Kaupp, M. (2006). "Revising the Highest Oxidation States of the 5d Elements: The Case of Iridium(+VII)".

9473: 8702: 8672: 8584: 8559: 7459:

estimated total global gold supply to be 3,859 tonnes and demand to be 3,754 tonnes, giving a surplus of 105 tonnes.

7194: 2050: 1144: 17920: 14861: 8173:

Gold can be manufactured so thin that it appears semi-transparent. It is used in some aircraft cockpit windows for

7448: 7187: 4054:(the yellow layer) is exposed at the "present surface" line, just inside the crater rim, on the left. Not to scale. 1496: 13376: 12597: 11059:

Gopher, A.; Tsuk, T.; Shalev, S. & Gophna, R. (August–October 1990). "Earliest Gold Artifacts in the Levant".

6164:

deltas before draining into the "Witwatersrand sea" where the rest of the Witwatersrand sediments were deposited.

4907:. This is the largest known gold coin minted in antiquity (169.2 g (5.97 oz); 58 mm (2.3 in)). 2530:

with a half-life of 30 μs. Most of gold's radioisotopes with atomic masses below 197 decay by some combination of

2455:, used by electron-microscopists, is red if the particles are small; larger particles of colloidal gold are blue. 16452: 12374: 8300:, are toxic by virtue of both their cyanide and gold content. There are rare cases of lethal gold poisoning from 7228:, for hardness (American gold coins for circulation after 1837 contain an alloy of 0.900 fine gold, or 21.6 kt). 6984: 6001: 5155:, receiving a "Jerusalem of Gold" (diadem). A Greek burial crown made of gold was found in a grave circa 370 BC. 14348: 14084:"Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Nanomedicine: Hybrid Nanoparticles In Imaging and Therapy of Prostate Cancer" 13307:"World Gold Council > value > research & statistics > statistics > supply and demand statistics" 12426: 10482:"Original size of the Vredefort Structure: Implications for the geological evolution of the Witwatersrand Basin" 7501:

had returned. However, the price then began a slow decline towards $ 1200 per troy ounce in late 2014 and 2015.

6958:

The consumption of gold produced in the world is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry.

6344:

produced in mining a kilogram of gold is 16 tonnes, while recycling a kilogram of gold produces 53 kilograms of

17935: 17915: 16747: 13542: 12539: 11704: 11313: 10913: 10213:

Berger, E.; Fong, W.; Chornock, R. (2013). "An r-process Kilonova Associated with the Short-hard GRB 130603B".

8977: 8002: 7988: 6293: 6156:

mines to the south-west of Johannesburg, the deepest mines on Earth. The gold is found only in six areas where

5546: 2395: 1732: 1631: 12662: 12640: 4758:

as having streets "made of pure gold, clear as crystal". Exploitation of gold in the south-east corner of the

2827:

Gold does not react with oxygen at any temperature and, up to 100 °C, is resistant to attack from ozone:

14679: 7652:

exploits the color contrasts between laminated colored gold alloys to produce decorative wood-grain effects.

7003: 2971:

react to form the corresponding gold halides. Gold is strongly attacked by fluorine at dull-red heat to form

9437: 8184:, to form the salt gold cyanide—a technique that has been used in extracting metallic gold from ores in the 17950: 16171: 14821: 14292: 11377: 8230: 7917: 5893: 2676: 2429:. Fourteen- and eighteen-karat gold alloys with silver alone appear greenish-yellow and are referred to as 14144: 10786:

This is doctoral research undertaken by Frank Reith at the Australian National University, published 2004.

10265:"we have no spectroscopic evidence that elements have truly been produced," wrote author Stephan Rosswog. 5857:

In some forms of Christianity and Judaism, gold has been associated both with the sacred and evil. In the

17925: 16323: 14202: 13590: 11674: 8798:"Atomic configuration and mechanical and electrical properties of stable gold wires of single-atom width" 8351: 7065: 5794: 5724:. This etymological relationship is presumably behind the frequent claim in scientific publications that 5152: 5042: 4480: 12573: 10773: 10320: 9362:

Sherr, R.; Bainbridge, K. T. & Anderson, H. H. (1941). "Transmutation of Mercury by Fast Neutrons".

5407:

pendant with two bat-head warriors who carry spears, 11th–16th century, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art

3779:

and dissolves, allowing the gold to be displaced from solution and be recovered as a solid precipitate.

17930: 17885: 17880: 16219: 14802: 13485: 10458: 10063: 8086: 7447:, which holds about 3% of the gold known to exist and accounted for today, as does the similarly laden 7326: 5171: 4766:, and this gold was important in the establishment of what is probably the world's earliest coinage in 4688: 4150: 4039: 1963: 1104: 13167: 11786:

Lubna Umar and Sarwet Rasul, "Critical Metaphor Analysis: Nawaz Sharif and the Myth of a Golden Time"

11716: 9143: 8093: 5048:

Gold played a role in western culture, as a cause for desire and of corruption, as told in children's

17910: 17341: 10192: 8125: 8082: 6351:

equivalent. Approximately 30 percent of the global gold supply is recycled and not mined as of 2020.

4974:

used by the Spanish Empire to describe a mythical tribal chief (zipa) of the Muisca native people in

4082: 4059: 3768: 2061: 1563: 13853: 13310: 12855: 11985: 11922: 11171:

1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. EA 245, "To the Queen Mother: Some Missing Gold Statues", pp. 84–86.

10796: 10003:

Seidel, S.; Seppelt, K. (2000). "Xenon as a Complex Ligand: The Tetra Xenono Gold(II) Cation in AuXe

8445: 6022: 4161:

with the richest gold deposits on earth. However, this scenario is now questioned. The gold-bearing

1792: 17895: 17177: 16999: 16719: 16316: 11192: 10064:"Striking rare gold: Researchers unveil new material infused with gold in an exotic chemical state" 8241: 7295: 7281: 6218: 5808: 1223: 14727:

Gold : the race for the world's most seductive metal", New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013.

13281: 13055: 12292: 8797: 7835:

inside the body (e.g., ingested gold cannot be attacked by stomach acid). Some gold salts do have

6144:

which lies close to the center of the Witwatersrand basin. From these surface exposures the basin

17900: 17808: 16901: 16877: 16480: 16164: 13433: 10616: 7760: 7737: 7470:

was set. Another record price was set on 17 March 2008, at $ 1023.50 per troy ounce ($ 32.91/g).

7311: 6234: 6182:

was at least partly over the rights of miners and possession of the gold wealth in South Africa.

6117: 5956: 5754: 5381: 4598:, the golden treasure Sakar, as well as beads and gold jewelry found in the Kurgan settlement of 4294:

deposits. The metal in a native state is also found in the form of free flakes, grains or larger

4186: 4046:

and how it distorted the contemporary geological structures. The present erosion level is shown.

1546: 1084: 17182: 13744: 11801: 11405:

A fistful of shells : West Africa from the rise of the slave trade to the age of revolution

10321:"LIGO and Virgo make first detection of gravitational waves produced by colliding neutron stars" 8144:, in infrared protective faceplates in thermal-protection suits and astronauts' helmets, and in 5037:

merchants. British desires to secure control of West African gold deposits played a role in the

4582:

and are dating back to the 5th millennium BC (4,600 BC to 4,200 BC), such as those found in the

4274:

Native gold occurs as very small to microscopic particles embedded in rock, often together with

2736:

Although gold is the most noble of the noble metals, it still forms many diverse compounds. The

16291: 12831: 11980: 11917: 9102: 8725: 8301: 8237: 7440: 7319: 6230: 5927: 5086: 5057: 5034: 5026: 4994: 4814: 4428:

contain gold. Measured concentrations of gold in the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific are 50–150

4143: 3945: 2042: 1807: 1111: 1096: 1072: 76: 24: 14626: 14252: 13952: 13687: 13573: 13078: 12964: 12937: 12495: 12468: 12441: 12082: 12059: 11689: 9977: 9219: 8601: 5811:. Similarly, gold is associated with perfect or divine principles, such as in the case of the 5074:

75% of the presently accounted for gold has been extracted since 1910, two-thirds since 1950.

4548: 2575:

have also been characterized, ranging in atomic mass from 170 to 200. Within that range, only

1143: 17890: 17708: 16500: 14325: 14225: 14057: 13242: 13215: 12286:"Removal of Barriers to the Abatement of Global Mercury Pollution from Artisanal Gold Mining" 12230:"Global Trends in Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM): A review of key numbers and issues" 9821: 9796: 9127: 8692: 8363: 7859: 7840: 7692: 7475: 7342: 6222: 5824: 5333: 5094: 4895: 4306:. Such free gold is always richer at the exposed surface of gold-bearing veins, owing to the 4210: 3764: 2821: 2779: 2257: 2147: 1956: 1651: 1641: 17: 14763: 14445: 12998: 12572: 12396: 12243:– via Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development. 11875:

Moors, Annelies (2013). "Wearing gold, owning gold: the multiple meanings of gold jewelry".

10834: 10497: 8662: 8545:

Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds".

8218:. Gold chloride and gold oxide are used to make cranberry or red-colored glass, which, like 8117:

black-and-white prints towards brown or blue tones, or to increase their stability. Used on

17545: 17202: 16727: 16580: 14904: 14810: 13980:

Faulk, W. P.; Taylor, G. M. (1971). "An immunocolloid method for the electron microscope".

13666: 13111: 13080:

The Mint: A Day-book of the R.A.F. Depot Between August and December 1922, with Later Notes

12736: 12175: 10925: 10886: 10830: 10655: 10543: 10493: 10395: 10331: 10278: 10232: 10162: 10028: 9808: 9769: 9541: 9498: 9410: 9373: 9328: 9294: 9278: 9174: 8878: 8812: 8316: 8289: 7848: 7797: 7749: 7701: 7377: 7160: 7156: 7124: 7122:

The first known coins containing gold were struck in Lydia, Asia Minor, around 600 BC. The

6609: 6214: 6068: 5946: 5886: 5851: 5457: 5010: 4610:

Lower Mesopotamia during the early 4th millennium. As of 1990, gold artifacts found at the

3833: 2817: 2489: 2485: 2326: 2241: 1513: 1464: 1416: 14377: 11643: 11618: 10438: 10188: 7197:

still clear transactions denominated in gold, including future delivery contracts. Today,

7175:

was the last country to tie its currency to gold; this was ended by a referendum in 1999.

7007:

Gold ore dumps are the source of many heavy elements such as cadmium, lead, zinc, copper,

5097:. Their symbol for gold was the circle with a point at its center (☉), which was also the 4221: 8: 17540: 16671: 16649: 16531: 14576: 14086:. Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute, University of Missouri-Columbia. Archived from 13428: 12676: 9442: 8375: 8262: 7931:, has a triple role in this application. Gold's very high electrical conductivity drains 7902: 7897: 7729: 7666:

is used for joining the components of gold jewelry by high-temperature hard soldering or

7494: 7284:

continue to be minted in 22k (0.92) metal in historical tradition, and the South African

7277: 7132: 6121: 5912: 5882: 5820: 5804: 5782: 5621: 5194: 5167: 5002: 4986: 4716: 4712: 4638: 4631: 4170: 4154: 4090: 4063: 4051: 3984: 3918: 3806: 3741: 3357: 2664: 2175: 1661: 1233: 13095: 12889:"'Babies here are born sick': are Bolivia's gold mines poisoning its indigenous people?" 12740: 11946: 11262: 10929: 10890: 10659: 10547: 10399: 10282: 10236: 10166: 10032: 9812: 9773: 9545: 9502: 9414: 9377: 9332: 9298: 9178: 8882: 8816: 8739: 7847:). These drugs have been explored as a means to help to reduce the pain and swelling of 6378:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

6060:. Production in 1970 accounted for 79% of the world supply, about 1,480 tonnes. In 2007 4038:

Schematic of a NE (left) to SW (right) cross-section through the 2.020-billion-year-old

3337:

Unlike sulfur, phosphorus reacts directly with gold at elevated temperatures to produce

16949: 16929: 16870: 16793: 16611: 16603: 14753: 14588: 14545: 14502: 14489: 14472: 14126: 13898: 13814: 13721: 12754: 11857: 11422: 11084: 11076: 10684: 10643: 10506: 10481: 10419: 10302: 10248: 10222: 9728: 9514: 9344: 9094: 9047: 8907: 8864: 8628: 8278: 8145: 7944: 7940: 7867: 7656: 7456: 7370: 7330: 7307: 7249: 7020: 6995: 6962: 6238: 6210: 6136:

and surrounding provinces. These Witwatersrand rocks are exposed at the surface on the

5773:

are made from gold as well. Other award statues and prizes are depicted in gold or are

5685: 5607: 5038: 4842: 4818: 4751: 4564:". Small amounts of natural gold have been found in Spanish caves used during the late 4102: 3997: 3971: 3967: 3951: 2982: 2972: 2786: 2685:, has long been a subject of human inquiry, and the ancient and medieval discipline of 2449:, and other elements can produce more unusual colors of gold for various applications. 2391: 2150:

gold and confirm the presence of gold in metallic substances, giving rise to the term '

1621: 1573: 1451: 1348: 1215: 1209: 14271: 12228:

Fritz, Morgane; McQuilken, James; Collins, Nina; Weldegiorgis, Fitsum (January 2018).

12133: 10267:

Rosswog, Stephan (29 August 2013). "Astrophysics: Radioactive glow as a smoking gun".

10244: 8077: 7622: 4810: 4774:

dating from eighth century BCE may refer to the use of fleeces to trap gold dust from

4556:

The earliest recorded metal employed by humans appears to be gold, which can be found

2568:

path (7%). All of gold's radioisotopes with atomic masses above 197 decay by β decay.

2244:

in all types of computerized devices (its chief industrial use). Gold is also used in

17396: 16979: 16837: 16735: 16679: 16658: 16619: 15755: 14847: 14728: 14689: 14669: 14632: 14580: 14537: 14494: 14451: 14231: 14180: 14118: 14063: 14038: 13997: 13993: 13960: 13933: 13890: 13806: 13750: 13693: 13647: 13615: 13248: 13221: 13004: 12970: 12943: 12564: 12535: 12501: 12474: 12447: 12326: 12167: 12113: 12086: 12009: 11892: 11884: 11849: 11741: 11700: 11598: 11573: 11548: 11523: 11498: 11447: 11408: 11383: 11356: 11317: 11270: 11209: 11137: 11114: 11088: 10988: 10937: 10860: 10842: 10719: 10689: 10671: 10599: 10576: 10555: 10411: 10294: 10105: 10044: 9983: 9923: 9884: 9844: 9692: 9665: 9640: 9584: 9469: 9401: 9225: 9098: 8956: 8912: 8894: 8838: 8698: 8668: 8607: 8580: 8555: 8527: 8489: 8461: 8328: 8305: 8223: 7905:, the immunogold labels appear as extremely dense round spots at the position of the 7893: 7877: 7863: 7836: 7808: 7769: 7764: 7759:

The concentration of free electrons in gold metal is 5.91×10 cm. Gold is highly

7235:

group metals can be much higher, gold has long been considered the most desirable of

7136: 7036: 6991: 6194: 5975: 5438: 5404: 5102: 5018: 4654: 4615: 4496: 4448: 4372: 4341: 3829: 3810: 3749: 3408: 3376: 3372: 3353: 3323: 2992: 2698: 2693:

in the 20th century. The first synthesis of gold was conducted by Japanese physicist

2322: 2309: 2265: 2179: 2171: 2136: 2132: 2105: 2046: 1772: 1763: 1458: 1370: 1360: 1038: 731: 14784: 14592: 14549: 14506: 14130: 14087: 14017:"FITC-protein A-gold complex for light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry" 13902: 11861: 9348: 9306: 7369:

or coin can also be expressed as a decimal figure ranging from 0 to 1, known as the

4512: 4487: 4085:, but more recently it has been suggested that gold and other elements heavier than 2800:. The gold atom centers in Au(III) complexes, like other d compounds, are typically 17306: 17135: 17089: 17009: 16785: 16711: 16628: 16551: 16255: 16250: 15819: 15524: 15353: 15182: 15101: 15020: 14993: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14717: 14572: 14529: 14484: 14170: 14110: 14028: 13989: 13925: 13882: 13854:

An experimental study on the preparation of gold nanoparticles and their properties

13798: 12918: 12758: 12744: 12527: 11990: 11927: 11841: 11168: 11156: 11106: 11068: 10980: 10933: 10894: 10838: 10679: 10663: 10551: 10501: 10423: 10403: 10306: 10286: 10269: 10240: 10170: 10097: 10036: 9979:

Handbook of chalcogen chemistry: new perspectives in sulfur, selenium and tellurium

9958: 9915: 9876: 9816: 9797:"Effects of relativistic motion of electrons on the chemistry of gold and platinum" 9777: 9576: 9549: 9518: 9506: 9418: 9381: 9336: 9302: 9186: 9182: 9086: 8902: 8886: 8828: 8820: 8643: 8519: 8453: 8204: 8133: 7959: 7928: 7429: 7206: 7139:(convertible into gold coin at the issuing bank) added to the circulating stock of 7085: 7055: 6965:, China was the world's largest single consumer of gold in 2013, overtaking India. 6304: 6248: 6017: 5374: 5144: 5113: 4990: 4794: 4790: 4739: 4670: 4583: 4260: 4202: 4135: 4119: 4034: 3871: 3802: 3737: 3726: 3424: 3380: 3327: 2775: 2758: 2710: 2702: 2464: 2305: 2228:

was China, followed by Russia and Australia. As of 2020, a total of around 201,296

2202: 2163: 2151: 2077: 2034: 2030: 1991: 1857: 1818: 1725: 1613: 1476: 1089: 1077: 13916:

Merchant, B. (1998). "Gold, the Noble Metal and the Paradoxes of its Toxicology".

13818: 13402: 13332: 12922: 11292: 10751: 10252: 8930: 8890: 7613: 3889:. Originally thought to be a mixed-valence compound, it has been shown to contain 2785:

Au(III) (referred to as auric) is a common oxidation state, and is illustrated by

2280:

Gold can be drawn into a monatomic wire, and then stretched more before it breaks.

17401: 17336: 17147: 17120: 16637: 16391: 16279: 16270: 16260: 16245: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14841: 14806: 14723: 14659: 14611: 14422: 14299: 13860: 13839: 13643:

Professional goldsmithing: a contemporary guide to traditional jewelry techniques

13641: 13360: 12838: 12816: 12797: 12778: 12107: 12036: 11723: 11696: 11350: 11187: 11180: 11131: 10957: 10713: 10040: 9686: 9364: 9274: 9011: 9004: 8982: 8865:"Synthesis and modelling of the mechanical properties of Ag, Au and Cu nanowires" 8185: 8137: 8107: 8024: 7935:

to earth, and its very high density provides stopping power for electrons in the

7932: 7645: 7598: 7024: 6303:

After initial production, gold is often subsequently refined industrially by the

6289: 6285: 6268: 6226: 6168: 5931: 5870: 5819:. Gold is further associated with the wisdom of aging and fruition. The fiftieth 5750: 5512: 5434: 5359: 5348: 5214: 5121: 5053: 4887: 4834: 4793:, new methods for extracting gold on a large scale were developed by introducing 4727: 4693: 4413: 4279: 4174: 4166: 4139: 4131: 3825: 3760: 3331: 3002: 2753: 2737: 2694: 2690: 2531: 2527: 2210: 1995: 1843: 1406: 1326: 9532:

Johnson, P. B.; Christy, R. W. (1972). "Optical Constants of the Noble Metals".

9489:

Hammer, B.; Norskov, J. K. (1995). "Why gold is the noblest of all the metals".

9090: 9025:"Largest Private Refinery Discovers Gold-Plated Tungsten Bar | Coin Update" 8524:

10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991102)38:21<3194::AID-ANIE3194>3.0.CO;2-O

8258: 7148:

shipments were made exclusively for bilateral trades or to pay war reparations.

4935:

regarded gold as the product of the gods, calling it literally "god excrement" (

4520:, between circa 600–1600 AD. The figure refers to the ceremony of the legend of 2778:, form zigzag polymeric chains, again featuring linear coordination at Au. Most 2565: 17754: 17698: 17686: 17615: 17259: 17197: 16201: 16187: 14884: 14816: 13000:

The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Trade and industry in the Middle Ages

12790: 12347: 11764:, Institute of geological and Nuclear sciences Ltd – Retrieved 7 June 2012 10962:. Institut français de recherches en Iran (section archéologique). p. 146. 10667: 8824: 8647: 8297: 8197: 8193: 8180:

Gold is attacked by and dissolves in alkaline solutions of potassium or sodium

8114: 8065: 7892:

ions. Colloidal gold is used in research applications in medicine, biology and

7873: 7236: 6999: 6699: 6335: 6312: 6206: 6172: 6145: 6141: 6095: 5858: 5778: 5611: 5278: 5218: 5030: 5022: 5014: 4979: 4775: 4708: 4459:

did research on the extraction of gold from sea water in an effort to help pay

4303: 4283: 4244: 4206: 4127: 3798: 3772: 3745: 3384: 3338: 3006: 2723: 2572: 2452: 2399: 2337: 2186: 2167: 2117: 2081: 2073: 2069: 1876: 1680: 1603: 1468: 1332: 1243: 1138: 136: 16974: 13802: 13363:, Gold – London PM Fix 1975 – present (GIF), Retrieved 22 July 2006. 12809: 12749: 12724: 12235:(Report). Winnipeg Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development 12171: 11110: 11009:"Mystery of the Varna Gold: What Caused These Ancient Societies to Disappear?" 10984: 9781: 5877:

was said to be rich in gold and silver, and Moses was instructed to cover the

4978:, who, as an initiation rite, covered himself with gold dust and submerged in 2728: 17875: 17869: 17829: 17759: 17718: 17386: 17140: 17125: 17074: 16283: 15978: 14184: 14175: 14158: 13772:"Japan wants citizens to donate their old phone to make 2020 Olympics medals" 13673: 12568: 12531: 11896: 11888: 11829: 10898: 10818: 10675: 9422: 8898: 8842: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8465: 8381: 8270: 8149: 7936: 7444: 7417: 7168: 7164: 7140: 7116: 7069: 7043: 7032: 7016: 6974: 6489: 6244: 6161: 6137: 6079: 6049: 5790: 5531: 5263: 5232: 5143:

has ornamental gold-leafed statues and roofs. Some European king and queen's

5125: 5064: 4826: 4771: 4755: 4743: 4723: 4452: 4443:

A number of people have claimed to be able to economically recover gold from

4198: 4182: 4162: 3988: 3979: 3388: 3365: 2805: 2801: 2667:, and alpha decay. No other isomer or isotope of gold has three decay paths. 2493: 2344:, such as by plating a tungsten bar with gold. By comparison, the density of 2249: 2237: 2214: 2206: 2011: 1949: 1797: 1583: 1434: 1392: 1197: 1172: 1158: 1054: 901: 14770:

New World Gold: Cultural Anxiety and Monetary Disorder in Early Modern Spain

14159:"Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of gold (E 175) as a food additive" 13517:"Gold Extends Biggest Decline in 18 Months After CME Raises Futures Margins" 11228: 9553: 7772:'s atomic experiments, but large high-current silver wires were used in the 6273: 6185: 6074: 1717: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17796: 17749: 17579: 17525: 17311: 17192: 17152: 17044: 16032: 15861: 15566: 14966: 14899: 14584: 14541: 14122: 13929: 13894: 13886: 13810: 13543:"Financial Planning|Gold starts 2006 well, but this is not a 25-year high!" 13380: 11853: 11806: 11444:

The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast

11294:[Monnaie : 20 Statères, Or, Incertain, Bactriane, Eucratide I] 11037:"Archaeologists have discovered the oldest treasure in the world – Afrinik" 10774:"Environment & Nature News – Bugs grow gold that looks like coral" 10693: 10415: 10298: 10123: 10109: 10101: 10048: 9927: 9919: 9888: 9588: 9385: 8916: 8531: 8006: 7852: 7753: 7722: 7602: 7483: 7299: 7273: 7202: 7183: 7152: 6549: 6308: 6113: 6057: 5952: 5840: 5812: 5311: 5198: 5148: 5085: — presumably by the interaction with a mythical substance called the 4944: 4900: 4838: 4822: 4682: 4674: 4561: 4557: 4240: 4225: 4178: 4158: 4130:. Therefore, as hypothesized in one model, most of the gold in the Earth's 4094: 4071: 4067: 4047: 4043: 3396: 2374: 2369: 2198: 2057: 1849: 1824: 1593: 1538: 943: 810: 584: 14750:

War and Gold: A Five-Hundred-Year History of Empires, Adventures, and Debt

14533: 14498: 14114: 14042: 14001: 13937: 13686:

Krech III, Shepard; Merchant, Carolyn; McNeill, John Robert, eds. (2004).

