27:
358:
838:
1041:. This notation states that the various sources on Earth have substantially different isotopic constitutions, and that the uncertainties in all of them are just covered by the two numbers. For these elements, there is not an 'Earth average' constitution, and the 'right' value is not its middle (which would be 1.007975 for hydrogen, with an uncertainty of (±0.000135) that would make it just cover the interval). However, for situations where a less precise value is acceptable, for example in trade, CIAAW has published a single-number
8304:
7630:
402:(CIAAW). In general, values from different sources are subject to natural variation due to a different radioactive history of sources. Thus, standard atomic weights are an expectation range of atomic weights from a range of samples or sources. By limiting the sources to terrestrial origin only, the CIAAW-determined values have less variance, and are a more precise value for relative atomic masses (atomic weights) actually found and used in worldly materials.
10587:
7969:
7217:
10599:
8808:
standard atomic weights: Recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic
Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. A normal sample is any reasonably possible source
435:
represents a unique case where the natural abundances of the isotopes have in some cases been found to have been perturbed by human isotopic separation activities to the point of affecting the uncertainty in its standard atomic weight, even in samples obtained from natural sources, such as rivers.
321:
For fourteen elements the samples diverge on this value, because their sample sources have had a different decay history. For example, thallium (Tl) in sedimentary rocks has a different isotopic composition than in igneous rocks and volcanic gases. For these elements, the standard atomic weight is
258:
sources of the element. The definition specifies the use of samples from many representative sources from the Earth, so that the value can widely be used as the atomic weight for substances as they are encountered in reality—for example, in pharmaceuticals and scientific research. Non-standardized
472:
will be the dominant isotope. Such locations include the planets
Mercury and Mars, and the moon Titan. On Earth, the ratios of the three isotopes Ar : Ar : Ar are approximately 5 : 1 : 1600, giving terrestrial argon a standard atomic weight of 39.948(1).
409:
are used and sometimes lawfully required in mass calculations. The values have an uncertainty (noted in brackets), or are an expectation interval (see example in illustration immediately above). This uncertainty reflects natural variability in isotopic distribution for an element, rather than
558:
being measured can have had an incomplete 'stirring' and so the percentages are different. The precision is improved by measuring more samples of course, but there remains this cause of uncertainty. (Example: lead samples vary so much, it can not be noted more precise than four figures:
605:
of a sample. Highly accurate atomic masses are available for virtually all non-radioactive nuclides, but isotopic compositions are both harder to measure to high precision and more subject to variation between samples. For this reason, the relative atomic masses of the 22
510:
measurements), and the ratio of the three isotopes Ar : Ar : Ar in the atmospheres of the outer planets is 8400 : 1600 : 1. The atomic weight of argon in the Sun and most of the universe, therefore, would be only approximately 36.3.
1030:
Fourteen chemical elements – hydrogen, lithium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, chlorine, argon, bromine, thallium, and lead – have a standard atomic weight that is defined not as a single number, but as an interval. For example, hydrogen has
369:
of boron, carbon, and nitrogen (Chemistry
International, IUPAC). Example: the pie chart for boron shows it to be composed of about 20% B and 80% B. This isotope mix causes the atomic weight of ordinary Earthly boron samples to be expected to fall within the interval
1063:
By using the abridged value, and the conventional value for the fourteen interval values, a short IUPAC-defined value (5 digits plus uncertainty) can be given for all stable elements. In many situations, and in periodic tables, this may be sufficiently detailed.
428:
When the term "atomic weight" is used in chemistry, usually it is the more specific standard atomic weight that is implied. It is standard atomic weights that are used in periodic tables and many standard references in ordinary terrestrial chemistry.
413:
Although there is an attempt to cover the range of variability on Earth with standard atomic weight figures, there are known cases of mineral samples which contain elements with atomic weights that are outliers from the standard atomic weight range.
195:
686:. Silicon exists in nature as a mixture of three isotopes: Si, Si and Si. The atomic masses of these nuclides are known to a precision of one part in 14 billion for Si and about one part in one billion for the others. However the range of
519:
Famously, the published atomic weight value comes with an uncertainty. This uncertainty (and related: precision) follows from its definition, the source being "terrestrial and stable". Systematic causes for uncertainty are:
5202:
823:
It could be added that atomic weight is often not truly "atomic" either, as it does not correspond to the property of any individual atom. The same argument could be made against "relative atomic mass" used in this sense.
9417:
Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04).
5465:
Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04).
1094:
886:. Any updates are published biannually (in uneven years). In 2015, the atomic weight of ytterbium was updated. Per 2017, 14 atomic weights were changed, including argon changing from single number to interval value.
259:
atomic weights of an element are specific to sources and samples, such as the atomic weight of carbon in a particular bone from a particular archaeological site. Standard atomic weight averages such values to the
575:
per source. For example, thallium in igneous rock has more lighter isotopes, while in sedimentary rock it has more heavy isotopes. There is no
Earthly mean number. These elements show the interval notation:
570:
is the greater area being researched, for example 'ocean water' or 'volcanic rock' (as opposed to a 'sample': the single heap of material being investigated). It appears that some elements have a different
378:
atomic weight. Boron samples from unusual sources, particularly non-terrestrial sources, might have measured atomic weights that fall outside this range. Atomic weight and relative atomic mass are synonyms.
5214:
CIAAW may publish changes to atomic weights (including its precision and derived values). Since 1947, any update this is done in odd years nominally; the actual date of publication may be some time later.
1087:
720:
10 or 10 ppm. To further reflect this natural variability, in 2010, IUPAC made the decision to list the relative atomic masses of 10 elements as an interval rather than a fixed number.
5195:
1080:
8809:
of the element or its compounds in commerce for industry and science and has not been subject to significant modification of isotopic composition within a geologically brief period.
120:
716:
standard relative atomic masses are quoted with estimated symmetrical uncertainties, and the value for silicon is 28.0855(3). The relative standard uncertainty in this value is 1
936:, also published by CIAAW, is derived from the standard atomic weight, reducing the numbers to five digits (five significant figures). The name does not say 'rounded'.
9806:
9221:
9487:
444:
An example of why "conventional terrestrial sources" must be specified in giving standard atomic weight values is the element argon. Between locations in the
270:
Of the 118 known chemical elements, 80 have stable isotopes and 84 have this Earth-environment based value. Typically, such a value is, for example helium:
10392:
9629:
9327:
8711:
247:
10402:
9653:
610:(which are the same as the isotopic masses for each of the single naturally occurring nuclides of these elements) are known to especially high accuracy.
421:
the isotope formed depends on the means of synthesis, so the concept of natural isotope abundance has no meaning. Therefore, for synthetic elements the
10452:
9794:
10549:
10427:
9723:
8705:
448:, the atomic weight of argon varies as much as 10%, due to extreme variance in isotopic composition. Where the major source of argon is the decay of
251:
601:
Modern relative atomic masses (a term specific to a given element sample) are calculated from measured values of atomic mass (for each nuclide) and
10432:
10407:
9853:
9736:
9666:
524:
Measurement limits. As always, the physical measurement is never finite. There is always more detail to be found and read. This applies to every
10387:
10103:
9617:
8981:
728:
The use of the name "atomic weight" has attracted a great deal of controversy among scientists. Objectors to the name usually prefer the term "
10516:
386:
atomic weight is a special value of the relative atomic mass. It is defined as the "recommended values" of relative atomic masses of sources
30:
Example: copper in terrestrial sources. Two isotopes are present: copper-63 (62.9) and copper-65 (64.9), in abundances 69% + 31%. The
10526:
10521:
10462:
10422:
10417:
10377:
9818:
9777:
9711:
9699:
9576:
9480:
425:
of the most stable isotope (i.e., the isotope with the longest half-life) is listed in brackets, in place of the standard atomic weight.
10437:
10372:
10158:
9748:
9564:
10531:
10511:
10298:
9755:
5459:); (4 values changed; introduced new symbol; merge "conventional" into "abridged" columns; change uncertainty notation (use "±")
8976:
10367:
10331:
9552:
5701:
10412:
10362:
9687:
9539:
9473:
10457:
10382:
10293:
9589:
9765:
914:
is a relative atomic mass, for example from a specific sample. To be specific, the standard atomic weight can be noted as
9891:
9846:
246:
is the most common and practical. The standard atomic weight of each chemical element is determined and published by the
9225:
690:
for the isotopes is such that the standard abundance can only be given to about ±0.001% (see table). The calculation is
10326:
10283:
9533:
8785:
5663:
795:
it is not uncommon to have misleading names of physical quantities which are retained for historical reasons, such as
10499:
9222:"IUPAC – International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: Atomic Weights of Ten Chemical Elements About to Change"
5442:"2020" is an inconsistent year for change publication: CIAAW maintains that only odd years, changes are publicised.
770:) and the name of a physical quantity should not change simply because the method of its determination has changed;
10447:
10321:
9571:
406:
10602:
10484:
9839:
9674:
263:
that a chemist might expect to derive from many random samples from Earth. This range is the rationale for the
10058:
10476:
10397:
10287:
9641:
9349:
8921:
Cameron, A. G. W. (1973). "Elemental and isotopic abundances of the volatile elements in the outer planets".
5386:
5422:"Variation of lead isotopic composition and atomic weight in terrestrial materials (IUPAC Technical Report)"
10629:
10624:
9006:
5694:
583:°(Tl) = . For practical reasons, a simplified 'conventional' number is published too (for Tl: 204.38).
5420:
Zhu, Xiang-Kun; Benefield, Jacqueline; Coplen, Tyler B.; Gao, Zhaofu; Holden, Norman E. (1 October 2020).
190:{\displaystyle A_{\text{r}}{\text{°}}(_{\text{29}}{\text{Cu}})=0.69\times 62.929+0.31\times 64.927=63.55.}
26:
10506:
10068:
10063:
10341:
9258:
9129:
9094:
8748:
5301:
5505:"Interpreting and propagating the uncertainty of the standard atomic weights (IUPAC Technical Report)"
10274:
9511:
9155:
Meija, Juris; Mester, Zoltán (2008). "Uncertainty propagation of atomic weight measurement results".
389:
9419:
5504:
5467:
5421:
763:
the name has been in continuous use for the same quantity since it was first conceptualized in 1808;
9876:
201:
89:
77:
10494:
9199:
10639:
10590:
10559:
10053:
10010:
9881:
9086:
5874:
5687:
705:
477:
8822:
5498:
About notation and handling of the uncertainty in the values, including those in range values:
10634:
10080:
9907:
9648:
9624:
9250:
9121:
5720:
5401:
81:
10313:
543:. But a still more precise measurement system could become available, producing more decimals.
10554:
10135:
9678:
8868:
393:
204:, this weighted mean is also dimensionless. It can be converted into a measure of mass (with
357:
10236:
9920:
9789:
9718:
9164:
9055:
9025:
8930:
8887:
5730:
5594:
5582:
5570:
767:
729:
607:
596:
231:
219:
205:
45:
8963:
This can be determined from the preceding figures per the definition of atomic weight and
587:
These three uncertainties are accumulative. The published value is a result of all these.
