Barcode - Knowledge

1114: 106: 3606: 4077: 3774: 806: 3840: 3594: 3744: 148:(Automatic Car Identification), this scheme involved placing colored stripes in various combinations on steel plates which were affixed to the sides of railroad rolling stock. Two plates were used per car, one on each side, with the arrangement of the colored stripes encoding information such as ownership, type of equipment, and identification number. The plates were read by a trackside scanner located, for instance, at the entrance to a classification yard, while the car was moving past. The project was abandoned after about ten years because the system proved unreliable after long-term use. 3794: 3397: 4086: 2822: 3363: 2396: 4059: 3664: 3077: 3717: 2372: 2345: 3233: 3649: 3134: 2462: 2510: 2489: 3759: 2804: 3856: 2786: 6594: 1852: 1623: 3197: 2988: 3680: 3810: 2587: 3695: 2531: 2228: 1646: 1987: 2970: 7686: 3052: 2320: 2084: 44: 3307: 1526: 4068: 2252: 6586: 3474: 3216: 2644: 2298: 2014: 2275: 2125: 1817: 818: 1907: 2879: 2148: 1957: 1686: 691: 605: 4095: 3619: 1549: 3634: 2743: 1600: 2061: 836: 7696: 2038: 1709: 3825: 2903: 2419: 506:

code unreadable in most orientations. However, a linear code, like the one being developed by Woodland at IBM, was printed in the direction of the stripes, so extra ink would simply make the code "taller" while remaining readable. So on 3 April 1973, the IBM UPC was selected as the NAFC standard. IBM had designed five versions of UPC symbology for future industry requirements: UPC A, B, C, D, and E.

3163: 2434: 2429: 2424: 1880: 7394: 1572: 220: 1736: 3453: 1930: 2619: 2171: 7378: 1485: 1763: 90:, although they do not use bars as such. Both can be read using purpose-built 2D optical scanners, which exist in a few different forms. Matrix codes can also be read by a digital camera connected to a microcomputer running software that takes a photographic image of the barcode and analyzes the image to deconstruct and decode the code. A 3605: 436:(Buick) factory in Flint, Michigan. The system was used to identify a dozen types of transmissions moving on an overhead conveyor from production to shipping. The other scanning system was installed at General Trading Company's distribution center in Carlstadt, New Jersey to direct shipments to the proper loading bay. 3037: 429:, and incorporated a mirror as well, making it capable of locating a barcode up to a meter (3 feet) in front of the scanner. This made the entire process much simpler and more reliable, and typically enabled these devices to deal with damaged labels, as well, by recognizing and reading the intact portions. 2313:

and the structure of 16K is based on Code 128. Not coincidentally, 128 squared happened to equal 16,384 or 16K for short. Code 16K resolved an inherent problem with Code 49. Code 49's structure requires a large amount of memory for encoding and decoding tables and algorithms. 16K is a stacked symbology.

828: 300:, and he formed his first barcode from sand on the beach. "I just extended the dots and dashes downwards and made narrow lines and wide lines out of them." To read them, he adapted technology from optical soundtracks in movies, using a 500-watt incandescent light bulb shining through the paper onto an 2312:

The Code 16K (1988) is a multi-row bar code developed by Ted Williams at Laserlight Systems (USA) in 1992. In the US and France, the code is used in the electronics industry to identify chips and printed circuit boards. Medical applications in the USA are well known. Williams also developed Code 128,

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and parcels. Barcoded tickets (which may be printed by the customer on their home printer, or stored on their mobile device) allow the holder to enter sports arenas, cinemas, theatres, fairgrounds, and transportation, and are used to record the arrival and departure of vehicles from rental facilities

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In July 1972, RCA began an 18-month test in a Kroger store in Cincinnati. Barcodes were printed on small pieces of adhesive paper, and attached by hand by store employees when they were adding price tags. The code proved to have a serious problem; the printers would sometimes smear ink, rendering the

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The parameter is graded either A, B, C, D, or F. This grade is based on the relationship between minimum edge contrast (ECmin) and symbol contrast (SC). MOD=ECmin/SC The greater the difference between minimum edge contrast and symbol contrast, the lower the grade. Scanners and verifiers perceive the

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have built in support for barcode reading and some even allow the software to run directly on a mobile computer. Besides full management software, there are more than a few software development kits on the market that allow the developer to easily produce custom mobile interfaces and that handle the

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In 1971, an IBM team was assembled for an intensive planning session, threshing out, 12 to 18 hours a day, how the technology would be deployed and operate cohesively across the system, and scheduling a roll-out plan. By 1973, the team were meeting with grocery manufacturers to introduce the symbol

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In the spring of 1971, RCA demonstrated their bullseye code at another industry meeting. IBM executives at the meeting noticed the crowds at the RCA booth and immediately developed their own system. IBM marketing specialist Alec Jablonover remembered that the company still employed Woodland, and he

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A 25 bit (5x5) code matrix of black and white pixels that is unique to each tag surrounded by a white pixel border and a black pixel border. The 25-bit matrix consists of a 15-bit identity code, and a 10-bit error check. It is designed to be a low-cost, image-based tracking system for the study of

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A typical barcode system consist of some infrastructure, either wired or wireless that connects some number of mobile computers, handheld scanners, and printers to one or many databases that store and analyze the data collected by the system. At some level there must be some software to manage the

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and rash of bankruptcies in the industry in the early 1970s greatly slowed the rollout, and it was not until 1974 that 95% of the fleet was labeled. To add to its woes, the system was found to be easily fooled by dirt in certain applications, which greatly affected accuracy. The AAR abandoned the

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A proprietary code developed by Electronic Automation Ltd. in 1981. It is possible to encode more than 100 numeric digits in a space of only 5mm x 5mm. User selectable error correction allows up to 40% of the code to be destroyed and still remain readable. The code is used in the pharmaceutical

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are also widely pre-printed on books, journals and other printed materials. In addition, retail chain membership cards use barcodes to identify customers, allowing for customized marketing and greater understanding of individual consumer shopping patterns. At the point of sale, shoppers can get

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can test barcode quality. It is important to verify a barcode to ensure that any reader in the supply chain can successfully interpret a barcode with a low error rate. Retailers levy large penalties for non-compliant barcodes. These chargebacks can reduce a manufacturer's revenue by 2% to 10%.

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Economic studies conducted for the grocery industry committee projected over $ 40 million in savings to the industry from scanning by the mid-1970s. Those numbers were not achieved in that time-frame and some predicted the demise of barcode scanning. The usefulness of the barcode required the

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that would need to be printed on the packaging or labels of all of their products. There were no cost savings for a grocery to use it, unless at least 70% of the grocery's products had the barcode printed on the product by the manufacturer. IBM projected that 75% would be needed in 1975.

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and continually tried to interest IBM in developing the system. The company eventually commissioned a report on the idea, which concluded that it was both feasible and interesting, but that processing the resulting information would require equipment that was some time off in the future.

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In the mid-1970s, the NAFC established the Ad-Hoc Committee for U.S. Supermarkets on a Uniform Grocery-Product Code to set guidelines for barcode development. In addition, it created a symbol-selection subcommittee to help standardize the approach. In cooperation with consulting firm,

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Can be graded as A, B, C, D, or F. The Decodability grade indicates the amount of error in the width of the most deviant element in the symbol. The less deviation in the symbology, the higher the grade. Decodability is a measure of print accuracy using the symbology reference decode

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Designed by NextCode Corporation, specifically to work with mobile phones and mobile services. It is implementing an independent error detection technique preventing false decoding, it uses a variable-size error correction polynomial, which depends on the exact size of the code.

1198:, the native camera app can decode QR codes and can link to URLs, join wireless networks, or perform other operations depending on the QR Code contents. Other paid and free apps are available with scanning capabilities for other symbologies or for earlier iOS versions. With 1056:

Some symbologies use interleaving. The first character is encoded using black bars of varying width. The second character is then encoded by varying the width of the white spaces between these bars. Thus, characters are encoded in pairs over the same section of the barcode.

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Compared with a reader, a verifier measures a barcode's optical characteristics to international and industry standards. The measurement must be repeatable and consistent. Doing so requires constant conditions such as distance, illumination angle, sensor angle and verifier

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to a web page. A mobile device with a built-in camera might be used to read the pattern and browse the linked website, which can help a shopper find the best price for an item in the vicinity. Since 2005, airlines use an IATA-standard 2D barcode on boarding passes

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for marking all products sold to the United States military. This system, Logistics Applications of Automated Marking and Reading Symbols (LOGMARS), is still used by DoD and is widely viewed as the catalyst for widespread adoption of barcoding in industrial uses.

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system maturing, Collins went to management looking for funding for a project to develop a black-and-white version of the code for other industries. They declined, saying that the railway project was large enough, and they saw no need to branch out so quickly.

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of bar codes. Barcode verification examines scanability and the quality of the barcode in comparison to industry standards and specifications. Barcode verifiers are primarily used by businesses that print and use barcodes. Any trading partner in the

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Spotify codes point to artists, songs, podcasts, playlists, and albums. The information is encoded in the height of the bars, so as long as the bar heights are maintained, the code can be handwritten and can vary in color. Patented under EP3444755.

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of the barcode light-dark patterns. Scanning at an angle makes the modules appear wider, but does not change the width ratios. Stacked symbologies are also optimized for laser scanning, with the laser making multiple passes across the barcode.

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Symbol contrast is the difference in reflectance values of the lightest space (including the quiet zone) and the darkest bar of the symbol. The greater the difference, the higher the grade. The parameter is graded as either A, B, C, D, or F.

