586:
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464:
136:
39:
635:
869:
844:
799:
601:
571:
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546:
981:
instead of head on, and an extremely fine shaving action is produced. There are also varying strokes that produce a combination of the straight ahead stroke and the drawfiling stroke, and very fine work can be attained in this fashion. Using a combination of strokes, and progressively finer files, a skilled operator can attain a surface that is perfectly flat and near flawless finish.
689:(straight teeth) files both have heavily undercut, sharp but coarse teeth. Both can be used for rapidly removing large quantities of material from thick aluminum alloy, copper or brass. Today, the millenicut and dreadnought have found a new use in removing plastic filler materials such as two-part epoxies or styrenes such as those commonly used in automobile body repairs.
851:
Riffler files are small to medium-sized files in an assortment of cross sectional shapes and profiles. The varying profiles and shapes enable them to be used in hard to reach, or unusually shaped areas. They are often used as an intermediate step in die making where the surface finish of a cavity die
507:
file has a second set of cuts forming diamond shaped cutting surfaces. In Swiss-pattern files the teeth are cut at a shallower angle, and are graded by number, with a number 1 file being coarser than a number 2, etc. Most files have teeth on all faces, but some specialty flat files have teeth on only
980:
is an operation in which the file is grasped at each end, and with an even pressure alternately pulled and pushed perpendicularly over the work. A variation involves laying the file sideways on the work, and carefully pushing or pulling it across the work. This catches the teeth of the file sideways
711:
are square or rectangular with three flat sides and one side having a concave groove. They are used by luthiers to file a rounded "crown" on the frets of guitars and other fretted instruments. The flat faces are used to dress the ends of the frets, removing the sharp edges left after the frets are
975:
Files have forward-facing cutting teeth, and cut most effectively when pushed over the workpiece. A variety of strokes are employed to stabilize the cutting action and produce a varied result. Pulling a file directly backwards on a workpiece will cause the teeth to dull according to some sources.
810:
embedded in their surface (or into a softer material that is bonded to the underlying surface of the file). The use of diamonds in this manner allows the file to be used effectively against extremely hard materials, such as stone, glass or very hard metals such as hardened steel or carbide against
483:
There is no unitary international standard for file nomenclature; however, there are many generally accepted names for certain kinds of files. A file is "blunt" if its sides and width are both parallel throughout its length. It is "tapered" if there is a reduction in its dimensions from its heel
276:
known only to a master craftsman. The
Disston authors state, "It was not until the fourteenth century, however, that those who practiced art in ironwork began to use other tools, besides heat and the hammer, regularly." This statement could mislead in the sense that stoning (with sandstone) and
902:
Escapement files, also known as watchmaker's files, are a classification of short, (very) thin files with bastard-cut (medium coarseness) or embedded diamond surfaces, similar to needle files in form and function but smaller. Typical dimensions are on the order of approximately 100–140 mm
678:
are half round on two sides with one side having a larger radius than the other. Tapered in width and thickness. For filing interior curved surfaces. The double radius makes possible filing at the junction of two curved surfaces or a straight and curved
244:
had various kinds of files and rasps. Archaeologists have discovered rasps made from bronze in Egypt, dating back to the years 1200–1000 BC. Archaeologists have also discovered rasps made of iron used by the
Assyrians, dating back to the 7th Century BC.
953:, round files ranging from .06-to-0.8-millimetre (0.0024 to 0.0315 in) diameter files are used to smooth the narrow canals of the interior of the tooth and thus facilitate disinfection of the internal surface. Typically the files are made of
471:
Files come in a wide variety of materials, sizes, shapes, cuts, and tooth configurations. The cross-section of a file can be flat, round, half-round, triangular, square, knife edge or of a more specialized shape. Steel files are made from
232:
offering a natural pair of lap and lapping compound. The
Disston authors state, "To abrade, or file, ancient man used sand, grit, coral, bone, fish skin, and gritty woods,—also stone of varying hardness in connection with sand and water."
834:
Needle files are small files that are used in applications where the surface finish takes priority over metal removal rates but they are most suited for smaller work pieces. They are often sold in sets, including different shapes.