8:
10153:
9304:
9044:
Audi, G.; Wapstra, A.H.; Thibault, C. (2003), "The AME2003 atomic mass evaluation (II)",
5617:
814:
798:
759:
In reply, supporters of the term "atomic weight" point out (among other arguments) that:
745:
709:
9168:
9059:
9029:
9014:
Wapstra, A.H.; Audi, G.; Thibault, C. (2003), "The AME2003 atomic mass evaluation (I)",
8934:
8891:
861:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
528:, pure isotope found. For example, today the mass of the main natural fluorine isotope (
255:
44:
for copper is the average, weighted by their natural abundance, and then divided by the
10241:
10201:
9604:
9600:
9180:
8946:
8903:
8877:
8845:
8611:
8605:
5605:
5529:
5356:
853:
804:
476:
However, such is not the case in the rest of the universe. Argon produced directly, by
5503:
Possolo, Antonio; van der Veen, Adriaan M.H.; Meija, Juris; et al. (4 Jan 2018).
700:(Si) = (27.97693 × 0.922297) + (28.97649 × 0.046832) + (29.97377 × 0.030872) = 28.0854
10336:
10206:
9801:
9730:
9660:
9636:
9435:
9396:
9184:
9176:
9046:
9016:
8950:
8863:
8619:
7430:
5483:
5364:
4225:
687:
418:
9460:
9067:
9037:
8907:
8849:
817:, which is not a molar quantity (a quantity expressed per unit amount of substance).
10571:
10489:
10265:
10130:
10088:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9496:
9427:
9386:
9267:
9172:
9138:
9103:
9063:
9033:
8938:
8895:
8837:
8790:
8757:
7583:
7164:
6744:
6321:
6128:
5935:
5879:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5508:
5475:
5425:
5346:
5310:
5267:
5236:
879:
766:
for most of that time, atomic weights really were measured by weighing (that is by
63:
554:
its two isotopes make out 69.15% and 30.85% each of all copper found, the natural
10442:
10303:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9760:
9596:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
808:
951:(upmost) border. This way, the more precise original interval is fully covered.
900:
values (up to five digits per number only), and for the twelve interval values,
10251:
10246:
10216:
10211:
10196:
9862:
9813:
9772:
9706:
9517:
8964:
5710:
5631:
5588:— Audi (used in the 2008 enwiki "Isotopes of <element>" Big Tables)
332:. With such an interval, for less demanding situations, IUPAC also publishes a
8780:
773:
the term "relative atomic mass" should be reserved for the mass of a specific
10618:
9743:
9694:
9682:
9612:
9559:
9546:
9439:
9400:
7656:
5487:
5368:
5360:
5271:
5240:
4851:
786:
749:
481:
410:
uncertainty in measurement (which is much smaller with quality instruments).
212:
9271:
9142:
9107:
8841:
8795:
550:(relative abundance) of those isotopes may vary. For example, copper. While
10566:
10231:
10226:
9980:
9915:
9608:
8353:
8021:
7776:
5793:
5725:
4983:
4525:
3450:
449:
445:
9431:
9323:
8762:
8743:
5512:
5479:
5429:
5315:
5296:
10346:
10221:
9975:
9465:
9391:
9374:
9300:
8658:
8559:
8519:
8499:
7896:
7816:
7796:
5788:
5351:
5334:
5115:
5027:
5005:
4785:
4741:
4719:
1146:
733:
529:
422:
20:
10120:
9420:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
8942:
8179:
8133:
8067:
7916:
7756:
7696:
7636:
6890:
6867:
6228:
5468:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
5137:
4961:
4895:
4829:
3697:
3619:
3528:
2858:
2822:
1838:
1296:
507:
287:. The "(2)" indicates the uncertainty in the last digit shown, to read
9286:
546:
Imperfect mixtures of isotopes. In the samples taken and measured the
10176:
10145:
10000:
9990:
9985:
8479:
8439:
8419:
8399:
8271:
8044:
7975:
7936:
7876:
7856:
7094:
6956:
6910:
6821:
6773:
6628:
6467:
6327:
6182:
6157:
5964:
5813:
5803:
5798:
5642:
5159:
5093:
5071:
4697:
4653:
4631:
4609:
3853:
3492:
3372:
3174:
2958:
2880:
2744:
2666:
2453:
2189:
1967:
1769:
1742:
1460:
683:
9200:"Atomic Weights and the International Committee—A Historical Review"
10168:
10125:
8899:
8579:
8310:
8110:
8087:
7836:
7589:
7542:
7522:
7453:
7384:
7292:
7269:
7223:
7071:
6750:
6674:
6444:
6421:
6398:
6375:
6274:
6081:
6035:
5886:
5049:
4807:
4467:
4423:
4379:
4357:
4261:
4147:
4003:
3961:
3889:
3583:
3547:
3138:
2630:
2531:
2153:
2117:
2081:
2039:
1913:
1610:
1556:
1364:
1212:
1183:
1154:
9000:
8882:
9995:
9831:
9583:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8539:
8376:
8330:
8248:
8202:
8156:
7736:
7716:
7676:
7499:
7361:
7315:
7246:
7170:
7002:
6933:
6844:
6798:
6720:
6697:
6651:
6605:
6350:
6205:
5941:
5808:
4939:
4917:
4873:
4763:
4567:
4489:
4315:
4111:
4039:
3925:
3811:
3733:
3655:
3288:
3030:
2916:
2780:
2702:
2594:
2567:
2489:
2417:
2003:
1811:
1433:
1260:
778:
774:
753:
679:
602:
432:
85:
9251:"'Atomic Weight' — The Name, Its History, Definition, and Units"
5258:"Atomic weights of the elements 2011 (IUPAC Technical Report)".
5227:"Atomic weights of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report)".
9416:
8459:
8225:
7998:
7609:
7338:
7193:
7117:
7025:
6979:
6559:
6536:
6513:
6251:
6134:
6058:
6012:
5911:
5535:: changing notation (i.e., interpretation, not the value) from
5502:
5464:
4675:
4445:
4075:
3775:
3414:
3336:
3210:
3066:
2994:
2345:
2309:
2267:
1886:
1694:
1583:
1529:
1391:
1326:
Standard atomic weight of the elements (IUPAC 2009–2021)
737:
104:
8823:"Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
8744:"Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
5297:"Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
10112:
9549:
empirical, calculated, van der Waals radius, covalent radius
9353:
8602:
7562:
7140:
6297:
5989:
4401:
3252:
1940:
1502:
741:
713:
397:
93:
889:
The value published can have an uncertainty, like for neon:
532:) can be measured to the accuracy of eleven decimal places:
9784:
8977:"Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements"
7476:
7407:
6582:
6490:
6104:
4288:
4183:
2381:
2231:
1658:
9456:
IUPAC Commission on
Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
9375:"Standard Atomic Weights of 14 Chemical Elements Revised"
9350:"Standard atomic weights of 14 chemical elements revised"
7048:
5387:"Standard atomic weights of 14 chemical elements revised"
3102:
9455:
8741:
5294:
682:, whose relative atomic mass is especially important in
590:
792:
of the atomic masses over all the atoms in the sample;
736:). The basic objection is that atomic weight is not a
5419:
123:
9328:
Commission on
Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
9122:"Isotopic Abundance Variations of Selected Elements"
8712:
Commission on
Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
400:
Commission on Atomic
Weights and Isotopic Abundances
248:
Commission on
Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
9289:(Report). Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (US).
9043:
9013:
8998:
305:, rounded to five significant figures. For helium,
9733:(in eV) and molar ionization energies (in kJ/mol)
9536:in Earth's crust, sea water, Sun and Solar System
5641:
189:
8775:
8773:
8706:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
8654:— Abridged value (uncertainty omitted here)
878:IUPAC publishes one formal value for each stable
514:
252:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
235:) used by scientists, the standard atomic weight
10616:
16:Relative atomic mass as defined by IUPAC (CIAAW)
9248:
1058:
361:Excerpt of an IUPAC Periodic Table showing the
8999:Wapstra, A.H.; Audi, G.; Thibault, C. (2003),
8982:National Institute of Standards and Technology
8770:
896:Next to these 84 values, IUPAC also publishes
495:. Correspondingly, solar argon contains 84.6%
267:given for some standard atomic weight values.
9847:
9481:
5695:
5335:"Standard Atomic Weight of Ytterbium Revised"
1088:
1025:
9412:
9410:
9318:
9316:
9287:Atomic weight versus atomic mass controversy
9249:de Bièvre, Paul; Peiser, H. Steffen (1992).
9244:
9242:
9087:"Isotopic Compositions of the Elements 1997"
9084:
566:Earthly sources with a different history. A
9154:
9085:Rosman, K. J. R.; Taylor, P. D. P. (1998),
8737:
8735:
8733:
8731:
8729:
8727:
5402:"Standard atomic weight of hafnium revised"
893:, or can be an interval, like for boron: .
9854:
9840:
9495:
9488:
9474:
9080:
9078:
5702:
5688:
5203:
5196:
1095:
1081:
215:, also known as the atomic mass constant.
9514:—atomic mass, atomic number, symbol, name
9407:
9390:
9313:
9239:
8994:
8992:
8881:
8794:
8761:
7657:
5350:
5314:
1320:
927:
748:, measured in units of force such as the
439:
8724:
8354:
8022:
7777:
5678:
5637:({{CRC85|chapter=11}}) &mdsh; Holden
5400:Meija, Juris; et al. (2019-12-09).
356:
218:Among various variants of the notion of
25:
9075:
8920:
8862:
8628:shows natural occurrence of the element
8560:
8520:
8500:
7897:
7817:
7797:
10617:
9299:
9284:
9197:
9191:
9119:
8989:
8820:
8180:
8134:
8068:
7917:
7757:
7697:
7637:
6891:
6868:
6229:
9835:
9469:
9148:
9113:
8866:(2008). "The solar argon abundance".
8635:
8480:
8440:
8420:
8400:
8272:
8045:
7976:
7937:
7877:
7857:
7095:
6957:
6911:
6822:
6774:
6629:
6468:
6328:
6183:
6158:
5965:
5399:
1280:number ± uncertainty
1244:number ± uncertainty
943:for the first (low most) border, and
723:
591:Determination of relative atomic mass
200:Because relative isotopic masses are
8580:
8311:
8111:
8088:
7837:
7590:
7543:
7523:
7454:
7385:
7293:
7270:
7224:
7072:
6751:
6675:
6445:
6422:
6399:
6376:
6275:
6082:
6036:
5887:
5221:(introducing interval notation; Ge):
1073:Overview: formal value types of the
831:
712:is not necessarily symmetrical: the
10598:
9461:Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011
9306:A New System of Chemical Philosophy
9120:Coplen, T. B.; et al. (2002),
8969:
8540:
8377:
8331:
8249:
8203:
8157:
7737:
7717:
7677:
7500:
7431:
7362:
7316:
7247:
7171:
7003:
6934:
6845:
6799:
6721:
6698:
6652:
6606:
6351:
6206:
5942:
924:, where (E) is the element symbol.