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This technology also enables the profiling of individual consumers, typically through a voluntary registration of discount cards. While pitched as a benefit to the consumer, this practice is considered to be potentially dangerous by privacy

780:, and many others. Often developing a custom interface using software such as RFgen or developing new, personalized software is the most effective method since it allows the individual to have a solution that is fitted to their exact needs. 2661: 3611:

EAN-13 (GTIN-13) number encoded in EAN-13 barcode symbol. First digit is always placed outside the symbol, additionally right quiet zone indicator (>) is used to indicate Quiet Zones that are necessary for barcode scanners to work

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had already perfected a barcode-reading system capable of correctly reading rolling stock travelling at 100 mph (160 km/h) with no mistakes. An early use of one type of barcode in an industrial context was sponsored by the

567:, infrastructure, and supporting software. Barcode systems are used to automate data collection where hand recording is neither timely nor cost effective. Despite often being provided by the same company, Barcoding systems are not 907:

etc. This can allow proprietors to identify duplicate or fraudulent tickets more easily. Barcodes are widely used in shop floor control applications software where employees can scan work orders and track the time spent on a job.

6572: 985:. The specification of a symbology includes the encoding of the message into bars and spaces, any required start and stop markers, the size of the quiet zone required to be before and after the barcode, and the computation of a 1034:, contains bars and spaces of two widths, "wide" and "narrow". The precise width of the wide bars and spaces is not critical; typically, it is permitted to be anywhere between 2 and 3 times the width of the narrow equivalents. 1098:

2D symbologies cannot be read by a laser, as there is typically no sweep pattern that can encompass the entire symbol. They must be scanned by an image-based scanner employing a CCD or other digital camera sensor technology.

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Barcode scanners are relatively low cost and extremely accurate compared to key-entry, with only about 1 substitution error in 15,000 to 36 trillion characters entered. The exact error rate depends on the type of barcode.

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narrower bars and spaces to have less intensity than wider bars and spaces; the comparison of the lesser intensity of narrow elements to the wide elements is called modulation. This condition is affected by aperture size.

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Developed and patented by VOICEYE, Inc. in South Korea, it aims to allow blind and visually impaired people to access printed information. It also claims to be the 2D Code that has the world's largest storage capacity.

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Labs. A time-varying 2D pattern using to encode data via brightness fluctuations in an image, for the purpose of high bandwidth data transfer from computer displays to smartphones via smartphone camera input. Inventors

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adoption of expensive scanners by a critical mass of retailers while manufacturers simultaneously adopted barcode labels. Neither wanted to move first and results were not promising for the first couple of years, with

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dot pattern, is a 2D barcode designed so that a reader, even though only a tiny portion of the complete carpet is in the field of view of the reader, can find its absolute X, Y position and rotation in the carpet.

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Shipments that are sent to a distribution center (DC) are tracked before forwarding. When the shipment reaches its final destination, the UID gets scanned, so the store knows the shipment's source, contents, and

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to pick up contacts rather than using a PIN code. The most frequently used type of code to scan with smartphones, and one of the most widely used 2D Codes. Public Domain. – International Standard: ISO/IEC 18004

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In discrete barcodes, the space that disconnects the two contiguous characters. When present, inter-character gaps are considered spaces (elements) for purposes of edge determination and reflectance parameter

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The Digimarc Code is a unique identifier, or code, based on imperceptible patterns that can be applied to marketing materials, including packaging, displays, ads in magazines, circulars, radio and television

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The most common among the many 2D symbologies are matrix codes, which feature square or dot-shaped modules arranged on a grid pattern. 2D symbologies also come in circular and other patterns and may employ

67:. Initially, barcodes represented data by varying the widths, spacings and sizes of parallel lines. These barcodes, now commonly referred to as linear or one-dimensional (1D), can be scanned by special 296:

Convinced that the system was workable with further development, Woodland left Drexel, moved into his father's apartment in Florida, and continued working on the system. His next inspiration came from

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using blue, white and red reflective stripes attached to the side of the cars, encoding a four-digit company identifier and a six-digit car number. Light reflected off the colored stripes was read by

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search app. However, these devices are not designed specifically for the capturing of barcodes. As a result, they do not decode nearly as quickly or accurately as a dedicated barcode scanner or

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with barcodes to medication management. They are also used to facilitate the separation and indexing of documents that have been imaged in batch scanning applications, track the organization of

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industry and has an advantage that it can be applied to products and materials in a wide variety of ways, including printed labels, ink-jet printing, laser-etching, indenting or hole punching.

1095:. Imaging does not require moving parts, as a laser scanner does. In 2007, linear imaging had begun to supplant laser scanning as the preferred scan engine for its performance and durability. 1020:

spaces, and usually abut, with one character ending with a space and the next beginning with a bar, or vice versa. A special end pattern that has bars on both ends is required to end the code.

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tube (from a movie projector) on the far side. He later decided that the system would work better if it were printed as a circle instead of a line, allowing it to be scanned in any direction.

159:. Laurer's barcode, with vertical bars, printed better than the circular barcode developed by Woodland and Silver. Their use has spread to many other tasks that are generically referred to as 4038:

featured a giant barcode on the cover, with the blurb " Hopes this issue jams up every computer in the country...for forcing us to deface our covers with this yecchy UPC symbol from now on!"

4451: 3126:. The standard 2D Code in South Korea. All 3 South Korean mobile carriers put the scanner program of this code into their handsets to access mobile internet, as a default embedded program. 451: 3599:

GTIN-12 number encoded in UPC-A barcode symbol. First and last digit are always placed outside the symbol to indicate Quiet Zones that are necessary for barcode scanners to work properly

1009: − 1 spaces. There is an additional space between characters, but it does not convey information, and may have any width as long as it is not confused with the end of the code. 3743: 314:

printing patterns, as well as the mechanical and electronic systems needed to read the code. The patent was issued on 7 October 1952 as US Patent 2,612,994. In 1951, Woodland moved to

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A matrix designed for the study of insect behavior. Encodes an 11 bit identifier and 16 bits of read error detection and error correction information. Predominantly used for marking

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An Australia Post 4-state barcode as used on a business reply paid envelope and applied by automated sorting machines to other mail when initially processed in fluorescent ink.

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barcode scanner. This type requires special programming for transferring the input data to the application program. Keyboard interface scanners connect to a computer using a

6717: 2439: 458:, who had purchased the rights to the original Woodland patent, attended the meeting and initiated an internal project to develop a system based on the bullseye code. The 4741: 4355: 1380:(ISO), in ISO/IEC 15426-1 (linear) or ISO/IEC 15426-2 (2D). The current international barcode quality specification is ISO/IEC 15416 (linear) and ISO/IEC 15415 (2D). The 1400:

In point-of-sale management, barcode systems can provide detailed up-to-date information on the business, accelerating decisions and with more confidence. For example:

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A barcode verifier works the way a reader does, but instead of simply decoding a barcode, a verifier performs a series of tests. For linear barcodes these tests are:

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that is manually moved across the barcode. Barcode scanners can be classified into three categories based on their connection to the computer. The older type is the

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Some applications for barcodes have fallen out of use. In the 1970s and 1980s, software source code was occasionally encoded in a barcode and printed on paper (

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Public domain. Code 1 is currently used in the health care industry for medicine labels and the recycling industry to encode container content for sorting.

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There is a wide range of hardware that is manufactured today for use in Barcode Systems. The best known brand of handheld scanners and mobile computers is

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systems, a task for which they have become almost universal. The Uniform Grocery Product Code Council had chosen, in 1973, the barcode design developed by

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Introduced by GS1 US and GS1 Germany, the DWCode is a unique, imperceptible data carrier that is repeated across the entire graphics design of a package

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for the Knowledge URL. "Quick Response", the most popular 2D barcode. It is open in that the specification is disclosed and the patent is not exercised.

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market, but the simplicity, universality and low cost of barcodes has limited the role of these other systems, particularly before technologies such as

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On 20 October 1949, Woodland and Silver filed a patent application for "Classifying Apparatus and Method", in which they described both the linear and

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Softstrip code was used in the 1980s to encode software, which could be transferred by special scanners from printed journals into computer hardware.

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Designed to disseminate high capacity mobile phone content via existing colour print and electronic media, without the need for network connectivity

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Patented. DataGlyphs can be embedded into a half-tone image or background shading pattern in a way that is almost perceptually invisible, similar to

1113: 6809: 5810: 3758: 3351: 2568:, is a two-dimensional way to represent information. It can represent more data per unit area. Apart from dots various other patterns can be used. 1900:

is used by International Air Transport Association had fixed 17 digits length with 16 valuable package identification digit and 17-th check digit.

1365:. Based on the verification results, the production process can be adjusted to print higher quality barcodes that will scan down the supply chain. 2917:, formerly RVSI Acuity CiMatrix/Siemens. Public domain. Increasingly used throughout the United States. Single segment Data Matrix is also termed 843:

Barcodes are widely used around the world in many contexts. In stores, UPC barcodes are pre-printed on most items other than fresh produce from a

6999: 5316: 4169: 4246: 3123: 2838:, and Elena Punskaya. It is used for transaction signing in e-banking; the barcode contains encrypted transaction data which is then used as a 1377: 751:

While there is a range of hardware on the market, software is more difficult to find from the hardware manufacturers. Some ERP, MRP, and other

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that was extended to thin and thick bars. However, it took over twenty years before this invention became commercially successful. UK magazine

5358: 1950:-approved – is just an Interleaved 2/5 Code (ISO/IEC 16390) with a few additional specifications, according to the GS1 General Specifications 5291: 4578: 1460:

A first generation, "one dimensional" barcode that is made up of lines and spaces of various widths or sizes that create specific patterns.

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Codablock is a family of stacked 1D barcodes (in some cases counted as stacked 2D barcodes) which are used in health care industry (HIBC).

1073: 5495: 1845:-approved – just an application of the Code 128 (ISO/IEC 15417) using the ANS MH10.8.2 AI Datastructures. It is not a separate symbology. 5920: 5158: 3765: 3545: 3117: 2654:

Designed by Andrew Longacre at Welch Allyn (now Honeywell Scanning and Mobility). Public domain. – International Standard: ISO/IEC 24778

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A database can link the UID to relevant information about the box; such as order number, items packed, quantity packed, destination, etc.

761: 716: 630: 490:, IBM and many others. A wide variety of barcode approaches was studied, including linear codes, RCA's bullseye concentric circle code, 2794: 2754: 2303: 521:

gum out of his basket and it was scanned by Sharon Buchanan at 8:01 am. The pack of gum and the receipt are now on display in the

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emulates the data merging action of a hardware "keyboard wedge", and the scanner automatically behaves like an additional keyboard.