446:
often involved filing parts to precise shape and size. In today's manufacturing environment, milling and grinding have generally replaced this type of work, and filing (when it occurs at all) usually tends to be for
1245:
The reference actually states that they are hardened to 40 HRC, but the HRC scale is commonly incorrectly used on case hardened surfaces, so the value has been converted to the correct superficial
Rockwell
773:
are usually single cut to deliver a smooth finish. They are suited to sharpening saw blades and dressing tool edges, especially where a finer, sharper edge or smoother surface finish is desired. The
672:
are tapered in width and gradually tapered in thickness, with two flats and radiused edges, cut all around. Used in filing junctions between flat and curved surface, and slots with rounded edges.
536:
The most common shape, single-cut, rectangular in cross section, with an even thickness throughout their length; they may be either parallel sided or taper slightly in width from heel to end
752:
are tapered in width and thickness, generally of a teardrop cross section and having the edge of a knife file. Used for filing the junction of two curved surfaces and making V-shaped slots.
277:
lapping (with wood, sand, and water) have never been rare activities among humans, or especially smiths. But the point is that modern iron or steel files, with teeth and hardening, and the
811:
which a standard steel file is ineffective. Diamond files are also the only type that may be used with a back-and-forth motion without damaging the file. These may also be called diamond
777:
is one example, used primarily for sharpening chainsaws. These appear to have a round cross-section, but are actually shaped to fit snugly against the cutting edge of a chainsaw's teeth.
961:(NiTi) and come in a variety of styles. Mechanized files, known as rotary files, are also commonly used. These files attach to the head of a specific oscillating or rotating drill.
730:
are tapered in width and thickness, but the knife edge has the same thickness the whole length, with the knife edge having an arc to it. Used for slotting or wedging operations.
666:
parallel in width and gently tapered in thickness. They have teeth cut in a precise grid pattern, and are used for making serrations and doing checkering work, as on gunstocks.
894:
Filing machines are rarely seen in modern production environments, but may be found in older toolrooms or diemaking shops as an aid in the manufacture of specialist tooling.
746:
are parallel in width and tapered in thickness for perfectly flat filing. Double cut top and bottom with both sides safe, these are long, narrow files for precision work.
591:
Triangular in cross-section, which may taper gradually, often to a point on smaller files. The sides may be equal in cross-section, or have two long and one short surface
341:, the region that sweeps from Florence through Nuremberg, the Rhine-Ruhr, the Netherlands, and up to Sheffield, can be compared to the modern economics notation of the
887:
A cone point (as pictured in the top and bottom files at left) allows a file to center itself in its mount. Files with flat mounting surfaces must be secured with
815:, as the "teeth" are not regular projections, as in a file, but particles, usually shaped and located randomly and held in place by a softer (any other) material.
495:
of the file refers to how fine its teeth are. They are defined as (from roughest to smoothest): rough, middle, bastard, second cut, smooth, and dead smooth. A
724:
are parallel in width and thickness, with rounded edges. The flats are safe (no teeth) and cut on the rounded edges only. Used for making joints and hinges.
1397:
660:
are tapered in width and thickness, coming to a rounded point at the end. Only the flat side is cut, and the other sides are all safe. For doing flat work.
416:
is much higher than generally assumed, but the components of such hand-fit assemblies are decidedly not interchangeable with those from another assembly.
325:) rather than representing a single village of geniuses in isolation. (Considering the Disston authors' mention of the blacksmith guilds of 13th-century
1940:
170:
bar of rectangular, square, triangular, or round cross-section, with one or more surfaces cut with sharp, generally parallel teeth. A narrow, pointed
309:
spelling) as leading centers of production for files as well as tools in general. The activity in
Remscheid reflects the metalworking spirit of the
260:
files that would seem quite modern even to today's eyes. But although they existed, and could even have spread widely, in a geographical sense, via
789:
are parallel in thickness, tapered in width, and thin. Like a hand or flat file that comes to a point on the end. Used for flat work and slotting.
1230:
The science and engineering of cutting: the mechanics and processes of separating, scratching and puncturing biomaterials, metals and non-metals
884:
with a vertically reciprocating file mounted in the middle of a table. A workpiece is manipulated around the file's face as the shape requires.
412:
operations. These components were then individually hand-fitted for assembly by careful and deliberate filing. The potential precision of such
1902:
650:
Tangless, flat sided or half-round, with two to four cutting surfaces, typically including a combination of single cut, double cut, or rasp
2310:
585:
2333:
761:
are straight, single-cut files which taper used for cutting, flattening and smoothing wood, particularly in making wooden hand planes.