859:data and value notation to be used.
827:
678:The calculation is exemplified for
13:
9861:
9597:Elastic properties of the elements
9534:Abundance of the chemical elements
9002:The AME2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation
8786:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
8742:Meija, Juris; et al. (2016).
8460:
8226:
7999:
7610:
7339:
7194:
7118:
7026:
6980:
6560:
6537:
6514:
6252:
6135:
6059:
6013:
5912:
5295:Meija, Juris; et al. (2016).
708:is complicated, especially as the
254:(IUPAC) based on natural, stable,
14:
10651:
9449:
7563:
7141:
6298:
5990:
103:= 62.929) constitutes 69% of the
10597:
10586:
10585:
8302:
7967:
7628:
7477:
7408:
7215:
6583:
6491:
6105:
5235:(2): 359–396. 12 December 2010.
836:
388:in the local environment of the
9367:
9342:
9293:
9278:
9214:
9068:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.003
9038:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.002
7049:
5266:(5): 1047–1078. 29 April 2013.
5178:
904:values (single number values).
92:by each isotope's abundance on
9916:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
9324:"Standard Atomic Weights 2015"
8957:
8914:
8856:
8814:
612:
515:Causes of uncertainty on Earth
154:
140:
1:
10458:Thermal expansion coefficient
10154:Lists of metalloids by source
8718:
939:Interval borders are rounded
352:
211:) by multiplying it with the
107:on Earth, the rest being Cu (
9285:Holden, N. E. (1985-01-01).
9007:National Nuclear Data Center
1059:A formal short atomic weight
662:
648:
634:
96:. For example, isotope Cu (
7:
10197:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
9900:By periodic table structure
8699:
732:" (not to be confused with
10:
10656:
10342:Goldschmidt classification
9424:Pure and Applied Chemistry
9259:Pure and Applied Chemistry
9198:Holden, Norman E. (2004).
9177:10.1088/0026-1394/45/1/008
9130:Pure and Applied Chemistry
9095:Pure and Applied Chemistry
8830:Pure and Applied Chemistry
8749:Pure and Applied Chemistry
8661:of the most stable isotope
7956:
6178:
5985:
5907:
5472:Pure and Applied Chemistry
5302:Pure and Applied Chemistry
1071:
1043:conventional atomic weight
1026:Conventional atomic weight
744:exerted on an object in a
594:
18:
10580:
10542:
10475:
10355:
10312:
10273:
10264:
10189:
10167:
10144:
10111:
10101:
10079:
10009:
9921:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
9906:
9899:
9890:
9869:
9526:
9512:List of chemical elements
9504:
8299:
5664:Isotopes table/references
5643:"Universal Nuclide Chart"
5398:(hafnium value changed):
5345:(5–6): 26. October 2015.
1106:
845:This section needs to be
621:
618:
615:
374:and this interval is the
5418:* (lead value changed):
5272:10.1351/PAC-REP-13-03-02
5241:10.1351/PAC-REP-10-09-14
202:dimensionless quantities
82:relative isotopic masses
78:weighted arithmetic mean
76:for element "E") is the
19:Not to be confused with
10560:systematic element name
10532:in East Asian languages
9882:Extended periodic table
9756:Molar ionization energy
9663:(Pauling, Allen scale)
9379:Chemistry International
9272:10.1351/pac199264101535
9204:Chemistry International
9143:10.1351/pac200274101987
9108:10.1351/pac199870010217
8842:10.1351/pac200678112051
8796:10.1351/goldbook.S05907
5861:Chalcogens
5339:Chemistry International
849:. The reason given is:
638:27.976 926 532 46(194)
478:stellar nucleosynthesis
367:standard atomic weights
301:. IUPAC also publishes
261:range of atomic weights
10403:Electron configuration
10393:Electrical resistivity
10332:Electron configuration
10136:Post-transition metals
9785:Standard atomic weight
9649:Electron configuration
9625:Electrical resistivity
8636:Standard atomic weight
5827:Alkaline earth metals
5252:(interval for Br, Mg):
1321:List of atomic weights
1075:standard atomic weight
934:abridged atomic weight
928:Abridged atomic weight
884:standard atomic weight
801:, which is not a force
704:The estimation of the
480:, is dominated by the
440:Terrestrial definition
407:CIAAW-published values
379:
322:noted as an interval:
191:
60:standard atomic weight
55:
32:standard atomic weight
10237:Transuranium elements
9432:10.1515/pac-2019-0603
8923:Space Science Reviews
8869:Astrophysical Journal
8821:Wieser, M. E (2006).
8763:10.1515/pac-2015-0305
5679:In the periodic table
5513:10.1515/pac-2016-0402
5480:10.1515/pac-2019-0603
5430:10.1515/pac-2018-0916
5316:10.1515/pac-2015-0305
5151:
5129:
5107:
5085:
5063:
5041:
5019:
4997:
4975:
4953:
4931:
4909:
4887:
4865:
4843:
4821:
4799:
4777:
4755:
4733:
4711:
4689:
4667:
4645:
4623:
4601:
4517:
4481:
4459:
4437:
4415:
4393:
4371:
4349:
4307:
4280:
4253:
4217:
4175:
4139:
4103:
4067:
4031:
3953:
3917:
3881:
3845:
3803:
3767:
3725:
3689:
3647:
3611:
3575:
3539:
3520:
3484:
3442:
3406:
3364:
3328:
3280:
3244:
3166:
3130:
3094:
3058:
3022:
2986:
2950:
2908:
2872:
2850:
2814:
2772:
2736:
2658:
2622:
2586:
2559:
2523:
2481:
2445:
2409:
2373:
2337:
2301:
2259:
2223:
2181:
2145:
2073:
2031:
1995:
1932:
1905:
1803:
1761:
1734:
1686:
1650:
1452:
1425:
1383:
608:mononuclidic elements
396:as determined by the
360:
192:
29:
10453:Thermal conductivity
10428:Heat of vaporization
9870:Periodic table forms
9790:Thermal conductivity
9719:Heat of vaporization
9392:10.1515/ci-2018-0409
5648:-- broken/bad access
5494:Uncertainty handling
5389:. CIAAW. 2018-06-05.
5380:(14 values changed):
5352:10.1515/ci-2015-0512
5328:(ytterbium changed):
4559:
3995:
3202:
2694:
2109:
1959:
1878:
1830:
1602:
1575:
1548:
1521:
1494:
1356:
1310:most stable isotope
768:gravimetric analysis
730:relative atomic mass
603:isotopic composition
597:Isotope geochemistry
232:relative atomic mass
121:
46:atomic mass constant
10630:Chemical properties
10625:Amount of substance
10485:Element discoveries
10242:Superheavy elements
10202:Rare-earth elements
9586:solid, liquid, gas
9169:2008Metro..45...53M
9060:2003NuPhA.729..337A
9030:2003NuPhA.729..129W
9005:(Online ed.),
8935:1973SSRv...14..392C
8892:2008ApJ...674..607L
7659:Rutherfordium
5559:Outdated references
5456:all elements listed
5286:all elements listed
1327:
1136:°(E), abridged
1068:
988:°(He) = 4.002602(2)
815:molar concentration
799:electromotive force
746:gravitational field
710:sample distribution
666:29.973 770 171(32)
652:28.976 494 700(22)
423:total nucleon count
9385:(4): 23–24. 2018.
8943:10.1007/BF00214750
8657:Po: —
8356:Protactinium
8024:Praseodymium
7779:Darmstadtium
1325:
1067:
785:" be used for the
724:Naming controversy
419:synthetic elements
380:
334:conventional value
187:
56:
10612:
10611:
10471:
10470:
10433:Ionization energy
10408:Electronegativity
10398:Electron affinity
10337:Electronegativity
10327:Crystal structure
10322:Aqueous chemistry
10299:Nuclear stability
10294:Atomic properties
10260:
10259:
10207:Refractory metals
10185:
10184:
10131:Transition metals
10097:
10096:
9829:
9828:
9802:Thermal expansion
9731:Ionization energy
9661:Electronegativity
9637:Electron affinity
9497:Chemical elements
9330:. 12 October 2015
9137:(10): 1987–2017,
9047:Nuclear Physics A
9017:Nuclear Physics A
8836:(11): 2051–2066.
8693:
8692:
8601:
8600:
8562:Mendelevium
8522:Einsteinium
8502:Californium
7899:Livermorium
7819:Copernicium
7799:Roentgenium
5858:Pnictogens
5654:
5653:
5611:— De Laeter
5443:
5191:
5174:
5173:
1318:
1317:
966:°(Ca) = 40.078(4)
876:
875:
807:, which is not a
781:), while "atomic
688:natural abundance
676:
675:
372:10.806 to 10.821.
363:interval notation
265:interval notation
152:
146:
137:
131:
10647:
10601:
10600:
10589:
10588:
10572:Dmitri Mendeleev
10500:1869 predictions
10490:Dmitri Mendeleev
10271:
10270:
10109:
10108:
10089:Aufbau principle
10001:18 (Noble gases)
9904:
9903:
9897:
9896:
9892:Sets of elements
9856:
9849:
9842:
9833:
9832:
9683:Brinell hardness
9679:Vickers hardness
9490:
9483:
9476:
9467:
9466:
9444:
9443:
9414:
9405:
9404:
9394:
9371:
9365:
9364:
9362:
9361:
9346:
9340:
9339:
9337:
9335:
9320:
9311:
9310:
9297:
9291:
9290:
9282:
9276:
9275:
9255:
9246:
9237:
9236:
9234:
9233:
9224:. Archived from
9218:
9212:
9211:
9195:
9189:
9188:
9152:
9146:
9145:
9126:
9117:
9111:
9110:
9091:
9082:
9073:
9070:
9040:
9009:
8996:
8987:
8986:
8973:
8967:
8961:
8955:
8954:
8929:(3–4): 392–400.