922:, the relative position of the barcode in the field of view of the reader gives incremental precise positioning, in some cases with 579:

system. The software may be as simple as code that manages the connection between the hardware and the database or as complex as an

4029:, which featured a giant barcode on the front cover in place of the musician's head. The album's name was also the barcode number. 2685: 470:, they developed a standardized 11-digit code for identifying products. The committee then sent out a contract tender to develop a 382:

system in the late 1970s, and it was not until the mid-1980s that they introduced a similar system, this time based on radio tags.

301: 3694: 918:. The barcodes are packed close enough together that the reader always has one or two barcodes in its field of view. As a kind of 7452: 5404: 3525: 3184: 2107: 757: 285:, asking one of the deans to research a system to automatically read product information during checkout. Silver told his friend 6778: 6709: 6688: 6432:""US Patent 8180163: Encoder and decoder and methods of encoding and decoding sequence information with inserted monitor flags"" 6059: 5986: 4907: 7860: 7725: 6638: 5589:"Automated monitoring of behavior reveals bursty interaction patterns and rapid spreading dynamics in honeybee social networks" 4733: 1079:

Linear symbologies are optimized for laser scanners, which sweep a light beam across the barcode in a straight line, reading a

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Gernat, Tim; Rao, Vikyath D.; Middendorf, Martin; Dankowicz, Harry; Goldenfeld, Nigel; Robinson, Gene E. (13 February 2018).

5236:"GS1 DataMatrix: An introduction and technical overview of the most advanced GS1 Application Identifiers compliant symbology" 4968: 2839: 1368:

Bar code validation may include evaluations after use (and abuse) testing such as sunlight, abrasion, impact, moisture, etc.

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asked the Sylvania team for a simpler (and cheaper) version which they could put on cases of pet food for inventory control.

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to create handwritten digital documents. The printed dot pattern uniquely identifies the position coordinates on the paper.

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The effects of merchandising changes can be monitored, allowing fast-moving, more profitable items to occupy the best space.

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devices, the App World application can natively scan barcodes and load any recognized Web URLs on the device's Web browser.

863:, ranging from patient identification (to access patient data, including medical history, drug allergies, etc.) to creating 425:. As its first innovations, Computer Identics moved from using incandescent light bulbs in its systems, replacing them with 6234: 6033: 5968: 5043: 3385:

and Japanese Kanji and Kana characters, music, images, URLs, emails. De facto standard for Japanese cell phones. Used with

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and became aware of the need to automatically identify railroad cars. Immediately after receiving his master's degree from

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A 2D code with honeycomb structures suitable for mobile tagging and was developed by the Swiss company connvision AG.

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that protagonist Takayuki Yagami can photograph with his phone camera. These are mostly to unlock parts for Yagami's

3538:, forming a 2D pattern. It is also known as Telecommunications Industry Forum (TCIF) Code 39 or TCIF Linked Code 39. 3025: 2843: 2054:

Matrix 2 of 5 can encode digits 0-9 and was uses for warehouse sorting, photo finishing, and airline ticket marking.

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scanners do not need custom code for transferring input data to the application program. On PCs running Windows the

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films, Skynet burns barcodes onto the inside surface of the wrists of captive humans (in a similar location to the

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involving price tag swapping, although shoplifters can now print their own barcodes. Barcodes that encode a book's

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The Cronto Visual Cryptogram (also called photoTAN) is a specialized color barcode, spun out from research at the

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test is graded from 0.0 to 4.0 (F to A), or given a pass or fail mark. Each grade is determined by analyzing the

720: 634: 517:, near the factory that was producing the equipment. On 26 June 1974, Clyde Dawson pulled a 10-pack of Wrigley's 5884: 4771: 7630: 7204: 1501:

Old format used in libraries and blood banks and on airbills (out of date, but still widely used in libraries)

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EN 1635 has been withdrawn and replaced by ISO/IEC 15416. The original U.S. barcode quality specification was

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product discounts or special marketing offers through the address or e-mail address provided at registration.

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requested a system to track trucks entering and leaving their facilities. These applications required special

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requested a similar system so that it could quickly scan for cars that had purchased a monthly pass. Then the

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Some brands integrate custom designs into barcodes (while keeping them readable) on their consumer products.

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Chen, Rongjun; Yu, Yongxing; Xu, Xiansheng; Wang, Leijun; Zhao, Huimin; Tan, Hong-Zhou (11 December 2019).

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and ITF-16 barcodes. The code is used to encode additional data such as items quantity or container weight

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When a manufacturer packs a box for shipment, a unique identifying number (UID) can be assigned to the box.

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Micro QR code is a smaller version of the QR code standard for applications where symbol size is limited.

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which holds much more information than a barcode over the same area. They were developed by a team led by

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Besides sales and inventory tracking, barcodes are very useful in logistics and supply chain management.

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Computer Identics Corporation installed one of its first two scanning systems in the spring of 1969 at a

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scan from laser printed paper, carrying 32 kbit/s Ogg Vorbis digital music (48 seconds per A4 page)

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applications. Some AR Codes can contain QR codes inside, so that AR content can be linked to. See also

1799: 1167: 588: 351: 235: 6567: 4228: 7543: 6182: 4832: 4205: 3884: 3402: 1223: 926:. The data decoded from the barcode gives the absolute coarse position. An "address carpet", used in 805: 764:. Then there is always the option of developing a custom software solution, using a language such as 366: 289:

about the request, and they started working on a variety of systems. Their first working system used

5166: 5131:. Association for Automatic Identification and Data Capture Technologies (AIM). 2002. Archived from 4254: 7807: 7699: 7447: 7141: 5354: 4936: 4413: 4184: 4174: 3467:. Originally from High Energy Magic Ltd in name Spotcode. Before that most likely termed TRIPCode. 2998:

Standardized as ISS DotCode Symbology Specification 4.0. Public domain. Extended 2D replacement of

2797:

developed colour barcodes that can be read by camera phones from TV screens; mainly used in Korea.

2610: 2350: 1388:

X3.182. (UPCs used in the US – ANSI/UCC5). As of 2011 the ISO workgroup JTC1 SC31 was developing a

1117: 377:, across the entire North American fleet. The installations began on 10 October 1967. However, the 17: 5784: 5159:"Retailer chargebacks: is there an upside? Retailer compliance initiatives can lead to efficiency" 7651: 7558: 7095: 6915: 6852: 5888: 5656:"BEEtag: A Low-Cost, Image-Based Tracking System for the Study of Animal Behavior and Locomotion" 5276: 4570: 4132: 3964: 2831: 1885: 1132:

The earliest, and still the cheapest, barcode scanners are built from a fixed light and a single

944: 522: 369:

tested the KarTrak system on their gravel cars in 1961. The tests continued until 1967, when the

245: 3962:

has a barcode tattoo on the back of his head; QR codes can also be scanned in a side mission in

1166:

Most modern smartphones are able to decode barcode using their built-in camera. Google's mobile

954:

and Paperbyte are barcode symbologies specifically designed for this application), and the 1991

7385: 7363: 7248: 5487: 3928: 3036: 2176: 1211: 1160: 499: 479: 445: 286: 184: 114: 48: 5914: 5654:

Combes, Stacey A.; Mountcastle, Andrew M.; Gravish, Nick; Crall, James D. (2 September 2015).

4441: 3283: 2325: 1756:-approved – not an own symbology – to be used only with an EAN/UPC according to ISO/IEC 15420 1729:-approved – not an own symbology – to be used only with an EAN/UPC according to ISO/IEC 15420 1691: 1279:

The difference between the space reflectance (Rs) and adjoining bar reflectance (Rb). EC=Rs-Rb

1246:

The difference between the space reflectance (Rs) and adjoining bar reflectance (Rb). EC=Rs-Rb

847:. This speeds up processing at check-outs and helps track items and also reduces instances of 5310: 3970: 3679: 3174: 1088: 426: 343: 339: 64: 5132: 4918: 4085: 7661: 7494: 6359: 6112: 6003: 5667: 5600: 5355:"Technical committees – JTC 1/SC 31 – Automatic identification and data capture techniques" 3487: 3396: 3386: 3133: 3066:, invented in 2007 by Chinese company The Article Numbering Center of China, introduced by 1992: 1508: 1207: 923: 99: 6710:"Barcode Halls, Standard Facades for Manufacturing Buildings - Projects - gmp Architekten" 886:

They can also be used to keep track of objects and people; they are used to keep track of

8: 7656: 6348:"Adaptive Binarization of QR Code Images for Fast Automatic Sorting in Warehouse Systems" 4793: 4627: 4189: 4124: 3318: 3289: 3002:

barcode. At this time is used to track individual cigarette and pharmaceutical packages.

2821: 1923:

Industrial 2 of 5 can encode only digits 0-9 and at this time has only historical value.

1389: 666: 572: 560: 6363: 5671: 5604: 1190:

operating system featured a barcode scanner, while mbarcode is a QR code reader for the

1152:"). The barcode's data is sent to the computer as if it had been typed on the keyboard. 1048:

Bars and spaces in many-width symbologies are all multiples of a basic width called the

7840: 7741: 7422: 7323: 6382: 6347: 5698: 5655: 5631: 5588: 4675: 4446: 4350: 3956: 3731: 3362: 3206: 3063: 2361:

United States Postal Service, replaces both POSTNET and PLANET symbols (formerly named

1973: 1702:

Datalogic 2 of 5 can encode digits 0-9 and was used mostly in Chinese Postal Services.

1669: 1531: 1058: 1042: 947:), and since 2008 2D barcodes sent to mobile phones enable electronic boarding passes. 510: 475: 172: 7218: 6616: 6165:"GS1 Germany and Digimarc Announce Collaboration to Bring DWCode to the German Market" 4043:

Harcourt College Publishers to Expand Education Technology with Interactive Textbooks.

