Barbarian invasions into the Roman Empire of the 3rd century

5686:. He also traveled shortly thereafter to Sirmium, where he received imperial acclamation from the troops stationed in Pannonia, and was aware that it was imperative to deal as soon as possible with the Juthungi who had broken through the Danubian front. :The barbarians had aimed only to loot, after the failure to pay the subsidies promised by the previous emperors; having learned of the new ruler's arrival and now satisfied with what they had plundered over the winter, they attempted to retreat, but were intercepted by the Romans near the Danube and defeated, though not outright. Their demands for a renewal of the previous peace treaty and recognition of new subsidies, however, were refused by Aurelian, who granted them only the possibility of returning to their native lands without spoils. The peace signed between the empire and the Germanic peoples defined the new emperor's policy toward the barbarians. He denied any compensation whatsoever in exchange for their foedus, which would have made the empire a tributary of its own federates. :In November of the same year, while Aurelian was in Rome, to officially receive full imperial powers from the Senate, a new invasion generated panic, this time in the provinces of Upper and Lower Pannonia, which evidently Aurelian had unseated in order to travel to Italy to repel the invasion of the Juthungi. This time it was the 7338: 6973: 7510: 408:, in order to better attack the neighboring Empire or to defend themselves against the irruption of other neighboring barbarian populations. For other scholars, however, in addition to the pressure of outside populations, it was also the contact and confrontation with the Roman imperial civilization (its wealth, language, weapons, and organization) that prompted the Germanic peoples to restructure and organize themselves into more robust and permanent social systems, capable of better defending themselves or seriously attacking the Empire. Rome, for its part, had been trying since the first century A.D. to prevent the penetration of the barbarians by entrenching itself behind the 7531:, who went on to entrust such positions to figures of equestrian rank, who had come out of the army after a long career: they anticipated and gave rise to those duces who from the end of the century replaced the provincial governor in the defense of the borders. Inevitably, the growing burden of the army, accompanied by political instability and the struggle for power, caused a monetary decline due, moreover, to the long-standing lack of liquidity from the conquests of previous centuries. A growing tax burden affected the ruling classes of the municipalities and colonies, setting the stage for the contraction of the urban fabric as documented for the fourth century. Private 7554: 5724: 4073:

countryside, resulting in the abandonment of many farms and vast areas of fields to be cultivated. This pressing demand for soldiers, in turn, had generated an implicit race to raise the price of obtaining the imperial purple. Each new emperor or usurper was forced, therefore, to offer his army increasing donations and ever more rewarding wages, to the serious detriment of the imperial treasury, which was often forced to cover these extraordinary expenses with the confiscation of huge estates of private citizens, victims in these years of "partisan" proscriptions. These difficulties forced the new emperor,

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possible avenue of invasion by the barbarians as quickly as possible; however, the strategy was made difficult by having to garrison immense stretches of frontier with mostly sparse military contingents. Many of the emperors who were gradually proclaimed by the legions over a period of twenty-five years did not even manage to set foot in Rome, let alone, during their very short reigns, undertake internal reforms, as they were permanently occupied with defending the imperial throne from other claimants and the territory from external enemies.

3386: 6553: 784: 8504: 6417: 6216: 4461: 6848: 6045: 3247: 8402: 4942: 7408: 5170: 3206:

Germans than lightly armed archers. Alexander also had an admirable war apparatus, to which Maximinus is said to have added many new devices. He entered Trans-Renan Germania for three hundred or four hundred miles of the barbarian territory, burned villages, raided cattle, plundered, killed many of the barbarians, generated considerable booty to his soldiers, took numerous prisoners, and if the Germans had not retreated to the swamps and forests, would have subdued all of Germania to Rome.

10082: 6478:, and Vandals, who, on the contrary, broke the alliance and, while Probus was busy fighting some usurpers, began wandering over land and sea throughout most of the Empire, to the great detriment of Roman prestige.: The suppression of the Gallic revolt and the expulsion of the Germanic bands from the imperial territories lasted a long year of military campaigns; eventually Proculus was captured in a treacherous plot, and then Bonosus hanged himself shortly after in 281. 4313: 3582:

Danube with his men and began ravaging Moesia and Thrace, while Philip sent against him Senator Decius. The latter reporting no success, dismissed his soldiers sending them back to their homes and returning to Philip . Ostrogotha, king of the Goths, marched against the Romans at the head of thirty thousand armed men, to whom were also added Taifal warriors, Hasdingi, and three thousand Carpi, the latter a very warlike people and often fatal to the Romans.

4635: 4224: 3619: 5774: 14379: 14367: 2934: 4833: 6192:"Licca"). At the end of the clashes the same conditions that had been granted to the Lugii shortly before were agreed upon, but when the barbarians broke the understandings, retaining some of the prisoners, the emperor confronted them again. The Germans were severely defeated and the Romans also captured their leader, Igillus. At the end of these victories Probus also assumed the appellation " 5353:, and the usurper Aureolus, who had fortified himself in Milan. The subsequent rush of the Roman army of Claudius II the Gothic (the new emperor who had witnessed Aureolus' capitulation), forced the Alemanni to stop their raids and negotiate their withdrawal from Italic soil. The failure to reach an agreement forced Claudius to fight them: he scored the decisive victory in November, in the 5700:. Again, the prompt intervention of the emperor himself forced these Germano-Sarmatian peoples to capitulate and ask for peace. Aurelian forced the barbarians to provide as hostages many of their sons, as well as a contingent of auxiliary cavalry of two thousand men, in exchange for their return to their lands north of the Danube. For these successes he obtained the appellation 5269:, attempted to move up it northward, but was intercepted by the Roman armies and suffered a bitter defeat at the hands of Gallienus, who had rushed to the occasion. The story goes that Gallienus managed to beat back the hordes of barbarians, which included the Goths, killing a large number of them (spring of 268). Following these events he offered the leader of the Heruli, 623:, there had been movement and mixing of peoples, with the advent of a new phenomenon among the Germans, which represented an overcoming of the tribal dimension: entire peoples (such as Marcomanni, Quadi and Naristi, Vandals, Cotini, Iazigi, Buri, etc.), had grouped together in coalitions, mostly military in nature, implementing greater pressure on the nearby Roman limes. 3704: 3486: 2683: 4516:

front against the Sasanids of Shapur I.: Also during this period, Gallienus allowed some tribes of Marcomanni to settle in Roman Pannonia south of the Danube, probably to repopulate the countryside devastated by the invasions of the previous decades, and contracted a secondary marriage with the daughter of one of their princes.

815:(in 168). The untimely death of Lucius (in 169 not far from Aquileia), and the breaking of pacts by the barbarians (many of whom had been "clients" since the time of Tiberius) led a never-before-seen wave of troops to swarm devastatingly through northern Italy all the way to below the walls of Aquileia, the heart of 5505:. However, the barbarians, although surrounded by the legions, managed to cause considerable losses to the Roman infantry, which was saved only by the intervention of the cavalry entrusted to Aurelian, alleviating the defeat.: At the same time, the other hordes of Goths, who had swarmed the previous year into the 7478:, obtained roles and powers that had previously been reserved for members of senatorial, Italic or provincial families. It was from the armies most engaged on the containment front that these men arose; and among them, the broad Danubian and Pannonian sector in particular brought forth emperors such as 4972:

simultaneously to defend the legitimacy of his throne, employed much of the armies assigned to defend the imperial borders to counter many of these generals who had proclaimed themselves emperors. The result was to leave large strategic sectors of the limes unprotected, provoking a new invasion by the

6261:

relates that in the course of the entire campaign the emperor had killed over four hundred thousand barbarians and liberated as many as sixty cities in Gaul. The vanquished were required to hand over hostages to guarantee the treaty; nine barbarian chieftains knelt together before Probus, a number of

6030:

provoked a new incursion by the Germans from across the Danube into the neighboring province of Rhaetia, so much so that the emperor himself had to intervene again before he went to the East, where he planned to wage a new campaign against the Sasanians in order to recover the lost territories of the

7394:

The cadence with which the barbarian incursions followed one another from the third decade of the century onward constituted only the most conspicuous consequence of a phenomenon that had been going on for several decades, causes and consequences of which were both internal and external to the Roman

7362:

state. After two centuries of apparent calm along the western and eastern borders, from the beginning of the century populations of different ethnicities, mostly Germanic, engaged Roman forces in long and exhausting campaigns of containment, often fruitless, sometimes catastrophic. Since the time of

7004:

At the same time Caesar Constantius Chlorus fought in Gaul with good luck. At the Lingons in a single day he experienced bad and good luck. Because the barbarians were advancing fast, he was forced to enter the city, and because of the necessity of closing the gates so quickly, he was hoisted on the

5840:

As the campaign continued, however, the barbarians, out of greed for booty, divided into numerous armed bands, scattered throughout the surrounding territory. Aurelian, having rallied his armies again after their defeat and determined to follow them on their march southward, succeeded in turning the

5128:

The Scythians , sailing through the Pontus Euxinus penetrated the Danube and brought great devastation to Roman soil. Gallienus knowing these things gave the Byzantines Cleodamus and Athenaeus the task of rebuilding and walling the cities, and when a battle was fought near Pontus the barbarians were

4971:

Valerian's capture by the Persians generated, in addition to the secession to the west of the Gallic Empire, a continuous series of usurpations, mostly among the commanders of the Danubian military provinces (a period referred to as the "thirty tyrants"). Gallienus, forced to fight on several fronts

3898:

of the two Moesias, Trebonianus Gallus, who was himself acclaimed emperor that same month. Gallus, rushing to the scene of the battle, concluded an unfavorable peace with the Goths of Cniva: not only did he allow them to keep the spoils, but also the prisoners captured in Philippopolis, many of them

3739:

narrates. Leaving Trebonius Gallus in Novae, on the Danube, he managed to surprise and defeat Cniva while the latter was still besieging the Mesic city of Nicopolis. However, the barbarian hordes managed to get away and, after crossing the entire Balkan Peninsula, attacked the city of Philippopolis.