8918:
8912:
8911:
8885:
8860:
8854:
8853:
8827:
8818:
8812:
8811:
8805:
8803:
8798:
8781:"IUPAC Goldbook"
8777:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8739:
8669:
8668:
8653:
8646:
8629:
8622:
8616:
8614:
8608:
8595:
8593:
8592:
8589:
8586:
8583:
8575:
8573:
8572:
8569:
8566:
8563:
8555:
8553:
8552:
8549:
8546:
8543:
8535:
8533:
8532:
8529:
8526:
8523:
8515:
8513:
8512:
8509:
8506:
8503:
8495:
8493:
8492:
8489:
8486:
8483:
8475:
8473:
8472:
8469:
8466:
8463:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8449:
8446:
8443:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8429:
8426:
8423:
8415:
8413:
8412:
8409:
8406:
8403:
8395:
8393:
8392:
8391:
8386:
8383:
8380:
8372:
8370:
8369:
8368:
8363:
8360:
8357:
8349:
8347:
8346:
8345:
8340:
8337:
8334:
8326:
8324:
8323:
8320:
8317:
8314:
8306:
8305:
8290:
8288:
8287:
8286:
8281:
8278:
8275:
8267:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8258:
8255:
8252:
8244:
8242:
8241:
8240:
8235:
8232:
8229:
8221:
8219:
8218:
8217:
8212:
8209:
8206:
8198:
8196:
8195:
8194:
8189:
8186:
8183:
8182:Dysprosium
8175:
8173:
8172:
8171:
8166:
8163:
8160:
8152:
8150:
8149:
8148:
8143:
8140:
8137:
8136:Gadolinium
8129:
8127:
8126:
8125:
8120:
8117:
8114:
8106:
8104:
8103:
8102:
8097:
8094:
8091:
8083:
8081:
8080:
8077:
8074:
8071:
8070:Promethium
8063:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8054:
8051:
8048:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8036:
8031:
8028:
8025:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8013:
8008:
8005:
8002:
7994:
7992:
7991:
7990:
7985:
7982:
7979:
7971:
7970:
7952:
7950:
7949:
7946:
7943:
7940:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7926:
7923:
7920:
7919:Tennessine
7912:
7910:
7909:
7906:
7903:
7900:
7892:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7883:
7880:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7866:
7863:
7860:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7846:
7843:
7840:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7812:
7810:
7809:
7806:
7803:
7800:
7792:
7790:
7789:
7786:
7783:
7780:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7766:
7763:
7760:
7759:Meitnerium
7752:
7750:
7749:
7746:
7743:
7740:
7732:
7730:
7729:
7726:
7723:
7720:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7706:
7703:
7700:
7699:Seaborgium
7692:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7683:
7680:
7672:
7670:
7669:
7666:
7663:
7660:
7652:
7650:
7649:
7646:
7643:
7640:
7639:Lawrencium
7632:
7631:
7625:
7623:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7613:
7605:
7603:
7602:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7578:
7576:
7575:
7572:
7569:
7566:
7558:
7556:
7555:
7552:
7549:
7546:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7526:
7518:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7491:
7486:
7483:
7480:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7463:
7460:
7457:
7449:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7426:
7424:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7403:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7394:
7391:
7388:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7376:
7371:
7368:
7365:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7325:
7322:
7319:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7307:
7302:
7299:
7296:
7288:
7286:
7285:
7284:
7279:
7276:
7273:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7253:
7250:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7238:
7233:
7230:
7227:
7219:
7218:
7212:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7200:
7197:
7189:
7187:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7177:
7174:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7150:
7147:
7144:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7124:
7121:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7104:
7101:
7098:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7055:
7052:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7032:
7029:
7021:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7009:
7006:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6986:
6983:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6940:
6937:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6917:
6914:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6900:
6897:
6894:
6893:Technetium
6886:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6877:
6874:
6871:
6870:Molybdenum
6863:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6831:
6828:
6825:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6760:
6757:
6754:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6707:
6704:
6701:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6658:
6655:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6624:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6566:
6563:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6546:
6543:
6540:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6451:
6448:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6405:
6402:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6231:Phosphorus
6224:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6019:
6016:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5717:
5716:
5704:
5697:
5690:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5647:
5645:
5636:
5630:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5569:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5528:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5491:
5441:
5433:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5390:
5372:
5354:
5320:
5318:
5275:
5244:
5212:
5210:
5205:
5198:
5189:
5182:
5166:
5144:
5122:
5100:
5078:
5056:
5034:
5012:
4990:
4968:
4946:
4924:
4902:
4880:
4858:
4836:
4814:
4792:
4770:
4748:
4726:
4704:
4682:
4660:
4638:
4616:
4595:
4593:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4553:
4551:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4511:
4509:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4474:
4452:
4430:
4408:
4386:
4364:
4343:
4341:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4301:
4299:
4274:
4272:
4247:
4245:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4211:
4209:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4169:
4167:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4133:
4131:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4097:
4095:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4061:
4059:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4025:
4023:
4016:
4015:
4013:
3989:
3987:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3947:
3945:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3911:
3909:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3875:
3873:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3839:
3837:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3797:
3795:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3761:
3759:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3719:
3717:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3683:
3681:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3641:
3639:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3605:
3603:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3569:
3567:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3514:
3512:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3478:
3476:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3436:
3434:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3400:
3398:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3358:
3356:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3322:
3320:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3274:
3272:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3238:
3236:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3196:
3194:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3160:
3158:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3124:
3122:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3088:
3086:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3052:
3050:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3016:
3014:
3007:
3006:
3004:
2980:
2978:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2944:
2942:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2865:
2844:
2842:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2808:
2806:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2766:
2764:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2730:
2728:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2688:
2686:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2652:
2650:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2616:
2614:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2580:
2578:
2553:
2551:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2517:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2475:
2473:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2439:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2403:
2401:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2367:
2365:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2331:
2329:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2295:
2293:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2253:
2251:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2217:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2175:
2173:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2139:
2137:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2103:
2101:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2067:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2025:
2023:
2016:
2015:
2013:
1989:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1953:
1951:
1926:
1924:
1899:
1897:
1872:
1870:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1824:
1822:
1797:
1795:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1755:
1753:
1728:
1726:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1680:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1644:
1642:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1596:
1594:
1569:
1567:
1542:
1540:
1515:
1513:
1488:
1486:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1446:
1444:
1419:
1417:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1377:
1375:
1328:
1324:
1289:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1253:
1251:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1205:
1203:
1176:
1174:
1147:Mass number
1143:
1110:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1069:
1066:
1054:
1045:. For hydrogen,
1040:
1021:
1011:
999:
989:
977:
967:
923:
892:
880:chemical element
871:
868:
862:
858:
852:
840:
839:
832:
828:Published values
719:
613:
562:
542:
540:
537:
505:
503:
502:
494:
492:
491:
471:
469:
468:
459:
457:
456:
348:
345:
336:. For thallium,
331:
317:
314:
300:
299:
295:
292:
286:
284:
279:
245:
229:, also known as
210:
196:
194:
193:
188:
153:
150:
148:
147:
144:
138:
135:
133:
132:
129:
88:of that element
64:chemical element
43:
10655:
10654:
10650:
10649:
10648:
10646:
10645:
10644:
10615:
10614:
10613:
10608:
10576:
10538:
10467:
10443:Oxidation state
10351:
10308:
10256:
10252:Minor actinides
10247:Major actinides
10212:Precious metals
10181:
10163:
10140:
10093:
10075:
10005:
9991:16 (Chalcogens)
9986:15 (Pnictogens)
9886:
9865:
9860:
9830:
9825:
9761:Oxidation state
9605:Poisson's ratio
9601:Young's modulus
9522:
9500:
9494:
9452:
9447:
9415:
9408:
9373:
9372:
9368:
9359:
9357:
9348:
9347:
9343:
9333:
9331:
9322:
9321:
9314:
9298:
9294:
9283:
9279:
9266:(10): 1535–43.
9253:
9247:
9240:
9231:
9229:
9220:
9219:
9215:
9196:
9192:
9153:
9149:
9124:
9118:
9114:
9089:
9083:
9076:
8997:
8990:
8975:
8974:
8970:
8962:
8958:
8919:
8915:
8861:
8857:
8825:
8819:
8815:
8801:
8799:
8779:
8778:
8771:
8740:
8725:
8721:
8702:
8697:
8696:
8695:
8694:
8666:
8665:
8664:
8651:
8644:
8633:
8630:
8624:
8618:
8612:
8610:
8604:
8590:
8587:
8584:
8581:
8578:
8570:
8567:
8564:
8561:
8558:
8550:
8547:
8544:
8541:
8538:
8530:
8527:
8524:
8521:
8518:
8510:
8507:
8504:
8501:
8498:
8490:
8487:
8484:
8482:Berkelium
8481:
8478:
8470:
8467:
8464:
8461:
8458:
8450:
8447:
8444:
8442:Americium
8441:
8438:
8430:
8427:
8424:
8422:Plutonium
8421:
8418:
8410:
8407:
8404:
8402:Neptunium
8401:
8398:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8381:
8378:
8375:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8358:
8355:
8352:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8335:
8332:
8329:
8321:
8318:
8315:
8312:
8309:
8303:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8276:
8274:Ytterbium
8273:
8270:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8253:
8250:
8247:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8230:
8227:
8224:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8207:
8204:
8201:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8184:
8181:
8178:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8161:
8158:
8155:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8138:
8135:
8132:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8115:
8112:
8109:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8092:
8089:
8086:
8078:
8075:
8072:
8069:
8066:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8049:
8047:Neodymium
8046:
8043:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8026:
8023:
8020:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8003:
8000:
7997:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7980:
7978:Lanthanum
7977:
7974:
7968:
7947:
7944:
7941:
7939:Oganesson
7938:
7935:
7927:
7924:
7921:
7918:
7915:
7907:
7904:
7901:
7898:
7895:
7887:
7884:
7881:
7879:Moscovium
7878:
7875:
7867:
7864:
7861:
7859:Flerovium
7858:
7855:
7847:
7844:
7841:
7838:
7835:
7827:
7824:
7821:
7818:
7815:
7807:
7804:
7801:
7798:
7795:
7787:
7784:
7781:
7778:
7775:
7767:
7764:
7761:
7758:
7755:
7747:
7744:
7741:
7738:
7735:
7727:
7724:
7721:
7718:
7715:
7707:
7704:
7701:
7698:
7695:
7687:
7684:
7681:
7678:
7675:
7667:
7664:
7661:
7658:
7655:
7647:
7644:
7641:
7638:
7635:
7629:
7620:
7617:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7600:
7597:
7594:
7591:
7588:
7573:
7570:
7567:
7564:
7561:
7553:
7550:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7533:
7530:
7527:
7524:
7521:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7504:
7501:
7498:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7481:
7478:
7475:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7458:
7455:
7452:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7412:
7409:
7406:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7386:
7383:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7343:
7340:
7337:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7320:
7317:
7314:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7297:
7294:
7291:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7274:
7271:
7268:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7228:
7225:
7222:
7216:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7198:
7195:
7192:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7169:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7145:
7142:
7139:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7099:
7097:Tellurium
7096:
7093:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7076:
7073:
7070:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7053:
7050:
7047:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7007:
7004:
7001:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6981:
6978:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6959:Palladium
6958:
6955:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6915:
6913:Ruthenium
6912:
6909:
6901:
6898:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6843:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6826:
6824:Zirconium
6823:
6820:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6797:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6778:
6776:Strontium
6775:
6772:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6725:
6722:
6719:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6673:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6631:Germanium
6630:
6627:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6581:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6558:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6518:
6515:
6512:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6472:
6470:Manganese
6469:
6466:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6449:
6446:
6443:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6330:Potassium
6329:
6326:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6185:Aluminium
6184:
6181:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6162:
6160:Magnesium
6159:
6156:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5967:Beryllium
5966:
5963:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5885:
5877:
5868:
5864:Halogens
5823:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5681:
5676:
5675:
5666:
5660:
5655:
5640:
5634:
5628:
5620:
5614:
5608:
5602:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5560:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5517:
5515:
5407:
5405:
5385:
5333:
5260:Pure Appl. Chem
5257:
5229:Pure Appl. Chem
5226:
5213:
5209:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5164:
5142:
5120:
5098:
5076:
5054:
5032:
5010:
4988:
4966:
4944:
4922:
4900:
4878:
4856:
4834:
4812:
4790:
4768:
4746:
4724:
4702:
4680:
4658:
4636:
4614:
4591:
4589:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4549:
4547:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4507:
4505:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4472:
4450:
4428:
4406:
4384:
4362:
4339:
4337:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4297:
4295:
4270:
4268:
4243:
4241:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4207:
4205:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4165:
4163:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4129:
4127:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4093:
4091:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4057:
4055:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4021:
4019:
4011:
4009:
4008:
3985:
3983:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3943:
3941:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3907:
3905:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3871:
3869:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3835:
3833:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3793:
3791:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3757:
3755:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3715:
3713:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3679:
3677:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3637:
3635:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3601:
3599:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3565:
3563:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3510:
3508:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3474:
3472:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3432:
3430:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3396:
3394:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3354:
3352:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3318:
3316:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3270:
3268:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3234:
3232:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3192:
3190:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3156:
3154:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3120:
3118:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3084:
3082:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3048:
3046:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3012:
3010:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2976:
2974:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2940:
2938:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2898:
2896:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2863:
2840:
2838:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2804:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2762:
2760:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2726:
2724:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2684:
2682:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2648:
2646:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2612:
2610:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2576:
2574:
2549:
2547:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2513:
2511:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2435:
2433:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2363:
2361:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2327:
2325:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2291:
2289:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2249:
2247:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2213:
2211:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2171:
2169:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2063:
2061:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1949:
1947:
1922:
1920:
1895:
1893:
1868:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1820:
1818:
1793:
1791:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1751:
1749:
1724:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1676:
1674:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1640:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1592:
1590:
1565:
1563:
1538:
1536:
1511:
1509:
1484:
1482:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1442:
1440:
1415:
1413:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1373:
1371:
1347:
1323:
1303:
1285:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1201:
1199:
1190:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1149:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1061:
1052:
1051:r, conventional
1046:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
987:
981:
975:
969:
965:
959:
930:
921:
915:
913:
890:
872:
866:
863:
860:
856:
850:
841:
837:
830:
805:resolving power
726:
717:
699:
599:
593:
582:
560:
538:
535:
533:
517:
501:
499:
498:
497:
496:
490:
488:
487:
486:
485:
467:
465:
464:
463:
462:
455:
453:
452:
451:
450:
442:
355:
346:
343:
342:r, conventional
337:
329:
323:
315:
312:
306:
303:abridged values
297:
293:
290:
288:
282:
280:
277:
271:
250:(CIAAW) of the
243:
236:
228:
208:
149:
143:
139:
134:
128:
124:
122:
119:
118:
113:
102:
73:
53:
41:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10653:
10643:
10642:
10640:Periodic table
10637:
10632:
10627:
10610:
10609:
10607:
10606:
10594:
10581:
10578:
10577:
10575:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10563:
10562:
10557:
10546:
10544:
10540:
10539:
10537:
10536:
10535:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10504:
10503:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10481:
10479:
10473:
10472:
10469:
10468:
10466:
10465:
10463:Vapor pressure
10460:
10455:
10450:
10448:Speed of sound
10445:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10423:Heat of fusion
10420:
10415:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10385:
10380:
10378:Critical point
10375:
10370:
10365:
10359:
10357:
10353:
10352:
10350:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10318:
10316:
10310:
10309:
10307:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10279:
10277:
10268:
10262:
10261:
10258:
10257:
10255:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10217:Coinage metals
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10193:
10191:
10187:
10186:
10183:
10182:
10180:
10179:
10173:
10171:
10165:
10164:
10162:
10161:
10156:
10150:
10148:
10142:
10141:
10139:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10117:
10115:
10106:
10099:
10098:
10095:
10094:
10092:
10091:
10085:
10083:
10077:
10076:
10074:
10073:
10072:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10015:
10013:
10007:
10006:
10004:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9912:
9910:
9901:
9894:
9888:
9887:
9885:
9884:
9879:
9873:
9871:
9867:
9866:
9863:Periodic table
9859:
9858:
9851:
9844:
9836:
9827:
9826:
9824:
9823:
9822:
9821:
9814:Vapor pressure
9811:
9810:
9809:
9799:
9798:
9797:
9787:
9782:
9781:
9780:
9773:Speed of sound
9770:
9769:
9768:
9758:
9753:
9752:
9751:
9741:
9740:
9739:
9728:
9727:
9726:
9716:
9715:
9714:
9707:Heat of fusion
9704:
9703:
9702:
9692:
9691:
9690:
9671:
9670:
9669:
9658:
9657:
9656:
9646:
9645:
9644:
9634:
9633:
9632:
9622:
9621:
9620:
9594:
9593:
9592:
9581:
9580:
9579:
9572:Critical point
9569:
9568:
9567:
9557:
9556:
9555:
9544:
9543:
9542:
9530:
9528:
9524:
9523:
9521:
9520:
9518:Periodic table
9515:
9508:
9506:
9502:
9501:
9493:
9492:
9485:
9478:
9470:
9464:
9463:
9458:
9451:
9450:External links
9448:
9446:
9445:
9406:
9366:
9341:
9312:
9292:
9277:
9238:
9213:
9190:
9147:
9112:
9074:
9072:
9071:
9041:
8988:
8968:
8956:
8913:
8900:10.1086/524725
8876:(1): 607–611.
8855:
8813:
8769:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8716:
8715:
8709:
8701:
8698:
8691:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8667:
8663:
8662:
8655:
8647:
8642:
8632:
8631:
8603:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8582:Nobelium
8576:
8556:
8536:
8516:
8496:
8476:
8456:
8436:
8416:
8396:
8373:
8350:
8327:
8313:Actinium
8307:
8300:
8297:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8268:
8245:
8222:
8199:
8176:
8153:
8130:
8113:Europium
8107:
8090:Samarium
8084:
8064:
8041:
8018:
7995:
7972:
7965:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7933:
7913:
7893:
7873:
7853:
7839:Nihonium
7833:
7813:
7793:
7773:
7753:
7733:
7713:
7693:
7673:
7653:
7633:
7626:
7606:
7592:Francium
7586:
7580:
7579:
7559:
7545:Astatine
7539:
7525:Polonium
7519:
7496:
7473:
7450:
7427:
7404:
7387:Platinum
7381:
7358:
7335:
7312:
7295:Tungsten
7289:
7272:Tantalum
7266:
7243:
7226:Lutetium
7220:
7213:
7190:
7167:
7161:
7160:
7137:
7114:
7091:
7074:Antimony
7068:
7045:
7022:
6999:
6976:
6953:
6930:
6907:
6887:
6864:
6841:
6818:
6795:
6793:
6770:
6753:Rubidium
6747:
6741:
6740:
6717:
6694:
6677:Selenium
6671:
6648:
6625:
6602:
6579:
6556:
6533:
6510:
6487:
6464:
6447:Chromium
6441:
6424:Vanadium
6418:
6401:Titanium
6395:
6378:Scandium
6372:
6370:
6347:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6294:
6277:Chlorine
6271:
6248:
6225:
6202:
6179:
6177:
6154:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6101:
6084:Fluorine
6078:
6055:
6038:Nitrogen
6032:
6009:
5986:
5984:
5961:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5908:
5906:
5889:Hydrogen
5883:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5824:alkali metals
5822:Hydrogen &
5820:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5715:
5711:Periodic table
5709:
5707:
5706:
5699:
5692:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5638:
5625:
5624:
5623:— Wieser
5612:
5600:
5589:
5577:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5524:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5461:
5460:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5435:
5434:
5413:
5392:
5391:
5382:
5381:
5374:
5373:
5330:
5329:
5322:
5321:
5291:
5290:
5277:
5276:
5254:
5253:
5246:
5245:
5223:
5222:
5208:
5207:
5200:
5192:
5184:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4587:
4570:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4545:
4528:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4503:
4492:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4335:
4318:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4293:
4291:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4266:
4264:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4239:
4228:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4203:
4186:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4161:
4150:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4125:
4114:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4089:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4053:
4042:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4017:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3981:
3964:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3939:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3903:
3892:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3867:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3831:
3814:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3789:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3753:
3736:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3711:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3675:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3633:
3622:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3597:
3586:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3561:
3550:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3506:
3495:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3470:
3453:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3428:
3417:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3392:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3350:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3314:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3266:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3230:
3213:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3188:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3152:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3116:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3080:
3069:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3044:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3008:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2972:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2936:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2894:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2836:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2800:
2783:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2758:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2722:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2680:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2644:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2608:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2545:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2509:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2467:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2431:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2395:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2359:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2323:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2287:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2245:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2209:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2167:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2131:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2095:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2059:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2017:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1981:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1864:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1789:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1720:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1672:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1636:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1480:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1411:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1245:
1242:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1072:
1060:
1057:
1050:
1036:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1007:
1000:
998:°(He) = 4.0026
995:
985:
978:
976:°(Ca) = 40.078
973:
963:
929:
926:
919:
911:
874:
873:
844:
842:
835:
829:
826:
821:
820:
819:
818:
812:
802:
793:
771:
764:
740:, that is the
725:
722:
702:
701:
697:
674:
673:
670:
667:
664:
660:
659:
656:
653:
650:
646:
645:
642:
639:
636:
632:
631:
628:
624:
623:
620:
617:
595:Main article:
592:
589:
585:
584:
580:
564:
544:
516:
513:
506:(according to
500:
489:
466:
454:
441:
438:
354:
351:
341:
327:
310:
275:
241:
226:
198:
197:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
142:
127:
114:= 64.927), so
111:
100:
71:
51:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10652:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10635:Stoichiometry
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10622:
10620:
10605:
10604:
10595:
10593:
10592:
10583:
10582:
10579:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10552:
10551:
10548:
10547:
10545:
10541:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10517:controversies
10515:
10513:
10510:
10509:
10508:
10505:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10487:
10486:
10483:
10482:
10480:
10478:
10474:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10438:Melting point
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10418:Heat capacity
10416:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10373:Boiling point
10371:
10369:
10368:Atomic radius
10366:
10364:
10361:
10360:
10358:
10354:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10319:
10317:
10315:
10311:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10289:
10285:
10281:
10280:
10278:
10276:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10263:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10232:Native metals
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10194:
10192:
10188:
10178:
10175:
10174:
10172:
10170:
10166:
10160:
10159:Dividing line
10157:
10155:
10152:
10151:
10149:
10147:
10143:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10118:
10116:
10114:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10100:
10090:
10087:
10086:
10084:
10082:
10078:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10056:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10016:
10014:
10012:
10008:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9996:17 (Halogens)
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9913:
9911:
9909:
9905:
9902:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9889:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9874:
9872:
9868:
9864:
9857:
9852:
9850:
9845:
9843:
9838:
9837:
9834:
9820:
9817:
9816:
9815:
9812:
9808:
9805:
9804:
9803:
9800:
9796:
9793:
9792:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9779:
9776:
9775:
9774:
9771:
9767:
9764:
9763:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9750:
9747:
9746:
9745:
9744:Melting point
9742:
9738:
9735:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9725:
9722:
9721:
9720:
9717:
9713:
9710:
9709:
9708:
9705:
9701:
9698:
9697:
9696:
9695:Heat capacity
9693:
9689:
9686:
9685:
9684:
9680:
9676:
9675:Mohs hardness
9672:
9668:
9665:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9655:
9652:
9651:
9650:
9647:
9643:
9640:
9639:
9638:
9635:
9631:
9628:
9627:
9626:
9623:
9619:
9616:
9615:
9614:
9613:shear modulus
9610:
9606:
9602:
9598:
9595:
9591:
9588:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9578:
9575:
9574:
9573:
9570:
9566:
9563:
9562:
9561:
9560:Boiling point
9558:
9554:
9551:
9550:
9548:
9547:Atomic radius
9545:
9541:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9531:
9529:
9525:
9519:
9516:
9513:
9510:
9509:
9507:
9503:
9498:
9491:
9486:
9484:
9479:
9477:
9472:
9471:
9468:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9453:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9429:
9425:
9421:
9413:
9411:
9402:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9370:
9355:
9351:
9345:
9329:
9325:
9319:
9317:
9309:. Manchester.