2395: 7835: 7801: 7689: 7318: 7241: 7200: 7186: 7172: 7158: 7145: 7127: 7113: 7099: 7092:

Information Technology for Retail:Automatic Identification & Data Capture Systems

7081: 7068: 7054: 7041: 7028: 6766: 6685: 6516:""Snapchat Lets You Add People Via QR Snaptags Thanks To Secret Scan.me Acquisition"" 6387: 6300: 6055: 5983: 5703: 5685: 5636: 5618: 5385: 4646: 4389: 4108: 2630: 1912: 1897: 1381: 1203: 483: 467: 311: 6646: 4058: 3550:

Designed for mobile phone scanning. Developed by Lark Computer, a Romanian company.

151:

Barcodes became commercially successful when they were used to automate supermarket

6830: 6377: 6367: 5693: 5675: 5626: 5608: 5517: 4881: 4555: 3880: 3824: 3703: 3570: 3293: 2764: 2336: 1416:

Items may be repriced on the shelf to reflect both sale prices and price increases.

951: 777: 556: 540: 163:(AIDC). The first successful system using barcodes was in the UK supermarket group 132: 6767:"Introducing Barcode.tv, a new interactive doc about the objects that surround us" 4958: 3232: 3076: 2815:

is one of the few code symbologies designed to take advantage of multiple colors.

2344: 7609: 7604: 7025:

Automating Management Information Systems: Barcode Engineering and Implementation

6965:"The Russian Family That Cut Itself Off From Civilization for More Than 40 Years" 6836: 6692: 6212: 6119: 5990: 5680: 5274: 4963: 4159: 3434: 2940: 2371: 2227: 956: 919: 911: 899: 891: 880: 708: 622: 359: 304: 229: 188: 127: 68: 6238: 6029: 5039: 2509: 2488: 7666: 7614: 7548: 5204: 4889: 3936: 3902: 3221: 2928: 2847: 2835: 2803: 2748: 2233: 1108: 968: 915: 712: 626: 564: 471: 433: 398: 266: 164: 118: 72: 6848: 6541: 6515: 6132: 5450: 2981:

Digital sound code for printing on cinematic film between the threading holes

2461: 960:

computer game system used any standard barcode to generate combat statistics.

491: 7829: 7333: 7038:

Automating Management Information Systems: Principles of Barcode Applications

6876:"Judgment QR code locations to upgrade Drone Parts explained • Eurogamer.net" 5689: 5622: 5331: 5233: 4872: 4619: 4393: 4285:

Canadian Freight Cars A resource page for the Canadian Freight Car Enthusiast

4128: 3998: 3780: 3377:

for automotive components management; they have chosen not to exercise their

3345: 2976: 2953: 2892: 2785: 2729: 2725: 2043: 1438:(EDI) so the retailer has the information about a shipment before it arrives. 1413:

Historical data can be used to predict seasonal fluctuations very accurately.

1069: 927: 895: 844: 673:. Other manufacturers include Datalogic, Intermec, HHP (Hand Held Products), 156: 152: 91: 78:

Later, two-dimensional (2D) variants were developed, using rectangles, dots,

31: 6739: 6431: 6405: 5613: 1851: 1622: 7795: 7789: 7710: 7523: 7353: 6968: 6391: 5836: 5707: 5640: 5012: 4316:

John Keyes Boston photoblogger. Images from Boston, New England, and beyond

4280: 4140: 4120: 4112: 4034: 3939:

incorporated a barcode into their entrance video, as well as on a T-shirt.

3464: 3382: 3378: 3356:

American proprietary and patented 2D Code from NeoMedia Technologies, Inc.

3196: 3057: 2130: 1232: 1183: 1179: 903: 872: 487: 278: 274: 241: 35: 6260: 1434:

The information can be transmitted through a communication system such as

7508: 7478: 7473: 7338: 7313: 6937: 4164: 4016: 3949: 3913: 3707: 3700: 3535: 3238: 2987: 2959: 2908: 2733: 2141:

Catalogs, store shelves, inventory (no international standard available)

2066: 1857: 1404:

Fast-selling items can be identified quickly and automatically reordered.

1171: 1145: 1133: 1092: 964: 848: 827: 518: 386: 290: 145: 3412: 2969: 2586: 543:

were the first location in Australia to use barcodes, starting in 1979.

7783: 7503: 7348: 7343: 4600:

Graham-White, Sean (August 1999). "Do You Know Where Your Boxcar Is?".

4319: 4179: 4136: 3783:

between the sprocket holes with the "Double-D" logo in the middle, and

3723: 3374: 3306: 2872:

readable when printed on deformable gloves and stretched and distorted

2649: 2530: 2319: 2089: 2019: 1986: 1645: 1308:

Extracting the information which has been encoded in a bar code symbol.

1199: 887: 810: 571:(RFID) systems. Many companies use both technologies as part of larger 514: 390: 297: 176: 122: 95: 6372: 5126:"Layman's Guide to ANSI, CEN, and ISO Barcode Print Quality Documents" 4067: 2251: 98:, can function as the latter type of barcode reader using specialized 7468: 6880: 4885: 4763: 4199: 4025: 4020: 3513: 3091: 3051: 2857: 2670: 2660: 2624: 2297: 2257: 2083: 2013: 1525: 1141: 1121: 981: 939: 864: 537:

proclaiming "The Supermarket Scanner That Failed" in a 1976 article.

378: 282: 43: 6321:"Ocode - Authentifiez vos produits par le marquage d'un code unique" 4571:"David Collins, SM '59: Making his mark on the world with bar codes" 3952:

in the Manticore X-series have barcodes on the back of their necks.

2274: 1407:

Slow-selling items can be identified, preventing inventory build-up.

7572: 7567: 7533: 7528: 7512: 7401: 7298: 5862: 5754: 5420: 4194: 3830: 3815: 3655: 3507: 3483: 3473: 3458: 3215: 3168: 3140: 2999: 2918: 2643: 2455:

United States Postal Service (no international standard available)

2203:

2D barcodes consist of bars, but use both dimensions for encoding.

2118:

United States Postal Service (no international standard available)

1651: 1362: 986: 876: 670: 552: 180: 3749:

High Capacity Color Barcode of the URL for Knowledge's article on

2878: 2147: 2124: 1816: 1571: 7760: 7756: 7538: 7518: 7437: 7432: 7358: 7303: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7138:

Revolution at the Checkout Counter: The Explosion of the Bar Code

5721: 4094: 3975: 3862: 3800: 3640: 3625: 3531: 3408: 3368: 2993: 2536: 2444: 2401: 2377: 2362: 2280: 2153: 1906: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1628: 1605: 1590: 1554: 1548: 1490: 1187: 1038: 868: 817: 793: 454:(NAFC) held a meeting on the idea of automated checkout systems. 414: 402: 192: 168: 79: 6490:""Snapchat is changing the way you watch snaps and add friends"" 5518:"Scan these new QR-style Spotify Codes to instantly play a song" 5382:

Reading Between The Lines:An Introduction to Bar Code Technology

3156:

ar Code is a colored 2D Code. Square or rectangle. License free

2742: 2611:

https://docs.opencv.org/4.x/d5/dae/tutorial_aruco_detection.html

1956: 1685: 1064:

Stacked symbologies repeat a given linear symbology vertically.

7671: 7635: 7483: 7442: 7328: 7222: 5726: 4115:

technology, and from some Christians, pioneered by a 1982 book

3921: 3685: 3312: 3244: 2715: 2596: 2480: 2467: 2100:

Pharmaceutical packaging (no international standard available)

2004: 1977: 1935: 1772: 1708: 1195: 1137: 992:

Linear symbologies can be classified mainly by two properties:

835: 459: 354:

and began addressing the problem. He developed a system called

323: 322:

IBM offered to buy the patent, but the offer was not accepted.

5415: 5413: 5275:

GS1 Bar Code Verification Best Practice work team (May 2009).

4824: 3887:

incorporates a barcode design, as does a shopping mall called

2679: 2438: 2418: 2060: 1599: 910:

Barcodes are also used in some kinds of non-contact 1D and 2D

7766: 5653: 5333:

Results of Data Matrix Barcode Testing for Field Applications

2902: 2634: 2037: 1962: 1768: 1741: 1714: 1191: 1178:

to read both one-dimensional barcodes and QR codes. Google's

1125: 931: 914:. A series of barcodes are used in some kinds of absolute 1D 765: 167:

in 1972 using shelf-mounted barcodes which were developed by

6406:""US Patent 9270846: Content encoded luminosity modulation"" 5586: 4143:

described barcodes as a "corporate plot against consumers".

4119:

by Mary Stewart Relfe, who thought the codes hid the number

2599:. 5 concentric rings of three colors (light, dark, middle). 2595:

Apple-proprietary code for launching "App Clips", a type of

2433: 2428: 2423: 1735: 1222:

It is common for producers and users of bar codes to have a

7413: 7393: 7233: 5780: 5410: 3722:"This is an example Aztec symbol for Knowledge" encoded in 3452: 3247:, which is used to add additional data to linear barcodes. 3162: 1879: 1385: 1350: 1052:; most such codes use four widths of 1, 2, 3 and 4 modules. 121:

and patented in the US in 1952. The invention was based on

7183:

Sourcebook of Automatic Identification and Data Collection

6293:

Kato, Hiroko; Tan, Keng T.; Chai, Douglas (8 April 2010).

6178: 5234:

Bar Code Verification Best Practice work team (May 2010).

4346:"George Laurer, Who Developed the Bar Code, Is Dead at 94" 3265: 2697: 2618: 1542:

Wholesale, libraries International standard ISO/IEC 16390

1484: 1037:

Some other symbologies use bars of two different heights (

3979: 3932: 3416: 3322: 2889:

From Palo Alto Research Center (also termed Xerox PARC).

2189: 1947: 1929: 1870: 1842: 1784: 1753: 1726: 1156: 455: 327: 315: 141: 7377: 6320: 4442:"Alan Haberman, Who Ushered in the Bar Code, Dies at 81" 3110:

From Robot Design Associates. Uses greyscale or colour.

2170: 1825:(formerly named UCC/EAN-128), incorrectly referenced as 1128:

of barcode readers "see" the images behind a red filter.