11845: 8754: 8579:. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. 8457: 2539: 17802: 17791: 17681: 17520: 17470: 17465: 17381: 17223: 17099: 17049: 16924: 16919: 16412: 16086: 16050: 16041: 15951: 15933: 15924: 14961: 14033: 14016: 13462: 12497:

Separation, preconcentration, and spectrophotometry in inorganic analysis

12206: 11407:(Penguin Books Ltd. Kindle-Version ed.). London. pp. 108, 247. 8404: 8398: 8309: 8189: 8106:

Gold produces a deep, intense red color when used as a coloring agent in

8098: 7793: 7789: 7676: 7649: 7641: 7498: 7487: 7479: 7467: 7463: 7433: 7401: 7397: 7381: 7361: 7356: 7244: 7217: 7198: 7172: 7144: 7101: 7039:

in humans causes incurable brain function damage and severe retardation.

6779: 6316: 6256: 6190: 6091: 6013: 5897: 5862: 5816: 5786: 5774: 5770: 5569: 5419: 4998: 4916: 4870: 4854: 4806: 4779: 4735: 4623: 4565: 4544:. This old Muisca tradition became the origin of the legend of El Dorado. 4541: 4531: 4517: 4464: 4456: 4433: 4376: 4353: 4295: 4236: 4123: 3987:. The interaction is estimated to be comparable in strength to that of a 3840: 3404: 3392: 2771: 2706: 2535: 2497: 2301: 2288:

A gold nugget of 5 mm (0.20 in) in size can be hammered into a

2218: 2128: 2065: 2038: 1928: 1905: 1863: 1698: 1352: 1023: 985: 957: 950: 880: 866: 859: 13833: 12856:"Pollution from Artisanal Gold Mining, Blacksmith Institute Report 2012" 11830:"The Greatest Metaphor Ever Mixed: Gold in the British Bible, 1750–1850" 11669: 10407: 9963:

10.1002/1521-3749(200109)627:9<2112::AID-ZAAC2112>3.0.CO;2-2

8009:

in the food additive, and that gold nanoparticles have been shown to be

7979: 3974:, is the sole example of gold(V), the highest verified oxidation state. 2484:, which is also its only naturally occurring isotope, so gold is both a 1427: 1177:

3243 K (2970 °C, 5378 °F)

17625: 17570: 17445: 17358: 17316: 17218: 17167: 17104: 17079: 16954: 16211: 16095: 16023: 15996: 15969: 15629: 15611: 15584: 15415: 15406: 15145: 14743: 14700: 13353: 11080: 9340: 8446:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 8357: 8285: 8266: 8167: 8118: 8061: 8031: 7921: 7828: 7820: 7804: 7718: 7680: 7606: 7425: 7322:

but changed the reverse design in 1989. Other modern coins include the

7285: 7260:

currency code of gold is XAU. Many holders of gold store it in form of

7225: 5920: 5878: 5762: 5352: 5068: 4904: 4850: 4830: 4701: 4627: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4429: 4325: 4321: 4256: 4106: 3902: 3400: 2430: 2261: 2233: 2143: 2124: 2015: 992: 936: 915: 894: 633: 619: 598: 470: 463: 264: 17326: 14738:

Johnson, Harry G. "The gold rush of 1968 in retrospect and prospect".

12772:

Cyanide spills from gold mine compared to Chernobyl's nuclear disaster

11994: 11931: 9580: 8833: 7708:

cables. The benefit of using gold over other connector metals such as

7696:

in gold from just this application. (Prices updated to November 2022)

7060: 6319:, or refining methods based on the dissolution of gold in aqua regia. 5652: 4817:

enabled them to sluice most of a large alluvial deposit. The mines at

4649:

claimed was "more plentiful than dirt" in Egypt. Egypt and especially

4447:, but they were either mistaken or acted in an intentional deception. 4255:

is elemental gold with more than 20% silver, and is commonly known as

4173:

in such a way that the gold-bearing rocks were brought to the present

3716:{\displaystyle {\ce {Au{}+4HCl{}+HNO3->HAuCl4{}+NO\uparrow +2H2O}}} 2770:, which is the soluble form of gold encountered in mining. The binary 1483: 17771: 17764: 17635: 17630: 17610: 17535: 17460: 17454: 17435: 17331: 17272: 17187: 17084: 17019: 16994: 16984: 16914: 16893: 16347: 16104: 16077: 16068: 15915: 15897: 15888: 15879: 15665: 15575: 15548: 15496: 15442: 15424: 15388: 15368: 15307: 15244: 15188: 15127: 15116: 15035: 14986: 14976: 14971: 14707:

Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919–1939

13789:

Kean, W. F.; Kean, I. R. L. (2008). "Clinical pharmacology of gold".

12698: 11023:"World's Oldest Gold Object May Have Just Been Unearthed in Bulgaria" 10640: 9880: 9510: 8254: 8212: 8141: 8051: 8020: 8010: 7955: 7913: 7889: 7844: 7824: 7733: 7452: 7315: 7269: 6669: 6252: 6202: 6176: 6103: 5800: 5385: 5299:

funerary wreath, 4th–3rd century BC, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art

5296: 5266:

cast openwork dagger hilt, 6th–5th centuries BC, gold, British Museum

5190: 5098: 5090: 4970: 4951:

gold was considered useless and they saw much greater value in other

4947:

was killed, most of this gold was shipped to Spain. However, for the

4874: 4783: 4759: 4658: 4642: 4619: 4611: 4587: 4536: 4521: 4444: 4337: 4329: 4314: 4307: 4266: 4078: 4077:

Traditionally, gold in the universe is thought to have formed by the

3776: 3615:{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+6H2SeO4->Au2(SeO4)3{}+3H2SeO3{}+3H2O}}} 2745: 2512: 2442: 2438: 2414: 2410: 2318: 2297: 2289: 2253: 2190: 2142:. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid alone, which dissolves silver and 2113: 2112:. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with 2101: 2019: 1777: 1533: 1398: 999: 978: 971: 852: 838: 831: 824: 661: 591: 570: 533: 491: 477: 449: 431: 387: 338: 294: 250: 241: 181: 14676:

The Age of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the New American Dream

13546: 11049:

Sutherland, C.H.V, Gold (London, Thames & Hudson, 1959) p 27 ff.

10941: 10290: 9660:

Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils & Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001).

8043: 7594: 7347: 7143:

money in most 19th century industrial economies. In preparation for

3482: 3291: 3211: 3131: 3051: 2912: 2681:

The possible production of gold from a more common element, such as

17839: 17813: 17739: 17666: 17605: 17595: 17590: 17550: 17490: 17480: 17440: 17422: 17411: 17406: 17321: 17277: 17162: 17157: 17094: 17034: 17024: 16989: 16964: 16939: 16934: 16059: 15960: 15843: 15825: 15800: 15791: 15764: 15737: 15701: 15692: 15674: 15602: 15593: 15487: 15359: 15325: 15235: 15226: 15217: 15208: 15163: 15082: 15064: 14999: 12725:"The environmental impact of gold mines: pollution by heavy metals" 11972: 11911: 11072: 10174: 9759: 9608: 8627:

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).

8274: 8129: 8014: 7998: 7951: 7816: 7812: 7773: 7745: 7714: 7671: 7413: 7366: 7306:

Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin has a purity of 99.99%. In 2006, the

7265: 7257: 7240: 7232: 7213: 7112: 7012: 6839: 6027: 5939: 5866: 5844: 5377: 5251:

Ancient Egyptian signet ring, 664–525 BC, gold, British Museum

5140: 5129: 4975: 4956: 4952: 4928: 4798: 4599: 4579: 4299: 4252: 4098: 3790:

The −1 oxidation state occurs in aurides, compounds containing the

3725:

Gold is similarly unaffected by most bases. It does not react with

2991:. Gold reacts with bromine at 140 °C to form a combination of 2809: 2749: 2402:

around gold atoms. Similar effects impart a golden hue to metallic

2341: 2333: 2314: 2245: 2155: 2089: 1883: 1703: 1167: (1064.18 °C, 1947.52 °F) 1030: 964: 887: 796: 782: 766: 759: 738: 717: 689: 682: 668: 612: 605: 526: 424: 401: 331: 324: 317: 310: 278: 218: 204: 156: 11802:"What Is the Gold Standard? Advantages, Alternatives, and History" 10227: 10149:

Seeger, Philip A.; Fowler, William A.; Clayton, Donald D. (1965).

9729:"Nuclear Science Series (NAS-NS 3036) The Radio Chemistry of Gold" 9398: 9245: 9164: 5422:

hollow model of a llama, 14th-15th centuries, gold, British Museum

4475: 3824:

Gold also has a –1 oxidation state in covalent complexes with the

2409:

Common colored gold alloys include the distinctive eighteen-karat

2332:

Gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm, almost identical to that of

17834: 17744: 17656: 17565: 17530: 17515: 17500: 17485: 17475: 17348: 17282: 17233: 17172: 17029: 17004: 16969: 16156: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16014: 16005: 15987: 15942: 15870: 15852: 15782: 15728: 15710: 15683: 15656: 15638: 15620: 15530: 15460: 15433: 15397: 15379: 15343: 15334: 15316: 15298: 15197: 15136: 15026: 14981: 14853: 14100: 12262: 12227: 12202:"China now world's largest gold producer; foreign miners at door" 10523:. Cosmos Magazine (28 July 2008). Retrieved on 12 September 2013. 10480:

Therriault, A. M.; Grieve, R. A. F. & Reimold, W. U. (1997).

8425: 8392: 8293: 8219: 8208: 8181: 8174: 8163: 8156: 8064:

composed of a pure metal that is sometimes gold, and is used for

8039: 7906: 7885: 7741: 7667: 7409: 7405: 7359:

and by grams. The proportion of gold in the alloy is measured by

7323: 7261: 7105: 7077: 7008: 6809: 6278: 6157: 6153: 6133: 6125: 5874: 5603: 5592: 5586: 5493: 5336:

lime container, 5th–9th century, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art

5318: 5151:

since antiquity. An ancient Talmudic text circa 100 AD describes

5078: 4940: 4924: 4731: 4697: 4678: 4662: 4646: 4504: 4499: 4492: 4460: 4333: 4318: 2968: 2686: 2564:, which decays most often by electron capture (93%) with a minor 2470: 2403: 2276: 2194: 2159: 2023: 1182: 929: 922: 908: 873: 817: 803: 752: 710: 696: 675: 654: 640: 626: 556: 505: 484: 456: 442: 415: 408: 394: 380: 301: 257: 174: 12641:"Gold Demand Trends | Investment | World Gold Council" 12423:"Gold mine production costs up by 17% in 2006 while output fell" 12064:

The Encyclopedia of Islam and Law, Oxford Islamic Studies Online

11291:

Monnaie, Eucratide I. (roi de Bactriane) Autorité émettrice de.

8236:

In recent years, gold has been used as a symbol of pride by the

7376:

The price of gold is determined through trading in the gold and

7178: 6045: 4153:

2.020 billion years ago is often credited with seeding the

51: 17734: 17640: 17600: 17575: 17510: 17495: 17391: 17376: 17371: 17287: 17238: 17228: 16944: 16909: 16704: 15906: 15834: 15719: 15647: 15557: 15539: 15505: 15469: 15451: 15280: 15271: 15262: 15154: 15107: 15073: 15055: 15010: 13458:"Gold futures hit closing record as investors fret rescue deal" 12346:. North Carolina Office of Archives and History. Archived from 11738:

Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages

11379:

The Portuguese in West Africa, 1415–1670: A Documentary History

11052: 10644:"Plume-subduction interaction forms large auriferous provinces" 9976:

Wickleder, Mathias S. (2007). Devillanova, Francesco A. (ed.).

8442: 8320: 8047: 7963: 7663: 7421: 7385: 7093: 7073: 6579: 6519: 5963: 5916: 5807:

used gold symbolism when referring to what is now known as the

5766: 5710: 5453: 5356: 5314: 5281: 5132: 4666: 4437: 4364: 4287: 4275: 3818: 3753: 3734: 2741: 2446: 2422: 2418: 2383: 2379: 2349: 2178:

alloys, and as the gold acts simply as a solute, this is not a

2109: 2097: 2085: 1164: 1011: 845: 789: 703: 647: 577: 563: 540: 512: 498: 366: 359: 352: 271: 234: 211: 197: 165: 12781:. Deseretnews.com (14 February 2000). Retrieved on 4 May 2012. 12699:"It's official: China overtakes India as top consumer of gold" 12134:"Israeli dig unearths large trove of early Islamic gold coins" 11760:

Christie, A and Brathwaite, R. (Last updated 2 November 2011)

9464:

Shipman, James; Wilson, Jerry D.; Higgins, Charles A. (2012).

8664:

The Monetary History of Gold: A Documentary History, 1660–1999

8486:

Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements

8207:) solutions are used to make colloidal gold by reduction with 4622:

were the earliest from the Levant. Gold artifacts such as the

4455:

in the 1890s, as did an English fraudster in the early 1900s.

17713: 17703: 17693: 17676: 17671: 17661: 17620: 17450: 17430: 17366: 17298: 17039: 17014: 16959: 16120: 15809: 15514: 15172: 15046: 14059:

Electron microscopy: principles and techniques for biologists

10575:. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. pp. 89–90, 102–107, 134–136. 10361:"Neutron star mergers may create much of the universe's gold" 8508: 7925: 7881: 7637: 7618: 7108: 7097: 7089: 6983:

Gold production is associated with contribution to hazardous

6749: 6639: 6459: 6429: 6160:

rivers from the north and north-west formed extensive pebbly

6099: 6094:

aims at exploitation of rich fields in the high mountains of

6083: 6061: 6031: 5971: 5967: 5935: 5904: 5647: 5186: 5049: 5006: 4964: 4960: 4932: 4866: 4862: 4802: 4767: 4763: 4696:, funerary or marriage material, 370–360 BC; from a grave in 4650: 4425: 4248: 3922: 3794: 3787:

Less common oxidation states of gold include −1, +2, and +5.

3730: 3361: 2641:

with a half-life of 2.27 days. Gold's least stable isomer is

2426: 2229: 2139: 2093: 2026: 2002: 1151: 1117: 773: 547: 285: 190: 16862: 14608:"Ubiquitous nickel wins skin contact allergy award for 2008" 14562: 13244:

Brief History of the Gold Standard (GS) in the United States

12520: 9867:

Jansen, Martin (2008). "The chemistry of gold as an anion".

8257:. Metallic gold is also a component of the alcoholic drinks 8140:. It is used for the protective coatings on many artificial 4903:(171–145 BC), one of the Hellenistic rulers of ancient 2981:. Powdered gold reacts with chlorine at 180 °C to form 2123:

Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in

17585: 17560: 17555: 17505: 15773: 15289: 15253: 15091: 14783: 13746:

Electronic, Magnetic, and Optical Materials, Second Edition

12966:

Athens, Its History and Coinage Before the Persian Invasion

12702: 12159:

Munteen, John L.; Davis, David A.; Ayling, Bridget (2017).

11913:

Myths and Reality: Meaning in Moroccan Muslim Women's Dress

10327: 9272: 8369: 8341: 8296:

salts of gold such as potassium gold cyanide, used in gold

8215: 8113:

In photography, gold toners are used to shift the color of

8057: 6328: 6179: 5908: 5889: 5389: 5236: 5117: 5082: 4920: 4858: 4747: 4526: 4368: 4291: 4086: 2872:{\displaystyle {\ce {Au + O2 ->}}({\text{no reaction}})} 2682: 2434: 2345: 2336:

at 19.25 g/cm; as such, tungsten has been used in the

745: 373: 345: 225: 14201:. Barron's Educational Services, Inc. 1995. Archived from 13872: 13190:"What Are the Different Purities of Sovereign Gold Coins?" 7728:

Besides sliding electrical contacts, gold is also used in

7636:

Because of the softness of pure (24k) gold, it is usually

6124:, which is a 5–7 km (3.1–4.3 mi) thick layer of 5093:, which can produce gold (albeit uneconomically) by using 4778:

in the ancient world. From the 6th or 5th century BC, the

2958:{\displaystyle {\ce {Au{}+O3->}}({\text{no reaction}})} 2756:. Au(I) compounds are typically linear. A good example is 15478: 14893: 14421:. Electronic Space Products International. Archived from 13953:"Gold Complexes in the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis" 12601: 12557:"Does Recycled Gold Herald a Greener Future for Jewelry?" 12001: 10443: 9043:"Austrians Seize False Gold Tied to London Bullion Theft" 8240:, as its symbol Au could be seen as similar to the word " 7709: 7705: 7511:

contract specifications outlining the futures contracts:

7508: 5136: 5106: 4594:, artifacts from the Kurgan settlement of Yunatsite near 4232: 4089:

may also be produced in quantity by the r-process in the

3706: 3675: 3659: 3605: 3583: 3570: 3548: 3535: 3517: 3474: 3461: 3371:

Gold is unaffected by most acids. It does not react with

3283: 3232: 3203: 3156: 3123: 3076: 3043: 2904: 2851: 2813: 2425:

alloys, and both may be used to produce police and other

519: 14695:

Cassel, Gustav. "The restoration of the gold standard."

14656:

The lure of gold : an artistic and cultural history

14400:"Why 'Going Gold' is important on Autism Acceptance Day" 14224:

Kerner, Susanne; Chou, Cynthia; Warmind, Morten (2015).

13685: 13268:

Hitzer, Eckhard; Perwass, Christian (22 November 2006).

12819:. Abc.net.au. 11 February 2000. Retrieved on 4 May 2012. 11938: 11775:

The lure of gold : an artistic and cultural history

11339:. Sierra Nevada Virtual Museum. Retrieved on 4 May 2012. 10959:

Cahiers de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran

10617:"Scientists reveal the mystery about the origin of gold" 10532: 9639:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. p. 587. 7713:

use for contacts with a very high failure cost (certain

7439:

The largest gold depository in the world is that of the

12832:

Behind gold's glitter, torn lands and pointed questions

12800:. BBC News (15 February 2000). Retrieved on 4 May 2012. 10479: 10385: 9567:

Shaw III, C. F. (1999). "Gold-Based Medicinal Agents".

9361: 9319:

Miethe, A. (1924). "Der Zerfall des Quecksilberatoms".

7239:, and its value has been used as the standard for many 6116:

located in South Africa was founded as a result of the

5041:

of the late 19th century, which saw the Ashanti Empire

4805:

from 106 AD onwards. One of their largest mines was at

4251:). Such alloys usually have a silver content of 8–10%. 16:

This article is about the element. For other uses, see

16315: 14314:. Kodak Technical Data/Reference sheet G-23, May 2006. 11979:(Thesis, Master of Arts). University of South Africa. 11058: 10151:"Nucleosynthesis of Heavy Elements by Neutron Capture" 8030:

Danziger Goldwasser (German: Gold water of Danzig) or

5850:

The first known prehistoric human usages of gold were

4955:

which were directly related to their utility, such as

4833:. The various methods they used are well described by 4665:. The primitive working methods are described by both 4630:

appeared in Central Europe from the 2nd millennium BC

14556: 14447:

Gold Nanoparticles for Physics, Chemistry and Biology

11916:(Thesis, Doctor of Philosophy). University of Otago. 10817: 10614: 8953:

Suiting up for space: the evolution of the space suit

6292:

mines are 1–5 ppm; ore grades in underground or

5911:) is often cited as being forbidden for men to wear. 5013:. The gold trade in West Africa was dominated by the 3627: 3433: 3259: 3175: 3095: 3015: 2884: 2833: 2413:

created by the addition of copper. Alloys containing

2348:

is 11.34 g/cm, and that of the densest element,

17941:

Chemical elements with face-centered cubic structure

14714:

The Ascent of Money – Financial History of the World

13333:"historical charts:gold – 1833–1999 yearly averages" 12990: 10956:

Iran, Délégation archéologique française en (1972).