9308:
9307:
9302:
9296:
9288:
9281:
9273:
9269:
9265:
9261:
9260:
9252:
9245:
9243:
9228:on 2020-07-28
9227:
9223:
9217:
9209:
9205:
9201:
9194:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9174:
9170:
9166:
9162:
9158:
9151:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9132:
9131:
9123:
9116:
9109:
9105:
9102:(1): 217–35,
9101:
9097:
9096:
9088:
9081:
9079:
9069:
9065:
9061:
9057:
9053:
9049:
9048:
9042:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9019:
9018:
9012:
9011:
9008:
9004:
9003:
8995:
8993:
8984:
8983:
8978:
8972:
8966:
8960:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8917:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8875:
8871:
8870:
8865:
8859:
8851:
8847:
8843:
8839:
8835:
8831:
8824:
8817:
8810:
8797:
8792:
8788:
8787:
8782:
8776:
8774:
8764:
8759:
8756:(3): 265–91.
8755:
8751:
8750:
8745:
8738:
8736:
8734:
8732:
8730:
8728:
8723:
8713:
8710:
8707:
8704:
8703:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8670:
8660:
8656:
8649:
8648:
8641:
8638:
8637:
8627:
8621:
8615:
8607:
8597:
8594:
8577:
8574:
8557:
8554:
8542:Fermium
8537:
8534:
8517:
8514:
8497:
8494:
8477:
8474:
8457:
8454:
8437:
8434:
8417:
8414:
8397:
8394:
8379:Uranium
8374:
8371:
8351:
8348:
8333:Thorium
8328:
8325:
8308:
8301:
8298:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8269:
8266:
8246:
8243:
8223:
8220:
8205:Holmium
8200:
8197:
8177:
8174:
8159:Terbium
8154:
8151:
8131:
8128:
8108:
8105:
8085:
8082:
8065:
8062:
8042:
8039:
8019:
8016:
7996:
7993:
7973:
7966:
7964:
7962:
7960:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7934:
7931:
7914:
7911:
7894:
7891:
7874:
7871:
7854:
7851:
7834:
7831:
7814:
7811:
7794:
7791:
7774:
7771:
7754:
7751:
7739:Hassium
7734:
7731:
7719:Bohrium
7714:
7711:
7694:
7691:
7679:Dubnium
7674:
7671:
7654:
7651:
7634:
7627:
7624:
7607:
7604:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7577:
7560:
7557:
7540:
7537:
7520:
7517:
7502:Bismuth
7497:
7494:
7474:
7471:
7451:
7448:
7433:Mercury
7428:
7425:
7405:
7402:
7382:
7379:
7359:
7356:
7336:
7333:
7318:Rhenium
7313:
7310:
7290:
7287:
7267:
7264:
7249:Hafnium
7244:
7241:
7221:
7214:
7211:
7191:
7188:
7173:Caesium
7168:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7158:
7138:
7135:
7115:
7112:
7092:
7089:
7069:
7066:
7046:
7043:
7023:
7020:
7005:Cadmium
7000:
6997:
6977:
6974:
6954:
6951:
6936:Rhodium
6931:
6928:
6908:
6905:
6888:
6885:
6865:
6862:
6847:Niobium
6842:
6839:
6819:
6816:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6771:
6768:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6723:Krypton
6718:
6715:
6695:
6692:
6672:
6669:
6649:
6646:
6626:
6623:
6603:
6600:
6580:
6577:
6557:
6554:
6534:
6531:
6511:
6508:
6488:
6485:
6465:
6462:
6442:
6439:
6419:
6416:
6396:
6393:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6353:Calcium
6348:
6345:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6315:
6295:
6292:
6272:
6269:
6249:
6246:
6226:
6223:
6208:Silicon
6203:
6200:
6180:
6175:
6155:
6152:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6102:
6099:
6079:
6076:
6056:
6053:
6033:
6030:
6010:
6007:
5987:
5982:
5962:
5959:
5944:Lithium
5939:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5909:
5904:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5712:
5705:
5700:
5698:
5693:
5691:
5686:
5685:
5669:
5665:
5657:
5656:
5646:. nucleonica.
5644:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5619:
5613:
5607:
5601:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5531:
5525:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5414:
5403:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5317:
5312:
5309:(3): 265–91.
5308:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5206:
5201:
5199:
5194:
5193:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5168:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5146:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5102:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5080:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5058:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5036:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5014:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4992:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4970:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4926:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4860:
4855:
4853:
4852:rutherfordium
4850:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4838:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4794:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4750:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4684:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4662:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4597:
4588:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4546:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4513:
4504:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4366:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4336:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4303:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4276:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4249:
4240:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4204:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4171:
4162:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4126:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4099:
4090:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4063:
4054:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4027:
4018:
4007:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3991:
3982:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3940:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3904:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3877:
3868:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3832:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3790:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3754:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3721:
3712:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3676:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3643:
3634:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3598:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3562:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3507:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3480:
3471:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3429:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3393:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3351:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3315:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3267:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3231:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3189:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3153:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3117:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3081:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3045:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3009:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2973:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2937:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2895:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2837:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2801:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2759:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2723:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2681:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2645:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2609:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2546:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2510:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2468:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2432:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2396:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2360:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2324:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2288:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2246:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2210:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2168:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2132:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2096:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2060:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2018:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1982:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1865:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1790:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1721:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1673:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1637:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1481:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1412:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1353:Year changed
1352:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1282:
1279:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1246:
1243:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1065:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1035:
1016:
1006:
1001:
994:
984:
979:
972:
962:
957:
956:
955:
952:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
925:
918:
910:
905:
903:
899:
894:
887:
885:
882:, called the
881:
870:
855:
848:
843:
834:
833:
825:
816:
813:
810:
806:
803:
800:
797:
796:
794:
791:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
769:
765:
762:
761:
760:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
721:
715:
711:
707:
696:
693:
692:
691:
689:
685:
681:
671:
668:
665:
661:
657:
654:
651:
647:
644:92.21–92.25%
643:
640:
637:
633:
629:
626:
625:
614:
611:
609:
604:
598:
588:
579:
574:
569:
565:
557:
553:
549:
545:
531:
527:
523:
522:
521:
512:
509:
483:
482:alpha-process
479:
474:
460:
447:
437:
434:
430:
426:
424:
420:
415:
411:
408:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
390:Earth's crust
385:
377:
373:
368:
364:
359:
350:
340:
335:
326:
319:
309:
304:
274:
268:
266:
262:
257:
253:
249:
240:
234:
233:
225:
221:
220:atomic weight
216:
214:
207:
203:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
125:
117:
116:
115:
110:
106:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
65:
61:
50:
47:
38:
33:
28:
22:
10596:
10584:
10567:Trivial name
10555:nomenclature
10227:Heavy metals
10222:Noble metals
9981:14 (Tetrels)
9877:Alternatives
9609:bulk modulus
9423:
9382:
9378:
9369:
9358:. Retrieved
9356:. 2018-06-05
9344:
9332:. Retrieved
9305:
9301:Dalton, John
9295:
9280:
9263:
9257:
9230:. Retrieved
9226:the original
9216:
9207:
9203:
9193:
9163:(1): 53–62.
9160:
9156:
9150:
9134:
9128:
9115:
9099:
9093:
9051:
9045:
9021:
9015:
9010:. Based on:
9001:
8980:
8971:
8959:
8926:
8922:
8916:
8873:
8867:
8858:
8833:
8829:
8816:
8807:
8800:. Retrieved
8784:
8753:
8747:
8639:
8634:
8625:
7612:Radium
7341:Osmium
7196:Barium
6137:Sodium
6061:Oxygen
5914:Helium
5878:
5667:}}
5661:{{
5658:
5635:}}
5629:{{
5621:}}
5615:{{
5609:}}
5603:{{
5598:}}
5592:{{
5586:}}
5580:{{
5576:— Audi
5574:}}
5568:{{
5533:}}
5527:{{
5516:. Retrieved
5497:
5471:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5415:
5406:. Retrieved
5395:
5377:
5342:
5338:
5325:
5306:
5300:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5263:
5259:
5249:
5232:
5228:
5218:
5180:
4984:darmstadtium
4526:protactinium
3451:praseodymium
1342:
1331:
1141:conventional
1140:
1130:
1115:
1074:
1062:
1053:°(H) = 1.008
1047:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1014:
1004:
992:
982:
970:
960:
953:
948:
944:
940:
938:
933:
931:
916:
908:
906:
902:conventional
901:
897:
895:
888:
883:
877:
864:
857:}}
851:{{
846:
822:
787:
782:
758:
727:
703:
694:
677:
641:92.2297(7)%
619:Atomic mass
600:
586:
577:
573:isotopic mix
572:
567:
555:
551:
547:
525:
518:
475:
446:Solar System
443:
431:
427:
416:
412:
404:
387:
383:
381:
375:
371:
366:
362:
338:
333:
324:
320:
307:
302:
272:
269:
264:
260:
238:
230:
223:
217:
199:
108:
97:
68:
67:
59:
57:
48:
36:
31:
10603:WikiProject
10347:Term symbol
10177:Noble gases
10121:Lanthanides
10104:metallicity
9976:13 (Triels)
9334:18 February
9054:: 337–676,
9024:: 129–336,
8864:Lodders, K.