7227: 5722:"GitHub - piql/Boxing: High capacity 2D barcode format" 4932: 4281:"A guide to ACI (Automatic Car Identification)/KarTrak" 1762: 1174:

application to scan QR codes, or third-party apps like

1045:). These are normally also considered binary bar codes. 7157:– Craig K. Harmon and Russ Adams, Helmers Publishing, 6907: 4915:

Dartmouth Computer Science Technical Report TR2000-364

3045:

Designed for decoding by cameraphones; from ScanLife.

1182:

devices can natively read QR codes inside the default

979:

The mapping between messages and barcodes is called a

281:, US overheard the president of the local food chain, 7169:

The Black and White Solution: Bar Code and the IBM PC

6938:"What about barcodes and 666: The Mark of the Beast?" 6617:"Understanding TLC-39 Barcodes: All You Need to Know" 3243:

MicroPDF417 is a restricted size barcode, similar to

3209:. Defunct as of 2019, replaced by standard QR codes. 3070:

in 2011 and published as ISO/IEC 20830:2021 in 2021.

3068:

Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility

1012:

Characters in continuous symbologies are composed of

525:. It was the first commercial appearance of the UPC. 293:

ink, but the ink faded too easily and was expensive.

3818:

example. This encodes the string "Knowledge, The 💕"

3764:"Knowledge, The 💕" in several languages encoded in 2389:

Used in North America on railroad rolling equipment

719:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a 633:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a 1217: 1001:Characters in discrete symbologies are composed of 3787:in the blue area to the left of the sprocket holes 7171:– Russ Adams and Joyce Lane, Helmers Publishing, 7080:– Harry E. Burke, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 4865:"Printed Embedded Data Graphical User Interfaces" 3897:) in Narodnaya ulitsa ("People's Street") in the 3276:NexCode is developed and patented by S5 Systems. 2629:A type of marker used for placing content inside 2192:-approved – International Standard ISO/IEC 15420 1787:-approved – International Standard ISO/IEC 15420 326:purchased the patent in 1962 and then sold it to 7827: 6458:""Screen Codes: Visual Hyperlinks for Displays"" 5964:d-touch markers are applied to deformable gloves 1091:(CCD) imagers to read barcodes was pioneered by 474:to print and read the code. The request went to 408: 5593:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4170:European Article Numbering-Uniform Code Council 3997:, cars in the future are depicted with barcode 3576:A circular code with outward-projecting lines. 1662:Various – International Standard ISO/IEC 15417 1616:Various – international standard ISO/IEC 16388 1072:, hiding modules within an image (for example, 27:Optical machine-readable representation of data 6873: 5277:"GS1 Bar Code Verification for Linear Symbols" 5097:"Barcodes – Validation vs Verification in GS1" 5066:"15+ Best Barcode Scanner iPhone Applications" 4643:Punched Cards To Bar Codes: A 200-year journey 4041:Interactive Textbooks were first published by 3339:A proprietary matrix code in hexagonal shape. 2003:Used in Japan, similar to and compatible with 1378:International Organization for Standardization 1376:Barcode verifier standards are defined by the 756:connect to the database. One such software is 551:A barcode system is a network of hardware and 63:is a method of representing data in a visual, 7726: 7249: 4880:(3). Xerox Palo Alto Research Center: 47–55. 4111:, who considered barcodes to be an intrusive 3518:QR code encoding standard from MSKYNET, Inc. 1371: 831:Barcode on a patient identification wristband 7740: 7197:Inside Out: The Wonders of Modern Technology 6345: 4664: 4662: 4599: 4339: 4337: 3446:, publicly disclosed at ACM HotMobile 2008. 2673:, but can also be applied to other animals. 861:used in the healthcare and hospital settings 34:. For a code of conduct for barristers, see 7589:High Capacity Color Barcode (Microsoft Tag) 6292: 5885:"New system to combat online banking fraud" 5379: 5315:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4905: 4734:"World hails barcode on important birthday" 4274: 4272: 3588:First, second and third generation barcodes 3415:. Public domain. – International standard: 3373:Initially developed, patented and owned by 3321:. Public domain. – International standard: 3292:to store songs, images, and mini-games for 2958:patterned paper used in conjunction with a 2921:. – International Standard: ISO/IEC 16022. 963:Artists have used barcodes in art, such as 7733: 7719: 7256: 7242: 6793: 6202: 6200: 5835:. Colour Code Technologies. Archived from 3530:This is a combination of the two barcodes 2732:. The bokode pattern is a tiled series of 2696: 2678: 1323:2D matrix symbols look at the parameters: 1262:The smallest reflectance value in a space. 1124:bottles. The images at right show how the 930:, such as Howell's binary pattern and the 421:Collins then quit Sylvania and formed the 102:and is suitable for both 1D and 2D codes. 7846:Automatic identification and data capture 6542:""How Snapchat Made QR Codes Cool Again"" 6381: 6371: 6261:"Global Research Solutions – 2D Barcodes" 5697: 5679: 5630: 5612: 5384:. Peterborough, NH: Helmers. p. 13. 4701: 4668: 4659: 4334: 4154:Automated identification and data capture 2077:Used for warehouse shelves and inventory 871:in biology, and integrate with in-motion 739:Learn how and when to remove this message 677:, Unitech, Metrologic, PSC and PANMOBIL. 653:Learn how and when to remove this message 439: 161:automatic identification and data capture 7067:– Eugene F. Brighan, Thompson Learning, 6962: 6799: 6758: 5943:d-touch topological fiducial recognition 4906:Howell, Jon; Kotay, Keith (March 2000). 4545: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4269: 4223: 4221: 4135:, believe barcodes are the stamp of the 4102: 3779:Two different 2D barcodes used in film: 1860:, formerly Reduced Space Symbology (RSS) 1254:The smallest reflectance value in a bar. 1112: 875:to identify the item being weighed in a 834: 826: 816: 804: 104: 42: 7126:– Benjamin Nelson, Helmers Publishing, 7112:– Craig K. Harmon, Helmers Publishing, 7053:– Roger C. Palmer, Helmers Publishing, 6996:"UPC bar code has been in use 30 years" 6764: 6235:"BarCode-1 2-Dimensional Bar Code Page" 6197: 5037: 4503: 4343: 3955:In video games, the protagonist of the 1041:), or the presence or absence of bars ( 198:Other systems have made inroads in the 131:December 1962 pages 387–389 record how 14: 7828: 6993: 6765:Lavigne, Anne-Marie (5 October 2011). 6566: 6548:from the original on 14 September 2016 5877: 5380:Harmon, Craig K.; Adams, Russ (1989). 5329: 5297:from the original on 27 September 2011 5198: 5196: 5156: 4853:National Geographic, May 2010, page 30 4640: 4634: 1593:(no international standard available) 783: 700:contains content that is written like 614:contains content that is written like 462:grocery chain volunteered to test it. 385:The railway project had failed, but a 333: 109:Barcoded rolling stock in the UK, 1962 7714: 7237: 7185:– Russ Adams, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 6944:from the original on 27 November 2013 6918:from the original on 12 November 2019 6855:from the original on 11 December 2021 6746:from the original on 10 November 2011 6720:from the original on 16 December 2023 6522:from the original on 24 February 2017 6470:from the original on 11 December 2019 6288: 6286: 6062:from the original on 23 November 2012 6036:from the original on 22 November 2013 6010:from the original on 26 February 2014 5787:from the original on 16 December 2014 5752: 5734:from the original on 21 December 2020 5485: 5215:from the original on 11 December 2019 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5094: 4908:"Landmarks for absolute localization" 4862: 4835:from the original on 31 December 2012 4822: 4714:from the original on 18 November 2016 4702:Rawsthorn, Alice (23 February 2010). 4683:from the original on 14 November 2006 4581:from the original on 10 November 2018 4528: 4472: 4406: 4376: 4309: 4278: 4218: 3874: 3673:. Specifically a "Codablock" barcode. 3403:Rectangular Micro QR Code (rMQR Code) 1206:is able to scan barcodes through the 1155:Like the keyboard interface scanner, 338:During his time as an undergraduate, 7695: 7040:– Harry E. Burke, Thomson Learning, 7027:– Harry E. Burke, Thomson Learning, 6812:from the original on 10 October 2011 6802:"NFB, ARTE France launch 'Bar Code'" 6781:from the original on 11 October 2011 6597:from the original on 13 January 2019 6496:from the original on 27 January 2021 6438:from the original on 2 December 2018 6412:from the original on 2 December 2018 6271:from the original on 13 January 2019 6004:"DataGlyphs: Embedding Digital Data" 5923:from the original on 6 December 2019 5813:from the original on 8 December 2009 5405:Australia Post: Barcoding fact sheet 5361:from the original on 18 October 2011 5038:Sargent, Mikah (24 September 2017). 4568: 4485:from the original on 5 February 2018 4303: 4047: 3916:launched a web documentary entitled 2555: 1450: 1392:quality standard: ISO/IEC TR 29158. 684: 598: 213: 206:(RFID) became available after 2023. 75:, of which there are several types. 6888:from the original on 28 August 2019 6206: 6185:from the original on 20 August 2008 6030:""DataGlyph" Embedded Digital Data" 5076:from the original on 2 October 2017 5046:from the original on 2 October 2017 4959:"Paperbyte Bar Codes for Waduzitdo" 4939:from the original on 4 January 2012 4804:from the original on 9 January 2012 4669:Varchaver, Nicholas (31 May 2004). 4439: 4291:from the original on 27 August 2011 2753:A high-capacity 2D code is used on 1170:operating system can use their own 790:United States Department of Defense 452:National Association of Food Chains 24: 7017: 6800:Anderson, Kelly (6 October 2011). 6645:. 17 February 2009. Archived from 6283: 6145:from the original on 10 March 2016 6082:"Better Barcodes, Better Business" 5173: 4624:"Development of the U.P.C. Symbol" 4618: 4504:Fishman, Charles (1 August 2001). 4421:from the original on 6 August 2024 3867:Automatic Equipment Identification 1455: 1102: 509:NCR installed a testbed system at 94:with a built-in camera, such as a 25: 7872: 7212: 7199:– Carol J. Amato, Smithmark Pub, 5916:Cronto Visual Transaction Signing 5895:from the original on 26 July 2020 5568:from the original on 10 June 2018 5486:Boone, Peter (13 November 2020). 5467:from the original on 13 July 2018 5256:from the original on 20 July 2011 5019:from the original on 7 April 2019 4744:from the original on 23 July 2014 4454:from the original on 24 June 2017 4370: 4358:from the original on 22 June 2020 4344:Roberts, Sam (11 December 2019). 3582: 3205:Proprietary ring-shaped code for 2844:transaction authentication number 1349:Depending on the parameter, each 546: 373:(AAR) selected it as a standard, 371:Association of American Railroads 181:Photographic Sciences Corporation 142:General Telephone and Electronics 138:Association of American Railroads 7694: 7685: 7684: 7392: 7376: 5761:from the original on 7 July 2011 5431:from the original on 7 July 2011 5202: 5107:from the original on 7 June 2020 4971:from the original on 4 July 2017 4407:Brown, Derrick (20 March 2023). 4107:There was minor skepticism from 4093: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4057: 3948:, the protagonist and the other 3854: 3838: 3823: 3808: 3792: 3772: 3757: 3742: 3730: 3715: 3693: 3678: 3662: 3647: 3632: 3617: 3604: 3592: 3506: 3479:Snapcode, also called Boo-R code 3472: 3451: 3395: 3361: 3344: 3305: 3264: 3231: 3214: 3195: 3161: 3132: 3075: 3050: 3035: 2986: 2968: 2901: 2877: 2820: 2802: 2784: 2741: 2691:animal behavior and locomotion. 2659: 2642: 2617: 2585: 2529: 2508: 2487: 2460: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2394: 2370: 2343: 2318: 2296: 2273: 2250: 2226: 2169: 2146: 2123: 2082: 2059: 2036: 2012: 1985: 1955: 1928: 1905: 1878: 1850: 1815: 1761: 1734: 1707: 1684: 1644: 1621: 1598: 1570: 1547: 1524: 1509:Code 25 – Non-interleaved 2 of 5 1483: 1218:Quality control and verification 689: 603: 218: 140:in the late 1960s. Developed by 6987: 6975:from the original on 7 May 2020 6956: 6930: 6900: 6874:Diego Agruello (27 June 2019). 6867: 6841: 6824: 6732: 6702: 6679: 6661: 6631: 6609: 6579: 6560: 6534: 6508: 6482: 6450: 6424: 6398: 6339: 6313: 6253: 6227: 6171: 6157: 6125: 6106: 6074: 6048: 6022: 5996: 5976: 5955: 5934: 5907: 5851: 5825: 5799: 5773: 5746: 5714: 5647: 5580: 5554: 5536: 5510: 5498:from the original on 3 May 2023 5479: 5443: 5398: 5373: 5347: 5336:, Oak Ridge National Laboratory 5323: 5268: 5227: 5150: 5118: 5088: 5058: 5040:"How to use QR codes in iOS 11" 5031: 5013:"package overview for mbarcode" 5005: 4983: 4967:. September 1978. p. 172. 4951: 4925: 4899: 4856: 4847: 4816: 4786: 4774:from the original on 2 May 2010 4756: 4726: 4695: 4645:. Peterborough, N.H.: Helmers. 4612: 4593: 4569:Dunn, Peter (20 October 2015). 4562: 4497: 4023:released a solo album in 1980, 3879:In architecture, a building in 1259:Minimum space reflectance (Rs) 7078:Handbook of Bar Coding Systems 6994:Bishop, Tricia (5 July 2004). 6963:Serafino, Jay (26 July 2018). 6299:. Cambridge University Press. 4935:. IATA.org. 21 November 2011. 4863:Hecht, David L. (March 2001). 4546:Seideman, Tony (Spring 1993), 4475:"Why QR codes are on the rise" 4466: 4440:Fox, Margalit (15 June 2011). 4433: 4400: 4377:Brown, Derrick (Spring 2023). 4310:Keyes, John (22 August 2003). 4239: 4010:WW2 concentration camp tattoos 2198: 1976:barcode to encode an addon to 1276:Minimum edge contrast (ECmin) 1148:–compatible adaptor cable (a " 974: 967:Barcode Jesus, as part of the 945:Bar Coded Boarding Pass (BCBP) 569:radio-frequency identification 498:established a new facility in 271:Drexel Institute of Technology 236:Universal Product Code#History 204:radio-frequency identification 30:For the taxonomic method, see 13: 1: 7861:Records management technology 7228:Free Online Barcode Generator 6851:. YouTube. 19 December 2009. 6775:National Film Board of Canada 5809:. Adverlab. 31 January 2006. 5807:"Barcodes for TV Commercials" 5755:"2-Dimensional Bar Code Page" 5548:Apple Developer Documentation 5421:"2-Dimensional Bar Code Page" 5157:Zieger, Anne (October 2003). 5095:David, H (28 November 2018), 4764:"A Short History of Bar Code" 4385:Computer Conservation Society 4253:. 4 June 2019. Archived from 4212: 3910:National Film Board of Canada 3869:label on a caboose in Florida 1946:Non-retail packaging levels, 1794:|| | || 1339:Fixed (finder) pattern damage 1251:Minimum bar reflectance (Rb) 753:inventory management software 669:, which is now a division of 423:Computer Identics Corporation 409:Computer Identics Corporation 7279:Automatic Car Identification 7263: 6998:. SFgate.com. Archived from 5861:. ColorCCode. Archived from 5859:"Frequently Asked Questions" 5753:Adams, Russ (15 June 2009). 5681:10.1371/journal.pone.0136487 5488:"How do Spotify Codes work?" 5205:"Barcode Glossary | Express" 4552:Wonders of Modern Technology 4318:. John Keyes. Archived from 1532:Code 25 – Interleaved 2 of 5 1087:In the 1990s development of 375:Automatic Car Identification 350:in 1959, he started work at 113:The barcode was invented by 7: 6669:"Getting Mini Program Code" 6296:Barcodes for Mobile Devices 6006:. Microglyphs. 3 May 2006. 4506:"The Killer App – Bar None" 4146: 3751:High Capacity Color Barcode 3463:Circular pattern codes for 3083:High Capacity Color Barcode 1436:electronic data interchange 1395: 1228:verification and validation 1194:operating system. In Apple 1030:A two-width, also called a 680: 594: 232:the scope of other articles 187:(UPC) barcode on a pack of 82:and other patterns, called 10: 7877: 7428:Facing Identification Mark 7124:Punched Cards to Bar Codes 4548:"Barcodes Sweep the World" 4409:"The Birth of the Barcode" 4379:"The Birth of the Barcode" 4012:) as a unique identifier. 