9711: 9659: 9463: 9132:. J.B. Lippincott & Company. 1880. pp. 70–. 8768:"Gold Mining Boom Increasing Mercury Pollution Risk" 8626: 8229:

Gold, when dispersed in nanoparticles, can act as a

23:"Element 79" redirects here. For the anthology, see 14838:

Technical Document on Extraction and Mining of Gold

14724:

Gold: The Race for the World's Most Seductive Metal

14145:"Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers" 14056:Bozzola, John J. & Russell, Lonnie Dee (1999). 13371: 13369: 10867:(contains a chapter on gold-from seawater swindles) 10148: 9722: 9720: 8694:

Museums, Objects, and Collections: A Cultural Study

7432:agreed to manipulate the market to prevent further 5239:, 945–715 BC, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art 5116:is covered with an ultra-thin golden glassier. The 5081:was to produce gold from other substances, such as 4641:from as early as 2600 BC describe gold, which King 3330:through a dilute solution of gold(III) chloride or 3247:{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+2Br2->AuBr3{}+AuBr}}} 13261: 12722: 12494:Marczenko, Zygmunt & Balcerzak, María (2000). 12493: 12158: 12028: 10598:. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. pp. 38–49, 60–61. 10212: 9273:Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; 8222:gold suspensions, contains evenly sized spherical 7943:of the image. Gold also produces a high output of 5938:was seen as the goddess of gold, silver and other 5576:, gilt silver and ivory, Museum of Decorative Arts 4869:in July 1324, and was reportedly accompanied by a 4530:used to cover his body in gold dust, and from his 4029: 3715: 3614: 3312: 3246: 3162: 3082: 2957: 2871: 2630:do not have isomers. Gold's most stable isomer is 2292:of about 0.5 m (5.4 sq ft) in area. 2045:chemical elements, being the second-lowest in the 14257:Deutschland nebst Theilen der angrenzenden Länder 14223: 13278:(Japan), pp. 157–167. (Figs 15,16,17,23 revised.) 11903: 11308:Berdan, Frances; Anawalt, Patricia Rieff (1992). 11263:"Kingdom of Mali – Primary Source Documents" 11229:"A Case for the World's Oldest Coin: Lydian Lion" 8629:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" 7023:. These gold ore dumps contain long-term, highly 5124:, is a building covered with gold. Similarly the 4846:written towards the end of the first century AD. 3005:AuBr, but reacts very slowly with iodine to form 17867: 14014: 13429:"PRECIOUS METALS: Comex Gold Hits All-Time High" 13366: 13114:. International Organization for Standardization 12723:Abdul-Wahab; Marikar, Fouzul (24 October 2011). 12014:: Sociopolitical Debate in the Muslim Community" 11469:"Fact or Fiction?: Lead Can Be Turned into Gold" 9982:. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 359–361. 9788: 9726: 9717: 9664:(101st ed.). Academic Press. p. 1286. 9468:(13th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 273. 8862: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8166:uses gold foil in the engine compartment of its 7803:In the 19th century gold had a reputation as an 7355:Like other precious metals, gold is measured by 7318:Gold Kangaroos were first coined in 1986 as the 6396:Gold jewelry consumption by country (in tonnes) 4661:in Nubia together with indications of the local 4578:The oldest gold artifacts in the world are from 1491: = 407.86 pm (at 20 °C) 13486:"Gold hits record, oil jumps with Libya unrest" 13379:. Lbma.org.uk. 31 December 2008. Archived from 12255:"What is artisanal gold and why is it booming?" 11977:UNISA EDT (Electronic Theses and Dissertations) 11868: 8863:Che Lah, Nurul Akmal; Trigueros, Sonia (2019). 7314:gold bullion coin with a purity of 99.99%. The 4298:that have been eroded from rocks and end up in 2437:, and purple gold can be made by alloying with 1528:22.14 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) 14666:The Power of Gold: The History of an Obsession 14055: 13769: 13720:. Tanaka Precious Metals. 2005. Archived from 13692:. Vol. 2: F–N. Routledge. pp. 597–. 13585: 13583: 13003:. Cambridge University Press, 28 August 1987. 12524:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 12109:The Power of Gold: The History of an Obsession 11690:Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia 9901: 9838: 9531: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9196: 8791: 8789: 8726:"Gold Production & Mining Data by Country" 7288:, first released in 1967, is also 22k (0.92). 7159:related by fixed exchange rates following the 6128:rocks located, in most places, deep under the 5441:, 16th century, enamelled gold, British Museum 5321:, 134–138 AD, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art 5284:, 323–315 BC, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art 4138:is thought to have been delivered to Earth by 3322:Gold does not react with sulfur directly, but 16878: 16172: 14869: 14519: 14443: 14062:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 65. 13950: 13863:, PhD thesis, University of Leuven (May 2006) 13718:Electrical Contact Catalog (Material Catalog) 13591:"Historical Gold Intraday Futures Data (GCA)" 13267: 13213: 12466: 12420: 11307: 11133:Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt 10430: 10379: 10124:"Earth's Gold Came from Colliding Dead Stars" 10002: 9727:Emery, J. F.; Ledditcotte, G. W. (May 1961). 9634: 9488: 8720: 8718: 8554:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 8472: 8162:Automobiles may use gold for heat shielding. 8155:Gold is used as the reflective layer on some 7752:to their packages through a process known as 7298:coin contains the highest purity gold of any 6990:Low-grade gold ore may contain less than one 6229:in New Zealand, a number of locations across 6052:, Indonesia is the world's largest gold mine. 5147:were made of gold, and gold was used for the 4738:, and many parts of the temple including the 4547:This Muisca raft figure is on display in the 3809:aurides are also known. Gold has the highest 3163:{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+3Cl2->2AuCl3}}} 2500:from 169 to 205. The most stable of these is 1964: 1101: 14444:Louis, Catherine; Pluchery, Olivier (2012). 13957:Metal ions and their complexes in medication 13483: 12996: 12912: 12317: 12315: 12313: 11466: 11396: 11206:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt 11159:, 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters, pp. 43–46. 10877:Haber, F. (1927). "Das Gold im Meerwasser". 9684: 9635:Craig, B. D.; Anderson, D. B., eds. (1995). 9005:Zinc Dimes, Tungsten Gold & Lost Respect 8870:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 8599: 7966:treatments and for treating other diseases. 7862:, especially in tooth restorations, such as 6090:In South America, the controversial project 5519:, 1763–1764, gold and painted enamel, Louvre 5500:, 1750–1752, gold and painted enamel, Louvre 1426: 16703: 14470: 14269: 14021:Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 13979: 13835:Outlines of the ancient history of medicine 13689:Encyclopedia of World Environmental History 13580: 13567: 13455: 13025:"Swiss Narrowly Vote to Drop Gold Standard" 12625:. Reuters. 28 February 2011. Archived from 12467:Pletcher, Derek & Walsh, Frank (1990). 12051: 11964: 11754: 10972: 10857:A Hole in the Ground with a Liar at the Top 10707: 10705: 10703: 10567: 10565: 10461:. Superior Mining International Corporation 10155:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 10087: 9862: 9860: 9834: 9832: 9283:evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" 9193: 8786: 8660: 8544: 8488:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. 8292:are toxic to the liver and kidneys. Common 7920:. The coating, which is usually applied by 7155:gold was replaced by a system of nominally 5966:archaeologists discovered a trove of early 5725: 5708: 5650: 4829:, such as placer and hard-rock deposits at 4677:. Large mines were also present across the 4113: 3813:of any metal, at 222.8 kJ/mol, making 3083:{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+3F2->2AuF3}}} 2005: 35:Chemical element with atomic number 79 (Au) 16885: 16871: 16179: 16165: 14876: 14862: 14147:. Food Standards Agency, UK. 27 July 2007. 13568:Mandruzzato, GianLuigi (14 October 2020). 13097:The theory of money and banks investigated 12939:Man, Economy, and State, Scholar's Edition 12886: 12077:Daly, Kathleen N.; Rengel, Marian (1992). 12076: 11909: 11427:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11129: 10750:. Arizona Gold Prospectors. Archived from 10615:University of Granada (21 November 2017). 9951:Journal of Inorganic and General Chemistry 8715: 7776:isotope separator magnets in the project. 7092:, for efficient indirect exchange (versus 7046:of electricity per gram of gold produced. 6262: 5480:1750, gilt bronze, Cleveland Museum of Art 5362:pattern, 7th century, gold, British Museum 5067:and many other sports competitions is the 4877:. A contemporary Arab historian remarked: 3771:as metal by adding any other metal as the 1971: 1957: 1740: 1733: 1482: 50: 14844: (archived 7 March 2008), www.epa.gov 14488: 14227:Commensality: From Everyday Food to Feast 14174: 14032: 14015:Roth, J.; Bendayan, M.; Orci, L. (1980). 13944: 13875:The International Journal of Neuroscience 13570:"Gold, monetary policy and the US dollar" 12748: 12310: 12105: 11984: 11921: 10914:"Concentration of gold in natural waters" 10821:; Edmond, J. (1990). "Gold in seawater". 10683: 10590: 10588: 10505: 10226: 9975: 9940: 9820: 9268: 9266: 9069: 8906: 8832: 8620: 8483: 6007: 5634:to shine, to gleam; to be yellow or green 4344:), and as the rare bismuthide maldonite ( 4192: 4058:Gold is thought to have been produced in 3801:(CsAu), for example, crystallizes in the 3695: 3640: 3594: 3559: 3450: 3438: 3313:{\displaystyle {\ce {2Au{}+I2->2AuI}}} 3305: 3264: 3192: 3180: 3145: 3112: 3100: 3065: 3032: 3020: 2433:. Blue gold can be made by alloying with 14250: 13915: 13788: 13742: 13456:Gibson, Kate; Chang, Sue (11 May 2010). 13214:Warwick-Ching, Tony (28 February 1993). 13076: 12935: 12595: 12443:Pollution prevention technology handbook 12323:The Geological Evolution of South Africa 12034: 11597:. The British Museum Press. p. 20. 11592: 11572:. The British Museum Press. p. 66. 11567: 11547:. The British Museum Press. p. 76. 11542: 11522:. The British Museum Press. p. 25. 11517: 11492: 11441: 11130:Montserrat, Dominic (21 February 2003). 11103:Economic Geology Principles and Practice 10979:. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. ix. 10745: 10718:. Harvard University Press. p. 10. 10711: 10700: 10562: 10436: 10128:David A. Aguilar & Christine Pulliam 9857: 9829: 9822:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2005.06.015 9566: 9435: 8436: 8340: 8304:. Gold toxicity can be ameliorated with 8097:Kamakshi Amman Temple with golden roof, 8092: 8089:coated in gold to reflect infrared light 8076: 7612: 7593: 7346: 7177: 7059: 6272: 6184: 6073: 6044: 6021: 5991: 5834: 5749: 5585: 5460:, 1741, gold, Metropolitan Museum of Art 4894: 4687: 4511: 4508:, carrying gold on a yoke, circa 500 BC. 4486: 4474: 4451:ran a gold-from-seawater swindle in the 4363:). Gold also occurs in rare alloys with 4265: 4220: 4122:, almost all of the gold present in the 4033: 3782: 2727: 2553:, which decays by electron capture, and 2373: 2283: 2275: 15976: 14334: 13484:Valetkevitch, Caroline (1 March 2011). 13132: 12962: 12887:Wroblewski, William (12 January 2022). 12827: 12825: 12729:Central European Journal of Engineering 12696: 12623:"Gold jewellery consumption by country" 12199: 12007: 11799: 11735: 11497:. The British Museum Press. p. 8. 11223: 11221: 11204:Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan (2004). 10859:(Salt Lake: Univ. of Utah Press, 2006) 10521:Meteor craters may hold untapped wealth 10266: 10090:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 9063: 8978:"How to Make Convincing Fake-Gold Bars" 8512:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 4746:, it is included with the gifts of the 4239:time onward. It most often occurs as a 3901:cations, analogous to the better-known 2018:, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, 17868: 16030: 15859: 15564: 14760:A History of Gold and Money, 1450–1920 14631:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 509. 14628:Mycoremediation: Fungal Bioremediation 14416: 13743:Fulay, Pradeep; Lee, Jung-Kun (2016). 13639: 13240: 13093: 12810:Cyanide spill second only to Chernobyl 12598:"Why it's getting harder to mine gold" 12368: 12166:(Report). University of Nevada, Reno. 11944: 11827: 11375: 10911: 10585: 10061: 9866: 9794: 9318: 9263: 8969: 8950: 8795: 8690: 8577:CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 7800:assign metallic gold a healing power. 7601:gold necklace depicting feline heads. 7380:markets, but a procedure known as the 5666:. The Proto-Indo-European ancestor of 5553:1835-1840, gilt and patinated bronze, 5021:before branching out and trading with 4750:in the first chapters of Matthew. The 3756:is present to form soluble complexes. 3427:, thereby enabling further oxidation: 1558: cm/mol (at 296 K) 16866: 16160: 16084: 16048: 16039: 15949: 15931: 15922: 14857: 14794:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. 14624: 14605: 14230:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 94. 12554: 12439: 12341: 11874: 11740:. Leiden: Boston: Brill. p. 63. 11402: 10876: 10189:"Supernovas & Supernova Remnants" 9741:from the original on 10 November 2004 8574: 8548:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 8378:, use impurities to identify an alloy 7997:Gold can be used in food and has the 7763:to electricity and has been used for 7584: 6979:International Cyanide Management Code 5684:. This word is derived from the same 3944:. In September 2023, a novel type of 2185:A relatively rare element, gold is a 1917: 1914: 1890: 1887: 1875: 1872: 1836: 1833: 1811: 1806: 16093: 16021: 15994: 15967: 15627: 15609: 15582: 15413: 15404: 14577:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.440107-22.x 14471:Wright, I. H.; Vesey, J. C. (1986). 14137: 14103:Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 13831: 13714:"General Electric Contact Materials" 13523:from the original on 10 January 2014 13496:from the original on 15 October 2015 13049: 12822: 12697:Harjani, Ansuya (18 February 2014). 12344:"Reed Gold Mine State Historic Site" 12283: 12112:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1. 12081:. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 12057: 12008:Toronto, James A. (1 October 2001). 11970: 11218: 10955: 10439:"Meteorites delivered gold to Earth" 10437:Battison, Leila (8 September 2011). 10341:from the original on 31 October 2017 9945:: A True Gold(II) Sulfate with an Au 9839:Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001). 9436:Matthews, Robert (2 December 2001). 9120: 8975: 8765: 8388:List of countries by gold production 7220:(k). Pure gold (commercially termed 6358: 5988:List of countries by gold production 5970:gold coins near the central city of 4722:Gold is mentioned frequently in the 4313:Gold sometimes occurs combined with 2732:Gold(III) chloride solution in water 2652:with a half-life of only 7 ns. 16102: 16075: 16066: 15913: 15895: 15886: 15877: 15663: 15573: 15546: 15494: 15440: 15422: 15386: 15366: 15305: 15242: 15143: 15125: 15114: 15033: 14473:"Acute poisoning with gold cyanide" 13514: 13403:"Gold hits yet another record high" 12596:Baraniuk, Chris (27 October 2020). 11290: 10948: 10823:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 10571:McCarthy, T., Rubridge, B. (2005). 9941:Wickleder, Mathias S. (2001). "AuSO 9685:Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2001). 9466:An Introduction to Physical Science 9221:Electron Microscopy in Microbiology 8027:as a decoration in food and drinks, 7807:, a therapy for nervous disorders. 7404:was introduced, it typically was a 7373:, such as 0.995 being nearly pure. 7302:, at 99.999% or 0.99999, while the 5843:, depicting a deity from northeast 4949:indigenous peoples of North America 4247:with silver (i.e. as a gold/silver 3954:, along with its derivative anion, 3852:. The evaporation of a solution of 3817:a stable species, analogous to the 2515:of 186.1 days. The least stable is 1285: 13: 16186: 16057: 15958: 15841: 15823: 15798: 15789: 15762: 15735: 15690: 15672: 15600: 15591: 15485: 15357: 15323: 15233: 15215: 15206: 15186: 15161: 14883: 14686:Gold : an illustrated history 14648: 14490:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb12920.x 14323: 13054:. BullionVault.com. Archived from 12997:Postan, M. M.; Miller, E. (1967). 12555:Paton, Elizabeth (23 April 2021). 12421:O'Connell, Rhona (13 April 2007). 12373:. Georgia Magazine. Archived from 12200:Mandaro, Laura (17 January 2008). 11762:Mineral Commodity Report 14 — Gold 11667: 11231:. Rg.ancients.info. 2 October 2003 10918:Journal of Geochemical Exploration 10797:"Earthquakes Turn Water into Gold" 10507:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01242.x 9712:Wiberg, Wiberg & Holleman 2001 8852:from the original on 16 July 2021. 7851:, and also (historically) against 7400:was widely used as currency; when 6213:. Further gold rushes occurred in 5193:inscriptions, 2093–2046 BC, gold, 4066:, and to have been present in the 3483: 3295: 3292: 3215: 3212: 3135: 3132: 3055: 3052: 2913: 2496:have been synthesized, ranging in 2271: 14: 17962: 16012: 16003: 15985: 15940: 15850: 15780: 15753: 15726: 15708: 15699: 15681: 15654: 15636: 15618: 15528: 15458: 15431: 15395: 15341: 15332: 15314: 15296: 15224: 15195: 15134: 15080: 15062: 15024: 14997: 14776: 14342:"The Demand for Gold by Industry" 13770:Peckham, James (23 August 2016). 12868:from the original on 2 April 2015 12325:. pp. 21–28. Purnell, Cape Town. 12079:Greek and Roman Mythology, A to Z 11971:Aziz, Rookhsana (November 2010). 10976:The Extractive Metallurgy of Gold 10879:Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie 10748:"Formation of Lode Gold Deposits" 10594:Norman, N., Whitfield, G. (2006) 10334:collaborations. 16 October 2017. 10215:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 9072:"Osmium, the Densest Metal Known" 8697:. Smithsonian Books. p. 53. 8269:. Metallic gold is approved as a 8038:) is a traditional German herbal 7991:Cake with edible gold decoration 7819:, and glandular problems such as 7195:London Bullion Market Association 7135:(that mature into gold coin) and 5900:and the saints are often golden. 5707:, the ancestor of the Latin word 4770:around 610 BC. The legend of the 4762:is said to date from the time of 4719:from around the 14th century BC. 4101:neutron star merger event, after 1378:1st: 890.1 kJ/mol 15904: 15868: 15832: 15717: 15645: 15555: 15537: 15467: 15449: 15377: 15278: 15269: 15260: 15105: 15008: 14799:Chemistry in its element podcast 14618: 14606:Brunk, Doug (15 February 2008). 14599: 14513: 14464: 14437: 14410: 14392: 14366: 14317: 14312:Toning black-and-white materials 14305: 14286: 14263: 14244: 14217: 14191: 14151: 14094: 14076: 14049: 14008: 13973: 13951:Messori, L.; Marcon, G. (2004). 13909: 13866: 13846: 13825: 13782: 13763: 13736: 13706: 13679: 13660: 13633: 13608: 13561: 13535: 13508: 13477: 13449: 13421: 13395: 13347: 13325: 13299: 13234: 13207: 13182: 13152: 13135:"On hedging inflation with gold" 13133:Valenta, Philip (22 June 2018). 13126: 13104: 13087: 13077:Lawrence, Thomas Edward (1948). 13070: 13043: 13017: 12956: 12929: 12906: 12880: 12848: 12803: 12784: 12765: 12716: 12690: 12669: 12655: 12633: 12615: 12589: 12548: 12514: 12487: 12460: 12433: 12414: 12389: 12362: 12335: 12277: 12247: 12221: 12193: 12161:The Nevada Mineral Industry 2016 12152: 12126: 12099: 12070: 11821: 11793: 11788:NUML Journal of Critical Inquiry 11780: 11767: 11729: 11709: 11682: 11661: 11636: 11611: 11586: 11561: 11536: 11511: 11486: 11467:Matson, John (31 January 2014). 11460: 11435: 11349:Anderson, James Maxwell (2000). 11348: 9612:. 2 October 2013. Archived from 9003:Willie, Jim (18 November 2009) " 8796:Kizuka, Tokushi (1 April 2008). 7978: 7351:Gold price history in 1960–2020. 7188:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 7064:Two golden 20 kr coins from the 6832: 6802: 6772: 6742: 6692: 6662: 6632: 6602: 6572: 6542: 6512: 6482: 6452: 6422: 6363: 5755:Gold crafts from the Philippines 5590:An early mention of gold in the 5562: 5539: 5524: 5505: 5485: 5465: 5446: 5427: 5412: 5397: 5367: 5341: 5326: 5304: 5289: 5271: 5256: 5244: 5225: 5206: 5179: 5160: 5017:, who initially traded with the 4786:, one kind of square gold coin. 3946:metal-halide perovskite material 3805:motif; rubidium, potassium, and 2663:has three decay paths: β decay, 1944: 1943: 1381:2nd: 1980 kJ/mol 1253: 15807: 15512: 15503: 15170: 15152: 15071: 15053: 14347:. Gold bulletin. Archived from 13959:. CRC Press. pp. 280–301. 12446:. William Andrew. p. 342. 11910:Boulanouar, Aisha Wood (2011). 11834:Journal of the History of Ideas 11800:Lioudis, Nick (30 April 2023). 