3642:

Decius, proclaimed emperor by the Pannonian-Moesian armies, headed for Italy, taking most of the border troops with him, and near Verona he succeeded in defeating the army of Philip the Arab, who died along with his son. However, having depleted the defenses of the Balkan area once again allowed the

3441:

Gordian left for war against the Sasanian Persians with a large army and such a large amount of gold that he could easily defeat the enemy either with legionaries or auxiliaries. He marched through Moesia and, in the course of his advance, destroyed, put to flight, and drove away all the enemies who

7673:

Thus, these were not yet mass displacements of entire populations such as those that would occur in later centuries, when the irruption of the Huns into the European stage would induce many Germanic tribes to seek new sites of settlement within the Roman Empire. In the third century numerous hordes

7585:

The effort undertaken by the successive augusts during the third century, either because of the lack of a long-term plan or because of the economic crisis that affected the Roman tributary system, failed to save the integrity of the Empire as it stood at the end of the second century: in particular

7462:

had their decisive weight in this regard, now the new situation created along the borders of the Empire undoubtedly privileged the limitanean legions, revolutionizing a balance that had seen, in the first two centuries of the Empire, the praetorian cohorts represent, in their own ranks, a good part

4072:

to the imperial purple). Moreover, food shortages generated a demand that exceeded the supply of foodstuffs, with obvious inflationary consequences on basic necessities. Added to all this was a constant forced recruitment of soldiers, to the detriment of the labor force employed in the agricultural

3770:

The defeat inflicted on Decius was so heavy that it prevented the emperor not only from continuing the campaign, but especially from saving Philippopolis, which, having fallen into the hands of the Goths, was sacked and set on fire. Of the governor of Thrace, Titus Julius Priscus, who had attempted

3581:

Under the empire of that Philip the Goths displeased that tribute was no longer paid to them, turned into enemies from the friends they were. For although they lived under their kings in a remote region, they were federates of the empire and received an annual contribution. Ostrogotha crossed the

3143:

and based on the threat of the use of force and the fomenting of internal dissensions among the various hostile tribes to keep them engaged against each other, were now proving ineffective. Immediate recourse to force was necessary, deploying tactically superior armies capable of intercepting every

2858:

Caracalla defeated the Germans north of the Limes and obtained legality and friendship from them, so much so that he dressed his auxiliary troops like them and created with them his own personal bodyguard with selected men of great strength and good looks. He also used to use an elaborate blond wig

6167:

Once the operations against the Goths were completed, Probus decided to march into Gaul to confront the Germans who had penetrated during the previous year's invasion. Probus' tactic was to deal separately with the various opposing forces, which, although numerically superior, were defeated one by

5965:

Returning from a new eastern campaign against Zenobia, the emperor was forced to intervene in Mesia and Thrace, for a new incursion by the Carpi. The latter were repelled and largely settled in Roman territories along the frontier of the lower reaches of the Danube, so much so that they earned him

4515:

and the important fort of Intercisa were sacked), with the depopulation of the countryside of the entire province. In the same period, Eutropius tells of a new Germanic incursion (possibly by Marcomanni) that reached Ravenna before being stopped, just as Emperor Valerian was engaged on the eastern

7674:

of warriors were on the move, mostly leaving behind them, in the territories where they had settled immediately beyond the Limes, the families and camps of the tribes; after a season or two of raiding, they would return to their bases, not caring to establish permanent colonies in Roman territory.

5819:

Aurelian wanted to face the enemy army all at once, gathering his forces together, but near Piacenza he suffered such a rout that the Roman Empire almost fell. The cause of this defeat was a treacherous and cunning movement on the part of the barbarians. They, unable to meet the fight in the open

3948:

Since Trebonianus Gallus administered power poorly, the Scythians began to invade neighboring provinces, and they advanced by plundering even the territories washed by the sea , and so no province of the Romans was spared their devastation. All the cities without fortifications and most of those

2835:

by pitting them against the neighboring Vandals who had been proving particularly hostile for some time, but on the other he was forced to execute the king of the Quadi, Gabiomarus, because of the resistance that had been created by this people, who had been allies of the Romans since the time of

5149:

And so the different tribes of Scythia, such as Peucini, Grutungi, Ostrogoths, Tervingi, Visigoths, Gepids, Celts and Heruli, attracted by the hope of looting, came to Roman soil and wreaked great devastation there, while Claudius was engaged in other actions . Three hundred and twenty thousand

3807:

And immediately Decius' son fell fatally pierced by an arrow. At the news the father, certainly to cheer up the soldiers, reportedly said, "Let no one be sad, the loss of one man must not affect the forces of the Republic." But shortly thereafter, not withstanding his father's grief, he launched

3205:

went through Germania with the entire army and troops of Moors, Osroenes, and Parthians, as well as all the others that Alexander had brought with him for the military campaign. And the main reason he took the eastern auxiliary troops with him was that no one was worth more in combat against the

4390:

and Bithynia to bring relief to the people of this province. However, Valerian's arrival had no effect, as the resurgence of a plague epidemic and the Persian advance of the previous years had thrown the Roman East into the greatest despondency. It is also probable that the various successfully

3789:

along with his father Decius. The Goths, who had spent the winter in Roman territory, offered the return of their booty and prisoners following this defeat on condition that they could retreat undisturbed. But Decius, who had now decided to destroy this horde of barbarians, preferred to reject

5534:

We have defeated three hundred and twenty thousand Goths and sunk two thousand ships. The rivers are covered with the enemy's shields, all the beaches are covered with swords and spears. The fields can no longer even be seen hidden by bones, there is no clear road, numerous chariots have been

3749:

Decius, with the purpose of relieving the city of Beroea , had his troops and horses resting there when Cniva suddenly attacked him and, after inflicting heavy losses on the Roman army, drove the emperor and the few survivors from Thrace back through the mountains to Moesia. In Moesia Gallus,

3051:

area, and the Germanic-Rhaetian limes were heavily attacked by the Alemanni. The defense of this stretch of limes may have been entrusted precisely to the future emperor Pupienus, who again reported success against the barbarians. Remarkable are the archaeological evidences of the destruction

2819:

In the spring of this year, Caracalla departed for the Danubian front (after an illness that had immobilized him throughout the winter), with Pannonia as his destination, where, at the beginning of the year or perhaps already at the end of the previous one, new incursions had occurred between

4208:

The Goths, as soon as they noticed that the soldiers inside the walls were lazy and drunken and did not even go up along the walkways of the walls, pulled over a few logs to the wall, where it was possible, and in the middle of the night, went up in small groups and conquered the city. The

395:

was mainly due to a change from previous centuries in the tribal structure of their society: the population, constantly growing and driven by the eastern peoples, needed new territories to expand, or else the weaker tribes would become extinct. Hence the need to aggregate into large ethnic

3968:, then governor of Lower Mesia, was forced to cleanse the Roman territories south of the Danube of the hordes of barbarians, clashing victoriously once again with the leader of the Goths, Cniva (spring of 253) and obtaining thanks to these successes the title of emperor, the armies of the 3555:

It is precisely to this period that would belong the establishment of a general and centralized military command for the entire frontier of the middle and lower Danube, which was to include, therefore, the provinces of Lower Pannonia, Upper and Lower Mesia, as well as the Three Daciae, in

7569:

However, in this climate of continuous internal and limitaneous alertness, not all cities suffered from the aforementioned economic contraction: other centers, which had previously been nothing more than legion headquarters, became during the third century the new capitals of the Empire.

5670:, his headquarters, from where he could better monitor and act against the barbarians. Shortly afterward, however, he died, following a new plague epidemic that broke out in the ranks of his army (August).:Claudius's untimely death forced Aurelian to conclude the war against the Goths in 4845:

It was probably Gallienus who decided on the final abandonment of all the territories east of the Rhine and north of the Danube, due to the continued invasions of the neighboring Germanic tribes of the Alemanni, and the simultaneous secession of the western part of the empire, led by the

4260:, in present-day Crimea, disrupting the grain supplies needed by the Romans in that region. The situation was so serious that Gallienus was forced to rush along the Danubian borders to reorganize his forces after this devastating invasion, as an inscription from the legionary fortress of 5495:). The survivors of the battle of Naissus, protecting themselves with chariots, headed into Macedonia. During the long march on the way back, many of the barbarians died along with their beasts, oppressed by starvation; others were killed in a new clash with the Roman cavalry of the " 7452:, the most attentive observers noted with regret that the emperor could well elect himself far from Rome, by the third century this circumstance became routine. In the face of external threats, military commanders endowed with ever-increasing powers had an easy time being acclaimed 7106:

Also along the fourth and final frontier sector of the Roman Empire, the southern one, were numerous and continuous incursions by semi-nomadic African peoples, beginning in the mid-3rd century. This sector, which had always been protected to the south by the natural barrier of the

4067:

had brought the economy and trade of the Roman Empire to its knees. Numerous farms and crops had been destroyed, if not by barbarians, then by bands of brigands and by Roman armies seeking sustenance during military campaigns fought against both external and internal enemies

605:, the barbarian world was shaken by strong internal unrest and migratory movements of populations that tended to change the balance with the neighboring Roman Empire. These peoples, seeking new territories in which to settle due to the increasing population growth in ancient 5591:

Many cities in Gaul and also many fortresses that Postumus had built in barbarian territory over the course of seven years and that, after his death, had been destroyed and burned during a sudden incursion of the Germans , had been rebuilt, restoring them to their previous

7494:. Although of greater importance, the Danubian area was not the only cradle of emperors and usurpers, and the lack of a strong central power in Rome represented by the Senate caused on more than one occasion the momentary disintegration of the Empire, as in the case of the 2925:: this news seems to suggest the presence of new barbarian infiltrations along the borders of Upper Pannonia and a subsequent Roman counteroffensive. Heliogabalus may have been the last of the Severan dynasty capable of maintaining fortifications across the Danube, such as 6119:, also fell victim to a plot hatched by his own soldiers. The imperial throne then passed to Probus, who decided to complete Tacitus's work and led a new campaign against the Goths in Asia Minor, beating them heavily.: Also during this same period (around September 275) 3676:. Meanwhile, Decius, having learned of the difficult situation in which the entire Balkan-Danubian front found itself, decided to rush in personally: he defeated and repelled the Carpi from the Dacian province, which is why the emperor was given the epithets of " 7399:

had held up more or less admirably, through fortifications, legions, and patronage alliances. However, in the face of increasing pressure on the borders, the center of Roman power found itself in difficulty: after a century the imperial purple again became with

3667:

Decius was forced to return to the lower Danube frontier to face the invasion accomplished the previous year by Cniva's Goths. This was a horde of hitherto unseen size, coordinated moreover with the Carpi who attacked the province of Dacia. Cniva, repelled by

7423:

Inevitably, the coexistence of internal political uncertainty and external military difficulties resulted in the destabilization of the entire apparatus of power; the army became the sole arbiter of Roman politics, effectively depriving the already agonizing

3798:. There the Goths, though exhausted, managed to inflict a crushing defeat on the Roman army (July 251), even killing the emperor and his eldest son, Erennius Etruscus. It was the first time a Roman emperor fell in battle against a foreign enemy. This is 6506:, and went east to confront the Sasanians. Carinus, intervening with promptness and determination, succeeded in intercepting the bands of Germano-Sarmatian armies that had broken through the limes into Pannonia and made a great slaughter of them. The 6172:. Then it was the turn of the Lugii: Probus freed their leader Semnon, who had been captured, on the condition that he lead the remnants of his people back to their home bases, leaving the Roman prisoners free and abandoning the plundered booty. 7610:. It was clear that any effort to maintain the status quo would not produce results within the institutional framework created in its time by Augustus: a new era was coming, and although the barbarian invasions had not by themselves caused the 6911:

to organize a new military campaign for the following year against the Iazigi Sarmatians, together with Galerius, specially appointed as Caesar from April 1, 293, in order to better divide the tasks along the imperial frontiers of the Roman

2710:

2.74 g, coin probably minted when Caracalla had succeeded his father, after the death of his brother Geta, sometime between 212 and 213. It celebrates here the Profectio of the Emperor leaving for a military campaign to the northern front.