640:
Has one flat and one convex surface, and either tapering slightly or maintaining an even thickness, width, or both over their length
606:
Round in cross-section and gradually tapered over their length. They are used for enlarging round holes or cutting scalloped edges
1390:
208:
has prehistoric roots and grew naturally out of the blending of the twin inspirations of cutting with stone cutting tools (such as
1843:
488:" is a protrusion at the heel, tapered, parallel sided, or conical, for gripping, inserting in a handle, or mounting in a chuck.
1933:
1853:
718:
taper in width and thickness, coming to a point, and are narrower than a standard half round. Used for filing inside of rings.
1366:
1238:
1192:
1165:
740:
for dressing the slots at the end of the neck which support the strings of guitars, violins etc., in the correct position.
2000:
1818:
1383:
827:
A needle file set depicting various shapes, from top to bottom: pillar, half round, barrette, square, round, triangular.
103:
823:
991:, which are material shavings. These pins cause the file to lose its cutting ability and can scratch the workpiece. A
75:
1926:
1895:
122:
995:, which is a brush with metal bristles, is used to clean the file. (The name, "card", is the same as used for the "
625:
tapered). They are used for smoothing inside holes and circular grooves, and for sharpening certain kinds of saw.
82:
60:
783:
are parallel in width with a diamond-shaped cross section. Thinner than knife files and use for filing slots.
181:
is a form of file with distinct, individually cut teeth used for coarsely removing large amounts of material.
1214:
976:
Other sources including a youtube experiment run in 2021 using coarse, medium and fine files dispute this.
508:
one face or one edge, so that the user can come right up to another edge without damaging the finish on it.
2058:
1888:
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89:
56:
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1138:
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71:
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831:
The image to the left shows a selection of needle files in an assortment of cross sectional shapes.
2008:
1467:
1442:
806:
Instead of having teeth cut into the file's working surface, diamond files have small particles of
2543:
1823:
1813:
1808:
397:
264:, they were not widespread in the cultural sense of the word—that is, most people, and even many
49:
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are similar to round files, except that they do not taper. Shaped like a toothed cylinder.
8:
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2099:
2068:
1833:
1452:
1345:
758:
385:
a tooth, then automatically advance into position for the next tooth, and strike again).
933:
in.) in width. Best used for fine, delicate work on small pieces or mechanisms (such as
2433:
2398:
2353:
2338:
2152:
1155:
950:
853:
452:
139:
Detail of a double-cut flat file showing cutting surfaces on both wide and narrow faces
96:
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2513:
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1234:
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857:
705:
and blacksmiths. They are flat with a rasp on one side and double cut on the reverse.
473:
374:
345:.) Most files of the period were smithed by hand in a sequence in which the iron was
442:
practice was slowly evolving out of its infancy. As late as the early 20th century,
184:
Files have also been developed with abrasive surfaces, such as natural or synthetic
2373:
2182:
2177:
1990:
1784:
1749:
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278:
1257:
463:
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958:
954:
455:, but even in those fields, the goal is usually to avoid handwork when possible.
439:
413:
189:
428:(flintlocks and earlier) were manufactured in this way for centuries before the
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2300:
2260:
2129:
2048:
1985:
1744:
1602:
1567:
1527:
396:
during the 19th century, filing was much more important in the construction of
268:, did not have them. For example, in the 13th century, ornamental iron work at
27:
1278:
576:
Gradually tapered and cut on all four sides. Used for a wide variety of tasks
192:, allowing removal of material that would dull or resist steel files, such as
2563:
2438:
2423:
2383:
2280:
2265:
2114:
2104:
2013:
1975:
1794:
1779:
1737:
1542:
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477:
443:
164:
20:
318:
26:
This article is about the shaping tool. For the computer software tool, see
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1911:
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996:
485:
448:
378:
282:
273:
185:
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156:
216:
using natural abrasives, such as well-suited types of stone (for example,
151:
used to remove fine amounts of material from a workpiece. It is common in
2491:
2486:
2388:
2358:
2245:
2207:
2124:
2119:
2073:
2028:
2023:
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1617:
1557:
1502:
1487:
1462:
1437:
938:
342:
249:
152:
695:
are parallel in width and thickness. Used for filing slots and corners.