11403:Green, Toby (31 January 2019). 11369: 11342: 11330: 11301: 11284: 11255: 11243: 11198: 11174: 11162: 11150: 11123: 11095: 11043: 11029: 11015: 11001: 10966: 10905: 10870: 10849: 10811: 10789: 10766: 10739: 10634: 10608: 10526: 10514: 10473: 10451: 10353: 10313: 10259: 10206: 10181: 10142: 10130:. cfa.harvard.edu. 17 July 2013 10116: 10081: 10055: 9996: 9969: 9934: 9895: 9753: 9705: 9691:. Academic Press. p. 404. 9678: 9653: 9628: 9595: 9560: 9525: 9482: 9457: 9429: 9392: 9355: 9312: 9307:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 9238: 9212: 9158: 9136: 9035: 9017: 8997: 8944: 8923: 8856: 8732: 8684: 8426:"Standard Atomic Weights: Gold" 7827:were treated, and most notably 7436:against increased gold demand. 7430:a pool of US and European banks 7171:now fills most monetary roles. 7049: 6002:United States Geological Survey 5170:jewellery, 2300–2100 BC, gold, 4030:Gold production in the universe 3839:Gold(II) compounds are usually 3752:under alkaline conditions when 3356:at room temperature to form an 2820:is also known, an example of a 2084:series with the native element 15771: 15744: 15287: 15251: 15089: 15044: 14692:' wide-ranging popular history 13515:Sim, Glenys (23 August 2011). 12942:. Ludwig von Mises Institute. 12397:"Grasberg Open Pit, Indonesia" 11699:, Greenwood Publishing Group. 11382:. Cambridge University Press. 11376:Newitt, Malyn (28 June 2010). 11355:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 11314:University of California Press 9187:10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.09.023 8654: 8593: 8568: 8538: 8502: 8418: 8072: 8068:sweets in South Asian cuisine. 8003:European Food Safety Authority 7725:engines) remains very common. 7686: 6354: 4534:, he offered treasures to the 3744:. It does however, react with 3686: 3662: 3538: 3522: 2952: 2944: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2014:79. In its pure form, it is a 1365:Pauling scale: 2.54 1: 16892: 15476: 14302:. deLafee, Switzerland (2008) 13838:. William Blackwood. p. 13545:. Ameinfo.com. Archived from 13160:"The Ever Popular Krugerrand" 12923:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.01.042 12915:Journal of Cleaner Production 11951:Who We Are & What We Wear 10776:. abc.net.au. 28 January 2004 10367:. Science AAAS. 20 March 2018 9843:. San Diego: Academic Press. 8891:10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145 8772:Advanced Media Solutions, Inc 8766:Soos, Andy (6 January 2011). 8412: 8366:, form of electronic currency 8196:of gold onto base metals and 7880:) in water are intensely red- 7876:preparations (suspensions of 7732:because of its resistance to 7626: 6035: 5996:Time trend of gold production 5981: 5550: 5549:clock, unknown French maker, 5477: 4742:and the golden altar. In the 4569: 4540:goddess in the middle of the 4216: 4146:, about 4 billion years ago. 4118:Because the Earth was molten 2441:. Less commonly, addition of 2248:shielding, the production of 2226:world's largest gold producer 1547:Molar magnetic susceptibility 14822:The Periodic Table of Videos 14199:"The Food Dictionary: Varak" 13994:10.1016/0019-2791(71)90496-4 13832:Moir, David Macbeth (1831). 13217:The International Gold Trade 13164:americansilvereagletoday.com 13100:. C. C. Little and J. Brown. 13050:King, Byron (20 July 2009). 12936:Rothbard, Murray N. (2009). 12106:Bernstein, Peter L. (2004). 12058:Omar, Sara (28 March 2014). 12035:Jirousek, Charlotte (2004). 11442:Edgerton, Robert B. (2010). 11337:Sierra Nevada Virtual Museum 10938:10.1016/0375-6742(88)90051-9 10843:10.1016/0012-821X(90)90060-B 10556:10.1016/0040-1951(90)90089-Q 10041:10.1126/science.290.5489.117 9250:National Nuclear Data Center 8976:Gray, Theo (14 March 2008). 8955:. John Day Co. p. 216. 8345:Iron pyrite or "fool's gold" 8124:Gold is a good reflector of 7918:scanning electron microscope 7912:Gold, or alloys of gold and 7717:, communications equipment, 7617:A 21.5k yellow gold pendant 7408:redeemable for gold coin or 7391: 7231:Although the prices of some 7119:of fixed weight and purity. 6968: 6721:Other Persian Gulf Countries 6322: 5581: 5474:Jean Joseph de Saint-Germain 4754:21:21 describes the city of 4491:An Indian tribute-bearer at 3977:Some gold compounds exhibit 3368:or to create exotic colors. 2717: 2697:, who synthesized gold from 2677:Synthesis of precious metals 2670: 1612:2030 m/s (at 7: 17906:Minerals in space group 225 14259:(in German). Karl Baedeker. 13640:Revere, Alan (1 May 1991). 13270:"The hidden beauty of gold" 13112:"Currency codes – ISO 4217" 12470:Industrial electrochemistry 11675:Online Etymology Dictionary 10973:Yannopoulos, J. C. (1991). 10573:The Story of Earth and Life 10245:10.1088/2041-8205/774/2/L23 9908:Chemistry: An Asian Journal 9091:10.1595/003214095X394164164 8484:Arblaster, John W. (2018). 8352:Bulk leach extractable gold 8336: 8248: 7782: 7478:concerns regarding ongoing 7216:) of alloys is measured by 7066:Scandinavian Monetary Union 5830: 5795:British Academy Film Awards 5606:with similar words in many 5153:Rachel, wife of Rabbi Akiva 4865:in 1324, he passed through 4419: 4231:On Earth, gold is found in 4081:(rapid neutron capture) in 2458: 2209:was often implemented as a 1238:25.418 J/(mol·K) 10: 17967: 15375: 15204: 15123: 15042: 15006: 14908: 14834:, www.lateralscience.co.uk 14825:(University of Nottingham) 14803:Royal Society of Chemistry 13955:. In Sigel, Astrid (ed.). 12677:"Country wise gold demand" 11790:15#2, (Dec 2017): 78–102. 10668:10.1038/s41467-017-00821-z 9637:Handbook of Corrosion Data 8825:10.1103/PhysRevB.77.155401 8661:Duckenfield, Mark (2016). 8606:. CRC Press. p. 355. 8450:Pure and Applied Chemistry 8395:, alloy of gold and copper 8360:(dermatological condition) 8087:James Webb Space Telescope 8042:produced in what is today 7969: 7670:. If the work is to be of 7589: 7340: 7096:), and to store wealth in 7072:. The coin to the left is 7053: 6972: 6924: 6892: 6860: 6830: 6800: 6770: 6740: 6720: 6690: 6660: 6630: 6600: 6570: 6540: 6510: 6480: 6450: 6420: 6334:As of 2020, the amount of 6266: 6011: 5985: 5743: 5172:Metropolitan Museum of Art 4801:from 25 BC onwards and in 4470: 4151:Vredefort impact structure 4064:collision of neutron stars 4040:Vredefort impact structure 3917:. A gold(II) complex, the 3352:Gold readily dissolves in 2721: 2674: 2462: 2367: 2146:, a property long used to 1196:when liquid (at 439: 307: 247: 187: 162: 22: 15: 17946:Coinage metals and alloys 17822: 17784: 17727: 17649: 17420: 17357: 17296: 17258: 17251: 17211: 17113: 17067: 17060: 16900: 16829: 16778: 16596: 16573: 16524: 16238: 16194: 16118: 15818: 15523: 15352: 15181: 15100: 15019: 14992: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14903: 14898: 14891: 14625:Singh, Harbhajan (2006). 14374:"Colored glass chemistry" 13803:10.1007/s10787-007-0021-x 13646:. Van Nostrand Reinhold. 13247:. DIANE. pp. 11–13. 13241:Elwell, Craig K. (2011). 12750:10.2478/s13531-011-0052-3 12500:. Elsevier. p. 210. 12473:. Springer. p. 244. 11111:10.1002/9781444394870.ch2 10985:10.1007/978-1-4684-8425-0 10193:Chandra X-ray Observatory 9782:10.1107/S0567740879004180 9438:"The Philosopher's Stone" 9144:"Relativity in Chemistry" 9070:Arblaster, J. W. (1995). 8691:Pearce, Susan M. (1993). 8126:electromagnetic radiation 8035: 7441:U.S. Federal Reserve Bank 7100:. For exchange purposes, 6372:This article needs to be 6237:in South Africa, and the 6201:During the 19th century, 6171:of 1899–1901 between the 5555:Museum of Decorative Arts 5437:hat badge that shows the 4707:Gold is mentioned in the 4463:'s reparations following 4083:supernova nucleosynthesis 4060:supernova nucleosynthesis 4024: 3870:produces red crystals of 3843:with Au–Au bonds such as 2469:Gold has only one stable 2170:. Gold also dissolves in 2041:. It is one of the least 1942: 1938: 1911: 1882: 1869: 1830: 1803: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1724: 1711: 1691: 1675: 1670: 1660: 1650: 1640: 1630: 1620: 1602: 1592: 1582: 1572: 1562: 1545: 1532: 1522: 1512: 1495: 1475: 1457: 1447: 1442: 1425: 1415: 1405: 1397:empirical: 144 1391: 1369: 1359: 1325: 1320: 1242: 1232: 1222: 1208: 1194: 1181: 1171: 1157: 1137: 1132: 1124: 1110: 1095: 1083: 1071: 1052: 1029: 142: 134: 130: 91: 75: 71: 63: 58: 49: 14848:Gold element information 14740:American Economic Review 14176:10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4362 13676:Accessed 4 November 2014 13220:. Woodhead. p. 26. 12532:10.1002/14356007.a12_499 12369:Garvey, Jane A. (2006). 12291:(Report). Archived from 11828:Alborn, Timothy (2017). 11736:de Vaan, Michel (2008). 11593:La Niece, Susan (2009). 11568:La Niece, Susan (2009). 11543:La Niece, Susan (2009). 11518:La Niece, Susan (2009). 11493:La Niece, Susan (2009). 11193:Encyclopaedia Britannica 10899:10.1002/ange.19270401103 9869:Chemical Society Reviews 9762:Acta Crystallographica B 9423:10.1103/PhysRevC.23.1044 9275:Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik 9224:. Academic Press. 1988. 8667:. Routledge. p. 4. 8648:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae 7858:Gold alloys are used in 7648:. The Japanese craft of 7515:Contract Specifications 7336: 7296:Canadian Gold Maple Leaf 7088:throughout the world as 6994:gold metal; such ore is 6189:Gold prospecting at the 6098:, at the border between 5757:prior to Western contact 5213:Minoan cup, part of the 4586:near Lake Varna and the 4235:in rock formed from the 4114:Asteroid origin theories 2705:produced by it were all 2363: 2029:. Chemically, gold is a 17921:Native element minerals 17387:Nickel silver (alpacca) 16317:Organogold(I) compounds 14791:Encyclopædia Britannica 14417:Dierks, S. (May 2005). 14272:"The Many Uses of Gold" 14251:Baedeker, Karl (1865). 13434:The Wall Street Journal 13094:Tucker, George (1839). 12963:Seltman, C. T. (1924). 12342:Moore, Mark A. (2006). 12321:Truswell, J.F. (1977). 12039:. Encyclopedia of Islam 11947:"Islamic Male Clothing" 11722:5 February 2016 at the 11695:1 November 2022 at the 11352:The History of Portugal 11208:. Thames & Hudson. 11101:Pohl, Walter L. (2011) 10835:1990E&PSL..98..208K 10498:1997M&PS...32...71T 9795:Jansen, Martin (2005). 9554:10.1103/PhysRevB.6.4370 9321:Die Naturwissenschaften 8931:"Gold: causes of color" 8603:Properties of Materials 8407:, non-gold copper alloy 8326:A sample of the fungus 7738:electrical conductivity 7449:U.S. Bullion Depository 7068:, which was based on a 6263:Extraction and refining 6118:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 6026:A miner underground at 5883:the Ark of the Covenant 5472:Rococo candelabrum, by 5382:Cleveland Museum of Art 5101:symbol and the ancient 4915:peoples, especially in 4797:methods, especially in 4243:, typically in a metal 4187:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 4126:probably sank into the 3925:as a ligand, occurs in 3921:cation, which contains 3832:in a manner similar to 3326:can be made by passing 2782:are Au(I) derivatives. 2189:that has been used for 2096:with other metals like 1508:/K (at 20 °C) 1190:19.283 g/cm 14742:59.2 (1969): 344–348. 13930:10.1006/biol.1997.0123 13887:10.1080/00207450212018 13859:5 October 2013 at the 13166:. 2010. Archived from 12796:9 January 2009 at the 12440:Noyes, Robert (1993). 11945:Poonai, Anand (2015). 11715:Notre Dame University 11473:scientificamerican.com 11446:. Simon and Schuster. 11267:African studies Center 10912:McHugh, J. B. (1988). 10102:10.1002/anie.200600274 10062:University, Stanford. 9920:10.1002/asia.201000742 9386:10.1103/PhysRev.60.473 9079:Platinum Metals Review 9010:8 October 2011 at the 8951:Mallan, Lloyd (1971). 8575:Weast, Robert (1984). 8346: 8308:with an agent such as 8302:potassium gold cyanide 8238:autism rights movement 8233:of chemical reactions. 8231:heterogeneous catalyst 8188:. Gold cyanide is the 8102: 8090: 7633: 7610: 7352: 7320:Australian Gold Nugget 7190: 7157:convertible currencies 7081: 6282: 6277:Gold Nuggets found in 6198: 6087: 6053: 6042: 6008:Mining and prospecting 5997: 5928:ancient Greek religion 5847: 5758: 5726: 5709: 5651: 5596: 5492:Rococo snuff box with 5217:, 1850–1550 BC, gold, 5058:Jack and the Beanstalk 4908: 4893: 4704: 4657:, shows the plan of a 4553: 4509: 4484: 4432:/L or 10–30 parts per 4271: 4228: 4193:Mantle return theories 4144:Late Heavy Bombardment 4055: 3717: 3616: 3399:, and is dissolved by 3314: 3248: 3164: 3084: 2959: 2873: 2733: 2387: 2293: 2281: 2006: 1656:188–245 MPa 1646:188–216 MPa 1524:Electrical resistivity 1518:318 W/(m⋅K) 1431: 1112:Electron configuration 77:Standard atomic weight 17936:Symbols of California 17916:Electrical conductors 17728:Other natural objects 14534:10.1081/CLT-100108516 14115:10.1211/jpp.60.8.0005 13052:"Gold mining decline" 12284:Beinhoff, Christian. 12018:BYU Studies Quarterly 11846:10.1353/jhi.2017.0024 11726:Retrieved 7 June 2012 11648:collections.louvre.fr 11623:collections.louvre.fr 11252:. Black History Pages 10648:Nature Communications 9906:(M=Ti, Zr, and Hf)". 9603:"Chemistry of Oxygen" 8740:"Above-ground stocks" 8600:Kelly, P. F. (2015). 8458:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 8364:Digital gold currency 8344: 8315:Gold metal was voted 8096: 8080: 7958:2.7 days) is used in 7860:restorative dentistry 7841:sodium aurothiomalate 7750:semiconductor devices 7702:electrical connectors 7693:electrical connectors 7616: 7597: 7462:After 15 August 1971 7350: 7343:Gold as an investment 7341:Further information: 7329:bullion coin and the 7212:The gold proportion ( 7181: 7104:produce standardized 7076:and the right one is 7063: 7054:Further information: 6973:Further information: 6276: 6188: 6077: 6048: 6025: 5995: 5838: 5753: 5688:(Proto-Indo-European 5589: 5095:nuclear transmutation 5077:One main goal of the 5063:The top prize at the 4898: 4879: 4691: 4614:cave cemetery of the 4515: 4490: 4478: 4269: 4224: 4211:Argentinian Patagonia 4050:is located where the 4037: 3985:van der Waals bonding 3783:Rare oxidation states 3775:. The added metal is 3718: 3617: 3395:. It does react with 3315: 3249: 3165: 3085: 2960: 2874: 2822:mixed-valence complex 2731: 2542:. The exceptions are 2377: 2287: 2279: 2242:electrical connectors 2154:'. Gold dissolves in 2135:), forming a soluble 2056:Gold often occurs in 1430: 1228:342 kJ/mol 1204:17.31 g/cm 18:Gold (disambiguation) 17203:Wire wrapped jewelry 17183:Repoussé and chasing 14705:Eichengreen, Barry. 14684:Buranelli, Vincent. 14664:Bernstein, Peter L. 14450:. World Scientific. 14298:4 March 2016 at the 14034:10.1177/28.1.6153194 13791:Inflammopharmacology 13359:14 July 2018 at the 12837:8 April 2015 at the 12777:14 July 2018 at the 12663:"Gold Demand Trends" 11186:11 June 2008 at the 11136:. Psychology Press. 11061:Current Anthropology 9801:Solid State Sciences 9714:, pp. 1286–1287 9209:. World Gold Council 8372:business consultancy 8317:Allergen of the Year 7855:and some parasites. 7849:rheumatoid arthritis 7798:alternative medicine 7434:currency devaluation 7416:system known as the 7310:began producing the 7161:Bretton Woods system 6610:United Arab Emirates 5947:Christopher Columbus 5923:, may be permitted. 5458:George Michael Moser 4734:), the story of the 4639:Egyptian hieroglyphs 4167:Transvaal Supergroup 3834:titanium(IV) hydride 3625: 3431: 3257: 3173: 3093: 3013: 2882: 2831: 2818:Gold(I,III) chloride 2490:monoisotopic element 2396:relativistic effects 2378:Different colors of 2268:agents in medicine. 2162:, which are used in 2049:. It is solid under 1514:Thermal conductivity 1417:Van der Waals radius 1224:Heat of vaporization 1186:(at 20° C) 17951:Symbols of Victoria 17745:Ebonite (vulcanite) 14699:9 (1923): 171–185. 14522:Clinical Toxicology 14425:on 10 November 2006 14380:on 13 February 2009 13672:4 November 2014 at 13576:on 6 November 2020. 13383:on 10 February 2009 12815:25 May 2017 at the 12741:2012CEJE....2..304A 12665:. 12 November 2015. 12629:on 12 January 2012. 12577:on 28 December 2021 12371:"Road to adventure" 11688:Hesse, R W. (2007) 10930:1988JCExp..30...85M 10891:1927AngCh..40..303H 10819:Kenison Falkner, K. 10660:2017NatCo...8..843T 10596:Geological Journeys 10548:1990Tectp.171...49C 10459:"Mangalisa Project" 10408:10.1038/nature10399 10400:2011Natur.477..195W 10283:2013Natur.500..535R 10237:2013ApJ...774L..23B 10167:1965ApJS...11..121S 10033:2000Sci...290..117S 9841:Inorganic Chemistry 9813:2005SSSci...7.1464J 9774:1979AcCrB..35..573J 9688:Inorganic Chemistry 9662:Inorganic Chemistry 9546:1972PhRvB...6.4370J 9503:1995Natur.376..238H 9443:The Daily Telegraph 9415:1981PhRvC..23.1044A 9378:1941PhRv...60..473S 9333:1924NW.....12..597M 9299:2003NuPhA.729....3A 9179:2005CP....311..151S 9029:news.coinupdate.com 8883:2019STAdM..20..225L 8817:2008PhRvB..77o5401K 8376:Gold fingerprinting 8354:, for sampling ores 8284:Soluble compounds ( 8192:used in commercial 8148:planes such as the 8013:in mammalian cells 7945:secondary electrons 7903:electron microscopy 7898:immunogold labeling 7896:. The technique of 7730:electrical contacts 7516: 7495:secular bear market 7371:millesimal fineness 7327:Vienna Philharmonic 7278:American Gold Eagle 7268:as a hedge against 6397: 6331:conduct recycling. 6122:Witwatersrand basin 5962:On 24 August 2020, 5913:Abu Bakr al-Jazaeri 5907:, gold (along with 5885:with pure gold. In 5821:wedding anniversary 5783:Golden Globe Awards 5622:Proto-Indo-European 5498:Jean-Malquis Lequin 5380:, 1059–1067, gold, 5195:Sulaymaniyah Museum 5120:Golden temple, the 5087:philosopher's stone 4987:early modern period 4857:from 1312 to 1337) 4813:, where seven long 4549:Gold Museum, Bogotá 4290:. These are called 4171:Witwatersrand basin 4155:Witwatersrand basin 4052:Witwatersrand Basin 3919:tetraxenonogold(II) 3807:tetramethylammonium 3742:potassium hydroxide 3708: 3677: 3661: 3607: 3585: 3572: 3550: 3537: 3519: 3504: 3476: 3463: 3403:, a 1:3 mixture of 3299: 3285: 3234: 3219: 3205: 3158: 3139: 3125: 3078: 3059: 3045: 2940: 2906: 2853: 2780:drugs based on gold 2665:isomeric transition 2392:plasma oscillations 2051:standard conditions 1465:face-centered cubic 1411:136±6 pm 1371:Ionization energies 1245:Vapor pressure 1234:Molar heat capacity 1133:Physical properties 1128:2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 1125:Electrons per shell 46: 17926:E-number additives 17090:Jewellery designer 14709:(Oxford UP, 1992). 14565:Contact Dermatitis 14293:Gold in Gastronomy 13287:on 27 January 2012 13170:on 3 February 2011 13029:The New York Times 12843:The New York Times 12561:The New York Times 12429:on 6 October 2014. 12350:on 15 January 2012 12298:on 26 January 2016 12181:on 9 February 2019 12037:"Islamic Clothing" 12010:"Many Voices, One 10754:on 22 January 2013 9341:10.1007/BF01505547 9108:on 18 October 2016 9051:. 22 December 1983 9048:The New York Times 8347: 8279:Codex Alimentarius 8224:gold nanoparticles 8146:electronic warfare 8103: 8091: 8001:175. In 2016, the 7941:spatial resolution 7878:gold nanoparticles 7657:World Gold Council 7634: 7611: 7585:Other applications 7514: 7486:as well as in the 7457:World Gold Council 7396:Historically gold 7353: 7331:Chinese Gold Panda 7308:United States Mint 7191: 7082: 7021:acid mine drainage 6963:World Gold Council 6395: 6307:which is based on 6283: 6199: 6088: 6054: 6043: 5998: 5957:Orthodox Christian 5848: 5759: 5608:Germanic languages 5597: 5043:annexed by Britain 5039:Anglo-Ashanti wars 4909: 4843:Naturalis Historia 4752:Book of Revelation 4705: 4554: 4510: 4485: 4394:) and weishanite ( 4342:telluride minerals 4272: 4229: 4120:when it was formed 4103:gravitational wave 4056: 3980:aurophilic bonding 3972:gold heptafluoride 3968:difluorine complex 3952:Gold pentafluoride 3713: 3696: 3665: 3649: 3612: 3595: 3573: 3560: 3525: 3520: 3507: 3464: 3451: 3310: 3273: 3244: 3222: 3193: 3160: 3146: 3113: 3080: 3066: 3033: 2983:gold(III) chloride 2973:gold(III) fluoride 2955: 2894: 2869: 2841: 2787:gold(III) chloride 2734: 2526:, which decays by 2388: 2294: 2282: 2264:are still used as 2221:measures of 1971. 2106:mineral inclusions 1598:180 GPa 1568:120 MPa 1448:Natural occurrence 1438: 1432: 1036: 1019: 38: 17931:Symbols of Alaska 17886:Transition metals 17881:Chemical elements 17863: 17862: 17780: 17779: 17650:Organic gemstones 17247: 17246: 16860: 16859: 16853: 16774: 16773: 16520: 16519: 16154: 16153: 16147: 16146: 16113: 16112: 14768:Vilches, Elvira. 14748:Kwarteng, Kwasi. 14712:Ferguson, Niall. 14638:978-0-470-05058-3 14457:978-1-84816-807-7 14237:978-0-85785-719-4 14169:(1): 4362. 2016. 14090:on 14 March 2009. 14069:978-0-7637-0192-5 13966:978-0-8247-5351-1 13756:978-1-4987-0173-0 13699:978-0-415-93734-4 13653:978-0-442-23898-8 13409:. 2 December 2009 13377:"LBMA statistics" 13254:978-1-4379-8889-5 13227:978-1-85573-072-4 13010:978-0-521-08709-4 12976:978-0-87184-308-1 12949:978-1-933550-99-2 12845:, 24 October 2005 12507:978-0-444-50524-8 12480:978-0-412-30410-1 12453:978-0-8155-1311-7 12401:Mining Technology 12265:. 15 January 2020 12119:978-0-471-43659-1 12092:978-1-60413-412-4 11747:978-90-04-16797-1 11668:Harper, Douglas. 