8659:mass number
5595:NUBASE 2012
5583:NUBASE 2003
5571:NUBASE 1997
5116:livermorium
5028:copernicium
5006:roentgenium
4786:mendelevium
4742:einsteinium
4720:californium
1346:r, standard
1018:r, abridged
996:r, abridged
974:r, abridged
734:atomic mass
706:uncertainty
672:3.08–3.10%
669:3.0872(5)%
658:4.67–4.69%
655:4.6832(5)%
530:fluorine-19
311:r, abridged
256:terrestrial
21:Atomic mass
10619:Categories
10527:for people
10522:for places
10495:1871 table
10388:Elasticity
10356:Data pages
10314:Properties
10190:Other sets
10146:Metalloids
9766:data table
9673:Hardness:
9360:2019-02-02
9232:2019-07-12
9157:Metrologia
8719:References
8613:From decay
8606:Primordial
5659:See also:
5618:CIAAW 2005
5408:2020-02-25
5190:This list:
5138:tennessine
4962:meitnerium
4896:seaborgium
4830:lawrencium
3698:dysprosium
3620:gadolinium
3529:promethium
2859:technetium
2823:molybdenum
1839:phosphorus
1297:technetium
1125:Value type
1002:Hydrogen:
954:Examples:
891:20.1797(6)
622:Abundance
552:in general
508:solar wind
461:in rocks,
394:atmosphere
353:Definition
10512:etymology
10363:Abundance
10288:in humans
10284:Abundance
10169:Nonmetals
10126:Actinides
9819:data page
9807:data page
9795:data page
9778:data page
9749:data page
9737:data page
9724:data page
9712:data page
9700:data page
9688:data page
9667:data page
9654:data page
9642:data page
9630:data page
9618:data page
9590:data page
9577:data page
9565:data page
9553:data page
9540:data page
9440:1365-3075
9401:0193-6484
9210:(1): 4–7.
9185:122229901
8951:119861943
8883:0710.4523
8650:Ca:
8620:Synthetic
5606:CIAAW2003
5538:123.45(2)
5530:CIAAW2021
5488:1365-3075
5369:0193-6484
5361:0193-6484
5160:oganesson
5094:moscovium
5072:flerovium
4698:berkelium
4654:americium
4632:plutonium
4610:neptunium
3854:ytterbium
3493:neodymium
3373:lanthanum
3175:tellurium
2959:palladium
2881:ruthenium
2745:zirconium
2667:strontium
2454:germanium
2190:manganese
1968:potassium
1770:aluminium
1743:magnesium
1461:beryllium
1350:Abridged
1196:interval
1167:interval
1127:
1121:°(E)
1112:
958:Calcium:
941:downwards
867:July 2022
854:CIAAW2021
684:metrology
627:Standard
206:dimension
176:×
164:×
10591:Category
10543:See also
10413:Hardness
10266:Elements
9505:Elements
9303:(1808).
8908:59150678
8850:94552853
8700:See also
7456:Thallium
5855:Tetrels
5050:nihonium
4808:nobelium
4496:232.0377
4468:actinium
4424:francium
4380:astatine
4358:polonium
4262:thallium
4148:platinum
4004:tungsten
3962:tantalum
3896:174.9668
3890:lutetium
3584:europium
3548:samarium
3139:antimony
3001:107.8682
2631:rubidium
2532:selenium
2154:chromium
2118:vanadium
2082:titanium
2040:scandium
1914:chlorine
1611:fluorine
1557:nitrogen
1365:hydrogen
1213:fluorine
1184:nitrogen
1155:hydrogen
1107:Element
980:Helium:
947:for the
898:abridged
811:quantity
788:weighted
616:Isotope
484:nuclide
384:standard
376:standard
90:weighted
86:isotopes
66:(symbol
10477:History
10383:Density
10011:Periods
9584:Density
9165:Bibcode
9056:Bibcode
9026:Bibcode
8965:WP:CALC
8931:Bibcode
8888:Bibcode
8802:12 July
8714:(CIAAW)
8708:(IUPAC)
8688:p-block
8683:d-block
8678:f-block
8673:s-block
8623:
8617:
8609:
8591:
8571:
8551:
8531:
8511:
8491:
8471:
8451:
8431:
8411:
8388:
8365:
8342:
8322:
8295:
8283:
8260:
8251:Thulium
8237:
8214:
8191:
8168:
8145:
8122:
8099:
8079:
8056:
8033:
8010:
7987:
7948:
7928:
7908:
7888:
7868:
7848:
7828:
7808:
7788:
7768:
7748:
7728:
7708:
7688:
7668:
7648:
7621:
7601:
7574:
7554:
7534:
7511:
7488:
7465:
7442:
7419:
7396:
7373:
7364:Iridium
7350:
7327:
7304:
7281:
7258:
7235:
7205:
7182:
7152:
7129:
7106:
7083:
7060:
7037:
7014:
6991:
6968:
6945:
6922:
6902:
6879:
6856:
6833:
6810:
6801:Yttrium
6785:
6762:
6732:
6709:
6700:Bromine
6686:
6663:
6654:Arsenic
6640:
6617:
6608:Gallium
6594:
6571:
6548:
6525:
6502:
6479:
6456:
6433:
6410:
6387:
6362:
6339:
6309:
6286:
6263:
6240:
6217:
6194:
6169:
6146:
6116:
6093:
6070:
6047:
6024:
6001:
5976:
5953:
5923:
5898:
5852:Triels
5735:
5404:. CIAAW
5186:
4940:hassium
4918:bohrium
4874:dubnium
4764:fermium
4574:238.028
4568:uranium
4532:231.035
4490:thorium
4322:208.980
4316:bismuth
4232:200.592
4226:mercury
4190:196.966
4154:195.084
4118:192.217
4112:iridium
4046:186.207
4040:rhenium
3968:180.947
3932:178.486
3926:hafnium
3860:173.045
3818:168.934
3812:thulium
3782:167.259
3740:164.930
3734:holmium
3704:162.500
3662:158.925
3656:terbium
3590:151.964
3499:144.242
3457:140.907
3421:140.116
3379:138.905
3343:137.327
3295:132.905
3289:caesium
3259:131.293
3217:126.904
3145:121.760
3109:118.710
3073:114.818
3037:112.414
3031:cadmium
2923:102.905
2917:rhodium
2781:niobium
2703:yttrium
2637:85.4678
2595:krypton
2568:bromine
2490:arsenic
2418:gallium
2316:58.6934
2160:51.9961
2124:50.9415
2004:calcium
1974:39.0983
1812:silicon
1665:20.1797
1434:lithium
1336:Symbol
1307:(none)
1261:calcium
1039:°(H) =
1020:°(H) =
1010:°(H) =
945:upwards
907:Symbol
847:updated
779:isotope
775:nuclide
754:poundal
680:silicon
433:Lithium
365:of the
344:°(Tl) =
330:°(Tl) =
313:°(He) =
278:°(He) =
84:of all
80:of the
10507:Naming
10304:Symbol
10113:Metals
10081:Blocks
10069:Pyykkö
10064:Fricke
10059:Aufbau
9908:Groups
9438:
9399:
9183:
8949:
8906:
8848:
8652:40.078
8643:r, std
8626:Border
8462:Curium
8390:238.03
8367:231.04
8344:232.04
8285:173.05
8262:168.93
8239:167.26
8228:Erbium
8216:164.93
8193:162.50
8170:158.93
8147:157.25
8124:151.96
8101:150.36
8058:144.24
8035:140.91
8012:140.12
8001:Cerium
7989:138.91
7513:208.98
7467:204.38
7444:200.59
7421:196.97
7398:195.08
7375:192.22
7352:190.23
7329:186.21
7306:183.84
7283:180.95
7260:178.49
7237:174.97
7207:137.33
7184:132.91
7154:131.29
7131:126.90
7120:Iodine
7108:127.60
7085:121.76
7062:118.71
7039:114.82
7028:Indium
7016:112.41
6993:107.87
6982:Silver
6970:106.42
6947:102.91
6924:101.07
6858:92.906
6835:91.224
6812:88.906
6764:85.468
6734:83.798
6711:79.904
6688:78.971
6665:74.922
6642:72.630
6619:69.723
6573:63.546
6562:Copper
6550:58.693
6539:Nickel
6527:58.933
6516:Cobalt
6504:55.845
6481:54.938
6458:51.996
6435:50.942
6412:47.867
6389:44.956
6364:40.078
6341:39.098
6254:Sulfur
6242:30.974
6219:28.085
6196:26.982
6171:24.305
6148:22.990
6118:20.180
6095:18.998
6072:15.999
6049:14.007
6026:12.011
6015:Carbon
5978:9.0122
5925:4.0026
5900:1.0080
5875:Period
5869:gases
5544:123.45
5518:20 Oct
5486:
5367:
5359:
4676:curium
4590:238.03
4548:231.04
4506:232.04
4500:0.0004
4446:radium
4338:208.98
4269:204.38
4242:200.59
4206:196.97
4164:195.08
4128:192.22
4092:190.23
4082:190.23
4076:osmium
4056:186.21
4020:183.84
4010:183.84
3984:180.95
3942:178.49
3906:174.97
3900:0.0001
3870:173.05
3834:168.93
3792:167.26
3776:erbium
3756:164.93
3714:162.50
3678:158.93
3636:157.25
3626:157.25
3600:151.96
3564:150.36
3554:150.36
3509:144.24
3473:140.91
3431:140.12
3415:cerium
3395:138.91
3353:137.33
3337:barium
3317:132.91
3269:131.29
3233:126.90
3211:iodine
3191:127.60
3181:127.60
3155:121.76
3119:118.71
3083:114.82
3067:indium
3047:112.41
3011:107.87
3005:0.0002
2995:silver
2975:106.42
2965:106.42
2939:102.91
2897:101.07
2887:101.07
2803:92.906
2787:92.906
2761:91.224
2751:91.224
2725:88.906
2709:88.905
2647:85.468
2641:0.0003
2611:83.798
2601:83.798
2575:79.904
2548:78.971
2538:78.971
2512:74.922
2496:74.921
2470:72.630
2460:72.630
2434:69.723
2424:69.723
2362:63.546
2352:63.546
2346:copper
2326:58.693
2320:0.0004
2310:nickel
2290:58.933
2274:58.933
2268:cobalt
2248:55.845
2238:55.845
2212:54.938
2196:54.938
2170:51.996
2164:0.0006
2134:50.942
2128:0.0001
2098:47.867
2088:47.867
2062:44.956
2046:44.955
2020:40.078
2010:40.078
1984:39.098
1978:0.0001
1887:sulfur
1867:30.974
1845:30.973
1819:28.085
1792:26.982
1776:26.981
1750:24.305
1723:22.990
1701:22.989
1695:sodium
1675:20.180
1669:0.0006
1639:18.998
1617:18.998
1591:15.999
1584:oxygen
1564:14.007
1537:12.011
1530:carbon
1487:0.0001
1483:9.0122
1418:0.0001
1414:4.0026
1392:helium
1376:0.0002
1372:1.0080
1284:40.078
1272:40.078
1248:18.998
1224:18.998
1200:14.007
1175:0.0002
1171:1.0080
949:upward
783:weight
750:newton
738:weight
630:Range
568:source
556:sample
534:18.998
526:single
347:204.38
316:4.0026
213:dalton
185:63.55.