2538:
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2448:
2318:
2270:
1789:
1759:
1677:
1592:
1547:
934:
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812:
484:
toward its point. A file may taper in width, in thickness, or both. A "
310:
265:
253:
237:
252:
files were already quite advanced, thanks to the extensive talents of
2528:
2523:
2222:
2157:
1980:
1702:
1642:
1562:
1497:
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1447:
1123:
Files and Filing : Machinery's
Reference Series : Number 48
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Parallel in width and tapered in thickness, used for general work
19:
This article is about files of linear form. For rotary files, see
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1965:
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1714:
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438:
in the mid-19th century was heavily dependent on filing, because
425:
405:
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382:
358:
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322:
221:
193:
736:
are fine, precise files in sets of graduated thickness, used by
2255:
2227:
2192:
2167:
2063:
2018:
1880:
1637:
1522:
1457:
868:
843:
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600:
350:
289:, for example, are what took time to become common. But by the
570:
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2212:
1754:
1627:
1537:
1432:
1325:
1210:
1103:
1080:
1000:
621:
Round in cross section and equal diameter over their length (
615:
421:
314:
269:
261:
167:
545:
381:
for the cutting of files (the chisel would make one strike,
293:, the transition was extensive. The Disston authors mention
2217:
1622:
1512:
1422:
1143:. The Industrial Press, New York. 1924. pp. 1140–1145.
1017:
451:
only. Skillful filing to shape and size is still a part of
229:
225:
205:
178:
148:
467:
Relative tooth sizes for smooth, 2nd cut and bastard files
1647:
1427:
329:
and 15th-century
England, coupled with their mention of
1335:, Philadelphia, PA, USA: Henry Disston & Sons, Inc.
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
174:
is common at one end, to which a handle may be fitted.
1076:
1074:
349:(heated and hammered), then the teeth were cut with a
476:(1.0 to 1.25% carbon) and may be through hardened or
159:, and other similar trade and hobby tasks. Most are
1090:
1206:
1204:
1071:
937:), escapement files are commonly used by clock and
63:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1279:"I Filed Backwards 2500 Times, And This Happened"
2561:
1201:
272:was done skillfully with the aid of files, but
1405:
1315:Blachford, George (1962), "Files and Filing",
987:refers to the clogging of the file teeth with
551:Similar to a mill file, but may be double-cut
1934:
1896:
1391:
1276:
876:Files are produced specifically for use in a
256:. By the 11th century, there already existed
1321:, London : Christophers, pp. 25–39
16:Tool used to remove fine amounts of material
1147:
499:file has one set of parallel teeth while a
361:as it was cutting), and then the piece was
1941:
1927:
1903:
1889:
1398:
1384:
633:
614:
599:
584:
569:
544:
511:Some of the common shapes and their uses:
1314:
400:. Component parts were roughly shaped by
123:Learn how and when to remove this message
1184:Newnes mechanical engineer's pocket book
1126:. Industrial Press. 1909. pp. 3–12.
1034:
1032:
999:" (spiked brushes) used in woolmaking.)
867:
842:
822:
802:A selection of diamond impregnated files
797:
462:
134:
1339:
1332:The File: Its History, Making, and Uses
1187:(3rd ed.). Elsevier. p. 560.
1160:. Krause Publications. pp. 30–31.
1153:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
453:diemaking, moldmaking, toolmaking, etc.
281:of intricate filing that would lead to
2562:
1948:
1255:
1233:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 187.
1130:
1113:
880:, which is similar in appearance to a
701:files are tanged rasps used mainly by
353:(some of this action was just as much
1922:
1884:
1379:
1350:, J. Wiley & Sons, pp. 44–59
1029:
1226:
1180:
1044:
61:adding citations to reliable sources
32:
1354:
1299:
1038:
897:
13:
1211:Henry Disston & Sons, Inc 1920
1104:Henry Disston & Sons, Inc 1920
1081:Henry Disston & Sons, Inc 1920
941:, as well as in crafting jewelry.
388:Prior to the industrialization of
14:
2581:
1259:The circle of the mechanical arts
852:may need to be improved, e.g. in
1910:
1340:Leonard, William Samuel (1905),
1318:Metalwork in theory and practice
913:in.) in length and 3–5 mm (
863:
838:
793:
37:
1308:
1293:
1270:
1249:
1220:
944:
818:
48:needs additional citations for
1347:Machine-shop tools and methods
1277:Fireball Tool (Nov 20, 2021).