11644:"Tabatière ovale" 11604:978-0-7141-5076-5 11579:978-0-7141-5076-5 11554:978-0-7141-5076-5 11529:978-0-7141-5076-5 11504:978-0-7141-5076-5 11414:978-0-241-00328-2 11389:978-1-139-49129-7 11323:978-0-520-06234-4 11310:The Codex Mendoza 11271:Boston University 11169:Moran, William L. 11157:Moran, William L. 11143:978-0-415-30186-2 11105:. Wiley. p. 208. 10994:978-1-4684-8427-4 10725:978-0-674-03590-4 10277:(7464): 535–536. 10096:(22): 3708–3711. 10027:(5489): 117–118. 9989:978-0-85404-366-8 9850:978-0-12-352651-9 9807:(12): 1464–1474. 9698:978-0-12-352651-9 9671:978-0-12-352651-9 9646:978-0-87170-518-1 9581:10.1021/cr980431o 9540:(12): 4370–4379. 9534:Physical Review B 9497:(6537): 238–240. 9402:Physical Review C 9287:Nuclear Physics A 9282: 9231:978-0-08-086049-7 8962:978-0-381-98150-1 8805:Physical Review B 8636:Chinese Physics C 8613:978-1-4822-0624-1 8518:(21): 3194–3197. 8495:978-1-62708-155-9 8329:Aspergillus niger 8306:chelation therapy 7933:electrical charge 7894:materials science 7837:anti-inflammatory 7770:Manhattan Project 7765:electrical wiring 7625:" (Geneva ball), 7582: 7581: 7137:gold certificates 7037:Mercury poisoning 6961:According to the 6956: 6955: 6393: 6392: 6000:According to the 5976:Abbasid Caliphate 5439:Judgment of Paris 5351:belt buckle from 5103:Chinese character 4985:Beginning in the 4890:, Kingdom of Mali 4853:'s (ruler of the 4655:Turin Papyrus Map 4616:4th millennium BC 4552: 4449:Prescott Jernegan 4387:), novodneprite ( 4352:) and antimonide 3811:electron affinity 3750:potassium cyanide 3711: 3699: 3685: 3668: 3652: 3643: 3631: 3610: 3598: 3576: 3563: 3528: 3510: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3467: 3454: 3441: 3409:hydrochloric acid 3324:gold(III) sulfide 3308: 3300: 3298: 3276: 3267: 3242: 3225: 3220: 3218: 3196: 3183: 3149: 3140: 3138: 3116: 3103: 3069: 3060: 3058: 3036: 3023: 2993:gold(III) bromide 2950: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2897: 2888: 2864: 2844: 2837: 2323:conductor of heat 2321:. Gold is a good 2310:avoirdupois ounce 2296:Gold is the most 2266:anti-inflammatory 2258:tooth restoration 2217:system after the 2205:. In the past, a 2180:chemical reaction 2137:tetrachloroaurate 2133:hydrochloric acid 2080:. It occurs in a 2078:alluvial deposits 2047:reactivity series 2037:, and one of the 1985: 1984: 1934: 1933: 1715:"Au": from Latin 1588:27 GPa 1578:79 GPa 1534:Magnetic ordering 1497:Thermal expansion 1459:Crystal structure 1433: 1421:166 pm 1361:Electronegativity 1321:Atomic properties 1315: 1314: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1034: 1017: 1007: 1006: 733:Mercury (element) 17958: 17911:Dental materials 17307:Britannia silver 17256: 17255: 17065: 17064: 16887: 16880: 16873: 16864: 16863: 16851: 16848: 16847: 16846: 16701: 16700: 16565: 16313: 16312: 16230: 16181: 16174: 16167: 16158: 16157: 16123: 16122: 16109: 16107: 16100: 16098: 16091: 16089: 16082: 16080: 16073: 16071: 16064: 16062: 16055: 16053: 16046: 16044: 16037: 16035: 16028: 16026: 16019: 16017: 16010: 16008: 16001: 15999: 15992: 15990: 15983: 15981: 15974: 15972: 15965: 15963: 15956: 15954: 15947: 15945: 15938: 15936: 15929: 15927: 15920: 15918: 15911: 15909: 15902: 15900: 15893: 15891: 15884: 15882: 15875: 15873: 15866: 15864: 15857: 15855: 15848: 15846: 15839: 15837: 15830: 15828: 15814: 15812: 15805: 15803: 15796: 15794: 15787: 15785: 15778: 15776: 15769: 15767: 15760: 15758: 15751: 15749: 15742: 15740: 15733: 15731: 15724: 15722: 15715: 15713: 15706: 15704: 15697: 15695: 15688: 15686: 15679: 15677: 15670: 15668: 15661: 15659: 15652: 15650: 15643: 15641: 15634: 15632: 15625: 15623: 15616: 15614: 15607: 15605: 15598: 15596: 15589: 15587: 15580: 15578: 15571: 15569: 15562: 15560: 15553: 15551: 15544: 15542: 15535: 15533: 15519: 15517: 15510: 15508: 15501: 15499: 15492: 15490: 15483: 15481: 15474: 15472: 15465: 15463: 15456: 15454: 15447: 15445: 15438: 15436: 15429: 15427: 15420: 15418: 15411: 15409: 15402: 15400: 15393: 15391: 15384: 15382: 15373: 15371: 15364: 15362: 15348: 15346: 15339: 15337: 15330: 15328: 15321: 15319: 15312: 15310: 15303: 15301: 15294: 15292: 15285: 15283: 15276: 15274: 15267: 15265: 15258: 15256: 15249: 15247: 15240: 15238: 15231: 15229: 15222: 15220: 15213: 15211: 15202: 15200: 15193: 15191: 15177: 15175: 15168: 15166: 15159: 15157: 15150: 15148: 15141: 15139: 15132: 15130: 15121: 15119: 15112: 15110: 15096: 15094: 15087: 15085: 15078: 15076: 15069: 15067: 15060: 15058: 15051: 15049: 15040: 15038: 15031: 15029: 15015: 15013: 15004: 15002: 14894: 14878: 14871: 14864: 14855: 14854: 14795: 14787: 14654:Bachmann, H. G. 14643: 14642: 14622: 14616: 14615: 14614:on 24 June 2011. 14610:. Archived from 14603: 14597: 14596: 14560: 14554: 14553: 14517: 14511: 14510: 14492: 14468: 14462: 14461: 14441: 14435: 14434: 14432: 14430: 14414: 14408: 14407: 14396: 14390: 14389: 14387: 14385: 14376:. Archived from 14370: 14364: 14363: 14361: 14359: 14353: 14346: 14338: 14332: 14331: 14321: 14315: 14309: 14303: 14290: 14284: 14283: 14281: 14279: 14270:King, Hobart M. 14267: 14261: 14260: 14248: 14242: 14241: 14221: 14215: 14214: 14212: 14210: 14195: 14189: 14188: 14178: 14155: 14149: 14148: 14141: 14135: 14134: 14098: 14092: 14091: 14080: 14074: 14073: 14053: 14047: 14046: 14036: 14012: 14006: 14005: 13977: 13971: 13970: 13948: 13942: 13941: 13913: 13907: 13906: 13870: 13864: 13850: 13844: 13843: 13829: 13823: 13822: 13786: 13780: 13779: 13767: 13761: 13760: 13740: 13734: 13733: 13731: 13729: 13710: 13704: 13703: 13683: 13677: 13664: 13658: 13657: 13637: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13626: 13612: 13606: 13605: 13603: 13601: 13587: 13578: 13577: 13572:. Archived from 13565: 13559: 13558: 13556: 13554: 13549:on 21 April 2009 13539: 13533: 13532: 13530: 13528: 13512: 13506: 13505: 13503: 13501: 13481: 13475: 13474: 13472: 13470: 13453: 13447: 13446: 13444: 13442: 13425: 13419: 13418: 13416: 13414: 13399: 13393: 13392: 13390: 13388: 13373: 13364: 13351: 13345: 13344: 13342: 13340: 13329: 13323: 13322: 13320: 13318: 13309:. Archived from 13303: 13297: 13296: 13294: 13292: 13286: 13280:. Archived from 13274: 13265: 13259: 13258: 13238: 13232: 13231: 13211: 13205: 13204: 13202: 13200: 13186: 13180: 13179: 13177: 13175: 13156: 13150: 13149: 13147: 13145: 13130: 13124: 13123: 13121: 13119: 13108: 13102: 13101: 13091: 13085: 13084: 13074: 13068: 13067: 13065: 13063: 13047: 13041: 13040: 13038: 13036: 13021: 13015: 13014: 12994: 12988: 12987: 12985: 12983: 12960: 12954: 12953: 12933: 12927: 12926: 12917:. 29–30: 53–63. 12910: 12904: 12903: 12901: 12899: 12884: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12873: 12867: 12860: 12852: 12846: 12829: 12820: 12807: 12801: 12791:Death of a river 12788: 12782: 12769: 12763: 12762: 12752: 12720: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12709: 12694: 12688: 12687: 12685: 12683: 12673: 12667: 12666: 12659: 12653: 12652: 12650: 12648: 12637: 12631: 12630: 12619: 12613: 12612: 12610: 12608: 12593: 12587: 12586: 12584: 12582: 12576: 12571:. Archived from 12552: 12546: 12545: 12518: 12512: 12511: 12491: 12485: 12484: 12464: 12458: 12457: 12437: 12431: 12430: 12425:. Archived from 12418: 12412: 12411: 12409: 12407: 12393: 12387: 12386: 12384: 12382: 12366: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12355: 12339: 12333: 12319: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12303: 12297: 12290: 12281: 12275: 12274: 12272: 12270: 12251: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12240: 12234: 12225: 12219: 12218: 12216: 12214: 12197: 12191: 12190: 12188: 12186: 12180: 12174:. Archived from 12165: 12156: 12150: 12149: 12147: 12145: 12140:. 24 August 2020 12138:Associated Press 12130: 12124: 12123: 12103: 12097: 12096: 12074: 12068: 12067: 12055: 12049: 12048: 12046: 12044: 12032: 12026: 12025: 12005: 11999: 11998: 11988: 11968: 11962: 11961: 11959: 11957: 11942: 11936: 11935: 11925: 11907: 11901: 11900: 11872: 11866: 11865: 11825: 11819: 11818: 11816: 11814: 11797: 11791: 11784: 11778: 11773:H. G. Bachmann, 11771: 11765: 11758: 11752: 11751: 11733: 11727: 11717:Latin Dictionary 11713: 11707: 11686: 11680: 11679: 11665: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11654: 11640: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11629: 11615: 11609: 11608: 11590: 11584: 11583: 11565: 11559: 11558: 11540: 11534: 11533: 11515: 11509: 11508: 11490: 11484: 11483: 11481: 11479: 11464: 11458: 11457: 11439: 11433: 11432: 11426: 11418: 11400: 11394: 11393: 11373: 11367: 11366: 11346: 11340: 11334: 11328: 11327: 11305: 11299: 11298: 11288: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11277: 11259: 11253: 11247: 11241: 11240: 11238: 11236: 11225: 11216: 11202: 11196: 11178: 11172: 11166: 11160: 11154: 11148: 11147: 11127: 11121: 11099: 11093: 11092: 11056: 11050: 11047: 11041: 11040: 11033: 11027: 11026: 11019: 11013: 11012: 11005: 10999: 10998: 10970: 10964: 10963: 10952: 10946: 10945: 10944:on 7 March 2020. 10940:. Archived from 10909: 10903: 10902: 10874: 10868: 10853: 10847: 10846: 10815: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10804: 10793: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10770: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10759: 10743: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10732: 10709: 10698: 10697: 10687: 10638: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10612: 10606: 10592: 10583: 10569: 10560: 10559: 10530: 10524: 10518: 10512: 10511: 10509: 10477: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10455: 10449: 10448: 10434: 10428: 10427: 10383: 10377: 10376: 10374: 10372: 10357: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10346: 10340: 10325: 10317: 10311: 10310: 10263: 10257: 10256: 10230: 10210: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10199: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10146: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10135: 10120: 10114: 10113: 10085: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10074: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10000: 9994: 9993: 9973: 9967: 9966: 9957:(9): 2112–2114. 9938: 9932: 9931: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9881:10.1039/b708844m 9875:(9): 1826–1835. 9864: 9855: 9854: 9836: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9792: 9786: 9785: 9757: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9746: 9740: 9733: 9724: 9715: 9709: 9703: 9702: 9682: 9676: 9675: 9657: 9651: 9650: 9632: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9599: 9593: 9592: 9575:(9): 2589–2600. 9569:Chemical Reviews 9564: 9558: 9557: 9529: 9523: 9522: 9511:10.1038/376238a0 9486: 9480: 9479: 9461: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9433: 9427: 9426: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9359: 9353: 9352: 9316: 9310: 9309: 9280: 9270: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9242: 9236: 9235: 9216: 9210: 9207:Jewellery Alloys 9204: 9191: 9190: 9173:(1–2): 151–161. 9167:Chemical Physics 9162: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9140: 9134: 9133: 9124: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9107: 9101:. Archived from 9076: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9021: 9015: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8973: 8967: 8966: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8927: 8921: 8920: 8910: 8860: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8836: 8802: 8793: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8763: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8736: 8730: 8729: 8722: 8713: 8712: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8633: 8624: 8618: 8617: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8553: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8506: 8500: 8499: 8481: 8470: 8469: 8440: 8434: 8433: 8422: 8205:chloroauric acid 8037: 7982: 7960:nuclear medicine 7831:(Keeley, 1897). 7631: 7628: 7517: 7513: 7497:had ended and a 7312:American Buffalo 7280:and the British 7247:in his treatise 7056:History of money 6838: 6836: 6835: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6385: 6379: 6367: 6366: 6359: 6350: 6343: 6305:Wohlwill process 6040: 6037: 6018:Gold prospecting 5739: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5566: 5552: 5543: 5528: 5509: 5489: 5479: 5469: 5450: 5431: 5416: 5401: 5371: 5345: 5330: 5308: 5293: 5275: 5260: 5248: 5233:Ancient Egyptian 5229: 5210: 5183: 5164: 5114:Dome of the Rock 4891: 4795:hydraulic mining 4791:Roman metallurgy 4726:, starting with 4671:Diodorus Siculus 4584:Varna Necropolis 4574: 4573: 40,000 BC 4571: 4546: 4404: 4393: 4386: 4362: 4351: 4302:deposits called 4280:sulfide minerals 4261:specific gravity 4140:asteroid impacts 4020: 4019: 4018: 4015: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3960: 3943: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3888: 3872:gold(II) sulfate 3869: 3859:in concentrated 3858: 3851: 3816: 3803:caesium chloride 3793: 3761:oxidation states 3722: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3697: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3596: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3561: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3533: 3526: 3518: 3515: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3485: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3452: 3443: 3439: 3425:chloroauric acid 3422: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3328:hydrogen sulfide 3319: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3223: 3221: 3214: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3194: 3185: 3181: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3147: 3141: 3134: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3114: 3105: 3101: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3067: 3061: 3054: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3034: 3025: 3021: 3000: 2990: 2980: 2964: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2948: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2915: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2842: 2835: 2799: 2769: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2754:organophosphines 2703:isotopes of gold 2662: 2660: 2659: 2651: 2649: 2648: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2629: 2627: 2626: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2607: 2605: 2604: 2596: 2594: 2593: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2563: 2561: 2560: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2510: 2508: 2507: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2465:Isotopes of gold 2359: 2357: 2203:recorded history 2035:group 11 element 2031:transition metal 2009: 1992:chemical element 1973: 1966: 1959: 1947: 1946: 1925: 1920: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1860: 1846: 1839: 1821: 1814: 1789: 1757: 1756: 1747: 1742: 1735: 1726:Isotopes of gold 1707: 1652:Brinell hardness 1642:Vickers hardness 1609: 1564:Tensile strength 1557: 1555: 1507: 1505: 1486: 1477:Lattice constant 1443:Other properties 1346: 1340: 1327:Oxidation states 1293: 1289: 1261: 1257: 1250: 1249: 1201: 1187: 1148: 1147: 1103: 1064: 1063: 1002: 995: 988: 981: 974: 967: 960: 953: 946: 939: 932: 925: 918: 911: 904: 897: 890: 883: 876: 869: 862: 855: 848: 841: 834: 827: 820: 813: 806: 799: 792: 785: 776: 769: 762: 755: 748: 741: 734: 727: 720: 713: 706: 699: 692: 685: 678: 671: 664: 657: 650: 643: 636: 629: 622: 615: 608: 601: 594: 587: 580: 573: 566: 559: 550: 543: 536: 529: 522: 515: 508: 501: 494: 487: 480: 473: 466: 459: 452: 445: 434: 427: 418: 411: 404: 397: 390: 383: 376: 369: 362: 355: 348: 341: 334: 327: 320: 313: 304: 297: 288: 281: 274: 267: 260: 253: 244: 237: 228: 221: 214: 207: 200: 193: 184: 177: 168: 159: 153: 152: 148: 147: 144: 143: 118: 116: 109: 108: 104: 101: 87: 54: 47: 45: 37: 17966: 17965: 17961: 17960: 17959: 17957: 17956: 17955: 17896:Precious metals 17866: 17865: 17864: 17859: 17818: 17776: 17765:Spondylus shell 17723: 17645: 17416: 17402:Stainless steel 17353: 17337:Sterling silver 17297:Precious metal 17292: 17260:Precious metals 17243: 17207: 17109: 17056: 16896: 16891: 16861: 16856: 16845: 16842: 16841: 16840: 16838: 16825: 16821: 16817: 16813: 16809: 16801: 16797: 16789: 16770: 16767: 16759: 16755: 16751: 16743: 16739: 16731: 16723: 16715: 16699: 16695: 16691: 16687: 16683: 16675: 16666: 16662: 16653: 16645: 16641: 16632: 16623: 16615: 16607: 16592: 16588: 16584: 16569: 16564: 16560: 16556: 16552: 16547: 16543: 16539: 16535: 16516: 16512: 16508: 16504: 16496: 16492: 16488: 16484: 16476: 16472: 16468: 16460: 16456: 16448: 16444: 16436: 16432: 16424: 16420: 16416: 16407: 16403: 16399: 16395: 16387: 16383: 16379: 16375: 16371: 16367: 16363: 16359: 16355: 16351: 16343: 16339: 16335: 16331: 16327: 16311: 16307: 16303: 16299: 16295: 16287: 16274: 16234: 16228: 16224: 16220: 16215: 16190: 16185: 16155: 16150: 16149: 16148: 16114: 16105: 16103: 16096: 16094: 16087: 16085: 16078: 16076: 16069: 16067: 16060: 16058: 16051: 16049: 16042: 16040: 16033: 16031: 16024: 16022: 16015: 16013: 16006: 16004: 15997: 15995: 15988: 15986: 15979: 15977: 15970: 15968: 15961: 15959: 15952: 15950: 15943: 15941: 15934: 15932: 15925: 15923: 15916: 15914: 15907: 15905: 15898: 15896: 15889: 15887: 15880: 15878: 15871: 15869: 15862: 15860: 15853: 15851: 15844: 15842: 15835: 15833: 15826: 15824: 15810: 15808: 15801: 15799: 15792: 15790: 15783: 15781: 15774: 15772: 15765: 15763: 15756: 15754: 15747: 15745: 15738: 15736: 15729: 15727: 15720: 15718: 15711: 15709: 15702: 15700: 15693: 15691: 15684: 15682: 15675: 15673: 15666: 15664: 15657: 15655: 15648: 15646: 15639: 15637: 15630: 15628: 15621: 15619: 15612: 15610: 15603: 15601: 15594: 15592: 15585: 15583: 15576: 15574: 15567: 15565: 15558: 15556: 15549: 15547: 15540: 15538: 15531: 15529: 15515: 15513: 15506: 15504: 15497: 15495: 15488: 15486: 15479: 15477: 15470: 15468: 15461: 15459: 15452: 15450: 15443: 15441: 15434: 15432: 15425: 15423: 15416: 15414: 15407: 15405: 15398: 15396: 15389: 15387: 15380: 15378: 15369: 15367: 15360: 15358: 15344: 15342: 15335: 15333: 15326: 15324: 15317: 15315: 15308: 15306: 15299: 15297: 15290: 15288: 15281: 15279: 15272: 15270: 15263: 15261: 15254: 15252: 15245: 15243: 15236: 15234: 15227: 15225: 15218: 15216: 15209: 15207: 15198: 15196: 15189: 15187: 15173: 15171: 15164: 15162: 15155: 15153: 15146: 15144: 15137: 15135: 15128: 15126: 15117: 15115: 15108: 15106: 15092: 15090: 15083: 15081: 15074: 15072: 15065: 15063: 15056: 15054: 15047: 15045: 15036: 15034: 15027: 15025: 15011: 15009: 15000: 14998: 14887: 14882: 14842:Wayback Machine 14807:Chemistry World 14801:(MP3) from the 14782: 14779: 14758:Vilar, Pierre. 14722:Hart, Matthew, 14651: 14649:Further reading 14646: 14639: 14623: 14619: 14604: 14600: 14561: 14557: 14518: 14514: 14483:(79): 936–939. 14469: 14465: 14458: 14442: 14438: 14428: 14426: 14415: 14411: 14406:. 2 April 2021. 14398: 14397: 14393: 14383: 14381: 14372: 14371: 14367: 14357: 14355: 14354:on 26 July 2011 14351: 14344: 14340: 14339: 14335: 14327:1997 McLaren F1 14324:Martin, Keith. 14322: 14318: 14310: 14306: 14300:Wayback Machine 14291: 14287: 14277: 14275: 14268: 14264: 14249: 14245: 14238: 14222: 14218: 14208: 14206: 14197: 14196: 14192: 14157: 14156: 14152: 14143: 14142: 14138: 14099: 14095: 14082: 14081: 14077: 14070: 14054: 14050: 14013: 14009: 13982:Immunochemistry 13978: 13974: 13967: 13949: 13945: 13914: 13910: 13871: 13867: 13861:Wayback Machine 13851: 13847: 13830: 13826: 13787: 13783: 13768: 13764: 13757: 13741: 13737: 13727: 13725: 13724:on 3 March 2001 13712: 13711: 13707: 13700: 13684: 13680: 13665: 13661: 13654: 13638: 13634: 13624: 13622: 13614: 13613: 13609: 13599: 13597: 13589: 13588: 13581: 13566: 13562: 13552: 13550: 13541: 13540: 13536: 13526: 13524: 13513: 13509: 13499: 13497: 13482: 13478: 13468: 13466: 13454: 13450: 13440: 13438: 13427: 13426: 13422: 13412: 13410: 13401: 13400: 13396: 13386: 13384: 13375: 13374: 13367: 13361:Wayback Machine 13352: 13348: 13338: 13336: 13331: 13330: 13326: 13316: 13314: 13313:on 19 July 2006 13305: 13304: 13300: 13290: 13288: 13284: 13272: 13266: 13262: 13255: 13239: 13235: 13228: 13212: 13208: 13198: 13196: 13188: 13187: 13183: 13173: 13171: 13158: 13157: 13153: 13143: 13141: 13131: 13127: 13117: 13115: 13110: 13109: 13105: 13092: 13088: 13075: 13071: 13061: 13059: 13048: 13044: 13034: 13032: 13031:. 