2840:

but had recently turned against Roman power, invading the two Pannonias at the beginning of the year. Caracalla eventually succeeded in defeating even the Iazigians, who were allied with the Quadi and Vandals, assuming the appellation of

7282:, from where they could have continued their attacks, Maximian ventured deep into enemy territory inflicting as much damage on them as possible for punitive purposes, and devastating their territories and driving them back as far as the 5801:

speaks explicitly of a new invasion by the Juthungi, who were still scourging the Italic soil). Aurelian, again, was forced to rush into Italy, now that these peoples had already forced their way through the Alpine passes. Reaching the

5470:

Early in the year, after the Goths had been held at bay for several months by the Roman armies of Marcianus, the new emperor Claudius II managed to reach the theater of the fighting and bring a decisive victory over these people at the

4921:. He not only repelled the invasion of the Alemanni and Franks further north, but also succeeded in reoccupying and fortifying again a number of advanced auxiliary posts in the territory of the ex-Agri decumates, along the plain of the 5150:

armed men from the different peoples were fielded in addition to having two thousand ships (six thousand according to Zosimus), that is, twice as many as were used by the Greeks when they undertook the conquest of the cities of Asia

857:

of Brigetio from where, in the following spring of 179, the last campaign was conducted. The death of the Roman emperor in 180 soon put an end to Roman expansionist plans and resulted in the abandonment of the occupied territories of

7502:. However, this also showed that the defense of the Empire could by then no longer be entrusted to one man, unless the entire administrative structure of the provinces was revolutionized: something that, once the storm had passed, 4349:

and confirmed by the numerous archaeological excavations in the area, which testify to a total cessation of Roman inscriptions and coins in the north of the country from precisely the year 256. The presence of some officers of the

3643:

Goths and Carpi to swarm into the provinces of Dacia, Lower Moesia and Thrace. The Goths, having crossed the frozen Danube, divided into two marching columns. The first horde pushed into Thrace as far as Philippopolis (present-day

4167:, which fortunately for it had a very solid walled enclosure and a well-equipped harbor. There they were repelled thanks to vigorous resistance on the part of the local population, organized for the occasion by the then governor 431:). Not only did the internal wars unnecessarily consume important resources in the clashes between the various contenders, but – most seriously – they ended up depleting precisely the frontiers subjected to barbarian aggression. 841:, which took several years of fighting, until 175. These events forced the emperor to reside for several years along the Pannonian front, never returning to Rome. However, the truce signed with these peoples, particularly the 10765:, 11.3 (here mention is made of the barbarians who took refuge in Haemimontus, that is, in the mountains of Hemus, and were decimated by starvation and pestilence, which shortly thereafter also affected Claudius the Gothic); 10132:, 2 and 8 (the Roxolans, against whom Regalian may have fought to regain part of Illyricum, as governor of Moesia, are mentioned here); a battle near Scupi, in which Regalian prevailed over the barbarians, is also mentioned ( 11609:

Restitutori provinciarum et operum publicorum providentissimo ac super omnes retro principes fortissimo Imperatori Caesari Marco Aurelio Probo Pio Felici Invicto Augusto pontifici maximo tribunicia potestate VI (ndr.anno

3095:

front. However, the emperor made the mistake of wanting to conclude a peace treaty with the Germans, offering them large sums of money: this attitude was badly received by his army, which, under the leadership of General

509:) finally succeeded in reunifying the Empire into a single bloc, even though the civil wars that had been going on for about fifty years and the barbarian invasions had forced the Romans to give up both the region of the 7337: 5317:

They fought in Achaia, under the command of Marcian, against the Goths, who, defeated by the Achaeans, retreated from there. While the Scythians, always part of the Goths, ravaged Asia , where the temple at Ephesus was

6627:(April 1, 286): he thus formed a diarchy, in which the two emperors divided on a geographical basis the government of the empire and the responsibility for the defense of the frontiers and the fight against usurpers. 7539:

the most widespread currency, slowly declined, so much so that it caused the inflation that was at the center of every emperor's thoughts in the third century, and which Diocletian tried in vain to save with his

5936:

in the east and the Iazyges in the west, due to the contact between the various tribes, but also allowed for the strengthening of the borders of the lower-middle Danube with the withdrawal of two entire legions

5396:, the ideal of a restoration of the unity of the Roman Empire became firmly established. The main task awaiting this last emperor was to have to reunite the two "trunks" that had been formed during the reign of 6630:

Given the increasing difficulty in containing the numerous revolts within and along the borders, a further territorial division was made in 293 in order to facilitate military operations: Diocletian appointed

7353:

In the crisis that the Empire experienced in the third century, barbarian invasions undoubtedly constituted an extremely important element in the political, social, and economic evolution that led to the new

4435:

Again the Franks, who had broken through the limes of lower Germany the previous year, made a new incursion, wedging themselves into the imperial territories in front of Cologne and then pushing on as far as

3949:

provided with walls were taken. And as well as the war, an epidemic of plague also broke out everywhere, in villages and towns, eliminating the surviving barbarians and causing so many deaths as never before.

7367:, it had been decided in Rome, out of expediency or prudence, to stop venturing into the conquest of new territories and to take precautions along the thousands of kilometers that constituted the Empire's 454:, which on several occasions severely engaged the Roman Empire, forced to suffer attacks that often joined the less strenuous but nonetheless dangerous invasions carried out along the African front by the 7395:

world. While it is well true that from the end of the second century onward the migrations of Germanic peoples accentuated their westward reach, it is equally true that until then the Empire's system of

5911:

The growing crisis along the Danubian frontiers, in addition to the secession in the West of the Empire of Gaul and in the East of the Kingdom of Palmyra, forced Aurelian to evacuate the province of the

4828:

and consul together with Honoratianus. On this occasion thousands of Italic prisoners were freed by troops rushed from Rhaetia and Upper Germany and placed under the command of Marcus Simplicinus Genius.

6776:" twice during the year. Successes were achieved by the armies of the other augustus, Maximian, against Alemanni and Burgundians on the upper Rhine, as well as Saxons and Franks along the lower course. 8813:, p. 186); at the end of Maximinus' military operations, numerous auxiliary forts were rebuilt, such as those at Echzell, Butzbach, Kapersburg, Saalburg, and Kleiner Feldberg (cf. H.Shonberger, 4985:

To these negative things had also been added that the Scythians had invaded Bithynia and destroyed some cities. Eventually they burned and severely devastated the city of Asta, now called Nicomedia.

3417:, managed to deal with the Goths by offering them a subsidy in exchange for the return of previously captured prisoners, while he succeeded in repelling the Carpi, having gathered a substantial army. 4378:

Valerian, concerned about the invasion of the Goths in the previous year, sent a relief army, commanded by Lucius Mummius Felix Cornelianus and in whose employ seems to have been the future emperor

3409:. This incursion saw the barbarians sack and exterminate the population of Histropolis, while the tribe of Dacian lineage, the Carpi, crossed the Danube further upstream, still along the borders of 2877:

As a result of these events, Lower Pannonia was expanded: it now included the legionary fortress of Brigetio, so that each of the two Pannonias could have two legions, while the civilian centers of

7448:

as a military dictatorship characterized by the figure of the prince, the Senate and the army, lost an essential element in the delicate balance established by Octavian. Although, as early as the

3318:

Having completed his campaigns in Germania , Maximinus went to Sirmium, preparing an expedition against the Sarmatians, and planning to subdue to Rome the northern regions as far as the Ocean.

4104:

failed to conquer the city, which, however, only with difficulty and much effort was liberated by the Roman armies of the new emperor Valerian. The panic was so great that the inhabitants of

3462:

Also in these years, during Gordian III's eastern campaigns, new breakthroughs of the Germanic-Rhaetian Limes by the Alemanni may have occurred, as some archaeological finds near the fort of

4209:

barbarians seized great wealth and a large number of prisoners and after destroying the temples, buildings and all that was beautiful and magnificent, they returned home with many ships.

4337:

mountain range, the invaders were able to drive the Romans out of the northern area, with the exception of the southernmost areas close to the Danube (i.e., the present-day regions of

2831:. The emperor, in the aftermath of these events and in an attempt to try to keep the client situation along the Danube intact, on the one hand succeeded in shielding himself from the 6064:, on his way to lead a campaign against the Sasanian Empire, produced deep mourning throughout the empire, but also triggered new assaults by barbarians along the northern borders. 4139:." His merit was that he contained the dangers at least in part, by an agreement with one of the leaders of the Germans, who undertook to prevent other barbarians from crossing the 4694:, the Danubian provinces and the Balkan area). They, on the contrary, felt they had to defend the Rhine borders and the Gallic littoral from attacks by the Germanic populations of 6662:, once again aided by having unprotected the borders of the lower-middle Danubian tract due to the recent civil war. As a result of these successes he received the appellations " 3139:

in the East had not only intensified but had spread the feeling that the empire was totally encircled by its enemies. The tools of traditional diplomacy, used since the time of

3750:

commander of that frontier sector, had numerous forces. By reuniting them with as many of his own who had survived the enemy, Decius prepared to continue the military campaign.

4557:

From 260 onward, and until about 274, the Roman Empire suffered the secession of two vast territorial areas, but these allowed its survival. In the west, the usurpers of the

4366:. However, Roman resistance to the invasions of the Goths and Carpi in the south of the province was celebrated the following year, when Gallienus was given the appellation " 14269: 13744:

Die angebliche Heeresreform des Kaisers Gallienus, Krise, Krisenbewusstsein, Krisenbewältigung. Ideologie und geistige Kultur im Imperium Romanum während des 3. Jahrhunderts

5924:

plain. He, clearing the area north of the Danube, decided, however, to form a new province of Dacia south of the course of the great river, hiving off two new regions from

5345:

through the Brenner Pass, taking advantage of the absence of the Roman army, which was busy facing both the devastating invasion of the Goths in Moesia, Achaia, Macedonia,

4933:" ("restorer of Gaul"), also deciding to hire from the ranks of his army bands of newly defeated Frankish soldiers to fight against their own "brothers," as testified by 5365:

relates, allowed their final expulsion from northern Italy with very heavy losses. It is said that more than half of the barbarians perished in the course of the battle.

3735:

The emperor was now determined to bar the way back to the Goths in Thrace and to annihilate them so that they could not again regroup and launch new future attacks, as

6014:

and given a Roman senator as her husband. This was in recognition of having "saved" the borders of the Empire from the invasions of the barbarians in the West and the

6543:." Again, Quadi and Iazigians may have raided the territories of the two Pannonias together, and only the following year would they be finally defeated by Diocletian. 2783:

Also belonging to this period are a number of inscriptions by a Dacian interpreter, found at Brigetio, which seem to follow possible punitive expeditions against the

1008:. The total forces fielded by the Roman Empire may have exceeded 200 to 250,000 armed men from the beginning to the end of the third century; of these, one half were 799:

and Osii, which, due to the prompt intervention of the border troops, were promptly repelled. The peace stipulated with the neighboring Germanic peoples north of the

4862:. The emperor apparently had been unable to intervene earlier along the Germanic-Rhaetic front because of the simultaneous eastern crisis involving his own father, 2969:

Under the reign of Alexander Severus, the Iazyges brought a new incursion along the Lower Pannonian limes, as would also be apparent from the coinage of the period.

2382:

Concerning the massive forces that the barbarians were able to field in the course of the invasions of the 3rd century, it is briefly summarized below as follows:

1581:'s Tetrarchic period, the number of legions placed along the northern front (Rhine and Danube) was increased to 24, in addition to the 3 positioned to guard the 4525:, whom he received when part of the province of Upper Pannonia was granted under a treaty to her father, king of the Marcomanni, given to him as a wedding gift. 412:, that is, the continuous line of fortifications extended between the Rhine and the Danube and built precisely to contain the pressure of the Germanic peoples. 3606:, which had been under siege for a long time. The surrender was also made possible by a still rudimentary technique on the part of the Germans with regard to 6598:, a very capable general, was elevated to the imperial purple. The resulting civil war saw Carinus at first prevail over the Pannonian armies of the usurper 5555:

As a result of these events Claudius, who had succeeded in driving back across the Danube the immense barbarian horde, was able to boast of the appellation "

4284:. The city was plundered of all its great riches, even though, Zosimus reports, the garrison outnumbered the Goth assailants. Many other important cities of 7535:, the real driving force behind the redistribution of wealth in the centers of the empire, gradually came to a standstill. Silver, which was along with the 5932:

was completed between 271 and 273. The consequences of the Roman abandonment of the Carpathian basin generated not only new tensions between the Goths and

6924:," as a result of the successes achieved together with Galerius. Also attributable to the same year are other successes over the populations of the Goths. 5025:

Since the Scythians had brought great destruction to Hellas and besieged Athens, Gallienus sought to fight against them, who by then had occupied Thrace.