1174:
1:
1342:"Chapter IV Files and Filing"
1327:Henry Disston & Sons, Inc
1023:
581:Three square/Triangular file
313:region in general (including
1067:. C.O. Öberg & Co. 1930.
872:A selection of machine files
847:A selection of riffler files
224:is also quite ancient, with
7:
1006:
10:
2586:
2286:Magnetic switchable device
1003:can help prevent pinning.
968:
854:plastic injection moulding
199:
25:
18:
2504:
2447:
2309:
2236:
2138:
2087:
1999:
1956:
1918:
1803:
1418:
1157:The wonder of knifemaking
369:), followed sometimes by
1844:Machine and metalworking
1358:Metalwork theory, Book 1
458:
373:. Among the drawings of
274:the process was a secret
2344:Engineer's spirit level
1854:Measuring and alignment
1256:Martin, Thomas (1813).
1154:Goddard, Wayne (2000).
392:and the development of
2059:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
1583:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
1181:R.L., Timings (2005).
964:
873:
848:
828:
803:
722:Joint round edge files
468:
140:
2544:Tools and terminology
2311:Measuring instruments
1227:A.G., Atkins (2008).
971:Filing (metalworking)
871:
846:
826:
801:
716:Half round ring files
466:
430:Industrial Revolution
394:interchangeable parts
365:(by heating and then
138:
1819:Cutting and abrasive
1140:Machinery’s Handbook
771:Saw sharpening files
765:Round parallel files
515:File Types and Uses
57:improve this article
1453:Ceramic tile cutter
1355:Lye, P. F. (1993),
1262:. London. pp.
685:(curved teeth) and
516:
408:, and by primitive
2434:Thread pitch gauge
2399:Optical comparator
2153:Combination square
1950:Metalworking tools
1361:, Nelson Thornes,
1120:"Types of Files".
951:root canal therapy
874:
849:
829:
808:industrial diamond
804:
756:Planemaker's float
712:trimmed to length.
514:
469:
141:
2557:
2556:
2500:
2499:
1878:
1877:
1368:978-0-17-444313-1
1240:978-0-7506-8531-3
1194:978-0-7506-6508-7
1167:978-0-87341-798-3
1064:Facts About Files
1041:, pp. 12–13.
654:
653:
645:Combination file
474:high carbon steel
377:is a sketch of a
375:Leonardo da Vinci
133:
132:
125:
107:
2577:
2374:Machinist square
2183:Needlegun scaler
2178:Machinist square
1991:Water jet cutter
1958:Cutting machines
1943:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1785:Water jet cutter
1750:Sharpening stone
1588:Pencil sharpener
1400:
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911:
907:
898:Escapement files
664:Checkering files
637:
630:Half round file
618:
603:
588:
573:
548:
517:
513:
291:late Middle Ages
279:material culture
204:Early filing or
128:
121:
117:
114:
108:
106:
72:"File" tool
65:
41:
33:
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2339:Engineer's blue
2305:
2238:Machine tooling
2232:
2134:
2110:Hydraulic press
2083:
1995:
1952:
1947:
1914:
1909:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1799:
1473:Diagonal pliers
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1072:
1061:
1060:
1045:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1009:
973:
967:
959:nickel titanium
955:stainless steel
947:
929:
925:
924:
919:
915:
914:
909:
905:
904:
900:
866:
841:
821:
796:
693:Equalling files
461:
202:
190:silicon carbide
129:
118:
112:
109:
66:
64:
54:
42:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2583:
2573:
2572:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2449:Smithing tools
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2364:Go/no go gauge
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2334:Dial indicator
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2130:Stamping press
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:Milling cutter
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1809:Types of tools
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1745:Sharpening jig
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1568:Milling cutter
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1528:Grinding wheel
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
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1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1416:
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1403:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1352:
1337:
1323:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1269:
1248:
1239:
1219:
1200:
1193:
1173:
1166:
1146:
1129:
1112:
1089:
1070:
1043:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1005:
969:Main article:
966:
963:
946:
943:
899:
896:
878:filing machine
865:
862:
840:
837:
820:
817:
795:
792:
791:
790:
784:
781:Slitting files
778:
768:
762:
753:
747:
741:
731:
725:
719:
713:
706:
696:
690:
680:
676:Crossing files
673:
667:
661:
658:Barrette files
652:
651:
648:
646:
642:
641:
638:
631:
627:
626:
619:
612:
608:
607:
604:
597:
593:
592:
589:
582:
578:
577:
574:
567:
563:
562:
559:
557:
553:
552:
549:
542:
538:
537:
534:
532:
528:
527:
524:
521:
460:
457:
305:(they use the
220:). Relatedly,
201:
198:
186:diamond grains
131:
130:
45:
43:
36:
28:file (command)
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2582:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2439:Vernier scale
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:Surface plate
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:Marking gauge
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Machine taper
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2266:Indexing head
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Machine press
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:English wheel
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:Forming tools
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2001:Cutting tools
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1795:Wire stripper
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:Utility knife
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:Plasma cutter
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1478:Diamond blade
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1302:, p. 13.