19 April 1999 13023: 13022: 13018: 13011: 12995: 12991: 12981: 12979: 12977: 12961: 12957: 12950: 12934: 12930: 12911: 12907: 12897: 12895: 12885: 12881: 12871: 12869: 12865: 12858: 12854: 12853: 12849: 12839:Wayback Machine 12830: 12823: 12817:Wayback Machine 12808: 12804: 12798:Wayback Machine 12789: 12785: 12779:Wayback Machine 12770: 12766: 12721: 12717: 12707: 12705: 12695: 12691: 12681: 12679: 12675: 12674: 12670: 12661: 12660: 12656: 12646: 12644: 12639: 12638: 12634: 12621: 12620: 12616: 12606: 12604: 12594: 12590: 12580: 12578: 12553: 12549: 12542: 12519: 12515: 12508: 12492: 12488: 12481: 12465: 12461: 12454: 12438: 12434: 12419: 12415: 12405: 12403: 12395: 12394: 12390: 12380: 12378: 12377:on 2 March 2007 12367: 12363: 12353: 12351: 12340: 12336: 12320: 12311: 12301: 12299: 12295: 12288: 12282: 12278: 12268: 12266: 12253: 12252: 12248: 12238: 12236: 12232: 12226: 12222: 12212: 12210: 12198: 12194: 12184: 12182: 12178: 12163: 12157: 12153: 12143: 12141: 12132: 12131: 12127: 12120: 12104: 12100: 12093: 12075: 12071: 12056: 12052: 12042: 12040: 12033: 12029: 12006: 12002: 11986:10.1.1.873.8651 11969: 11965: 11955: 11953: 11943: 11939: 11923:10.1.1.832.2031 11908: 11904: 11873: 11869: 11826: 11822: 11812: 11810: 11798: 11794: 11785: 11781: 11772: 11768: 11759: 11755: 11748: 11734: 11730: 11724:Wayback Machine 11714: 11710: 11697:Wayback Machine 11687: 11683: 11666: 11662: 11652: 11650: 11642: 11641: 11637: 11627: 11625: 11617: 11616: 11612: 11605: 11591: 11587: 11580: 11566: 11562: 11555: 11541: 11537: 11530: 11516: 11512: 11505: 11491: 11487: 11477: 11475: 11465: 11461: 11454: 11440: 11436: 11420: 11419: 11415: 11401: 11397: 11390: 11374: 11370: 11363: 11347: 11343: 11335: 11331: 11324: 11316:. p. 151. 11312:. Vol. 2. 11306: 11302: 11289: 11285: 11275: 11273: 11261: 11260: 11256: 11248: 11244: 11234: 11232: 11227: 11226: 11219: 11203: 11199: 11188:Wayback Machine 11179: 11175: 11167: 11163: 11155: 11151: 11144: 11128: 11124: 11100: 11096: 11057: 11053: 11048: 11044: 11035: 11034: 11030: 11021: 11020: 11016: 11007: 11006: 11002: 10995: 10971: 10967: 10953: 10949: 10910: 10906: 10885:(11): 303–314. 10875: 10871: 10854: 10850: 10816: 10812: 10802: 10800: 10799:. 17 March 2013 10795: 10794: 10790: 10779: 10777: 10772: 10771: 10767: 10757: 10755: 10744: 10740: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10710: 10701: 10639: 10635: 10625: 10623: 10613: 10609: 10593: 10586: 10570: 10563: 10531: 10527: 10519: 10515: 10478: 10474: 10464: 10462: 10457: 10456: 10452: 10435: 10431: 10394:(7363): 195–8. 10384: 10380: 10370: 10368: 10359: 10358: 10354: 10344: 10342: 10338: 10323: 10319: 10318: 10314: 10291:10.1038/500535a 10264: 10260: 10211: 10207: 10197: 10195: 10187: 10186: 10182: 10147: 10143: 10133: 10131: 10122: 10121: 10117: 10086: 10082: 10072: 10070: 10060: 10056: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10001: 9997: 9990: 9974: 9970: 9948: 9944: 9939: 9935: 9905: 9900: 9896: 9865: 9858: 9851: 9837: 9830: 9793: 9789: 9758: 9754: 9744: 9742: 9738: 9731: 9725: 9718: 9710: 9706: 9699: 9683: 9679: 9672: 9658: 9654: 9647: 9633: 9629: 9619: 9617: 9616:on 14 July 2016 9601: 9600: 9596: 9565: 9561: 9530: 9526: 9487: 9483: 9476: 9462: 9458: 9448: 9446: 9434: 9430: 9397: 9393: 9365:Physical Review 9360: 9356: 9327:(29): 597–598. 9317: 9313: 9271: 9264: 9254: 9252: 9244: 9243: 9239: 9232: 9218: 9217: 9213: 9205: 9194: 9163: 9159: 9149: 9147: 9142: 9141: 9137: 9126: 9125: 9121: 9111: 9109: 9105: 9074: 9068: 9064: 9054: 9052: 9041: 9040: 9036: 9023: 9022: 9018: 9012:Wayback Machine 9002: 8998: 8988: 8986: 8983:Popular Science 8974: 8970: 8963: 8949: 8945: 8935: 8933: 8929: 8928: 8924: 8861: 8857: 8849: 8800: 8794: 8787: 8777: 8775: 8764: 8755: 8745: 8743: 8738: 8737: 8733: 8724: 8723: 8716: 8705: 8689: 8685: 8675: 8659: 8655: 8631: 8625: 8621: 8614: 8598: 8594: 8587: 8573: 8569: 8562: 8551: 8543: 8539: 8507: 8503: 8496: 8482: 8473: 8441: 8437: 8424: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8410: 8339: 8251: 8203:Gold chloride ( 8186:cyanide process 8108:cranberry glass 8075: 8025:medieval Europe 7994: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7985: 7984: 7983: 7972: 7785: 7689: 7646:sterling silver 7629: 7623:Boule de Genève 7592: 7587: 7575:Decimal Place: 7394: 7345: 7339: 7237:precious metals 7207:future contract 7058: 7052: 7025:hazardous waste 6998:and mixed with 6981: 6971: 6894:Other Countries 6833: 6831: 6803: 6801: 6773: 6771: 6743: 6741: 6693: 6691: 6663: 6661: 6633: 6631: 6603: 6601: 6573: 6571: 6543: 6541: 6513: 6511: 6483: 6481: 6453: 6451: 6423: 6421: 6389: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6368: 6364: 6357: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6338: 6325: 6286:Gold extraction 6271: 6269:Gold extraction 6265: 6255:is the largest 6195:Finnish Lapland 6169:Second Boer War 6038: 6020: 6012:Main articles: 6010: 5990: 5984: 5871:Book of Genesis 5869:, while in the 5865:is a symbol of 5833: 5746: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5610:, deriving via 5584: 5577: 5574:Alphonse Debain 5567: 5558: 5544: 5535: 5529: 5520: 5513:Louis XVI style 5510: 5501: 5490: 5481: 5470: 5461: 5451: 5442: 5432: 5423: 5417: 5408: 5402: 5393: 5372: 5363: 5346: 5337: 5331: 5322: 5309: 5300: 5294: 5285: 5276: 5267: 5264:Ancient Chinese 5261: 5252: 5249: 5240: 5230: 5221: 5215:Aegina Treasure 5211: 5202: 5184: 5175: 5165: 5122:Harmandir Sahib 5054:Rumpelstiltskin 4913:Native American 4892: 4888:Chihab Al-Umari 4886: 4835:Pliny the Elder 4782:circulated the 4776:placer deposits 4694:Kritonios Crown 4692:Ancient golden 4681:in what is now 4673:, and included 4572: 4545: 4473: 4422: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4375:: the minerals 4361: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4304:placer deposits 4219: 4195: 4175:erosion surface 4116: 4070:from which the 4062:, and from the 4032: 4027: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3814: 3791: 3785: 3705: 3700: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3658: 3653: 3644: 3632: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3604: 3599: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3569: 3564: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3534: 3529: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3497: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3460: 3455: 3442: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3348: 3344: 3332:chlorauric acid 3293: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3268: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3213: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3184: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3155: 3150: 3133: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3104: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3075: 3070: 3053: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3024: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3003:gold(I) bromide 2999: 2995: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2975: 2947: 2933: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2914: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2889: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2861: 2850: 2845: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2808:that have both 2798: 2794: 2790: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2738:oxidation state 2726: 2720: 2695:Hantaro Nagaoka 2691:nuclear physics 2679: 2673: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2614: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2592: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2581: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2573:nuclear isomers 2559: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2548: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2532:proton emission 2528:proton emission 2521: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2467: 2461: 2372: 2366: 2358:0.015 g/cm 2355: 2353: 2274: 2272:Characteristics 2211:monetary policy 2118:gold tellurides 2108:such as within 1977: 1952: 1923: 1918: 1900: 1893: 1891: 1856: 1842: 1837: 1817: 1812: 1787: 1780: 1773:abundance 1746: 1728: 1701: 1666:7440-57-5 1607: 1574:Young's modulus 1553: 1551: 1503: 1501: 1487: 1407:Covalent radius 1387: 1342: 1336: 1316: 1291: 1259: 1195: 1185: 1141: 1057: 1053: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1008: 1000: 993: 986: 979: 972: 965: 958: 951: 944: 937: 930: 923: 916: 909: 902: 895: 888: 881: 874: 867: 860: 853: 846: 839: 832: 825: 818: 811: 804: 797: 790: 783: 774: 767: 760: 753: 746: 739: 732: 725: 718: 711: 704: 697: 690: 683: 676: 669: 662: 655: 648: 641: 634: 627: 620: 613: 606: 599: 592: 585: 578: 571: 564: 557: 548: 541: 534: 527: 520: 513: 506: 499: 492: 485: 478: 471: 464: 457: 450: 443: 432: 425: 416: 409: 402: 395: 388: 381: 374: 367: 360: 353: 346: 339: 332: 325: 318: 311: 302: 295: 286: 279: 272: 265: 258: 251: 242: 235: 226: 219: 212: 205: 198: 191: 182: 175: 166: 157: 126: 114: 112: 106: 102: 99: 97: 85: 79: 67:Metallic yellow 43: 39: 36: 31: 21: 12: 11: 5: 17964: 17954: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17901:Cubic minerals 17898: 17893: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17861: 17860: 17858: 17857: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17826:Related topics 17823: 17820: 17819: 17817: 17816: 17811: 17806: 17800: 17794: 17788: 17786: 17782: 17781: 17778: 17777: 17775: 17774: 17769: 17768: 17767: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17742: 17737: 17731: 17729: 17725: 17724: 17722: 17721: 17716: 17711: 17706: 17701: 17696: 17691: 17690: 17689: 17684: 17674: 17669: 17664: 17659: 17653: 17651: 17647: 17646: 17644: 17643: 17638: 17633: 17628: 17623: 17618: 17613: 17608: 17603: 17598: 17593: 17588: 17583: 17573: 17568: 17563: 17558: 17553: 17548: 17543: 17538: 17533: 17528: 17523: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17503: 17498: 17493: 17488: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17458: 17448: 17443: 17438: 17433: 17427: 17425: 17418: 17417: 17415: 17414: 17409: 17404: 17399: 17394: 17389: 17384: 17379: 17374: 17369: 17363: 17361: 17355: 17354: 17352: 17351: 17346: 17345: 17344: 17334: 17329: 17324: 17319: 17314: 17309: 17303: 17301: 17294: 17293: 17291: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17275: 17270: 17264: 17262: 17253: 17249: 17248: 17245: 17244: 17242: 17241: 17236: 17231: 17226: 17221: 17215: 17213: 17209: 17208: 17206: 17205: 17200: 17198:Wire sculpture 17195: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17144: 17143: 17138: 17133: 17123: 17117: 17115: 17111: 17110: 17108: 17107: 17102: 17097: 17092: 17087: 17082: 17077: 17071: 17069: 17062: 17058: 17057: 17055: 17054: 17053: 17052: 17047: 17037: 17032: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17012: 17007: 17002: 16997: 16992: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16957: 16952: 16947: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16917: 16912: 16906: 16904: 16898: 16897: 16890: 16889: 16882: 16875: 16867: 16858: 16857: 16855: 16854: 16843: 16833: 16831: 16827: 16826: 16824: 16823: 16819: 16815: 16811: 16807: 16803: 16799: 16795: 16791: 16787: 16782: 16780: 16776: 16775: 16772: 16771: 16769: 16765: 16761: 16757: 16753: 16749: 16745: 16741: 16737: 16733: 16729: 16725: 16721: 16717: 16713: 16709: 16707: 16698: 16697: 16693: 16689: 16685: 16681: 16677: 16673: 16669: 16664: 16660: 16655: 16651: 16647: 16643: 16639: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16621: 16617: 16613: 16609: 16605: 16600: 16598: 16594: 16593: 16591: 16590: 16586: 16582: 16577: 16575: 16571: 16570: 16568: 16567: 16562: 16558: 16554: 16549: 16545: 16541: 16537: 16533: 16528: 16526: 16522: 16521: 16518: 16517: 16515: 16510: 16506: 16502: 16498: 16494: 16490: 16486: 16482: 16478: 16474: 16470: 16466: 16462: 16458: 16454: 16450: 16446: 16442: 16438: 16434: 16430: 16426: 16422: 16418: 16414: 16410: 16405: 16401: 16397: 16393: 16389: 16385: 16381: 16377: 16373: 16369: 16365: 16361: 16357: 16353: 16349: 16345: 16341: 16337: 16333: 16329: 16325: 16321: 16319: 16310: 16309: 16305: 16301: 16297: 16293: 16289: 16285: 16277: 16272: 16268: 16263: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16242: 16240: 16236: 16235: 16233: 16232: 16226: 16222: 16217: 16213: 16209: 16204: 16198: 16196: 16192: 16191: 16188:Gold compounds 16184: 16183: 16176: 16169: 16161: 16152: 16151: 16145: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16115: 16111: 16110: 16101: 16092: 16083: 16074: 16065: 16056: 16047: 16038: 16029: 16020: 16011: 16002: 15993: 15984: 15975: 15966: 15957: 15948: 15939: 15930: 15921: 15912: 15903: 15894: 15885: 15876: 15867: 15858: 15849: 15840: 15831: 15822: 15816: 15815: 15806: 15797: 15788: 15779: 15770: 15761: 15752: 15743: 15734: 15725: 15716: 15707: 15698: 15689: 15680: 15671: 15662: 15653: 15644: 15635: 15626: 15617: 15608: 15599: 15590: 15581: 15572: 15563: 15554: 15545: 15536: 15527: 15521: 15520: 15511: 15502: 15493: 15484: 15475: 15466: 15457: 15448: 15439: 15430: 15421: 15412: 15403: 15394: 15385: 15376: 15374: 15365: 15356: 15350: 15349: 15340: 15331: 15322: 15313: 15304: 15295: 15286: 15277: 15268: 15259: 15250: 15241: 15232: 15223: 15214: 15205: 15203: 15194: 15185: 15179: 15178: 15169: 15160: 15151: 15142: 15133: 15124: 15122: 15113: 15104: 15098: 15097: 15088: 15079: 15070: 15061: 15052: 15043: 15041: 15032: 15023: 15017: 15016: 15007: 15005: 14996: 14990: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14889: 14888: 14885:Periodic table 14881: 14880: 14873: 14866: 14858: 14852: 14851: 14845: 14835: 14826: 14814: 14796: 14778: 14777:External links 14775: 14774: 14773: 14766: 14756: 14746: 14736: 14720: 14710: 14703: 14693: 14682: 14672: 14662: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14644: 14637: 14617: 14598: 14555: 14528:(7): 739–743. 14512: 14463: 14456: 14436: 14409: 14391: 14365: 14333: 14316: 14304: 14285: 14262: 14243: 14236: 14216: 14205:on 23 May 2006 14190: 14150: 14136: 14093: 14075: 14068: 14048: 14007: 13988:(11): 1081–3. 13972: 13965: 13943: 13908: 13865: 13852:Mortier, Tom. 13845: 13824: 13781: 13762: 13755: 13735: 13705: 13698: 13678: 13659: 13652: 13632: 13607: 13579: 13560: 13534: 13507: 13476: 13448: 13420: 13394: 13365: 13346: 13324: 13298: 13260: 13253: 13233: 13226: 13206: 13194:goldsilver.com 13181: 13151: 13125: 13103: 13086: 13083:. p. 103. 13069: 13058:on 15 May 2016 13042: 13016: 13009: 12989: 12975: 12955: 12948: 12928: 12905: 12879: 12847: 12821: 12802: 12783: 12764: 12735:(2): 304–313. 12715: 12689: 12668: 12654: 12632: 12614: 12588: 12547: 12540: 12513: 12506: 12486: 12479: 12459: 12452: 12432: 12413: 12388: 12361: 12334: 12309: 12276: 12246: 12220: 12192: 12151: 12125: 12118: 12098: 12091: 12069: 12050: 12027: 12000: 11963: 11937: 11902: 11867: 11840:(3): 427–447. 11820: 11792: 11779: 11766: 11753: 11746: 11728: 11708: 11681: 11660: 11635: 11610: 11603: 11585: 11578: 11560: 11553: 11535: 11528: 11510: 11503: 11485: 11459: 11452: 11434: 11413: 11395: 11388: 11368: 11361: 11341: 11329: 11322: 11300: 11283: 11254: 11242: 11217: 11197: 11173: 11161: 11149: 11142: 11122: 11094: 11073:10.1086/203868 11067:(4): 436–443. 11051: 11042: 11039:. 15 May 2021. 11028: 11014: 11000: 10993: 10965: 10947: 10924:(1–3): 85–94. 10904: 10869: 10848: 10829:(2): 208–221. 10810: 10788: 10765: 10746:Heike, Brian. 10738: 10724: 10699: 10633: 10607: 10584: 10561: 10536:Tectonophysics 10525: 10513: 10472: 10450: 10429: 10378: 10352: 10312: 10258: 10205: 10180: 10175:10.1086/190111 10141: 10115: 10080: 10054: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10004: 9995: 9988: 9968: 9946: 9942: 9933: 9914:(3): 868–872. 9903: 9894: 9856: 9849: 9828: 9787: 9768:(3): 573–579. 9752: 9716: 9704: 9697: 9677: 9670: 9652: 9645: 9627: 9594: 9559: 9524: 9481: 9474: 9456: 9428: 9391: 9372:(7): 473–479. 9354: 9311: 9262: 9237: 9230: 9211: 9192: 9157: 9146:. Math.ucr.edu 9135: 9119: 9062: 9034: 9016: 8996: 8968: 8961: 8943: 8922: 8877:(1): 225–261. 8855: 8811:(15): 155401. 8785: 8774:. Oilprice.com 8753: 8731: 8728:. 7 June 2023. 8714: 8703: 8683: 8673: 8653: 8619: 8612: 8592: 8585: 8567: 8560: 8537: 8501: 8494: 8471: 8435: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8348: 8338: 8335: 8298:electroplating 8250: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8234: 8227: 8201: 8198:electroforming 8194:electroplating 8178: 8171: 8160: 8153: 8122: 8115:silver bromide 8111: 8083:mirror segment 8074: 8071: 8070: 8069: 8055: 8028: 8018: 7987: 7986: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7874:Colloidal gold 7866:and permanent 7784: 7781: 7688: 7685: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7576: 7572: 7571: 7568: 7567:Denomination: 7564: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7552: 7548: 7547: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7455:. In 2005 the 7393: 7390: 7338: 7335: 7282:gold sovereign 7165:Gold standards 7084:Gold has been 7051: 7048: 7004:cyanide spills 7000:sodium cyanide 6970: 6967: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6828: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6798: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6768: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6722: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6700:United Kingdom 6688: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6391: 6390: 6371: 6369: 6362: 6356: 6353: 6347: 6340: 6336:carbon dioxide 6324: 6321: 6313:Miller process 6267:Main article: 6264: 6261: 6259:in the world. 6207:Reed Gold Mine 6173:British Empire 6142:Vredefort Dome 6096:Atacama Desert 6009: 6006: 5986:Main article: 5983: 5980: 5859:Book of Exodus 5832: 5829: 5779:Academy Awards 5745: 5742: 5612:Proto-Germanic 5583: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5568: 5561: 5559: 5547:Gothic Revival 5545: 5538: 5536: 5530: 5523: 5521: 5515:snuff box, by 5511: 5504: 5502: 5491: 5484: 5482: 5471: 5464: 5462: 5452: 5445: 5443: 5433: 5426: 5424: 5418: 5411: 5409: 5403: 5396: 5394: 5373: 5366: 5364: 5347: 5340: 5338: 5332: 5325: 5323: 5310: 5303: 5301: 5295: 5288: 5286: 5277: 5270: 5268: 5262: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5243: 5241: 5231: 5224: 5222: 5219:British Museum 5212: 5205: 5203: 5189:earrings with 5185: 5178: 5176: 5166: 5159: 5015:Ashanti Empire 4980:Lake Guatavita 4884: 4709:Amarna letters 4472: 4469: 4421: 4418: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4382: 4359: 4347: 4286:", which is a 4270:Gold in pyrite 4245:solid solution 4218: 4215: 4207:Deseado Massif 4194: 4191: 4128:planetary core 4115: 4112: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3844: 3799:Caesium auride 3784: 3781: 3773:reducing agent 3703: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3672: 3664: 3656: 3648: 3639: 3636: 3602: 3593: 3590: 3580: 3567: 3558: 3555: 3545: 3540: 3532: 3524: 3514: 3494: 3490: 3481: 3471: 3458: 3449: 3446: 3437: 3346: 3342: 3339:gold phosphide 3304: 3297: 3290: 3280: 3272: 3263: 3239: 3229: 3217: 3210: 3200: 3191: 3188: 3179: 3153: 3144: 3137: 3130: 3120: 3111: 3108: 3099: 3073: 3064: 3057: 3050: 3040: 3031: 3028: 3019: 3007:gold(I) iodide 2997: 2987: 2977: 2954: 2946: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2911: 2901: 2893: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2840: 2806:chemical bonds 2796: 2792: 2724:Gold compounds 2722:Main article: 2719: 2716: 2672: 2669: 2657: 2646: 2635: 2624: 2613: 2602: 2591: 2580: 2558: 2547: 2520: 2505: 2478: 2463:Main article: 2460: 2457: 2453:Colloidal gold 2398:affecting the 2368:Main article: 2365: 2362: 2338:counterfeiting 2273: 2270: 2187:precious metal 2168:electroplating 2127:(a mixture of 2082:solid solution 2068:or grains, in 2058:free elemental 1983: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1968: 1961: 1953: 1950:Category: Gold 1940: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1889: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1775: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1760:Main isotopes 1753: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1737: 1729: 1722: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1702: (before 1695: 1689: 1688: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1610: 1604:Speed of sound 1600: 1599: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1499: 1493: 1492: 1481: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1463: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1435:Spectral lines 1423: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1248: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1212: 1210:Heat of fusion 1206: 1205: 1202: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1120:] 4f 5d 6s 1114: 1108: 1107: 1099: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1027: 1026: 1009: 1005: 1004: 997: 990: 983: 976: 969: 962: 955: 948: 941: 934: 927: 920: 913: 906: 899: 892: 885: 878: 871: 864: 857: 850: 843: 836: 829: 822: 815: 808: 801: 794: 787: 779: 778: 771: 764: 757: 750: 743: 736: 729: 722: 715: 708: 701: 694: 687: 680: 673: 666: 659: 652: 645: 638: 631: 624: 617: 610: 603: 596: 589: 582: 575: 568: 561: 553: 552: 545: 538: 531: 524: 517: 510: 503: 496: 489: 482: 475: 468: 461: 454: 447: 440: 438: 436: 429: 421: 420: 413: 406: 399: 392: 385: 378: 371: 364: 357: 350: 343: 336: 329: 322: 315: 308: 306: 299: 291: 290: 283: 276: 269: 262: 255: 248: 246: 239: 231: 230: 223: 216: 209: 202: 195: 188: 186: 179: 171: 170: 163: 161: 151: 140: 139: 137:periodic table 132: 131: 128: 127: 125: 124: 110: 94: 92: 89: 88: 83: 73: 72: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60: 56: 55: 41: 34: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17963: 17952: 