6690:

rebels in the late summer of that year. Details of the campaign are scattered and provide no tactical details. In the fall, two barbarian armies, one of

3546:." In 247, the Roman offensive resumed along the Lower Danubian front against the Carpi, to the extent that he was given new honors and the appellation " 6270:

river valleys, sixteen thousand Germans were conscripted into the ranks of the Roman army and distributed in groups of fifty or sixty among the various

7047:). A large number of individuals belonging to these peoples were taken prisoners and transferred within the imperial borders (to Pannonia north of the 4452:. The invasion was, once again, repelled, as reflected in the coinage of the period, according to which Gallienus was granted the victorious title of 6706:

and entered Gaul; the first army died of starvation and disease, while Maximian intercepted and defeated the second one. Following these events, the

6800:, and in obtaining the return of all Roman prisoners. To complete the work of pacification, he displaced some Franks in the territories surrounding 13370:

Les aspects militaires de la crise du IIIe siècle, L'armée romaine de Dioclétien à Valentinien Ier: actes du congrès de Lyon (12-14 septembre 2002)

11146:, pp. 155–156) adds that both legions were withdrawn and repositioned: legio V Macedonica to Ratiaria, legio XIII Gemina to Oescus in Moesia. 4889:, while sparing Augusta Treverorum (today's Trier). Others swept along the coast of Gaul and devastated some villages as far as the mouths of the 12987: 7091:, where, once again, the Roman armies prevailed over those of the Alemanni and Burgundians, but this may have been the same battle fought in 298. 878:. The numbers are difficult to estimate, since in the course of the century some units were destroyed and replaced with new ones; moreover, when 6991:

Caesar Constantius Chlorus, who was entrusted with the Rhine frontier, succeeded in beating the coalition of the Alemanni in two major battles (

4678:, aspiring to unity with Rome and, more importantly, never thinking of marching against the so-called "legitimate" emperors (such as Gallienus, 13926: 13888: 13850: 13789: 13766: 13734: 13711: 13681: 13658: 13600: 13559: 13536: 13513: 13487: 13464: 13441: 13415: 13392: 13348: 13313: 13281: 13258: 13201: 13178: 13155: 13123: 13019: 6515:

in a very few days was able to restore security to Pannonia, killing sixteen thousand Sarmatians and capturing twenty thousand of both sexes.

4399:

king would allow his armies to sweep into the eastern Roman provinces, with the intention of joining the Goths from the Black Sea coast.: The

11614:) consuli IIII patri patriae proconsuli inus vir perfectissimus agens vices praesidis provinciae Raetiae numini maiestatique eius dicatissimu 6956:, due to the simultaneous absence of Diocletian and Galerius, who were engaged in the East against the Persians. He succeeded in repelling a 2377: 6168:

one. The first to be beaten by the Roman armies of the emperor's generals were the Franks, who had penetrated into the northeastern part of

5762:

advancing to the right, holding a spear forward and a trophy over his left shoulder; at his feet a bound prisoner sitting toward the right.

13956: 13142:

Svalutazioni, inflazione e circolazione monetaria nel III secolo, Società romana e impero tardoantico, I : Istituzioni, ceti, economie

5129:

defeated by the Byzantine generals. The Goths were also beaten in a naval battle by General Venerian, and he himself died during the fight.

12163: 542:

The invasions of the third century, according to tradition, began with the first incursion conducted by the Germanic confederation of the

3436:

succeeded in beating back a coalition of Carpi, Goths, and Sarmatians along the frontiers of Lower Moesia. The Historia Augusta narrates:

3023:

The Lower Pannonian limes suffered new attacks by the Iazigians. In repelling this new incursion, the intervention of the future emperor

1585:(legio Iulia Alpina, legio II Iulia Alpina, and legio III Iulia Alpina), out of a combined total of 56 (or 48.2%), as highlighted below: 13611:

Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites

12394: 12378: 12318: 12309: 10773:, 17.2-3 (in this passage Aurelian participated in operations against the Goths, along with Quintillus, brother of Claudius the Gothic). 10278: 9917: 9891: 9882: 9873: 9864: 9711:

Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites

9626: 9069: 9051: 9007: 8998: 8980: 8953: 8882: 8873: 8671: 8662: 8645: 7973: 7964: 7861: 3899:

from wealthy noble families. In addition, they were guaranteed annual subsidies against a promise never to set foot on Roman soil again.

12335: 12128: 12119: 12066: 12057: 11936: 11818: 11482: 11120: 11031: 11022: 9926: 9908: 9671: 9662: 9653: 9644: 9635: 9367: 9350: 9114: 9105: 9096: 9087: 9078: 9060: 9042: 9033: 9016: 8989: 8971: 8962: 8944: 8935: 8926: 8864: 8855: 8474: 13100:(in German). Oxford: in 18th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, a cura di P.Freeman, J.Bennett, Z.T.Fiema e B.Hoffmann. 13091:. Cambridge: The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire, a cura di Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, e Peter Garnsey. 4187:); they also advanced toward Pityus, which they succeeded this time in occupying, partly because Successianus, who had been promoted 6325:

The emperor then turned his armies toward the front of the middle Danube, traveling along the river and reviewing all the troops in

14404: 3433: 12199: 4627:, and which was joined shortly afterwards by all the other Gallic, British, Hispanic, and, for a short time, even the province of 3100:, rebelled and slaughtered Alexander and his mother. Shortly afterwards the legions proclaimed Maximinus as the new Roman emperor. 14212: 14104: 13965: 5793:

This threat had barely ceased, and already a new one loomed on the horizon. This time it was a major joint invasion by Alemanni,

5103:) and began the most astonishing invasion of the third century, which shook the coasts and hinterlands of the Roman provinces of 6245:

advancing to the right, two captive Germans bound at her feet, with the inscription R A on the bottom and a star in the center.

5501:," the mobile strategic reserve just established by Gallienus. The march of the Goths continued in an easterly direction toward 14259: 13973: 6443:, two German prisoners on the right at the foot of a trophy, with the inscription R A on the bottom and a crown in the center. 6180:

Probus now confronted the Burgundians and Vandals who had come to the rescue of the other Germanic tribes; they were beaten in

4750:

In the course of this year the territories that formed an indentation between the Rhine and the Danube, south of the so-called

4605:

Since Gallienus had thus abandoned the state, the Roman Empire was saved in the West by Postumus and in the East by Odaenathus.

4081:, entrusting the latter with the western part and reserving the eastern part for himself, as had previously been the case with 5666:. Claudius, compelled to intervene with great readiness, entrusted the Balkan command to Aurelian, while he himself headed to 2893:

Caracalla, having arrived in Dacia, after inspecting the entire Pannonian limes, succeeded in repelling the first invasion of

829:

fought a long and exhausting war against the barbarian populations, first repelling them and "cleaning up" the territories of

384:(166/167-189), Germanic-Sarmatian tribes had not exerted such strong pressure along the northern borders of the Roman Empire. 13910: 13872: 13633: 13332: 13077: 13056: 6111:, the task of completing the campaign, but he fell victim to an assassination attempt in June 276. Florian, who clashed with 5210:. Having failed this second objective as well, they continued their sail southward, but having arrived in the straits of the 4674:

to their magistrates in the name of Roma Aeterna, but also assumed the normal imperial titling, minting coins at the mint of

2766: 474:. Rome showed that it was in serious difficulty in conducting so many wars at once and almost collapsed two centuries early. 7177:

Probus faced, through his generals, a new invasion by Blemmyes in Egypt, who had occupied and enslaved the border cities of

3180:. Archaeological excavation campaigns, conducted from 2008 to 2011, revealed traces of a military confrontation between the 2995:, was massacred by the Borans, while the Goths, who had pushed as far as the Black Sea coast, managed to occupy the city of 709:: they had been slowly moving southeastward for more than fifty years, and had now come close to the northern shores of the 477:

It was also thanks to the subsequent internal and provisional division of the Roman state into three parts (to the west the

14409: 6539:" in 284, celebrated a triumph in Rome, and struck coins where some barbarian captives were depicted with the inscription " 5475:, where it is reported that as many as fifty thousand barbarians lost their lives. The Germans had arrived in the heart of 4159:, an ally of Rome. The first to seize these vessels, however, were the Borans, who, sailing along the eastern coast of the 489:) that the Empire managed to save itself from ultimate collapse and dismemberment. However, it was only after the death of 6486:

When Probus died in September, the Sarmatian peoples of the Iazyges, who had been subdued a few years earlier, joined the

6470:, all of whom held fast to their covenants. Likewise, he transferred to Roman territory many men of other peoples such as 14298: 3602:

The invasion was thus eventually stopped by Philip the Arab's general, Decius Trajan, the future emperor, at the city of

3172:

for some 300-400 Roman miles (450-600 kilometers) and beating the Alemannic armies on their own ground, in the region of

4362:

is also attested, confirming a principle of "emptying" the garrisons of the Three Dacias for the benefit of neighboring

7111:, and thus poorly manned by armies, was forced, like the other three, to defend itself against the growing pressure of 6140: 5060:

invaded Cappadocia. There they occupied some cities and, after a war waged with uncertain outcome, headed for Bithynia.

3226:

A number of archaeological vestiges would belong to this campaign, testifying to the devastation carried out along the

245:, conducted for purposes of plunder and booty by armed peoples belonging to populations gravitating along the northern 7035:

Diocletian and Galerius, once the operations in the East were over, concentrated on defending the Danubian borders of

5654:

With the beginning of the year, while Claudius was still engaged in dealing with the Gothic threat, a new invasion of

7396: 7332: 6972: 6960:

invasion along the lower reaches of the Danube; meanwhile, Constantius repopulated the territory, once inhabited by

4199:, succeeding in occupying this important city as well, protected by a double wall and several thousand soldiers, as 14345: 14333: 13949: 7614:, they accelerated the process of disintegration and estrangement between West and East that would be the basis of 7123: 5308:

relates in his Chronicle that he himself succeeded in the feat of repelling an initial attack on the city walls of

3808:

himself at the enemy, seeking either death or revenge for his son. He therefore lost both his empire and his life.

13135:. Milano: in Storia dei Greci e dei Romani, vol. 18, La Roma tardo-antica, per una preistoria dell'idea di Europa. 7509: 6135:. It is reported that more than seventy cities fell into their hands, and that only those few with walls, such as 3740:

Nevertheless, Decius, determined to pursue them, suffered a bitter defeat near Beroe Augusta Traiana (present-day

7470:, there was instead a gradual but ineluctable change of direction; figures who were expressions of the army, the 7161:

suffered a second invasion by the Berber tribe of Blemmyes first, and a permanent occupation by the queen of the

7023:

During this year, renewed success over the Gothic tribes is confirmed by the acclamation Diocletian received as "

6659: 6107:." Deciding to return to Rome in the early summer of 276, Tacitus left in the hands of his brother Florian, then 6091:

as early as the end of 275. After Aurelian's death, the task of confronting them was taken on by the new emperor

5535:

abandoned. We have captured so many women that our victorious soldiers can keep two or three each for themselves.