1301:
1296:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1002:
998:
997:raising cards
994:
990:
986:
982:
979:
972:
962:
960:
956:
952:
942:
940:
936:
895:
892:
890:
885:
883:
879:
870:
864:Machine files
861:
859:
855:
845:
839:Riffler files
836:
832:
825:
816:
814:
809:
800:
794:Diamond files
788:
787:Warding files
785:
782:
779:
776:
775:Chainsaw file
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
710:
707:
704:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
684:
681:
677:
674:
671:
670:Crochet files
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
655:
649:
647:
644:
643:
639:
636:
632:
629:
628:
624:
620:
617:
613:
610:
609:
605:
602:
598:
595:
594:
590:
587:
583:
580:
579:
575:
572:
568:
565:
564:
560:
558:
555:
554:
550:
547:
543:
540:
539:
535:
533:
530:
529:
525:
522:
519:
518:
512:
509:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
481:
479:
478:case hardened
475:
465:
456:
454:
450:
445:
444:manufacturing
441:
437:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
243:
239:
234:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
197:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
175:
173:
169:
166:
165:case hardened
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
137:
127:
124:
116:
113:February 2010
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74: –
73:
69:
68:Find sources:
62:
58:
52:
51:
46:This article
44:
40:
35:
34:
29:
22:
21:Burr (cutter)
2570:Files (tool)
2482:Steam hammer
2429:Tape measure
2419:Straightedge
2404:Radius gauge
2379:Marking blue
2369:Height gauge
2349:Feeler gauge
2329:Center gauge
2296:Rotary table
2276:Lathe center
2188:Piercing saw
2173:Hand scraper
2044:Hand scraper
2038:
1912:Metalworking
1673:Concrete saw
1668:Circular saw
1653:Abrasive saw
1613:Pocket knife
1598:Pizza cutter
1573:Nail clipper
1533:Honing steel
1518:Glass cutter
1507:
1483:Diamond tool
1468:Cutting tool
1357:
1346:
1331:
1317:
1309:Bibliography
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1272:
1258:
1251:
1229:
1222:
1183:
1176:
1156:
1149:
1139:
1132:
1122:
1115:
1063:
1013:Hand scraper
992:
988:
984:
983:
977:
974:
948:
945:Dental files
901:
893:
886:
877:
875:
850:
833:
830:
819:Needle files
805:
786:
780:
774:
770:
764:
755:
750:Pippin files
749:
744:Pillar files
743:
733:
727:
721:
715:
708:
699:Farrier Rasp
698:
692:
686:
682:
675:
669:
663:
657:
622:
566:Square file
526:Description
510:
504:
500:
496:
492:
490:
482:
470:
434:
387:
379:machine tool
306:
283:locksmithing
247:
235:
203:
183:
176:
163:, made of a
157:metalworking
144:
142:
119:
110:
100:
93:
86:
79:
67:
55:Please help
50:verification
47:
2514:Fabrication
2492:Trip hammer
2487:Swage block
2472:Hardy tools
2389:Marking out
2359:Gauge block
2246:Angle plate
2208:Tap and die
2125:Screw press
2120:Punch press
2074:Tipped tool
2029:Countersink
2024:Counterbore
1869:Woodworking
1770:Switchblade
1633:Razor strop
1618:Putty knife
1558:Meat slicer
1503:Emery cloth
1488:Disc cutter
1463:Countersink
1438:Bolt cutter
1285:13 February
978:Draw filing
939:watchmakers
935:escapements
858:die casting
728:Knife files
683:Dreadnought
343:Blue Banana
287:gunsmithing
254:blacksmiths
250:Middle Ages
248:During the
153:woodworking
2534:Metallurgy
2394:Micrometer
2319:Bore gauge
2140:Hand tools
1790:Wire brush
1760:Steel wool
1678:Coping saw
1593:Pipecutter
1548:Lawn mower
1024:References
889:set screws
882:scroll saw
709:Fret files
687:millenicut
556:Hand file
541:Flat file
531:Mill file
505:double-cut
497:single-cut
398:mechanisms
319:Düsseldorf
311:Rhine-Ruhr
307:Reimscheid
238:Bronze Age
228:and beach
161:hand tools
83:newspapers
2529:Machining
2524:Jewellery
2223:Workbench
2158:Drift pin
1981:Miter saw
1703:Miter saw
1643:Sandpaper
1563:Mezzaluna
1498:Drill bit
1493:Drawknife
1448:Burnisher
1281:. YouTube
1137:"Files".