3988:Back to the Future Part II 3785:Sony Dynamic Digital Sound 3433:Developed and patented by 1800:Facing Identification Mark 1372:Barcode verifier standards 1106: 555:, consisting primarily of 443: 209: 29: 7776: 7749: 7680: 7644: 7623: 7597: 7581: 7557: 7492: 7461: 7412: 7370: 7271: 7155:Reading Between The Lines 6849:"Dx theme song 2009–2010" 5544:"Creating App Clip Codes" 4641:Nelson, Benjamin (1997). 4473:G. F. (2 November 2017). 4206:List of GS1 country codes 3885:Gerkan, Marg and Partners 3407:Rectangular extension of 2827:Cronto Visual Cryptogram 1810:USPS business reply mail 1589:Italian pharmacode – use 1565:Telephones (out of date) 1390:Direct Part Marking (DPM) 1224:quality management system 938:Matrix codes can embed a 367:Boston and Maine Railroad 7808:Optical mark recognition 7448:Intelligent Mail barcode 7142:Harvard University Press 6209:"Online QR Code Decoder" 5357:. ISO. 4 December 2008. 4770:. Adams Communications. 4414:British Computer Society 4185:Inventory control system 4175:Global Trade Item Number 4117:The New Money System 666 4032:The April 1978 issue of 3062:Code designed to encode 2351:Intelligent Mail barcode 1725:Addon code (magazines), 1355:scan reflectance profile 1025:Two-width vs. many-width 269:, a graduate student at 7652:Supply chain management 7309:European Article Number 7096:Oxford University Press 6237:. Adams. Archived from 5889:University of Cambridge 5614:10.1073/pnas.1713568115 4825:"QNotes Barcode System" 4133:Russian Orthodox Church 3908:In media, in 2011, the 3654:'Knowledge" encoded in 3624:"Knowledge" encoded in 2832:University of Cambridge 1896:IATA 2 of 5 version of 1336:Unused error correction 1061:is an example of this. 996:Continuous vs. discrete 523:Smithsonian Institution 179:used a scanner made by 7110:Lines of Communication 4131:, a separation of the 3929:professional wrestling 3639:"*WIKI39*" encoded in 2215:Continuous or discrete 2177:Universal Product Code 1472:Continuous or discrete 1212:portable data terminal 1161:human interface device 1129: 840: 832: 824: 814: 813:train scans a barcode. 800: 500:Research Triangle Park 480:National Cash Register 446:Universal Product Code 440:Universal Product Code 287:Norman Joseph Woodland 185:Universal Product Code 115:Norman Joseph Woodland 110: 52: 7462:2D barcodes (stacked) 6835:16 March 2015 at the 5967:, MIT, archived from 5946:, MIT, archived from 5562:""AR Code Generator"" 4630:on 25 September 2008. 4251:Stuff You Should Know 4229:US patent 2612994 4103:Hoaxes about barcodes 3968:. The 2018 videogame 3883:by German architects 3298:Pokémon trading cards 3177:. Now public domain. 3175:United Parcel Service 2933:From Datastrip, Inc. 2412:Canadian Post office 1267:Symbol contrast (SC) 1116: 1089:charge-coupled device 838: 830: 820: 808: 721:neutral point of view 635:neutral point of view 502:to lead development. 494:patterns and others. 344:Pennsylvania Railroad 340:David Jarrett Collins 244:and help introduce a 108: 65:machine-readable form 46: 7598:Technological issues 7140:– Stephen A. Brown, 6940:. Av1611.org. 1999. 5492:boonepeter.github.io 5138:on 10 September 2016 4829:US Patented #5296688 4671:"Scanning the Globe" 4575:technologyreview.com 4123:, representing the " 4109:conspiracy theorists 3387:BlackBerry Messenger 3018:. Patented in 1988. 2813:Color Construct Code 2809:Color Construct Code 2326:DX film edge barcode 1752:Addon code (books), 1345:Axial non-uniformity 1293:Inter-character gap 924:sub-pixel resolution 859:Barcodes are widely 809:Snack vendor on the 589:inventory management 100:application software 7856:American inventions 7657:Object hyperlinking 7065:The Bar Code Manual 6691:7 June 2012 at the 6639:"Trillcode Barcode" 6593:. 20 October 1998. 6587:"US Patent 5825015" 6518:. 28 January 2015. 6364:2019Senso..19.5466C 6133:"Dot Code A Patent" 6094:on 22 November 2016 5989:7 June 2009 at the 5865:on 21 February 2013 5730:. 4 November 2021. 5672:2015PLoSO..1036487C 5605:2018PNAS..115.1433G 5163:Frontline Solutions 4991:"Nokia N80 Support" 4831:. Quick Notes Inc. 4383:The Journal of the 4247:"How Barcodes Work" 4190:Object hyperlinking 4125:Number of the Beast 3994:The Handmaid's Tale 3571:WeChat Mini Program 3490:, etc. US9111164B1 3319:Symbol Technologies 3290:Olympus Corporation 1342:Grid non-uniformity 1243:Edge contrast (EC) 822:EAN-13 ISBN barcode 792:adopted the use of 784:Industrial adoption 713:promotional content 627:promotional content 573:resource management 511:Marsh's Supermarket 334:Collins at Sylvania 7851:1952 introductions 7742:Paper data storage 7423:CPC Binary Barcode 7324:Interleaved 2 of 5 6241:on 3 November 2008 6118:9 May 2017 at the 5330:Garner, J (2019), 5284:Global Standards 1 5243:Global Standards 1 4921:on 1 October 2020. 4823:Oberfield, Craig. 4558:on 16 October 2016 4516:on 12 January 2010 4447:The New York Times 4351:The New York Times 4139:. Television host 3875:In popular culture 3207:Facebook Messenger 3064:Chinese characters 2188:Worldwide retail, 1974:Interleaved 2 of 5 1783:Worldwide retail, 1130: 1059:Interleaved 2 of 5 1043:CPC Binary Barcode 841: 833: 825: 815: 715:and inappropriate 629:and inappropriate 468:McKinsey & Co. 427:helium–neon lasers 413:In 1967, with the 242:discuss this issue 111: 53: 7823: 7822: 7802:Edge-notched card 7708: 7707: 7407: 7406: 7319:Industrial 2 of 5 7094:– Girdhar Joshi, 7086:978-0-442-21430-2 7051:The Bar Code Book 7002:on 23 August 2004 6742:. Peterburg2.ru. 6695:, denso-wave.com 6673:Weixin public doc 6373:10.3390/s19245466 6215:on 9 January 2014 6207:Steeman, Jeroen. 5891:. 18 April 2013. 5839:on 29 August 2012 4048:Designed barcodes 3960:video game series 3942:In the TV series 3580: 3579: 3284:Nintendo Dot code 3090:was developed by 2915:Microscan Systems 2631:augmented reality 2556:Matrix (2D) codes 2553: 2552: 2196: 2195: 2179:(UPC-A and UPC-E) 1913:Industrial 2 of 5 1898:Industrial 2 of 5 1692:Data Logic 2 of 5 1451:Types of barcodes 1382:European Standard 1284:Modulation (MOD) 1204:Windows Phone 7.5 749: 748: 741: 675:Microscan Systems 663: 662: 655: 565:handheld scanners 541:Sims Supermarkets 484:Litton Industries 401:labels. Finally, 379:economic downturn 263: 262: 173:Marsh supermarket 144:(GTE) and called 16:(Redirected from 7868: 7735: 7728: 7721: 7712: 7711: 7698: 7697: 7688: 7687: 7559:Polar coordinate 7396: 7380: 7373: 7372: 7258: 7251: 7244: 7235: 7234: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7007: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6908:"CueCat History" 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6845: 6839: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6706: 6700: 6698: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6591:pdfpiw.uspto.gov 6583: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6469: 6462: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6385: 6375: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6290: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6211:. Archived from 6204: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6167:(Press release). 6161: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6144: 6137: 6129: 6123: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6093: 6087:. Archived from 6086: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6000: 5994: 5980: 5974: 5972: 5959: 5953: 5951: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5783:. Colorzip.com. 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5701: 5683: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5634: 5616: 5599:(7): 1433–1438. 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5466: 5455: 5451:"Code 16K Specs" 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5417: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5314: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5296: 5281: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5255: 5240: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5200: 5171: 5170: 5165:. Archived from 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5137: 5130: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5072:. 3 March 2017. 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5001:on 14 July 2011. 4997:. Archived from 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4917:. Archived from 4912: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4888:. Archived from 4886:10.1109/2.910893 4869: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4666: 4657: 4656: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4626:. Archived from 4616: 4610: 4609: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4554:, archived from 4543: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4512:. Archived from 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4341: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4322:on 10 March 2014 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4279:Cranstone, Ian. 4276: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4070: 4061: 3899:Nevskiy district 3881:Lingang New City 3858: 3842: 3827: 3812: 3796: 3776: 3761: 3746: 3734: 3719: 3706:as four segment 3704:boilerplate text 3697: 3682: 3669:An example of a 3666: 3651: 3636: 3621: 3608: 3596: 3510: 3476: 3455: 3440:Timothy Kindberg 3399: 3365: 3348: 3309: 3294:Game Boy Advance 3268: 3235: 3218: 3199: 3165: 3136: 3079: 3054: 3039: 3016:Philips Dot Code 2990: 2972: 2905: 2881: 2834:by Igor Drokov, 2824: 2806: 2788: 2765:Cauzin Softstrip 2745: 2700: 2682: 2663: 2646: 2621: 2589: 2571: 2570: 2533: 2512: 2491: 2464: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2398: 2374: 2347: 2337:Color print film 2322: 2300: 2277: 2254: 2230: 2206: 2205: 2173: 2150: 2127: 2086: 2063: 2040: 2016: 2007:(ISO/IEC 15420) 1989: 1959: 1932: 1909: 1882: 1854: 1819: 1765: 1738: 1711: 1688: 1648: 1625: 1602: 1574: 1551: 1528: 1487: 1463: 1462: 952:Cauzin Softstrip 912:position sensors 778:Visual Basic.NET 744: 737: 733: 730: 724: 702:an advertisement 693: 692: 685: 658: 651: 647: 644: 638: 616:an advertisement 607: 606: 599: 587:, or some other 557:mobile computers 395:U.S. Post Office 330:sometime later. 258: 255: 249: 222: 221: 214: 171:. In June 1974, 133:British Railways 69:optical scanners 21: 7876: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7866: 7865: 7826: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7772: 7745: 7739: 7709: 7704: 7676: 7640: 7624:Other data tags 7619: 7610:Barcode printer 7605:Barcode library 7593: 7577: 7553: 7488: 7457: 7408: 7368: 7272:Linear barcodes 7267: 7262: 7215: 7210: 7020: 7018:Further reading 7015: 7005: 7003: 6992: 6988: 6978: 6976: 6961: 6957: 6947: 6945: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6921: 6919: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6872: 6868: 6858: 6856: 6847: 6846: 6842: 6837:Wayback Machine 6829: 6825: 6815: 6813: 6798: 6794: 6784: 6782: 6763: 6759: 6749: 6747: 6738: 6737: 6733: 6723: 6721: 6708: 6707: 6703: 6696: 6693:Wayback Machine 6684: 6680: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6652: 6650: 6649:on 26 July 2020 6637: 6636: 6632: 6622: 6620: 6619:. 9 August 2023 6615: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6551: 6549: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6523: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6488: 6487: 6483: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6415: 6413: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6344: 6340: 6330: 6328: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6307: 6291: 6284: 6274: 6272: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6244: 6242: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6218: 6216: 6205: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6135: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6120:Wayback Machine 6111: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6065: 6063: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6039: 6037: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6013: 6011: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5991:Wayback Machine 5981: 5977: 5971:on 21 June 2008 5961: 5960: 5956: 5950:on 2 March 2008 5940: 5939: 5935: 5926: 5924: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5868: 5866: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5842: 5840: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5790: 5788: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5751: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5666:(9): e0136487. 5652: 5648: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5527: 5525: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5499: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5419: 5418: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5339: 5337: 5328: 5324: 5308: 5307: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5279: 5273: 5269: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5238: 5232: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5203:Corp, Express. 5201: 5174: 5169:on 8 July 2012. 5155: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5110: 5108: 5093: 5089: 5079: 5077: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5011: 5010: 5006: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4910: 4904: 4900: 4895:on 3 June 2013. 4892: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4821: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4740:. 1 July 2014. 4732: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4667: 4660: 4653: 4639: 4635: 4617: 4613: 4598: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4567: 4563: 4544: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4405: 4401: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4342: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4277: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4160:Barcode printer 4149: 4105: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4071: 4062: 4050: 3877: 3870: 3859: 3850: 3847:Twibright Optar 3843: 3834: 3828: 3819: 3813: 3804: 3797: 3788: 3777: 3768: 3762: 3753: 3747: 3738: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3711: 3698: 3689: 3683: 3674: 3671:stacked barcode 3667: 3658: 3652: 3643: 3637: 3628: 3622: 3613: 3609: 3600: 3597: 3585: 3497:Snowflake Code 3444:John Collomosse 3435:Hewlett-Packard 3202:Messenger Codes 2558: 2201: 2164:Libraries (UK) 1796: 1458: 1456:Linear barcodes 1453: 1398: 1374: 1327:Symbol contrast 1226:which includes 1220: 1176:Barcode Scanner 1111: 1105: 1103:Barcode readers 1032:binary bar code 977: 957:Barcode Battler 920:fiducial marker 900:registered mail 892:airline luggage 881:data collection 839:Barcoded parcel 803: 786: 745: 734: 728: 725: 706: 694: 690: 683: 659: 648: 642: 639: 620: 608: 604: 597: 549: 448: 442: 411: 360:photomultiplier 336: 305:photomultiplier 259: 253: 250: 248:to the article. 