3870:

on horseback to the left, raising his right hand and holding a scepter in his left one; on the left the goddess

3104: 2799:

in the east. Furthermore, two other incursions into Dacia and Lower Pannonia, along the Danubian stretch around

12754: 12331: 12124: 12115: 12062: 12053: 11932: 11814: 11478: 11116: 11027: 11018: 9922: 9904: 9667: 9658: 9649: 9640: 9631: 9363: 9346: 9110: 9101: 9092: 9083: 9074: 9056: 9038: 9029: 9012: 8985: 8967: 8958: 8940: 8931: 8922: 8860: 8851: 8470: 7341:

Ludovisi sarcophagus. Altemps Palace. Battle scenes between Romans and Germans. The main character is probably

6952:

Augustus Maximian was forced to return along the Danubian frontier, having reorganized Britain with his caesar

6557: 5237:. Having rebuilt some of their ships destroyed by the previous storm, they divided into at least three columns: 12102: 12086: 6772:

New successes over the Germanic tribes are confirmed by the fact that Diocletian was renewed the appellation "

6547: 4917:

was stopped by Postumus' armies. The Roman counteroffensive was led by the former governor, now regent of the

4712:

turned out, therefore, to be one of the three territorial areas that allowed Rome to retain its western part.

4320:, son of Valerian, who reigned from 253 to 268, faced one of the most terrible periods of barbarian invasions. 14003: 12813: 7997: 4837: 4751: 3818: 3760: 3592: 3165: 2749: 580: 10657:, p. 220) dates the Battle of Lake Garda to 269, placing the Juthungi among the allies of the Alemanni. 6932:

In the course of this year it was the turn of the Carpi. This people was not only defeated by the armies of

6318:

records that this emperor is credited with restoring order along the borders of the province of Rhaetia as "

5250:, occupying the future city of Chrysopolis (across from Byzantium), continuing as far as under the walls of 12390: 12374: 12314: 12305: 10274: 9913: 9887: 9878: 9869: 9860: 9622: 9065: 9047: 9003: 8994: 8976: 8949: 8878: 8869: 8667: 8658: 8641: 7969: 7960: 7857: 7005:

walls with ropes, but in only five hours the army arrived and tore to pieces about sixty thousand Alemanni.

6792:(in a combined action with Diocletian) and the Franks. Maximian had succeeded in capturing the king of the 6032: 5904:, along with five thousand of his armies. For these successes, the Senate bestowed on him the appellation " 4847: 3008: 981: 853:, lasted only a couple of years. By the end of 178 the emperor Marcus Aurelius was forced to return to the 419:

that ran through the Roman Empire during the third century. In Rome, there was a continuous alternation of

12768: 7286:. The following year (298) he reinforced the defenses of the African frontier from the Mauritanias to the 6816:

A new success over the Sarmatian tribes is confirmed by the second acclamation received by Diocletian of "

6490:

and resumed hostilities, breaking through the Pannonian limes and endangering Illyricum, Thrace and Italy.

4415:, where they were stopped by the advancing legio VI Gallicana, of which the future emperor Aurelian was a 3530:

The Carpi of free Dacia resumed raids across the Danube into the territory of Lower Moesia, where neither

14328: 13942: 11008:

V 15 (Rome) and 182 (Siscia); MIR 47, 127p0 (8) = Calicó 4050 (this coin); cf. BN 424-435; cf. Cohen 269.

7655: 7611: 6920:

A new success over the Sarmatian tribes is confirmed by the third acclamation received by Diocletian as "

6274:, and, to compensate for the demographic regression of the countryside, a certain number of barbarians (" 4387: 3936: 563: 416: 14357: 6342: 6286:") were settled to cultivate the lands of the empire, as had been the case in the past, at the time of 5259: 4420: 3992: 3160:, who believed it was a priority of the Empire to wage "anti-Germanic" warfare, continued to fight the 2533: 602: 482: 5999: 4854:

and Lower Germania, Postumus. The Alemanni, who had broken through the Rhaetian limes and crossed the

3534:

nor the provincial governor could stop the invaders. At the end of the first year of the war, Emperor

2859:

so as to appear with a Germanic type of hairstyle. The barbarians by this were pleased and adored him.

14399: 14303: 14286: 14028: 12932: 7553: 7449: 7127: 7075:

A new success over the Germanic tribes is confirmed by the sixth acclamation Diocletian received of "

5878: 5811: 5723: 882:'s new tetrarchical system took over, it was the overall strategic organization itself that changed. 838: 5563:." Of the surviving barbarians, a part was struck down by a terrible pestilence, another joined the 4980:. Thus it was only as a result of a later intervention by Gallienus that the invaders were repelled. 14313: 14279: 14232: 13983: 13698:

Come Milano divenne capitale, in L'impero romano-cristiano: problemi politici, religiosi, culturali

5882: 4329:(i.e. all of Dacia Porolissensis and part of Upper Dacia) were lost to a new invasion of Goths and 3779:

At the beginning of the year imperial coinage celebrated a new "Germanic victory," following which

2322: 1023:

out of 33 legions along the entire system of imperial fortifications, as many as 16 were along the

997: 630:

the phenomenon of aggregation had evolved further, going so far as to establish in the area of the

6895:" followed the successes reported by Constantius Chlorus, who, after marching up the coast to the 6397:. Eventually, however, both of these usurpers met their deaths with the arrival of Probus in Gaul. 3405:

A new incursion by the Goths, who had crossed the lower reaches of the Danube, was met by Emperor

3289:

after about fifty years of peace along their borders. He had a dream: that of emulating the great

1807: 14318: 14217: 14008: 13988: 10470:, pp. 39, 43) dates this event to late 267, claiming it was the Gothic hordes of the Heruli. 7542: 7287: 7243: 7150: 6961: 6864:

VICTORIA SARMAT, the four tetrarchs sacrifice above a tripod in front of a city with six towers;

6299: 5480: 5255: 5112: 4449: 4105: 3135:

The pressure of the barbarians along the northern frontiers and the simultaneous pressure of the

3079:, who left Rome for the northern front, after enlisting numerous new auxiliary troops (including 2063: 1613: 1355: 1067: 1005: 811:, who were now wary of the barbarian aggressors and traveled for these reasons as far as distant 8591: 5281:), having formed a convoy of chariots, had attempted to flee through Mount Gessace (the present 1031:(accounting for 48.5% of the total), as well as 2 others in the rear as "strategic reserve" (in 14323: 14195: 14094: 12880: 12215: 12160: 11717: 11494: 11005: 10691: 10085: 9540: 9436: 9379: 9210: 8619: 8586: 8559: 8547: 8535: 8507: 8405: 8278: 8234: 6797: 6427: 6404: 6226: 6203: 5513:

and had engaged in piracy, were finally repelled after a series of skirmishes by the incumbent

5354: 4807: 4570: 4530: 4276:, this time to the west coast, advancing as far as Lake Fileatina (present-day Derkos) west of 4069: 3790:

Cniva's proposals and on the way back arranged his armies and engaged the enemy in battle near

3358: 3189: 899: 424: 420: 184: 151: 3976:

took advantage of this, causing a simultaneous breakthrough of the eastern front, penetrating

3874:

is advancing to the left, holding a branch in her right hand and a palm tree in her left one.

3274:

Maximinus Thrax, once the Germanic-Rhaetic sector was pacified, led new campaigns against the

772: 228:

At least 23 legions and about 150/200 auxiliary units involved, totaling 200/250,000 armed men

14308: 14222: 14200: 14190: 14087: 14077: 14035: 14013: 12999:. Milano: catalogo della mostra di Palazzo Grassi a Venezia, a cura di Jean-Jacques Aillagon. 12794: 8218: 7359: 7298:

A revolt that arose in Egypt was suppressed by Diocletian. At its end, circulation along the

7010: 6940:, but was also partly transferred to Roman territory, as had already happened in the time of 6590:

had entrusted the Roman East), and the subsequent refusal of the eastern troops to recognize

6565: 6382: 6006:

celebrated in Rome, were not executed: on the contrary, the former was appointed governor of

5866: 5350: 4598: 4346: 3880: 3185: 3105:

Second phase: military anarchy and the repeated breakthroughs of the northern limes (235-253)

1677: 1125: 1001: 953: 12850: 8627: 8543: 7278:. The campaign was a long one. Not content with driving them back to their homelands in the 5430: 3651:; the second, more numerous (as many as seventy thousand men are reported) and commanded by 3576:, and of Carpi, their associates, again brought devastation to the province of Lower Moesia. 3057: 14180: 14082: 14072: 13998: 12723: 12196: 7527:

The slow ousting of the senatorial class from military leadership had a turning point with

7517: 7475: 7368: 7182: 7088: 7052: 6996: 6784:

A new success over the Germanic tribes is confirmed by Diocletian's fourth acclamation as "

6703: 6603: 6548:

Seventh phase: the Tetrarchy of Diocletian and the stabilization of the frontiers (285-305)

6437: 6315: 6242: 6235: 6147:, escaped devastation and pillage. This invasion was followed by the joint invasion of the 5679: 5620: 5529:. The Historia Augusta, referring to a speech by Claudius would have him utter these words: 4859: 4671: 4619:

Postumus had succeeded in establishing an empire in the West, centered on the provinces of

4542: 4511:

were responsible for the great catastrophe that struck the Pannonian limes in these years (

4334: 4121: 4049: 4042: 3871: 3648: 3512: 3505: 3366: 2774:" by later historiography). However, he seems to have bought peace with the barbarians, as 2726: 993: 904:

In the 3rd century the Roman Empire deployed numerous legions against barbarian invasions:

682: 620: 617: 576: 409: 246: 7067:" was decreed to Diocletian for his successes the previous year over the Sarmatian tribes. 4858:, had pushed into Italy, where they were intercepted and beaten by Gallienus' armies near 3703: 3538:

had to intervene, who in 246 reported a great success against the Germanic peoples of the

8: 14371: 12954: 12943: 12592: 8956:; IScM-5, 250b; RIB 1553; CIL 17-2, 170; CIL 13, 06547 (4, p 100); MiliariHispanico 461; 8555: 8274: 6980: 6953: 6825: 6636: 6189: 5683: 5615: 5346: 4806:

seem to be ascribed to this year. It is no coincidence that the inscription found on the

4285: 4200: 3940: 3736: 3109: 3044: 909: 746: 8531: 5820:

field, took refuge in a very dense forest and towards evening attacked ours by surprise.

14161: 13993: 13920: 13900: 13882: 13862: 13844: 13783: 13760: 13728: 13705: 13675: 13652: 13623: 13609: 13594: 13553: 13530: 13507: 13481: 13458: 13435: 13409: 13386: 13342: 13322: 13307: 13275: 13252: 13195: 13172: 13149: 13117: 13067: 13013: 12981: 7900: 7602:

were abandoned. The Empire was now entirely west of the two great European rivers, the

7571: 7384: 6992: 6801: 6599: 6136: 6108: 6053: 5938: 4910: 4863: 4799: 4708: 4659: 4351: 4244: 4188: 4074: 4033: 4010: 3998: 3780: 3669: 3531: 3430: 3394: 3061: 2156: 1744: 1711: 1440: 1154: 973: 965: 816: 134: 33: 9715:

Gregorios Thaumaturgos und die pontischen Beutezuge der Boran und Goten im 3.Jh.n.Chr.