1108:pp. 16–17
993:file card
734:Nut files
596:Rat tail
501:cross-cut
449:deburring
436:Machining
410:machining
390:machining
371:tempering
367:quenching
355:upsetting
339:Remscheid
335:Sheffield
331:Nuremberg
303:Remscheid
299:Sheffield
295:Nuremberg
218:sandstone
210:hand axes
2564:Category
2539:Smithing
2477:Pritchel
2414:Sine bar
2079:Tool bit
2034:End mill
1971:Cold saw
1824:Forestry
1814:Cleaning
1775:Tool bit
1724:Scraper
1720:Scissors
1708:Wire saw
1698:Hole saw
1693:Hand saw
1663:Chainsaw
1411:abrasive
1329:(1920),
1300:Lye 1993
1085:pp. 5–15
1039:Lye 1993
1007:See also
738:luthiers
703:farriers
679:surface.
426:firearms
363:hardened
327:Florence
258:hardened
242:Iron Age
240:and the
214:abrading
2549:Welding
2519:Forming
2509:Casting
2324:Caliper
2301:Wiggler
2291:Mandrel
2261:Fixture
2203:Scriber
2163:Hacksaw
2054:Nibbler
1966:Bandsaw
1849:Masonry
1839:Kitchen
1765:Surform
1715:Scalpel
1688:Hacksaw
1683:Fretsaw
1658:Bandsaw
1578:Nibbler
1553:Machete
1407:Cutting
985:Pinning
949:During
928:⁄
918:⁄
908:⁄
440:milling
414:fitting
406:casting
402:forging
383:swaging
359:swaging
323:Cologne
222:lapping
206:rasping
200:History
194:ceramic
97:scholar
2467:Fuller
2256:Collet
2228:Wrench
2193:Pliers
2168:Hammer
2069:Shears
2064:Reamer
2019:Chisel
2009:Broach
1986:Plasma
1859:Mining
1829:Garden
1638:Reamer
1523:Grater
1458:Chisel
1443:Broach
1365:
1246:scale.
1237:
1191:
1164:
759:Floats
611:Round
523:Image
424:, and
422:clocks
351:chisel
347:forged
337:, and
321:, and
301:, and
266:smiths
212:) and
99:
92:
85:
78:
70:
2462:Forge
2457:Anvil
2409:Ruler
2354:Gauge
2251:Chuck
2213:Tongs
2198:Punch
2148:Clamp
2095:Brake
1976:Laser
1864:Power
1755:Snips
1738:Paint
1628:Razor
1608:Plane
1543:Laser
1538:Knife
1433:Blade
1413:tools
1215:p. 43
1001:Chalk
520:Name
459:Types
418:Locks
315:Essen
270:Paris
262:trade
168:steel
147:is a
104:JSTOR
90:books
2218:Vise
2039:File
2014:Burr
1834:Hand
1733:Hand
1728:Card
1623:Rasp
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1409:and
1363:ISBN
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1018:Rasp
989:pins
965:Use
903:(4–5
813:laps
491:The
486:tang
285:and
236:The
230:sand
226:wood
179:rasp
172:tang
149:tool
145:file
76:news
2271:Jig
2100:Die
1648:Saw
1428:Axe
1264:341
957:or
856:or
623:not
503:or
493:cut
188:or
59:by
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