17949: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17874: 17873: 17871: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17830:Body piercing 17828: 17825: 17824: 17821: 17815: 17812: 17810: 17807: 17804: 17801: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17789: 17787: 17783: 17773: 17770: 17766: 17763: 17762: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17732: 17730: 17726: 17720: 17719:Tortoiseshell 17717: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17688: 17685: 17683: 17680: 17679: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17663: 17660: 17658: 17655: 17654: 17652: 17648: 17642: 17639: 17637: 17634: 17632: 17629: 17627: 17624: 17622: 17619: 17617: 17614: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17587: 17584: 17581: 17577: 17574: 17572: 17569: 17567: 17564: 17562: 17559: 17557: 17554: 17552: 17549: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17537: 17534: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17459: 17456: 17452: 17449: 17447: 17444: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17428: 17426: 17424: 17419: 17413: 17410: 17408: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17393: 17390: 17388: 17385: 17383: 17380: 17378: 17375: 17373: 17370: 17368: 17365: 17364: 17362: 17360: 17356: 17350: 17347: 17343: 17340: 17339: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17318: 17315: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17304: 17302: 17300: 17295: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17269: 17266: 17265: 17263: 17261: 17257: 17254: 17250: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17216: 17214: 17210: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17128: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17118: 17116: 17112: 17106: 17103: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17076: 17075:Bench jeweler 17073: 17072: 17070: 17066: 17063: 17059: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17042: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16958: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16907: 16905: 16903: 16899: 16895: 16888: 16883: 16881: 16876: 16874: 16869: 16868: 16865: 16850: 16849: 16835: 16834: 16832: 16828: 16822: 16804: 16802: 16792: 16790: 16784: 16783: 16781: 16777: 16768: 16762: 16760: 16746: 16744: 16734: 16732: 16726: 16724: 16718: 16716: 16710: 16708: 16706: 16702: 16696: 16678: 16676: 16670: 16668: 16667: 16656: 16654: 16648: 16646: 16636: 16634: 16633: 16626: 16624: 16618: 16616: 16610: 16608: 16602: 16601: 16599: 16595: 16589: 16579: 16578: 16576: 16572: 16566: 16550: 16548: 16530: 16529: 16527: 16523: 16514: 16499: 16497: 16479: 16477: 16463: 16461: 16451: 16449: 16439: 16437: 16427: 16425: 16411: 16409: 16390: 16388: 16346: 16344: 16322: 16320: 16318: 16314: 16308: 16290: 16288: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16243: 16241: 16237: 16231: 16218: 16216: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16199: 16197: 16193: 16189: 16182: 16177: 16175: 16170: 16168: 16163: 16162: 16159: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16124: 16117: 16108: 16099: 16090: 16081: 16072: 16063: 16054: 16045: 16036: 16027: 16018: 16009: 16000: 15991: 15982: 15973: 15964: 15955: 15946: 15937: 15928: 15919: 15910: 15901: 15892: 15883: 15874: 15865: 15856: 15847: 15838: 15829: 15821: 15817: 15813: 15804: 15795: 15786: 15777: 15768: 15759: 15750: 15741: 15732: 15723: 15714: 15705: 15696: 15687: 15678: 15669: 15660: 15651: 15642: 15633: 15624: 15615: 15606: 15597: 15588: 15579: 15570: 15561: 15552: 15543: 15534: 15526: 15522: 15518: 15509: 15500: 15491: 15482: 15473: 15464: 15455: 15446: 15437: 15428: 15419: 15410: 15401: 15392: 15383: 15372: 15363: 15355: 15351: 15347: 15338: 15329: 15320: 15311: 15302: 15293: 15284: 15275: 15266: 15257: 15248: 15239: 15230: 15221: 15212: 15201: 15192: 15184: 15180: 15176: 15167: 15158: 15149: 15140: 15131: 15120: 15111: 15103: 15099: 15095: 15086: 15077: 15068: 15059: 15050: 15039: 15030: 15022: 15018: 15014: 15003: 14995: 14991: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14895: 14890: 14886: 14879: 14874: 14872: 14867: 14865: 14860: 14859: 14856: 14849: 14846: 14843: 14839: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14827: 14824: 14823: 14818: 14815: 14812: 14808: 14804: 14800: 14797: 14793: 14792: 14786: 14781: 14780: 14771: 14767: 14765: 14761: 14757: 14755: 14751: 14747: 14745: 14741: 14737: 14735: 14734: 14733:9781451650020 14730: 14725: 14721: 14719: 14715: 14711: 14708: 14704: 14702: 14698: 14694: 14691: 14687: 14683: 14681: 14677: 14674:Brands, H.W. 14673: 14671: 14667: 14663: 14661: 14657: 14653: 14652: 14640: 14634: 14630: 14629: 14621: 14613: 14609: 14602: 14594: 14590: 14586: 14582: 14578: 14574: 14570: 14566: 14559: 14551: 14547: 14543: 14539: 14535: 14531: 14527: 14523: 14516: 14508: 14504: 14500: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14482: 14478: 14474: 14467: 14459: 14453: 14449: 14448: 14440: 14424: 14420: 14413: 14405: 14401: 14395: 14379: 14375: 14369: 14350: 14343: 14337: 14329: 14328: 14320: 14313: 14308: 14301: 14297: 14294: 14289: 14274:. geology.com 14273: 14266: 14258: 14254: 14247: 14239: 14233: 14229: 14228: 14220: 14204: 14200: 14194: 14186: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14168: 14164: 14160: 14154: 14146: 14140: 14132: 14128: 14124: 14120: 14116: 14112: 14109:(8): 977–85. 14108: 14104: 14097: 14089: 14085: 14079: 14071: 14065: 14061: 14060: 14052: 14044: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14026: 14022: 14018: 14011: 14003: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13987: 13983: 13976: 13968: 13962: 13958: 13954: 13947: 13939: 13935: 13931: 13927: 13923: 13919: 13912: 13904: 13900: 13896: 13892: 13888: 13884: 13880: 13876: 13869: 13862: 13858: 13855: 13849: 13841: 13837: 13836: 13828: 13820: 13816: 13812: 13808: 13804: 13800: 13797:(3): 112–25. 13796: 13792: 13785: 13777: 13773: 13766: 13758: 13752: 13749:. CRC Press. 13748: 13747: 13739: 13723: 13719: 13715: 13709: 13701: 13695: 13691: 13690: 13682: 13675: 13674:archive.today 13671: 13668: 13663: 13655: 13649: 13645: 13644: 13636: 13621: 13617: 13611: 13596: 13592: 13586: 13584: 13575: 13571: 13564: 13548: 13544: 13538: 13522: 13519:. Bloomberg. 13518: 13511: 13495: 13491: 13487: 13480: 13465: 13464: 13459: 13452: 13437:. 11 May 2012 13436: 13435: 13430: 13424: 13408: 13404: 13398: 13382: 13378: 13372: 13370: 13362: 13358: 13355: 13350: 13334: 13328: 13312: 13308: 13302: 13283: 13279: 13271: 13264: 13256: 13250: 13246: 13245: 13237: 13229: 13223: 13219: 13218: 13210: 13195: 13191: 13185: 13169: 13165: 13161: 13155: 13140: 13136: 13129: 13113: 13107: 13099: 13098: 13090: 13082: 13081: 13073: 13057: 13053: 13046: 13030: 13026: 13020: 13012: 13006: 13002: 13001: 12993: 12978: 12972: 12968: 12967: 12959: 12951: 12945: 12941: 12940: 12932: 12924: 12920: 12916: 12909: 12894: 12890: 12883: 12864: 12857: 12851: 12844: 12840: 12836: 12833: 12828: 12826: 12818: 12814: 12811: 12806: 12799: 12795: 12792: 12787: 12780: 12776: 12773: 12768: 12760: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12742: 12738: 12734: 12730: 12726: 12719: 12704: 12700: 12693: 12678: 12672: 12664: 12658: 12642: 12636: 12628: 12624: 12618: 12603: 12599: 12592: 12575: 12570: 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10919: 10915: 10908: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10880: 10873: 10866: 10865:0-87480-840-5 10862: 10858: 10852: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10814: 10798: 10792: 10775: 10769: 10753: 10749: 10742: 10727: 10721: 10717: 10716: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10695: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10637: 10622: 10618: 10611: 10605: 10604:9781770070622 10601: 10597: 10591: 10589: 10582: 10581:1 77007 148 2 10578: 10574: 10568: 10566: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10537: 10529: 10522: 10517: 10508: 10503: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10476: 10460: 10454: 10446: 10445: 10440: 10433: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10382: 10366: 10362: 10356: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10322: 10316: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10271: 10262: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10209: 10194: 10190: 10184: 10176: 10172: 10168: 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9276: 9269: 9267: 9251: 9247: 9241: 9233: 9227: 9223: 9222: 9215: 9208: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9161: 9145: 9139: 9131: 9130: 9123: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9073: 9066: 9050: 9049: 9044: 9038: 9030: 9026: 9020: 9013: 9009: 9006: 9000: 8985: 8984: 8979: 8972: 8964: 8958: 8954: 8947: 8932: 8926: 8918: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8871: 8866: 8859: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8799: 8792: 8790: 8773: 8769: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8741: 8735: 8727: 8721: 8719: 8711: 8706: 8704:9781588345172 8700: 8696: 8695: 8687: 8680: 8676: 8674:9781315476124 8670: 8666: 8665: 8657: 8649: 8645: 8642:(3): 030001. 8641: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8615: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8596: 8588: 8586:0-8493-0464-4 8582: 8578: 8571: 8563: 8561:0-8493-0486-5 8557: 8550: 8549: 8541: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8505: 8497: 8491: 8487: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8439: 8431: 8427: 8421: 8417: 8406: 8403: 8401:, fool's gold 8400: 8397: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8382:Gold standard 8380: 8377: 8374: 8371: 8368: 8365: 8362: 8359: 8356: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8343: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8290:gold chloride 8287: 8282: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8271:food additive 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8232: 8228: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8154: 8151: 8150:EA-6B Prowler 8147: 8143: 8139: 8136:, as well as 8135: 8134:visible light 8131: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8109: 8105: 8104: 8100: 8095: 8088: 8084: 8079: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8056: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8026: 8022: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8007:nanoparticles 8004: 8000: 7996: 7995: 7989: 7981: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7937:electron beam 7934: 7930: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7801: 7799: 7796:and forms of 7795: 7791: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7766: 7762: 7757: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7726: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7694: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7660: 7658: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7624: 7620: 7615: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7512: 7510: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7418:gold standard 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7349: 7344: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7304:popular issue 7301: 7297: 7294: 7293:special issue 7289: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7274:bullion coins 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7210: 7208: 7204: 7203:gold reserves 7200: 7196: 7189: 7185: 7180: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7169:Fiat currency 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7146: 7142: 7141:gold standard 7138: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7070:gold standard 7067: 7062: 7057: 7047: 7045: 7040: 7038: 7034: 7033:methylmercury 7028: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7017:sulfuric acid 7014: 7010: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6980: 6976: 6975:Mercury cycle 6966: 6964: 6959: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6569: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6490:United States 6479: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6387: 6375: 6370: 6361: 6360: 6352: 6337: 6332: 6330: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6245:Grasberg mine 6242: 6240: 6236: 6235:Witwatersrand 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6165: 6163: 6162:Braided river 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6138:Witwatersrand 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6085: 6081: 6080:Toi gold mine 6076: 6072: 6070: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6051: 6050:Grasberg mine 6047: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6005: 6003: 5994: 5989: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5953:Wedding rings 5950: 5948: 5945:According to 5943: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5853: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5777:(such as the 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5741: 5728: 5713: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5691: 5687: 5673: 5669: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5588: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5483: 5475: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5405:Pre-Columbian 5400: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5279:Ancient Greek 5274: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5254: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5235:statuette of 5234: 5228: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5126:Wat Phra Kaew 5123: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5065:Olympic Games 5061: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4943:), and after 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4899:Gold coin of 4897: 4889: 4883: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4819:Roşia Montană 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4772:golden fleece 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4756:New Jerusalem 4753: 4749: 4745: 4744:New Testament 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4724:Old Testament 4720: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4550: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4482: 4477: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4453:United States 4450: 4446: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4417: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4355: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4268: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4223: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4199:planetesimals 4190: 4188: 4184: 4183:Witwatersrand 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4163:Witwatersrand 4160: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4095:neutron stars 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4022: 4010: 3992: 3990: 3989:hydrogen bond 3986: 3982: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3953: 3949: 3947: 3924: 3920: 3904: 3873: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3701: 3692: 3689: 3680: 3670: 3654: 3646: 3637: 3634: 3600: 3591: 3588: 3578: 3565: 3556: 3553: 3543: 3530: 3512: 3492: 3488: 3479: 3469: 3456: 3447: 3444: 3435: 3426: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3366:melting point 3363: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3340: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3302: 3288: 3278: 3270: 3261: 3237: 3227: 3208: 3198: 3189: 3186: 3177: 3151: 3142: 3128: 3118: 3109: 3106: 3097: 3071: 3062: 3048: 3038: 3029: 3026: 3017: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2984: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2909: 2899: 2891: 2846: 2838: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802:square planar 2788: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2730: 2725: 2715: 2712: 2711:Glenn Seaborg 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2514: 2499: 2495: 2494:radioisotopes 2492:. Thirty-six 2491: 2487: 2472: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2361: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2306:crystal twins 2303: 2299: 2291: 2286: 2278: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2250:colored glass 2247: 2243: 2239: 2236:, and 10% in 2235: 2231: 2227: 2224:In 2020, the 2222: 2220: 2216: 2215:fiat currency 2212: 2208: 2207:gold standard 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2158:solutions of 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2092:), naturally 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2012:atomic number 2008: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1978: | 1974: 1969: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1941: 1937: 1930: 1927: 1922: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1899: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1813:186.01 d 1809: 1802: 1799: 1798:product 1796: 1794: 1791: 1784: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1632:Mohs hardness 1629: 1625: 1623: 1622:Poisson ratio 1619: 1615: 1611: 1608:thin rod 1605: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1584:Shear modulus 1581: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1393:Atomic radius 1390: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1173:Boiling point 1170: 1166: 1163:1337.33 1162: 1160: 1159:Melting point 1156: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1090:period 6 1088: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1078:group 11 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1055:Atomic number 1051: 1040: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1013: 1010: 1003: 998: 996: 991: 989: 984: 982: 977: 975: 970: 968: 963: 961: 956: 954: 949: 947: 942: 940: 935: 933: 928: 926: 921: 919: 914: 912: 907: 905: 903:Rutherfordium 900: 898: 893: 891: 886: 884: 879: 877: 872: 870: 865: 863: 858: 856: 851: 849: 844: 842: 837: 835: 830: 828: 823: 821: 816: 814: 809: 807: 802: 800: 795: 793: 788: 786: 781: 780: 777: 772: 770: 765: 763: 758: 756: 751: 749: 744: 742: 737: 735: 730: 728: 723: 721: 716: 714: 709: 707: 702: 700: 695: 693: 688: 686: 681: 679: 674: 672: 667: 665: 660: 658: 653: 651: 646: 644: 639: 637: 632: 630: 625: 623: 618: 616: 611: 609: 604: 602: 597: 595: 590: 588: 583: 581: 576: 574: 569: 567: 562: 560: 555: 554: 551: 546: 544: 539: 537: 532: 530: 525: 523: 518: 516: 511: 509: 504: 502: 497: 495: 490: 488: 483: 481: 476: 474: 469: 467: 462: 460: 455: 453: 448: 446: 441: 437: 435: 430: 428: 423: 422: 419: 414: 412: 407: 405: 400: 398: 393: 391: 386: 384: 379: 377: 372: 370: 365: 363: 358: 356: 351: 349: 344: 342: 337: 335: 330: 328: 323: 321: 316: 314: 309: 305: 300: 298: 293: 292: 289: 284: 282: 277: 275: 270: 268: 263: 261: 256: 254: 249: 245: 240: 238: 233: 232: 229: 224: 222: 217: 215: 210: 208: 203: 201: 196: 194: 189: 185: 180: 178: 173: 172: 169: 164: 160: 155: 154: 150: 149: 146: 145: 141: 138: 133: 129: 122: 111: 96: 95: 93: 90: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 57: 53: 48: 33: 29: 27: 19: 17891:Noble metals 17855:Wearable art 17850:Phaleristics 17845:Metalworking 17750:Gutta-percha 17526:Lapis lazuli 17312:Colored gold 17267: 17193:Stonesetting 16836: 16705:Aurates(III) 16657: 16627: 15746: 14830:Getting Gold 14829: 14820: 14789: 14785:"Gold" 14769: 14759: 14749: 14739: 14726: 14713: 14706: 14696: 14685: 14675: 14665: 14655: 14627: 14620: 14612:the original 14601: 14571:(1): 48–49. 14568: 14564: 14558: 14525: 14521: 14515: 14480: 14476: 14466: 14446: 14439: 14427:. Retrieved 14423:the original 14412: 14403: 14394: 14382:. Retrieved 14378:the original 14368: 14356:. Retrieved 14349:the original 14336: 14326: 14319: 14307: 14288: 14276:. Retrieved 14265: 14256: 14246: 14226: 14219: 14207:. Retrieved 14203:the original 14193: 14166: 14163:EFSA Journal 14162: 14153: 14139: 14106: 14102: 14096: 14088:the original 14078: 14058: 14051: 14024: 14020: 14010: 13985: 13981: 13975: 13956: 13946: 13924:(1): 49–59. 13921: 13917: 13911: 13881:(1): 31–53. 13878: 13874: 13868: 13848: 13834: 13827: 13794: 13790: 13784: 13775: 13765: 13745: 13738: 13726:. Retrieved 13722:the original 13717: 13708: 13688: 13681: 13667:Uses of gold 13662: 13642: 13635: 13623:. Retrieved 13620:Investopedia 13619: 13616:"Troy Ounce" 13610: 13598:. Retrieved 13594: 13574:the original 13563: 13551:. Retrieved 13547:the original 13537: 13525:. Retrieved 13510: 13498:. Retrieved 13489: 13479: 13467:. Retrieved 13461: 13451: 13439:. Retrieved 13432: 13423: 13411:. Retrieved 13406: 13397: 13385:. Retrieved 13381:the original 13349: 13337:. Retrieved 13327: 13315:. Retrieved 13311:the original 13301: 13289:. Retrieved 13282:the original 13276: 13263: 13243: 13236: 13216: 13209: 13197:. Retrieved 13193: 13184: 13172:. Retrieved 13168:the original 13163: 13154: 13142:. Retrieved 13138: 13128: 13116:. Retrieved 13106: 13096: 13089: 13079: 13072: 13060:. Retrieved 13056:the original 13045: 13033:. Retrieved 13028: 13019: 12999: 12992: 12980:. Retrieved 12965: 12958: 12938: 12931: 12914: 12908: 12896:. Retrieved 12893:The Guardian 12892: 12882: 12872:22 September 12870:. Retrieved 12850: 12842: 12805: 12786: 12767: 12732: 12728: 12718: 12706:. Retrieved 12692: 12680:. Retrieved 12671: 12657: 12647:12 September 12645:. Retrieved 12635: 12627:the original 12617: 12605:. Retrieved 12591: 12579:. Retrieved 12574:the original 12560: 12550: 12523: 12516: 12496: 12489: 12469: 12462: 12442: 12435: 12427:the original 12416: 12404:. Retrieved 12400: 12391: 12379:. Retrieved 12375:the original 12364: 12352:. Retrieved 12348:the original 12337: 12322: 12300:. Retrieved 12293:the original 12279: 12267:. Retrieved 12258: 12249: 12237:. Retrieved 12223: 12211:. Retrieved 12205: 12195: 12183:. Retrieved 12176:the original 12154: 12142:. Retrieved 12137: 12128: 12108: 12101: 12078: 12072: 12063: 12053: 12041:. Retrieved 12030: 12021: 12017: 12011: 12003: 11976: 11966: 11954:. Retrieved 11950: 11940: 11912: 11905: 11883:(1): 78–89. 