239: 234:, specifically 223: 219: 212: 128:Modern Railways 73:barcode readers 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7874: 7864: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7764: 7753: 7751: 7747: 7746: 7738: 7737: 7730: 7723: 7715: 7706: 7705: 7703: 7702: 7692: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7667:Mobile tagging 7664: 7659: 7654: 7648: 7646: 7645:Related topics 7642: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7615:Barcode reader 7612: 7607: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7591: 7585: 7583: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7575: 7570: 7564: 7562: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7506: 7500: 7498: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7465: 7463: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7419: 7417: 7410: 7409: 7405: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7389: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7268: 7261: 7260: 7253: 7246: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7225: 7214: 7213:External links 7211: 7209: 7208: 7194: 7180: 7166: 7152: 7135: 7121: 7107: 7089: 7075: 7062: 7048: 7035: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7013: 6986: 6955: 6929: 6912:CueCat History 6899: 6866: 6840: 6823: 6792: 6757: 6731: 6701: 6678: 6660: 6643:Barcoding, Inc 6630: 6608: 6578: 6559: 6544:. 4 May 2015. 6533: 6507: 6481: 6449: 6423: 6397: 6338: 6312: 6305: 6282: 6265:grs.weebly.com 6252: 6226: 6196: 6170: 6156: 6124: 6105: 6073: 6047: 6021: 5995: 5975: 5954: 5933: 5906: 5876: 5850: 5824: 5798: 5781:"Colorzip.com" 5772: 5745: 5713: 5646: 5579: 5553: 5535: 5509: 5478: 5442: 5425:www.adams1.com 5409: 5397: 5390: 5372: 5346: 5322: 5267: 5226: 5172: 5149: 5117: 5087: 5057: 5030: 5004: 4982: 4950: 4924: 4898: 4855: 4846: 4815: 4800:. 2 May 2011. 4798:iWatch Systems 4785: 4755: 4725: 4708:New York Times 4704:"Scan Artists" 4694: 4658: 4651: 4633: 4620:Laurer, George 4611: 4592: 4561: 4527: 4496: 4465: 4432: 4399: 4369: 4333: 4302: 4268: 4257:on 5 June 2019 4238: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4092: 4090: 4083: 4081: 4074: 4072: 4065: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4046: 3999:licence plates 3937:D-Generation X 3903:St. Petersburg 3876: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3860: 3853: 3851: 3844: 3837: 3835: 3829: 3822: 3820: 3814: 3807: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3789: 3778: 3771: 3769: 3763: 3756: 3754: 3748: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3729: 3727: 3721: 3714: 3712: 3699: 3692: 3690: 3684: 3677: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3659: 3653: 3646: 3644: 3638: 3631: 3629: 3623: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3591: 3589: 3584: 3583:Example images 3581: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3528: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3511: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3480: 3477: 3469: 3468: 3461: 3456: 3448: 3447: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3411:Originated by 3405: 3400: 3392: 3391: 3371: 3366: 3358: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3341: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3317:Originated by 3315: 3310: 3302: 3301: 3286: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3269: 3261: 3260: 3257: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3211: 3210: 3203: 3200: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3171: 3166: 3158: 3157: 3143: 3138: 3128: 3127: 3120: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3094:; licensed by 3085: 3080: 3072: 3071: 3060: 3055: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3032: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3014:Also known as 3012: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2964: 2963: 2956: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2929:Datastrip Code 2926: 2923: 2922: 2911: 2906: 2898: 2897: 2887: 2882: 2874: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2848:security token 2836:Steven Murdoch 2828: 2825: 2817: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2799: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2751: 2746: 2738: 2737: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2706: 2701: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2675: 2674: 2667: 2664: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2639: 2638: 2627: 2622: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2593: 2590: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2545:23 bar heights 2543: 2540: 2534: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2484: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2465: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2399: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2367: 2366: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2348: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2323: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2301: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2278: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2242:4 bar heights 2240: 2237: 2234:Australia Post 2231: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2174: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2151: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2128: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2064: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2041: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2017: 2009: 2008: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1990: 1982: 1981: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1952: 1951: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1933: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1902: 1901: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1875: 1874: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1855: 1847: 1846: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1820: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1766: 1758: 1757: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1731: 1730: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1712: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1689: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1649: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1626: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1603: 1595: 1594: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1552: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1529: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1488: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1432: 1429: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1397: 1394: 1373: 1370: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1219: 1216: 1150:keyboard wedge 1109:Barcode reader 1107:Main article: 1104: 1101: 1054: 1053: 1046: 1035: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1010: 998: 997: 976: 973: 969:post-modernism 916:linear encoder 802: 799: 785: 782: 747: 746: 717:external links 697: 695: 688: 682: 679: 661: 660: 631:external links 611: 609: 602: 596: 593: 548: 547:Barcode system 545: 472:barcode system 444:Main article: 441: 438: 434:General Motors 410: 407: 399:retroreflector 362:vacuum tubes. 342:worked at the 335: 332: 267:Bernard Silver 261: 260: 226: 224: 217: 211: 208: 119:Bernard Silver 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7873: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7797: 7794: 7791: 7788: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7775: 7768: 7765: 7763:(c. 3000 BCE) 7762: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7743: 7736: 7731: 7729: 7724: 7722: 7717: 7716: 7713: 7701: 7693: 7691: 7683: 7682: 7679: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7596: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7580: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7493:2D barcodes ( 7491: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7411: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7390: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7374: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7334:Matrix 2 of 5 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7259: 7254: 7252: 7247: 7245: 7240: 7239: 7236: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7192: 7191:0-442-31850-2 7188: 7184: 7181: 7178: 7177:0-911261-01-X 7174: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7163:0-911261-00-1 7160: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7150:0-674-76720-9 7147: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7132:0-911261-12-5 7129: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7118:0-911261-07-9 7115: 7111: 7108: 7105: 7104:0-19-569796-0 7101: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7073:0-03-016173-8 7070: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7059:0-911261-09-5 7056: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7046:0-442-20667-4 7043: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7033:0-442-20712-3 7030: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7001: 6997: 6990: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6870: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6796: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6705: 6697:(in Japanese) 6694: 6690: 6687: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6618: 6612: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6569: 6563: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6495: 6492:. July 2015. 6491: 6485: 6466: 6459: 6453: 6437: 6433: 6427: 6411: 6407: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6308: 6306:9781139487511 6302: 6298: 6297: 6289: 6287: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6240: 6236: 6230: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6201: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6166: 6160: 6141: 6134: 6128: 6122:at barcode.ro 6121: 6117: 6114: 6109: 6090: 6083: 6077: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5992: 5988: 5985: 5979: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5958: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5937: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5910: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5463: 5459: 5458:www.gomaro.ch 5452: 5446: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5406: 5401: 5393: 5391:0-911261-00-1 5387: 5383: 5376: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5335: 5334: 5326: 5318: 5312: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5252: 5249:(17): 34–36. 5248: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5134: 5127: 5121: 5106: 5102: 5101:Labeling News 5098: 5091: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5018: 5015:. Maemo.org. 5014: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4964:Byte magazine 4960: 4954: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4873:IEEE Computer 4866: 4859: 4850: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4665: 4663: 4654: 4652:9780911261127 4648: 4644: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4479:The Economist 4476: 4469: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4436: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4380: 4373: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4338: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4273: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4217: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4129:Old Believers 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3989: 3985:In the films 3983: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3893:(Russian for 3892: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3781:Dolby Digital 3775: 3770: 3767: 3760: 3755: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3737:Text 'EZcode' 3733: 3728: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3660: 3657: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3635: 3630: 3627: 3620: 3615: 3607: 3602: 3595: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3465:camera phones 3462: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3381:. Can encode 3380: 3379:patent rights 3376: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3288:Developed by 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3223: 3222:Micro QR code 3220: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2978: 2977:Dolby Digital 2975: 2973: 2971: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2955: 2954:digital paper 2952: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2941:Digimarc code 2939: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2893:steganography 2888: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2842:to compute a 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2730:MIT Media Lab 2727: 2726:Ramesh Raskar 2723: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2592:App Clip Code 2591: 2588: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2521:4 bar heights 2520: 2517: 2515:RM Mailmark L 2514: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2500:4 bar heights 2499: 2496: 2494:RM Mailmark C 2493: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2479:Royal Mail / 2478: 2476:4 bar heights 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2409:4 bar heights 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2386:Coloured bars 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2358:4 bar heights 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2044:Matrix 2 of 5 2042: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2028:4 bar heights 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1620: 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1075: 1071: 1070:steganography 1065: 1062: 1060: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1000: 999: 995: 994: 993: 990: 988: 984: 983: 972: 970: 966: 965:Scott Blake's 961: 959: 958: 953: 948: 946: 941: 936: 933: 929: 928:digital paper 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 905: 901: 897: 896:nuclear waste 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 873:checkweighers 870: 866: 862: 857: 854: 850: 846: 845:grocery store 837: 829: 823: 819: 812: 807: 798: 795: 791: 788:In 1981, the 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 754: 743: 740: 732: 722: 718: 714: 710: 704: 703: 698:This section 696: 687: 686: 678: 676: 672: 668: 657: 654: 646: 636: 632: 628: 624: 618: 617: 612:This section 610: 601: 600: 592: 590: 586: 582: 576: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 544: 542: 538: 536: 535:Business Week 530: 526: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 503: 501: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 463: 461: 457: 453: 450:In 1966, the 447: 437: 435: 430: 428: 424: 419: 416: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 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