179:64.927
167:62.929
136:°
105:copper
42:°(Cu))
10550:IUPAC
10275:Lists
9354:CIAAW
9254:(PDF)
9181:S2CID
9125:(PDF)
9090:(PDF)
8947:S2CID
8904:S2CID
8878:arXiv
8846:S2CID
8826:(PDF)
7565:Radon
7490:207.2
7143:Xenon
6881:95.95
6787:87.62
6596:65.38
6311:39.95
6300:Argon
6288:35.45
6265:32.06
6003:10.81
5992:Boron
5867:Noble
5721:Group
5632:CRC85
5541:into
5357:eISSN
4598:1999
4581:0.000
4556:2017
4539:0.000
4514:2013
4402:radon
4346:2005
4329:0.000
4304:2020
4296:207.2
4277:2009
4250:2011
4236:0.003
4214:2017
4197:0.000
4172:2005
4158:0.009
4136:2017
4122:0.002
4100:1991
4064:1973
4050:0.001
4028:1991
3992:2005
3975:0.000
3950:2019
3936:0.006
3914:2007
3878:2015
3864:0.010
3842:2021
3825:0.000
3800:1999
3786:0.003
3764:2021
3747:0.000
3722:2001
3708:0.001
3686:2021
3669:0.000
3644:1969
3608:1995
3594:0.001
3572:2005
3517:2005
3503:0.003
3481:2017
3464:0.000
3439:1995
3425:0.001
3403:2005
3386:0.000
3361:1985
3347:0.007
3325:2013
3305:0.000
3277:1999
3263:0.006
3253:xenon
3241:1985
3224:0.000
3199:1969
3163:1993
3149:0.001
3127:1983
3113:0.007
3091:2011
3077:0.001
3055:2013
3041:0.004
3019:1985
2983:1979
2947:2017
2930:0.000
2905:1983
2847:2013
2839:95.95
2829:95.95
2811:2017
2807:0.001
2794:0.000
2769:1983
2765:0.002
2755:0.002
2733:2021
2729:0.001
2716:0.000
2691:1969
2683:87.62
2673:87.62
2655:1969
2651:0.001
2619:2001
2615:0.002
2605:0.002
2583:2011
2579:0.003
2556:2013
2552:0.008
2542:0.008
2520:2013
2516:0.001
2503:0.000
2478:2009
2474:0.008
2464:0.008
2442:1987
2438:0.001
2428:0.001
2406:2007
2398:65.38
2388:65.38
2370:1969
2366:0.003
2356:0.003
2334:2007
2330:0.001
2298:2017
2294:0.001
2281:0.000
2256:1993
2252:0.002
2242:0.002
2220:2017
2216:0.001
2203:0.000
2178:1983
2174:0.001
2142:1977
2138:0.001
2106:1993
2102:0.001
2092:0.001
2070:2021
2066:0.001
2053:0.000
2028:1983
2024:0.004
2014:0.004
1992:1979
1988:0.001
1956:2017
1948:39.95
1941:argon
1929:2009
1921:35.45
1902:2009
1894:32.06
1875:2013
1871:0.001
1855:0.000
1827:2009
1823:0.001
1800:2017
1796:0.001
1783:0.000
1758:2011
1754:0.002
1731:2005
1727:0.001
1711:0.000
1683:1985
1679:0.001
1647:2021
1643:0.001
1627:0.000
1599:2009
1595:0.001
1572:2009
1568:0.001
1545:2009
1541:0.002
1518:2009
1510:10.81
1503:boron
1491:2013
1474:0.000
1467:9.012
1449:2009
1422:1983
1405:0.000
1398:4.002
1380:2009
1339:Name
1288:0.004
1276:0.004
1252:0.001
1234:0.000
1204:0.001
809:power
742:force
714:IUPAC
561:207.2
398:IUPAC
296:0.000
289:4.002
281:4.002
94:Earth
62:of a
10282:By:
9527:Data
9499:data
9436:ISSN
9397:ISSN
9336:2017
8804:2019
7479:Lead
7410:Gold
6585:Zinc
6493:Iron
6107:Neon
5955:6.94
5548:0.02
5520:2020
5484:ISSN
5451:2021
5416:2020
5396:2019
5378:2017
5365:ISSN
5326:2015
5281:2013
5250:2011
5219:2009
5204:edit
5197:view
5153:118
5131:117
5109:116
5087:115
5065:114
5043:113
5021:112
4999:111
4977:110
4955:109
4933:108
4911:107
4889:106
4867:105
4845:104
4823:103
4801:102
4779:101
4757:100
4594:0.01
4552:0.01
4510:0.01
4342:0.01
4289:lead
4273:0.01
4246:0.01
4210:0.01
4184:gold
4168:0.02
4132:0.01
4096:0.03
4086:0.03
4060:0.01
4024:0.01
4014:0.01
3988:0.01
3946:0.01
3910:0.01
3874:0.02
3838:0.01
3796:0.01
3760:0.01
3718:0.01
3682:0.01
3640:0.03
3630:0.03
3604:0.01
3568:0.02
3558:0.02
3513:0.01
3477:0.01
3435:0.01
3399:0.01
3357:0.01
3321:0.01
3273:0.01
3237:0.01
3195:0.03
3185:0.03
3159:0.01
3123:0.01
3087:0.01
3051:0.01
3015:0.01
2979:0.01
2969:0.01
2943:0.01
2901:0.02
2891:0.02
2843:0.01
2833:0.01
2687:0.01
2677:0.01
2402:0.02
2392:0.02
2382:zinc
2232:iron
1952:0.16
1925:0.01
1898:0.02
1785:0003
1778:5384
1659:neon
1514:0.02
1476:0005
1469:1831
1445:0.06
1441:6.94
932:The
922:°(E)
790:mean
777:(or
417:For
405:The
392:and
382:The
173:0.31
161:0.69
74:°(E)
58:The
10102:By
9428:doi
9387:doi
9268:doi
9173:doi
9139:doi
9104:doi
9064:doi
9052:729
9034:doi
9022:729
8939:doi
8896:doi
8874:674
8838:doi
8791:doi
8758:doi
8645:(E)
8585:102
8565:101
8545:100
7942:118
7922:117
7902:116
7882:115
7862:114
7842:113
7822:112
7802:111
7782:110
7762:109
7742:108
7722:107
7702:106
7682:105
7662:104
7642:103
7051:Tin
5509:doi
5476:doi
5426:doi
5347:doi
5311:doi
5268:doi
5237:doi
5156:Og
5134:Ts
5112:Lv
5090:Mc
5068:Fl
5046:Nh
5024:Cn
5002:Rg
4980:Ds
4958:Mt
4936:Hs
4914:Bh
4892:Sg
4870:Db
4848:Rf
4826:Lr
4804:No
4782:Md
4760:Fm
4738:Es
4735:99
4716:Cf
4713:98
4694:Bk
4691:97
4672:Cm
4669:96
4650:Am
4647:95
4628:Pu
4625:94
4606:Np
4603:93
4561:92
4522:Pa
4519:91
4486:Th
4483:90
4464:Ac
4461:89
4442:Ra
4439:88
4420:Fr
4417:87
4398:Rn
4395:86
4376:At
4373:85
4354:Po
4351:84
4312:Bi
4309:83
4300:1.1
4285:Pb
4282:82
4258:Tl
4255:81
4222:Hg
4219:80
4199:004
4192:570
4180:Au
4177:79
4144:Pt
4141:78
4108:Ir
4105:77
4072:Os
4069:76
4036:Re
4033:75
3997:74
3958:Ta
3955:73
3922:Hf
3919:72
3886:Lu
3883:71
3850:Yb
3847:70
3827:005
3820:219
3808:Tm
3805:69
3772:Er
3769:68
3749:005
3742:329
3730:Ho
3727:67
3694:Dy
3691:66
3671:007
3664:354
3652:Tb
3649:65
3616:Gd
3613:64
3580:Eu
3577:63
3544:Sm
3541:62
3525:Pm
3522:61
3489:Nd
3486:60
3447:Pr
3444:59
3411:Ce
3408:58
3369:La
3366:57
3333:Ba
3330:56
3307:000
3297:451
3285:Cs
3282:55
3249:Xe
3246:54
3204:53
3171:Te
3168:52
3135:Sb
3132:51
3103:tin
3099:Sn
3096:50
3063:In
3060:49
3027:Cd
3024:48
2991:Ag
2988:47
2955:Pd
2952:46
2913:Rh
2910:45
2877:Ru
2874:44
2855:Tc
2852:43
2819:Mo
2816:42
2777:Nb
2774:41
2741:Zr
2738:40
2718:002
2711:838
2696:39
2663:Sr
2660:38
2627:Rb
2624:37
2591:Kr
2588:36
2564:Br
2561:35
2528:Se
2525:34
2505:006
2498:595
2486:As
2483:33
2450:Ge
2447:32
2414:Ga
2411:31
2378:Zn
2375:30
2342:Cu
2339:29
2306:Ni
2303:28
2283:003
2276:194
2264:Co
2261:27
2228:Fe
2225:26
2205:002
2198:043
2186:Mn
2183:25
2150:Cr
2147:24
2111:23
2078:Ti
2075:22
2055:004
2048:907
2036:Sc
2033:21
2000:Ca
1997:20
1961:19
1937:Ar
1934:18
1910:Cl
1907:17
1880:16
1860:005
1857:000
1850:998
1847:761
1832:15
1808:Si
1805:14
1766:Al
1763:13
1739:Mg
1736:12
1713:000
1703:769
1691:Na
1688:11
1655:Ne
1652:10
1632:005
1629:000
1622:162
1619:403
1457:Be
1430:Li
1407:002
1400:602
1388:He
1304:Tc
1268:Ca
1239:005
1236:000
1229:162
1226:403
1139:or
1109:(E)
752:or
663:Si
649:Si
635:Si
548:mix
541:(6)
539:163
536:403
298:002
291:602
285:(2)
283:602
10621::
10054:8+
9971:12
9966:11
9961:10
9681:,
9677:,
9611:,
9607:,
9603:,
9599::
9434:.
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