11880: 11876: 11870: 11837: 11833: 11823: 11813:21 September 11811:. Retrieved 11807:Investopedia 11805: 11795: 11787: 11782: 11774: 11769: 11756: 11737: 11731: 11711: 11684: 11673: 11663: 11651:. Retrieved 11647: 11638: 11626:. Retrieved 11622: 11613: 11594: 11588: 11569: 11563: 11544: 11538: 11519: 11513: 11494: 11488: 11476:. Retrieved 11472: 11462: 11443: 11437: 11404: 11398: 11378: 11371: 11351: 11344: 11332: 11309: 11303: 11293: 11286: 11274:. Retrieved 11266: 11257: 11245: 11233:. Retrieved 11205: 11200: 11191: 11176: 11164: 11152: 11132: 11125: 11102: 11097: 11064: 11060: 11054: 11045: 11031: 11017: 11003: 10975: 10968: 10958: 10950: 10942:the original 10921: 10917: 10907: 10882: 10878: 10872: 10856: 10855:Plazak, Dan 10851: 10826: 10822: 10813: 10801:. Retrieved 10791: 10778:. Retrieved 10768: 10756:. Retrieved 10752:the original 10741: 10729:. Retrieved 10714: 10651: 10647: 10636: 10624:. Retrieved 10621:ScienceDaily 10620: 10610: 10595: 10572: 10542:(1): 49–61. 10539: 10535: 10528: 10516: 10489: 10485: 10475: 10463:. Retrieved 10453: 10442: 10432: 10391: 10387: 10381: 10369:. Retrieved 10364: 10355: 10343:. Retrieved 10315: 10274: 10268: 10261: 10218: 10214: 10208: 10196:. Retrieved 10183: 10158: 10154: 10144: 10132:. Retrieved 10127: 10118: 10093: 10089: 10083: 10071:. Retrieved 10067: 10057: 10024: 10020: 9998: 9978: 9971: 9954: 9950: 9936: 9911: 9907: 9897: 9872: 9868: 9840: 9804: 9800: 9790: 9765: 9761: 9755: 9743:. Retrieved 9707: 9687: 9680: 9661: 9655: 9636: 9630: 9618:. Retrieved 9614:the original 9606: 9597: 9572: 9568: 9562: 9537: 9533: 9527: 9494: 9490: 9484: 9465: 9459: 9449:22 September 9447:. Retrieved 9441: 9431: 9406: 9400: 9394: 9369: 9363: 9357: 9324: 9320: 9314: 9290: 9286: 9253:. Retrieved 9249: 9240: 9220: 9214: 9170: 9166: 9160: 9148:. Retrieved 9138: 9128: 9122: 9110:. Retrieved 9103:the original 9082: 9078: 9065: 9053:. Retrieved 9046: 9037: 9028: 9019: 8999: 8987:. Retrieved 8981: 8971: 8952: 8946: 8934:. Retrieved 8925: 8874: 8868: 8858: 8808: 8804: 8776:. Retrieved 8771: 8744:. Retrieved 8734: 8708: 8693: 8686: 8678: 8663: 8656: 8639: 8635: 8622: 8602: 8595: 8576: 8570: 8547: 8540: 8515: 8511: 8504: 8485: 8449: 8438: 8420: 8327: 8325: 8314: 8283: 8259:Goldschläger 8252: 8157:high-end CDs 7950:The isotope 7949: 7911: 7872: 7857: 7853:tuberculosis 7833: 7802: 7794:esotericists 7786: 7778: 7758: 7754:wire bonding 7744:and lack of 7727: 7723:jet aircraft 7698: 7690: 7679:and used in 7661: 7654: 7642:karat rating 7635: 7605:Collection, 7603:Larco Museum 7551:Tick Value: 7506: 7503: 7492: 7484:North Africa 7472: 7461: 7438: 7420:, a certain 7395: 7375: 7360: 7354: 7303: 7300:bullion coin 7292: 7290: 7255: 7248: 7230: 7221: 7211: 7192: 7153:World War II 7150: 7131: 7123: 7121: 7106:gold bullion 7083: 7050:Monetary use 7041: 7029: 6989: 6982: 6960: 6957: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6550:Saudi Arabia 6381: 6373: 6333: 6326: 6309:electrolysis 6302: 6298: 6284: 6243: 6200: 6166: 6114:Johannesburg 6112:The city of 6111: 6108: 6089: 6066: 6058:South Africa 6055: 5999: 5961: 5951: 5944: 5925: 5915:, quoting a 5902: 5856: 5849: 5841:Agusan image 5813:golden ratio 5799: 5760: 5747: 5735:shining dawn 5703: 5689: 5672:*h₂é-h₂us-o- 5671: 5667: 5646:is from the 5643: 5641: 5626: 5616: 5599: 5598: 5591: 5532:Neoclassical 5199:Sulaymaniyah 5149:bridal crown 5111: 5099:astrological 5076: 5073: 5062: 5047: 4995:colonization 4984: 4969: 4945:Moctezuma II 4936: 4910: 4901:Eucratides I 4880: 4848: 4841: 4839:encyclopedia 4823:Transylvania 4788: 4721: 4706: 4683:Saudi Arabia 4675:fire-setting 4636: 4608: 4577: 4555: 4535: 4525: 4503: 4481:Varna Museum 4442: 4424:The world's 4423: 4411: 4407: 4312: 4273: 4241:native metal 4230: 4196: 4179:Johannesburg 4159:South Africa 4148: 4117: 4107:Earth masses 4076: 4072:Solar System 4057: 4048:Johannesburg 4044:South Africa 3993: 3978: 3976: 3950: 3838: 3823: 3789: 3786: 3769:precipitated 3758: 3724: 3397:selenic acid 3377:hydrochloric 3373:hydrofluoric 3370: 3360:, and forms 3351: 3336: 3321: 2966: 2826: 2784: 2772:gold halides 2735: 2680: 2571:At least 32 2570: 2486:mononuclidic 2468: 2451: 2408: 2389: 2370:Colored gold 2331: 2302:dislocations 2295: 2254:gold leafing 2223: 2199:works of art 2197:, and other 2184: 2122: 2062:native state 2055: 2039:noble metals 1998: 1987: 1986: 1919:3.139 d 1838:6.165 d 1782: 1716: 1687: 'gold' 1684: 1594:Bulk modulus 1488: 1467:(fcc) ( 1343: 1337: 1286: 1254: 1244: 1059: 945:Darmstadtium 812:Protactinium 724: 586:Praseodymium 135:Gold in the 80: 32: 25: 17792:Art jewelry 17616:Tiger's eye 17521:Labradorite 17471:Chrysocolla 17466:Chrysoberyl 17382:Mokume-gane 17359:Base metals 17131:centrifugal 17100:Silversmith 16975:Ferronnière 16925:Belt buckle 16920:Belly chain 16852:(predicted) 16574:Gold(I,III) 14813:www.rsc.org 14477:Anaesthesia 14429:21 December 14419:"Gold MSDS" 14027:(1): 55–7. 13918:Biologicals 13728:21 February 13527:24 February 13463:MarketWatch 13144:30 November 13118:25 December 13062:23 November 12354:13 December 12302:29 December 12269:24 February 12259:reuters.com 12239:24 February 12207:MarketWatch 12024:(4): 29–50. 11653:18 November 11628:18 November 11619:"Tabatière" 11478:21 November 11181:"Akhenaten" 10758:24 February 10486:Meteoritics 10465:29 December 10365:Sid Perkins 10345:15 February 10198:28 February 10134:18 February 9745:24 February 9409:(3): 1044. 8405:Nordic gold 8399:Iron pyrite 8310:dimercaprol 8273:in the EU ( 8263:Gold Strike 8190:electrolyte 8138:radio waves 8119:sepia-toned 8099:Kanchipuram 8073:Miscellanea 7790:Dioscorides 7687:Electronics 7672:hallmarking 7650:Mokume-gane 7630: 1890 7621:so-called " 7543:Tick Size: 7520:Gold (GCA) 7499:bull market 7488:Middle East 7464:Nixon shock 7402:paper money 7382:Gold Fixing 7378:derivatives 7357:troy weight 7245:Thomas More 7199:gold mining 7173:Switzerland 7145:World War I 7129:centuries. 7117:other units 7086:widely used 6926:World Total 6780:South Korea 6355:Consumption 6317:cupellation 6247:located in 6241:in Canada. 6223:Black Hills 6203:gold rushes 6191:Ivalo River 6092:Pascua Lama 6039: 1938 6030:gold mine, 6014:Gold mining 5898:Virgin Mary 5896:of Christ, 5890:iconography 5863:Golden Calf 5854:in nature. 5817:Golden Rule 5809:golden mean 5787:Emmy Awards 5775:gold plated 5771:Nobel Prize 5763:gold medals 5642:The symbol 5572:teapot, by 5570:Art Nouveau 5517:Jean Frémin 5435:Renaissance 5349:Anglo-Saxon 4999:West Africa 4991:exploration 4989:, European 4937:teocuitlatl 4917:Mesoamerica 4871:camel train 4855:Mali Empire 4807:Las Medulas 4780:Chu (state) 4736:golden calf 4624:golden hats 4566:Paleolithic 4551:, Colombia. 4542:sacred lake 4518:Muisca raft 4495:, from the 4465:World War I 4457:Fritz Haber 4434:quadrillion 4377:auricupride 4354:aurostibite 4284:fool's gold 4237:Precambrian 4226:Native gold 4201:formed the 4142:during the 4124:early Earth 3841:diamagnetic 3405:nitric acid 3393:nitric acid 3381:hydrobromic 2949:no reaction 2863:no reaction 2816:character. 2709:. In 1980, 2707:radioactive 2498:atomic mass 2327:electricity 2234:investments 2219:Nixon shock 2201:throughout 2144:base metals 2129:nitric acid 1699:Middle East 1539:diamagnetic 1279:100 k 1214:12.55 987:Livermorium 959:Copernicium 952:Roentgenium 882:Mendelevium 868:Einsteinium 861:Californium 40:Gold, 28:(anthology) 17870:Categories 17626:Tourmaline 17571:Prasiolite 17446:Aventurine 17317:Crown gold 17219:Draw plate 17168:Metal clay 17105:Watchmaker 17095:Lapidarist 17080:Clockmaker 16955:Collar pin 16950:Chatelaine 13595:PortaraCQG 13413:6 December 12898:12 January 12643:. Gold.org 12607:29 October 12541:3527306730 12406:16 October 12381:23 January 12185:9 February 12172:1061602920 11995:10500/4888 11932:10523/1748 11705:0313335079 11276:30 January 11250:Mansa Musa 11235:27 October 10654:(1): 843. 9112:14 October 9085:(4): 164. 8834:2241/99261 8746:18 October 8742:. gold.org 8413:References 8384:in banking 8358:Chrysiasis 8288:) such as 8286:gold salts 8267:Goldwasser 8142:satellites 8066:garnishing 8034:(English: 8032:Goldwasser 7962:, in some 7922:sputtering 7829:alcoholism 7821:amenorrhea 7809:Depression 7805:anxiolytic 7761:conductive 7719:spacecraft 7681:embroidery 7607:Lima, Peru 7527:Exchange: 7468:troy ounce 7426:troy ounce 7316:Australian 7286:Krugerrand 7241:currencies 7226:crown gold 7184:gold vault 6311:or by the 6215:California 6130:Free State 5982:Production 5921:embroidery 5879:Mercy Seat 5825:golden age 5793:, and the 5791:Palme d'Or 5674:, meaning 5353:Sutton Hoo 5174:, New York 5079:alchemists 5069:gold medal 5019:Portuguese 5003:Gold Coast 4905:Ai-Khanoum 4851:Mansa Musa 4831:Dolaucothi 4702:Basilicata 4632:Bronze Age 4628:Nebra disk 4604:Solnitsata 4596:Pazardzhik 4592:Durankulak 4497:Achaemenid 4326:krennerite 4322:calaverite 4257:white gold 4217:Occurrence 3966:, and its 3903:mercury(I) 3401:aqua regia 2967:Some free 2774:, such as 2746:thioethers 2675:See also: 2431:green gold 2319:spacesuits 2262:gold salts 2260:. Certain 2174:, forming 2125:aqua regia 1980:references 1662:CAS Number 1452:primordial 1353:amphoteric 1276:10 k 994:Tennessine 938:Meitnerium 917:Seaborgium 896:Lawrencium 635:Dysprosium 621:Gadolinium 600:Promethium 472:Technetium 465:Molybdenum 266:Phosphorus 86:°(Au) 64:Appearance 26:Element 79 17772:Toadstone 17709:Operculum 17636:Variscite 17631:Turquoise 17611:Tanzanite 17546:Moonstone 17541:Marcasite 17536:Malachite 17461:Carnelian 17436:Amazonite 17423:gemstones 17397:Pinchbeck 17342:Argentium 17332:Shibuichi 17273:Palladium 17252:Materials 17188:Soldering 17178:Polishing 17153:Engraving 17148:Enameling 17114:Processes 17085:Goldsmith 17020:Tie chain 16995:Neck ring 16985:Lapel pin 16894:Jewellery 16597:Gold(III) 16501:NaAuSCHCO 14850:– rsc.org 14832:1898 book 14697:Economica 14185:1831-4732 13776:TechRadar 13354:Kitco.com 13174:30 August 12682:2 October 12569:0362-4331 12144:24 August 11981:CiteSeerX 11918:CiteSeerX 11897:858949147 11889:0921-5158 11423:cite book 11089:143173212 10676:2041-1723 10492:: 71–77. 10228:1306.3960 10073:2 October 9607:Chemwiki 9293:: 3–128, 9246:"Nudat 2" 9099:267393021 8899:1468-6996 8843:1098-0121 8466:1365-3075 8255:gold leaf 8220:colloidal 8213:ascorbate 8052:Schwabach 8036:Goldwater 8021:Gold leaf 8011:genotoxic 7956:half-life 7914:palladium 7890:ascorbate 7845:auranofin 7825:impotence 7742:ductility 7734:corrosion 7715:computers 7453:Fort Knox 7270:inflation 7264:coins or 6985:pollution 6969:Pollution 6670:Indonesia 6323:Recycling 6294:hard rock 6257:gold mine 6253:Indonesia 6231:Australia 6211:Dahlonega 6177:Afrikaner 6104:Argentina 6067:In 2020, 5940:gemstones 5932:mythology 5887:Byzantine 5852:religious 5801:Aristotle 5704:*h₂éu̯sōs 5582:Etymology 5386:Cleveland 5375:Byzantine 5360:interlace 5191:cuneiform 5091:chemistry 4971:El Dorado 4875:inflation 4815:aqueducts 4784:Ying Yuan 4760:Black Sea 4730:2:11 (at 4711:numbered 4659:gold mine 4643:Tushratta 4620:West Bank 4612:Wadi Qana 4588:Black Sea 4537:Guatavita 4522:El Dorado 4445:sea water 4338:sylvanite 4330:nagyagite 4315:tellurium 4308:oxidation 4282:such as " 4181:, on the 4091:collision 4079:r-process 3927:[AuXe 3687:↑ 3663:⟶ 3493:∘ 3423:ions, or 3385:hydriodic 3296:Δ 3216:Δ 3136:Δ 3056:Δ 2929:∘ 2855:⟶ 2750:thiolates 2718:Chemistry 2671:Synthesis 2513:half-life 2443:manganese 2439:aluminium 2415:palladium 2411:rose gold 2342:gold bars 2298:malleable 2290:gold foil 2152:acid test 2114:tellurium 2102:palladium 2020:malleable 1994:; it has 1778:half-life 1693:Discovery 1679:from 1636:2.5 1626:0.4 1351:(an 1273:1 k 1001:Oganesson 980:Moscovium 973:Flerovium 854:Berkelium 840:Americium 833:Plutonium 826:Neptunium 663:Ytterbium 593:Neodymium 572:Lanthanum 535:Tellurium 493:Palladium 479:Ruthenium 451:Zirconium 433:Strontium 389:Germanium 340:Manganese 296:Potassium 252:Aluminium 243:Magnesium 183:Beryllium 17840:Gemology 17814:Fineness 17805:(purity) 17740:Bog-wood 17687:Precious 17667:Ammolite 17606:Sunstone 17596:Sodalite 17591:Sapphire 17551:Obsidian 17491:Fluorite 17481:Diopside 17441:Amethyst 17421:Mineral 17412:Tungsten 17407:Titanium 17322:Electrum 17278:Platinum 17163:Kazaziye 17158:Filigree 17136:lost-wax 17035:Toe ring 17025:Tie clip 17000:Pectoral 16990:Necklace 16965:Cufflink 16940:Bracelet 16935:Bolo tie 16915:Barrette 16830:Gold(VI) 16525:Gold(II) 16453:ClAuS(CH 16195:Gold(-I) 14762:(1960). 14593:42268840 14585:11156030 14550:44722156 14542:11778673 14507:32434351 14296:Archived 14253:"Danzig" 14131:32861131 14123:18644191 13903:41188687 13895:12152404 13857:Archived 13811:18523733 13670:Archived 13625:28 April 13600:28 April 13521:Archived 13494:Archived 13469:4 August 13441:4 August 13407:BBC News 13357:Archived 13199:29 March 12863:Archived 12835:Archived 12813:Archived 12794:Archived 12775:Archived 11877:Etnofoor 11862:27312741 11854:28757488 11720:Archived 11693:Archived 11184:Archived 10803:18 March 10731:10 April 10694:29018198 10626:27 March 10416:21901010 10371:24 March 10336:Archived 10299:23985867 10221:(2): 4. 10110:16639770 10068:phys.org 10049:11021792 9928:21225974 9889:18762832 9736:Archived 9609:UC Davis 9589:11749494 9349:35613814 9277:(2003), 9255:12 April 9055:25 March 9014:". Kitco 9008:Archived 8917:30956731 8847:Archived 8778:26 March 8532:10556900 8337:See also 8249:Toxicity 8175:de-icing 8130:infrared 8128:such as 8085:for the 8015:in vitro 7999:E number 7952:gold-198 7924:with an 7817:migraine 7813:epilepsy 7783:Medicine 7774:calutron 7746:toxicity 7659:report. 7535:Sector: 7476:investor 7445:New York 7414:monetary 7367:gold bar 7324:Austrian 7258:ISO 4217 7233:platinum 7214:fineness 7013:selenium 6877:2786.12 6840:Thailand 6384:May 2022 6290:open-pit 6239:Klondike 6219:Colorado 6175:and the 6028:Pumsaint 5867:idolatry 5845:Mindanao 5831:Religion 5815:and the 5767:trophies 5690:*h₂u̯es- 5456:box, by 5378:scyphate 5334:Quimbaya 5297:Etruscan 5187:Sumerian 5141:Thailand 5130:Buddhist 5128:emerald 5105:for the 5052:such as 4976:Colombia 4957:obsidian 4953:minerals 4929:Colombia 4885:— 4799:Hispania 4626:and the 4600:Provadia 4580:Bulgaria 4568:period, 4430:femtomol 4420:Seawater 4319:minerals 4300:alluvial 4253:Electrum 4099:GW170817 4074:formed. 3777:oxidized 3480:→ 3389:sulfuric 3289:→ 3209:→ 3129:→ 3049:→ 2969:halogens 2910:→ 2810:covalent 2744:such as 2459:Isotopes 2400:orbitals 2334:tungsten 2315:infrared 2246:infrared 2238:industry 2156:alkaline 2090:electrum 2043:reactive 1704:6000 BCE 1331:−3, −2, 1284:at 1142:at 1031:platinum 966:Nihonium 889:Nobelium 798:Actinium 784:Francium 768:Astatine 761:Polonium 740:Thallium 719:Platinum 691:Tungsten 684:Tantalum 670:Lutetium 614:Europium 607:Samarium 528:Antimony 426:Rubidium 403:Selenium 333:Chromium 326:Vanadium 319:Titanium 312:Scandium 280:Chlorine 220:Fluorine 206:Nitrogen 158:Hydrogen 121:abridged 17835:Fashion 17809:Finding 17657:Abalone 17566:Peridot 17531:Larimar 17516:Kyanite 17501:Howlite 17486:Emerald 17476:Diamond 17349:Tumbaga 17327:Shakudō 17283:Rhodium 17234:Mandrel 17173:Plating 17126:Casting 17121:Carving 17030:Tie pin 17005:Pendant 16980:Genital 16970:Earring 16779:Gold(V) 16485:AuSCHCO 16465:ClAuP(C 16413:NaAuSCH 16284:KAu(CN) 16239:Gold(I) 16142:p-block 16137:d-block 16132:f-block 16127:s-block 14840:at the 14772:(2010). 14752:(2014) 14716:(2009) 14688:(1979) 14680:excerpt 14678:(2003) 14668:(2000) 14658:(2006) 14499:3022615 14043:6153194 14002:4110101 13938:9637749 13553:5 April 13500:1 March 13490:Reuters 13387:5 April 13339:30 June 13335:. kitco 13317:22 July 12759:3916088 12737:Bibcode 12263:Reuters 12213:5 April 12060:"Dress" 12043:17 June 11956:17 June 11777:(2006). 11081:2743275 10926:Bibcode 10887:Bibcode 10831:Bibcode 10780:22 July 10685:5634996 10656:Bibcode 10544:Bibcode 10494:Bibcode 10424:4419046 10396:Bibcode 10307:4401544 10279:Bibcode 10233:Bibcode 10163:Bibcode 10161:: 121. 10029:Bibcode 10021:Science 9809:Bibcode 9770:Bibcode 9542:Bibcode 9519:4334587 9499:Bibcode 9411:Bibcode 9374:Bibcode 9329:Bibcode 9295:Bibcode 9175:Bibcode 9150:5 April 8989:18 June 8908:6442207 8879:Bibcode 8813:Bibcode 8432:. 2017. 8393:Tumbaga 8294:cyanide 8277:in the 8209:citrate 8182:cyanide 8164:McLaren 8040:liqueur 7970:Cuisine 7907:antigen 7886:citrate 7882:colored 7868:bridges 7668:brazing 7638:alloyed 7590:Jewelry 7554:10 USD 7412:. In a 7410:bullion 7406:receipt 7398:coinage 7392:History 7262:bullion 7186:at the 7074:Swedish 7009:arsenic 6941:3176.52 6936:2024.71 6931:1718.46 6887:3126.1 6872:1770.71 6867:1466.86 6810:Vietnam 6476:1120.1 6401:Country 6374:updated 6279:Arizona 6197:in 1898 6193:in the 6158:archean 6154:TauTona 6134:Gauteng 6126:archean 5968:Islamic 5964:Israeli 5875:Abraham 5803:in his 5765:, gold 5744:Culture 5696:to dawn 5627:ǵʰelh₃- 5604:cognate 5593:Beowulf 5557:, Paris 5494:Minerva 5355:with a 5319:Hadrian 5031:Spanish 5023:British 4941:Nahuatl 4925:Ecuador 4849:During 4837:in his 4827:Britain 4740:Menorah 4732:Havilah 4728:Genesis 4698:Armento 4679:Red Sea 4663:geology 4647:Mitanni 4645:of the 4505:Hindush 4500:satrapy 4493:Apadana 4471:History 4461:Germany 4396:(Au,Ag) 4373:mercury 4334:petzite 4317:as the 4296:nuggets 4209:in the 3826:group 4 3819:halides 3765:reduced 3759:Common 3727:aqueous 3358:amalgam 3354:mercury 2804:, with 2742:ligands 2699:mercury 2687:alchemy 2566:β decay 2540:β decay 2536:α decay 2511:with a 2471:isotope 2404:caesium 2195:jewelry 2191:coinage 2176:amalgam 2172:mercury 2160:cyanide 2094:alloyed 2088:(as in 2066:nuggets 2024:ductile 1896: d 1697:In the 1671:History 1616:) 1437:of gold 1183:Density 1105:d-block 1039:mercury 931:Hassium 924:Bohrium 910:Dubnium 875:Fermium 819:Uranium 805:Thorium 754:Bismuth 712:Iridium 698:Rhenium 677:Hafnium 656:Thulium 642:Holmium 628:Terbium 558:Caesium 507:Cadmium 486:Rhodium 458:Niobium 444:Yttrium 417:Krypton 410:Bromine 396:Arsenic 382:Gallium 303:Calcium 259:Silicon 176:Lithium 119: ( 98:196.966 17799:(mass) 17735:Bezoar 17641:Zircon 17601:Spinel 17576:Quartz 17511:Jasper 17496:Garnet 17392:Pewter 17377:Copper 17372:Bronze 17299:alloys 17288:Silver 17239:Pliers 17229:Hammer 17141:vacuum 17068:People 17061:Making 17045:pocket 16945:Brooch 16910:Anklet 16752:Au(ClO 16736:HAu(NO 16720:NaAuCl 16650:Au(OH) 16441:ClAuSC 16429:BrAuSC 16417:CHOHCH 14764:online 14754:online 14744:online 14731: 14718:online 14701:online 14690:online 14670:online 14660:online 14635: 14591: 14583: 14548: 14540: 14505: 14497: 14454: 14384:6 June 14358:6 June 14278:6 June 14234: 14209:27 May 14183: 14129: 14121: 14066: 14041: 14000: 13963: 13936: 13901: 13893: 13819:808858 13817: 13809: 13753: 13696: 13650: 13291:10 May 13251: 13224: 13139:Medium 13035:1 July 13007: 12982:4 June 12973: 12946: 12757: 12708:2 July 12581:17 May 12567: 12538: 12504: 12477: 12450: 12329: 12170: 12116: 12089: 11983: 11920: 11895: 11887: 11860: 11852: 11744: 11703: 11670:"gold" 11601: 11576: 11551: 11526: 11501: 11450: 11411: 11386: 11359: 11320: 11212: 11140: 11117: 11087: 11079: 10991: 10863: 10722: 10692: 10682: 10674: 10602: 10579: 10422: 10414: 10388:Nature 10330:& 10305: 10297: 10270:Nature 10253:669927 10251: 10108: 10047: 9986: 9949:Ion". 9926: 9887: 9847: 9695: 9668: 9643: 9587: 9517: 9491:Nature 9472: 9347: 9279:"The N 9228: 9097: 8959: 8936:6 June 8915: 8905: 8897: 8841: 8701: 8671: 8610: 8583: 8558: 8530: 8492: 8464: 8321:nickel 8265:, and 8242:autism 8170:model. 8050:, and 8048:Poland 8044:Gdańsk 7964:cancer 7929:plasma 7864:crowns 7677:thread 7664:solder 7538:Metal 7530:COMEX 7480:unrest 7422:weight 7386:London 7250:Utopia 7151:After 7125:talent 7098:hoards 7094:barter 7078:Danish 6996:ground 6951:3576.8 6946:2871.2 6882:2477.7 6856:140.1 6837: 6807: 6777: 6747: 6697: 6667: 6637: 6607: 6580:Russia 6577: 6547: 6536:175.2 6520:Turkey 6517: 6497:128.61 6494:150.28 6487: 6467:428.00 6464:376.96 6457: 6437:745.70 6434:442.37 6427: 6221:, the 6150:Savuka 5917:hadith 5861:, the 5805:ethics 5789:, the 5785:, the 5781:, the 5730:meant 5711:aurora 5454:Rococo 5357:niello 5315:aureus 5282:stater 5201:, Iraq 5168:Minoan 5145:crowns 5133:temple 5050:fables 5035:Danish 5027:French 5011:slaves 4963:, and 4933:Aztecs 4931:. 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