6314:, which they occupied before returning home unharmed. Lastly, an inscription found at 4423:

on forced marches, rushed to the West, managing to beat back the Frankish hordes near

4022: 3485: 415:

The breakthrough by the barbarian peoples along the limes was also facilitated by the

14174: 14166: 14156: 14062: 13906: 13868: 13629: 13328: 13098:

Gregorios Thaumaturgos und die pontischen Beutezuge der Boran und Goten im 3.Jh.n.Chr

13073: 13052: 13046: 12846: 7483: 7401: 7303: 6378: 6370: 6366: 6092: 5942: 5873:'s time) to bar the way to possible future invasions by fortifying the corridor from 5510: 5502: 5472: 5441: 5418: 5389: 5375: 5282: 5242:

one first headed west, unsuccessfully besieging Cyzicus, then sacking the islands of

5178: 4851: 4690:) who ruled over Rome (i.e., those who ruled Italy, the West African provinces up to 4679: 4620: 4404: 4355: 4180: 4172: 3842: 3791: 3673: 3414: 3385: 3361:. This could mean that, around this date, the Goths had already occupied the area of 3302: 3076: 2950: 2938: 2792: 2249: 2125: 2094: 1974: 1770: 1757: 1525: 1413: 1384: 1343: 1326: 1314: 1285: 1258: 1183: 1171: 1142: 1113: 1084: 985: 969: 961: 949: 945: 937: 921: 498: 143: 114: 13668:

The Roman Frontier in Germany: an Archaeological Survey, in Journal of Roman studies

12971: 8503: 6552: 6298:

rebelled and, after seizing a number of ships, carried out raids and devastation in

5567:, and a last one stopped to cultivate the lands received along the imperial borders. 3993:

Third phase: the diarchy of Valerian in the East and Gallienus in the West (254-260)

2651: 783: 14274: 14185: 14109: 14050: 13614:. North Carolina & London: McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers, Jefferson. 12840: 12830: 12820: 12629:

Les empereurs illyriens : actes du colloque de Strasbourg (11-13 octobre 1990)

12152: 10376:, 6.1 (Ephesus, possibly datable to later campaign of 267/268) and 7.4 (Byzantium). 10352: 9721:, a cura di P.Freeman, J.Bennett, Z.T.Fiema e B.Hoffmann, Oxford 2002, pp. 327–338. 8194: 8042: 7940: 7650: 7645: 7499: 7487: 7459: 7454: 7247: 7235: 7162: 7146: 7101: 6647: 6623: 6521: 6507: 6431: 6381:. Fearing the consequences of this loss, in late 280 he had himself proclaimed, in 6311: 6291: 6258: 6229: 6112: 6049: 5987: 5893: 5826: 5759: 5738: 5598: 5571: 5541: 5514: 5497: 5445: 5409: 5324: 5293: 5182: 5156: 5135: 5066: 5044: 4991: 4824: 4716: 4667: 4647: 4552: 4416: 4400: 4156: 4101: 4036: 3856: 3785: 3717: 3656: 3572:

A new incursion of Goths, who had been refused the annual contribution promised by

3499: 3448: 3324: 3310: 3212: 3130: 3118: 2978: 2702: 2693: 2682: 2637: 2346: 2218: 2137: 2050: 2019: 1992: 1961: 1943: 1914: 1870: 1842: 1824: 1662: 1644: 1631: 1554: 1496: 1297: 1270: 1212: 1096: 1024: 989: 957: 941: 929: 905: 891: 874:

Numerous were the legionary and auxiliary forces fielded during this period by the

778: 750: 596: 506: 486: 428: 388: 381: 266: 93: 59: 6416: 6215: 5285:). Soon afterwards Gallienus was forced to return to Italy to besiege the usurper 5008:

The Goths made a new incursion by sea along the Black Sea coast, managing to sack

4460: 4256:

Loaded by now with enormous booty, on their way back they also sacked the city of

3911:

again began an increasing attack on the Pannonian limes, in the area opposite the

3357:

was repelled, culminating in a victorious battle for the Roman armies in front of

521:(256-271), which had been subjected to incursions by the Dacian population of the 14291: 14129: 14067: 14055: 14045: 13619: 13495: 13423: 12737: 12203: 12167: 7562: 7521: 7467: 7445: 7372: 7279: 7218: 7198: 6725: 6295: 6287: 6015: 5362: 5301: 4954: 4934: 4867: 4795: 4396: 4236: 4082: 4064: 3969: 3535: 3496: 3473: 3290: 3251: 3157: 3136: 3114: 3097: 3088: 2988: 2922: 2882: 2837: 2662: 2187: 1513: 1484: 1467: 1419: 1401: 1372: 917: 869: 826: 804: 754: 467: 451: 447: 377: 241:(212-305) constituted an uninterrupted period of raids within the borders of the 126: 118: 12802: 8401: 7157:

and liberated them from the rebels. At the same time, the southern front of the

6847: 6044: 4096:

At the beginning of the year, a new incursion of Goths devastated the region of

3246: 3091:,) succeeded in repelling the raids of the Alemanni, who had broken through the 2656: 14383: 14238: 14141: 14114: 13105: 12731: 7629: 7615: 7591: 7513: 7437: 7407: 7380: 7328: 7255: 6977: 6858: 6749: 6707: 6614: 6561: 6440: 6349:

to put down an uprising of brigands (with a final siege at their stronghold in

6238: 6169: 6116: 6099:: the latter brought back a victory that his brother had celebrated on coins (" 6076: 5900:

who were moving against him and, having crossed the Danube, killed their king,

5862: 5842: 5767:

21 mm, 4.70 gr, 6h; Mint of Mediolanum (Milan), third issue, minted in 271/272

5342: 5266: 4946: 4941: 4755: 4624: 4125: 4045: 3508: 3294: 3048: 2958: 2846: 2236: 2205: 1930: 1901: 1883: 1727: 1698: 1537: 1241: 1028: 977: 895: 863: 830: 510: 443: 63: 12864: 3542:

along the Pannonian front, as a result of which he was given the appellation "

3173: 2921:, as an oracle had told him that this war would be carried out by a member of 2356: 1564: 1039:), as is highlighted below in the summary table on their deployment (in 217): 14393: 14249: 14227: 14124: 14119: 13356: 12748: 9443:, IV, 43 corr. (obv. legend) and pl. 10, 20 (this coin is pictured); RSC 122. 7495: 7491: 7463:

of the municipal Italic elites and of the provinces of ancient Romanization.

7153:, defeating them, and then went to the territories that had once belonged to 6793: 6745: 6466:, after a new campaign across the Danube, by as many as one hundred thousand 6390: 6011: 6003: 5995: 5583: 5401: 5214:

they suffered numerous losses due to a violent storm that had come upon them.

5207: 5169: 4918: 4894: 4882: 4643: 4590: 4586: 4558: 4548: 4293: 3860: 3603: 3053: 2333: 2327: 2298: 2280: 2267: 2032: 1776: 1619: 1531: 1189: 1073: 823:

that a barbarian population had not laid siege to centers in northern Italy.

655: 478: 262: 13218: 10081: 2764:. As a result of these victories, the young emperor assumed the appellation 14244: 14151: 14146: 14099: 14018: 7633: 7425: 7388: 7251: 7036: 6957: 6613:

Having obtained power, in November 285 Diocletian appointed as his deputy (

6408: 6307: 6207: 6185: 5925: 5888:

Once the campaign in Italy was over, on his way to the East to fight Queen

5854: 5807: 5422: 4855: 4691: 4655: 4639: 4342: 4330: 4257: 4232: 4171:.: The Goths, on the other hand, having departed with their ships from the 4168: 4097: 4086: 4014: 3834: 3741: 3695: 3627: 3607: 3477: 3410: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3235: 3197: 3012: 2996: 2898: 2804: 2784: 2753: 2430: 2112: 2081: 1160: 875: 820: 808: 773:

Prelude to the invasions of the 3rd century: the Marcomannic Wars (166-189)

766: 738: 522: 330: 242: 88: 13812:

Atlas des agglomérations secondaires de la Gaule Belgique et des Germanies

12948: 8497:, 10.6. For having his brother Geta killed, he was called, sarcastically, 5199: 4063:

Continued raids by barbarians in the two decades following the end of the

3338:

At the end of these operations Maximinus was given the appellation first "

2881:(Colonia Septimia Aurelia Antoniana) and Brigetio itself were elevated to 2752:, led a campaign against the Germans, defeating first the Catti along the 862:

and the making of new treaties with the "client" peoples northeast of the

609:, were also attracted by the wealth and affluent life of the Roman world. 14207: 14136: 14023: 13896: 13858: 13832: 13693: 13689: 12928: 12760: 8841:, p. 169) finds signs of devastation in Lauriacum (Enns) and Bernau. 7620: 7587: 7458:

by an army aware of its decisive role in choosing princes; if before the

7202: 7158: 6753: 6691: 6345:") was minted on the coins. Finally he went, at the end of that year, to 6152: 5983: 5929: 5913: 5901: 5251: 5234: 5190: 5088: 5051:

had managed to push the Persians back to the walls of their own capital,

4728: 4724: 4578: 4427:

and after clearing the entire left bank of the Rhine of barbarian armies.

4412: 4326: 4325:

At the same time much of the northern territories of the province of the

4312: 4120:

were stopped in the course of one of their attempts to break through the

4109: 3981: 3977: 3573: 3426: 3390: 3306: 2796: 2775: 2560: 1836: 1751: 1686: 1542: 1224: 1131: 1036: 859: 758: 686: 651: 518: 435: 286: 254: 192: 164: 122: 7391:

that a barbarian population had not besieged centers in northern Italy.

7149:

fought in these years against the Marmarid people on the borders of the

6820:," while another success over the Alemanni was celebrated by the future 6610:. Carinus died due to a conspiracy of his own generals (spring of 285). 5916:, under increasing blows mainly from the Goths (in particular, from the 4543:

Fourth phase: secessionist states and the height of the crisis (260-268)

2705:, Caracalla standing, holding a spear; behind him two military banners. 2044: 2038: 634:

some real ethnic confederations of tribes: the Alemanni, who aggregated

14040: 13379:

Armi e guerrieri di Roma antica. Da Diocleziano alla caduta dell'impero

13361:

L'esercito romano: le armi imperiali da Augusto alla fine del 3. secolo

7579: 7558: 7532: 7503: 7474:, often of modest origin and raised in the ranks of the legions of the 7416: 7376: 7355: 7206: 6999:), strengthening this stretch of the border for at least a few decades. 6933: 6733: 6651: 6607: 6595: 6475: 6027: 5991: 5870: 5794: 5697: 5628: 5564: 5506: 5383: 5369: 5358: 5270: 5230: 5226: 5173:

The invasion of the Gothic peoples of 267/268-270 during the reigns of

5120: 5048: 4973: 4787: 4766:. The numerous signs of destruction along this stretch of the Limes at 4732: 4683: 4582: 4574: 4500: 4473: 4261: 3965: 3278: 3181: 3122: 2983: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2832: 2825: 2607: 2486: 2482: 2286: 2224: 2100: 2069: 1721: 1578: 1502: 1425: 1390: 1361: 1166: 933: 879: 842: 714: 694: 643: 590: 551: 536: 392: 334: 322: 290: 208: 200: 155: 97: 7270:

and in defeating that of the Quinquegentians, who had also penetrated

4151:

The Goths resumed their attacks, this time by sea, along the coast of

3463: 2199: 1955: 1479: 1309: 13934: 13402:

Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century After Christ

12870: 12552: 7624:: the frontiers were never so distant and so close at the same time. 7528: 7342: 7311: 7040: 6904: 6874: 6839: 6761: 6729: 6577: 6467: 6424: 6223: 6096: 5928:: "Dacia Ripense" and "Dacia Mediterranea." The final abandonment of 5917: 5803: 5731: 5488: 5438: 5397: 5222: 5211: 5174: 5116: 5052: 5009: 4445: 4441: 4383: 4317: 4301: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4248: 4160: 4128: 4078: 4030: 4002: 3891: 3850: 3711: 3493: 3370: 3080: 2878: 2745: 2699: 2690: 2670: 2587: 2494: 2362: 1920: 1889: 1830: 1782: 1276: 1247: 1218: 1195: 1020: 1009: 812: 710: 698: 627: 547: 526: 494: 490: 370: 354: 350: 318: 138: 110: 13211:

Il limes romano nelle terre della Repubblica Cecoslovacca, vol. VIII

6903:

estuaries, reported a victory over the Frankish allies of the rebel

6039: 5841:

tide of the war. The barbarians had continued to sack cities on the

4634: 4223: 3618: 2933: 612:

Fifty years earlier, on the fringes of the Germanic area, along the

12976:(in French). Strasburgo: ed.par Edmond Frézouls et Hélène Jouffroy. 12808: 12784: 12774: 12666:

L'«inflazione» nel quarto secolo d.C.: atti dell'incontro di studio

10413:, 9, 8) speaks of three hundred and twenty thousand armed men; cf. 7992: 7625: 7595: 7536: 7429: 7412: 7315: 7239: 7222: 7154: 7131: 7095: 7044: 6941: 6937: 6878: 6855: 6835: 6789: 6788:," for the successes achieved by Maximian's generals over both the 6757: 6695: 6687: 6679: 6632: 6618: 6583: 6459: 6394: 6386: 6374: 6330: 6303: 6144: 6084: 6080: 6061: 5978:

Imperial unity could finally materialize with the defeat, first of

5950: 5874: 5798: 5778: 5734: 5711: 5687: 5655: 5640: 5632: 5624: 5579: 5393: 5341:

During this year, the Alemanni once again succeeded in penetrating

5305: 5286: 5104: 5096: 4977: 4950: 4871: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4779: 4775: 4763: 4720: 4703: 4687: 4675: 4594: 4562: 4512: 4508: 4485: 4469: 4437: 4392: 4379: 4363: 4359: 4240: 4164: 4163:, pushed on to the very edge of the Roman Empire, near the city of 4152: 4117: 3973: 3928: 3813: 3799: 3755: 3611: 3587: 3561: 3406: 3255: 3193: 3169: 3161: 3140: 3024: 2864: 2850: 2800: 2734: 2730: 2674: 2629: 2614: 2490: 2426: 2255: 2230: 2131: 2106: 2075: 1986: 1980: 1949: 1569: 1508: 1446: 1396: 1367: 1338: 1332: 1303: 1032: 925: 913: 796: 792: 742: 718: 647: 606: 584: 543: 514: 502: 471: 463: 397: 342: 306: 282: 159: 147: 13372:(in French). Lione: rassemblés et éd. par Y. Le Bohec et C. Wolff. 6736:

as his main fleet headquarters, succeeded in repelling attacks by

5957:, for a combined total of more than forty-five thousand armed men. 4585:(271-274), succeeded in defending the borders of the provinces of 4077:, to partition the administration of the Roman state with his son 3723:

D-ACIA, Dacia standing, holding a stick with a donkey-shaped end.

12938: 12856: 12588: 10325:, pp. 34, 220) date the battle of Milan to 260, in contrast 7575: 7364: 7307: 7299: 7275: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7194: 7166: 7135: 7112: 6908: 6900: 6675: 6591: 6503: 6463: 6354: 6346: 6334: 6333:(where he succeeded in defeating the Iazigians and Vandals), and 6326: 6271: 6156: 6128: 6088: 6007: 5979: 5954: 5889: 5858: 5782: 5773: 5749: 5741:, laureate head and torso with armor toward the right, wearing an 5694: 5690: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5643: 5636: 5575: 5405: 5379: 5229:, but the barbarians' incursion continued until they skirted the 5218: 5186: 5108: 5084: 5017: 4906: 4886: 4791: 4771: 4767: 4740: 4566: 4504: 4481: 4424: 4338: 4196: 4192: 4184: 3985: 3932: 3895: 3795: 3644: 3557: 3298: 3275: 3263: 3259: 3227: 3084: 3036: 2828: 2808: 2652:

Northern front: from the Rhine to the Danube and to the Black Sea

2564: 2478: 2441: 2422: 2292: 1229: 1013: 850: 734: 730: 726: 706: 639: 533: 455: 439: 338: 326: 302: 196: 7618:. Rome, for its part, lost during the third century its role as 5810:, he was initially defeated by the coalition of barbarians near 12923: 12904:, H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, C.H.V. Sutherland, London, 1949; 12897:, H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, C.H.V. Sutherland, London, 1930; 7607: 7599: 7547: 7479: 7346: 7283: 7108: 6965: 6741: 6737: 6699: 6655: 6569: 6471: 6350: 6267: 6263: 6181: 6132: 6124: 6072: 5946: 5933: 5846: 5755: 5715: 5675: 5659: 5526: 5518: 5492: 5476: 5309: 5297: 5247: 5243: 5203: 5092: 4922: 4878: 4783: 4699: 4695: 4663: 4628: 4522: 4465: 4408: 4305: 4113: 3924: 3912: 3867: 3853: 3830: 3714: 3691: 3286: 3040: 2992: 2761: 2757: 2722: 2572: 2552: 2506: 2498: 2437: 2261: 2168: 2162: 2013: 1895: 1812: 1787: 1625: 1253: 1200: 1079: 854: 834: 819:. The impression caused was enormous: it was since the time of 800: 702: 667: 659: 635: 613: 573: 401: 366: 358: 310: 278: 274: 270: 258: 231:

Numerous peoples, amounting to a few hundred thousand armed men

204: 188: 130: 16:

Barbarian invasions against the Roman Empire in the 3rd century

6646:

It fell to the new and sole emperor, Diocletian, to repel new

6535:

In commemoration of the victory, he received the appellation "

6458:

Probus, on his way back from the East (where he had quelled a

5455:, a trophy is depicted with two Gothic prisoners at its feet. 5277:," after his people (identifiable with the "Scythians" of the 5095:, and numerous other peoples took shape from the mouth of the 4832: 4395:

to realize that a well-planned and simultaneous attack by the

4345:). These events have been handed down by a short passage from 4108:

decided to rebuild the ancient walls of Athens and many other

3230:

limes as well. For these reasons he received the appellation "

3164:, succeeding not only in repelling their incursions along the 870:

Forces in the field: along the Rhine and Danube European front

670:, composed of the seafaring peoples between the mouths of the 12972:

Actes du colloque de Strasbourg (11-13 octobre 1990) (1998).

7603: 7267: 7048: 6896: 6805: 6713: 6671: 6635:

as his Caesar for the East, while Maximian did the same with

6587: 6499: 6487: 6148: 5921: 5897: 5522: 5484: 5452: 5100: 4890: 4877:

At the same time, along the Limes of lower Germany hordes of

4803: 4759: 4496: 4477: 4289: 4228: 4176: 4140: 3908: 3652: 3631: 3623: 3539: 3378: 3354: 3282: 3177: 3065: 3000: 2894: 2821: 2788: 2657:

First phase: the attacks during the Severan dynasty (212-235)

2556: 2502: 2418: 2193: 2174: 2143: 1692: 1650: 1473: 1452: 1137: 1102: 846: 837:(170-171), then counterattacking with a massive offensive in 722: 690: 671: 569: 529: 459: 405: 362: 346: 314: 298: 294: 250: 216: 212: 180: 176: 172: 168: 12161:

Grégoire de Tour : Histoire des Francs : livre II)

8450:

Brigetio accampamento dei legionari e municipium sul Danubio

6502:

entrusted the western part of the empire to his eldest son,

5920:

tribe) and Carpi, as well as the Sarmatian Iazigians of the

4719:

that took over from Rome the government of the provinces of

4052:

standing toward the left, holding a shield and a palm tree.

3515:

advancing to the right, holding a palm and a laurel wreath.

554:'s abdication for the benefit of the new tetrarchic system. 7178: 6683: 6120: 5850: 5083:

A new and immense invasion by the Goths, together with the

5013: 4959: 4914: 4297: 4272:

It was not long before a new invasion of Goths crossed the

3004: 1863: 1656: 1582: 1108: 762: 675: 663: 13587:

La crisi dell'impero romano, da Marco Aurelio ad Anastasio

6602:, and later the defeat of his armies by Diocletian at the 5517:, Tenaginus Probus, in the waters opposite the islands of 5487:

and then northward, having ravaged the territories around

11611: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8029: 5292:

a third one headed south along the coasts of Asia Minor,

5221:, which they besieged unsuccessfully, they suffered near 5087:, the "latest arrivals" in the region of what is now the 4280:. From there they continued as far as below the walls of 3655:, pushed into Lower Moesia, as far as below the walls of 3152: 3148: 2621: 2599: 2579: 2544: 2540: 2519: 2470: 2466: 2448: 2410: 13826:

Historical novels about the invasions of the 3rd century

4175:, reached the mouth of the Phasis River (located in the 3894:, remained emperor, who was in turn adopted by the then 3771:

to proclaim himself emperor, no one heard anything more.

787:

The climax of the Marcomannic wars in the years 178-179.

8815:

The Roman Frontier in Germany: an Archaeological Survey

7436:

was the slogan of the new system; in the third century

7387:, causing a huge impact: it had been since the time of 7274:. In 297 Maximian began a bloody offensive against the 5869:. Following this last invasion, provision was made (in 5865:

and then a second time decisively on the way back near

4929:." For these successes, he assumed the appellation of " 3614:

suggests, "by the sum paid to them by the inhabitants."

434:

As if this were not enough, along the eastern front of

8026: 5296:

and Achaia, where the barbarians succeeded in sacking

4739:" by Gallienus, and then with his secessionist widow, 3935:

by sea, and then by land as far as the territories of

2853:

also recounts that Caracalla at the end of these wars:

2387:

Size of the German-Sarmatian hordes in the 3rd century

14355: 9719:

18th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies

7685:

La migrazione dei Goti: dalla Scandinavia alla Tracia

6621:, whom a few months later he elevated to the rank of 5678:

quickly, ending the sieges of Anchialus (near modern

4131:, who earned for these successes the appellation of " 568:

After about thirty years of relative quiet along the

13523:

Pannonia and the Onset of Crisis in the Roman Empire

13291:

At Empire's Edge. Exploring Rome's Egyptian Frontier

6294:. Among these settlers a group of Franks settled in 6131:

River valley and swept into the area of present-day

5370:

Fifth phase: the reunion of the old empire (269-275)

5258:, and bringing devastation to the hinterland of the 2957:, most likely over the Germans or Sarmatians of the 662:, on the lower Rhine from the mouth of the river to 591:

The Germanic world between the 2nd and 3rd centuries

4953:holding Valerian captive and receiving homage from 3052:reported in these provinces during the raids, from 2748:, who arrived in the spring of that year along the 10095: 9353:; CIL 2, 4949 (p 998); CIL 2, 4957 (p. 998, 1057). 6907:. In October of that same year Diocletian went to 6873:18 mm, 3.33 g, coined in 295-297 (celebrating the 6606:, near the ancient city and legionary fortress of 5881:into Italy through the Julian Alps: the so-called 5559:," and the coins minted that year celebrated his " 5448:, emperor's head toward right wearing breastplate 4810:recalls a victory against the Germanic peoples of 4731:, defending them from Persian attacks, first with 713:. In that region they came into conflict with the 650:and positioned themselves on the upper Rhine from 7988: 7986: 7984: 7982: 7895: 7893: 7371:; this was not enough, however, and already with 7246:(with an army consisting of contingents from the 6040:Sixth phase: the Roman counteroffensive (276-284) 5781:in gilded bronze from the Santa Giulia Museum in 3564:was placed at the head of this military district. 803:was handled directly by the emperors themselves, 14391: 13578:Layers of Loyalty in Latin Panegyric: AD 289–307 13324:Der Kaiser Marcus Aurelius Probus und seine Zeit 13230:Michael Geschwinde; Petra Lönne (October 2012). 11370: 11368: 9819: 9817: 9750:, p. 223) dates this expedition to 255-256. 9328: 9326: 7926:Dal III secolo alla fine dell'Impero d'Occidente 7130:, succeeded in driving out the Berber tribes of 7096:African southern front: from Mauretania to Egypt 6594:(Carus' eldest son) as their natural successor, 5289:in Milan, who had attempted to usurp his throne. 5202:, but were repelled. They continued by invading 4925:River, earning himself the proclamation of the " 4155:, after commandeering numerous vessels from the 2917:was preparing a military expedition against the 2901:, assuming for these victories the appellation " 2845:," as recounted in the biography of his brother 13031:. Roma: atti dell'incontro di studio Roma 1988. 11841: 11839: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10583: 10581: 10579: 10482:, p. 225) dates these events to early 268. 10120:1 (Sarmatians are mentioned generically here); 10071:, p. 34) mentions Tarragona and Gibraltar. 10031: 10029: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9758: 9756: 9524: 9522: 9313: 9311: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8007: 7759: 7757: 7550:would be the dominant metal of the new course. 5574:records that also in the same year the usurper 4881:succeeded in seizing the legionary fortress of 4382:, to better defend the important stronghold of 791:In 166/167, the first clash occurred along the 12997:Roma e i Barbari, la nascita di un nuovo mondo 12888:from Pertinax to Geta et Caracalla (193 – 217) 10245: 10243: 10241: 9478: 9476: 9407: 9405: 9242: 9240: 8893: 8891: 8249: 8247: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8161: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8072: 8070: 8068: 7979: 7936: 7934: 7890: 7689:Roma e i Barbari, la nascita di un nuovo mondo 7258:, Egyptians and Danubians, Gaulish and German 6377:to cross the Rhine and burn some ships of the 5586:, reorganized the provinces under his control: 5265:a second army, arriving near the mouth of the 4243:, from the years 252-256, during the reign of 3672:near Novae, led his armies under the walls of 3121:, which would end only fifty years later with 761:, who were heading westward toward the rivers 13950: 13721:The Roman Empire: from Severus to Constantine 13448: 13140:Corbier, Mireille (1986). A. Giardina (ed.). 12564: 12450: 11959: 11957: 11955: 11953: 11951: 11949: 11947: 11945: 11781: 11779: 11595: 11374: 11365: 11167: 11055: 10973: 10893: 10799: 10679: 10414: 10326: 10232: 10064: 9823: 9814: 9804: 9528: 9323: 9317: 8909: 8798: 8782: 8780: 7922:L'esercito romano. Armamento e organizzazione 7349:. Proconnesian marble, Roman work, c. 250 AD. 7221:, which was quelled only four years later by 6861:, laureate head right with draped shoulders. 6159:along the upper-middle reaches of the Danube. 2378:Military organization of the Germanic peoples 737:, who had already come into contact with the 733:region came two other major populations: the 14334:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire 13422: 13229: 13069:The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine 12902:Gordian III to Uranius Antoninus (238 – 253) 12890:, H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, London, 1936; 12288: 12286: 11891: 11889: 11887: 11862: 11860: 11858: 11856: 11854: 11836: 11415: 11413: 11411: 11409: 11099: 11097: 10957: 10955: 10812: 10810: 10808: 10614: 10576: 10490: 10488: 10302: 10300: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10026: 9829: 9753: 9588: 9586: 9519: 9308: 8826: 8205: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8004: 7774: 7772: 7754: 7306:territories were abandoned and given to the 7266:), succeeded in repelling the tribes of the 6462:incursion) to Gaul, found time to settle in 4391:conducted assaults by the barbarians caused 1591:No. of legionary fortresses under tetrarchy 1045:No. of legionary fortresses under Caracalla 583:in 212, caused by the first invasion of the 13665: 12986:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 12789:History of the Empire after Marcus Aurelius 10941: 10939: 10238: 9858:, p. 209), and the following entries: 9473: 9463: 9461: 9402: 9298: 9296: 9237: 9119:History of the Empire after Marcus Aurelius 8888: 8756:History of the Empire after Marcus Aurelius 8603: 8601: 8368:History of the Empire after Marcus Aurelius 8284:, IV 237; Calicó 2833; BMCRE 64; Cohen 645. 8244: 8158: 8133: 8108: 8083: 8065: 7955: 7953: 7931: 6010:, while the eastern queen was installed in 6002:. However, Tetricus and Zenobia, after the 5682:, along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast) and 5198:The barbarians first assaulted the city of 4715:In the East, on the other hand, it was the 4195:. The great fleet then continued as far as 2869:History of the Empire after Marcus Aurelius 1577:A little less than a century later, during 485:and African provinces, and to the east the 13957: 13943: 13925:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13887:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13849:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13788:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13765:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13733:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13710:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13680:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13657:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13599:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13558:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13535:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13512:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13486:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13463:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13440:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13414:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13391:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13347:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13312:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13293:. New Haven & Londra: Yale Univ.Press. 13280:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13257:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13200:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13177:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13154:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13122:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13072:. Cambridge: MA Harvard University Press. 13051:. Cambridge: MA Harvard University Press. 13018:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11969: 11942: 11776: 9165: 9163: 8777: 7043:and Sarmatians (presumably these were the 6087:'s death, reaching as far as the coast of 5853:. Not far from the latter city, along the 2733:were mentioned for the first time, in the 493:(268) that a group of emperor-soldiers of 387:The growing danger to the Roman Empire of 38:The barbarian invasions of the 3rd century 32: 12861:Historiarum adversus paganos libri septem 12283: 11884: 11851: 11706:Historiarum adversus paganos libri septem 11406: 11094: 10952: 10805: 10485: 10297: 10164: 9583: 8180: 7769: 7582:were the habitual seats of the emperors. 4905:A new incursion of the Alemanni into the 4654:These emperors not only formed their own 4183:, in the vicinity of the present town of 13376: 12746:De Vita et Moribus Imperatorum Romanorum 11698:De Vita et Moribus Imperatorum Romanorum 11052:De Vita et Moribus Imperatorum Romanorum 10936: 9458: 9293: 8682: 8680: 8598: 7950: 7552: 7508: 7406: 7336: 6971: 6551: 6434:, head with crown, wearing breastplate; 6337:. For these latter successes the title " 6232:, head with crown, wearing breastplate; 6043: 5772: 5614: 5168: 4940: 4831: 4758:) were abandoned for the benefit of the 4633: 4535:De Vita et Moribus Imperatorum Romanorum 4459: 4311: 4300:were sacked by the Gothic armies, while 4222: 4039:, head with crown, wearing breastplate; 3720:, head with crown, wearing breastplate; 3617: 3502:, head with crown, wearing breastplate; 3384: 3245: 3108: 2932: 782: 239:barbarian invasions of the third century 14105:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 13268:Gli imperatori romani, storia e segreti 13162: 9160: 7632:; seven centuries had passed since the 7039:, conducting a campaign against Carpi, 3923:A new wave of Goths, Borans, Carpi and 2811:, would also be dated to the same year. 14392: 13964: 13746:(in German). Halle: Konferenzvorträge. 13029:L'"inflazione " nel quarto secolo d. C 7419:, with the inscription fides exercitus 3168:, but also in penetrating deeply into 2721:After about forty years, the Germanic 2514:Moesia, Thrace, Greece and Asia Minor 795:frontiers by a few bands of marauding 22:Barbarian invasions of the 3rd century 13938: 13895: 13857: 13831: 13776:Diocleziano. Un autocrate riformatore 13297: 13185: 13095: 13040:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 8677: 7628:was convinced to endow the city with 5404:in the West and the kingdom of Queen 5392:, but especially with his successor, 2756:, then the Alemanni in the area from 557: 417:period of severe internal instability 14213:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain 13625:Quando l'Italia era una superpotenza 13607: 13580:. New York: Oxford University Press. 13223:Sirmium ville impériale ou capitale? 13026: 13003: 12994: 8411:, IV 530b; BMCRE pg. 482; Cohen 266. 7063:The fourth imperial acclamation of " 6716:in anticipation of future campaigns. 6586:in November 284 (to whom his father 6385:(today's Cologne) and together with 6310:and pushed on as far as the city of 6075:, moved from the territories of the 4407:was disrupted by new attacks by the 3647:), where they besieged the governor 3562:Tiberius Claudius Marinus Pacatianus 3003:), in Roman hands since the time of 2549:more than 400,000 barbarians killed 13569:The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 12966:Modern historiographical literature 12502:, III, 17; IV, 5-6; VI, 8; VIII, 6. 9570:Declino e caduta dell'impero romano 7920:, pp. 709–710); G. Cascarino, 7379:reached Italy and pushed as far as 6891:Diocletian's fifth acclamation as " 6619:Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus 4191:, had followed Emperor Valerian to 3369:to the mouth of the Danube and the 681:At the same time the thrust of the 579:, a new crisis broke out along the 13: 13798:Further historiographical insights 13773: 13741: 13718: 13584: 13367: 13355: 13320: 13298:Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin (1986). 13243:González, Julio Rodríguez (2003). 13242: 13089:Diocletian and the First Tetrarchy 12640: 12616: 12604: 12023: 11845: 11131: 10625: 10587: 10479: 10397: 10318: 10261: 10249: 10035: 10008: 9988: 9774: 9762: 9747: 9246: 9154: 9130: 8897: 8786: 8710: 8253: 7917: 7884: 7872: 7802: 7790: 7778: 7763: 7748: 7736: 7712: 6141:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium 6000:battle near the Catalaunian Fields 4818:(April 260), in the year in which 3297:. His headquarters were placed at 3285:plain, who had tried to cross the 2696:BRIT, laureate head toward right; 2604:16,000 killed and 20,000 captured 517:in about 260) and the province of 396:federations, such as those of the 14: 14421: 13618: 13543: 13494: 13288: 13139: 13104: 13035: 12652: 12576: 12560: 11919: 9713:, p. 361; Jeorgios Martin Beyer, 8838: 8702: 8625:, IV, 60; BMCRE 407; Calicó 3111 8453: 7724: 7700: 7543:Edictum De Pretiis Rerum Venalium 7444:." The principate, understood by 7333:Defence-in-depth (Roman military) 6560:, a porphyry sculpture looted in 5658:again caused extensive damage in 5479:by traveling along the road from 5460:19 mm, 4.68 g, coined in 269/270 5225:an initial defeat by the rushing 5217:Having turned their sails toward 4662:and gave the classical titles of 4235:, contemporary with those of the 3520:23 mm, 4.35 g, coined in c. 245. 2979:Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus 990:Legio XIIII Gemina Martia Victrix 450:had been replaced by that of the 14377: 14365: 14346:Military history of ancient Rome 13750: 13642: 13566: 13245:Historia de las legiones Romanas 13208: 13130: 13086: 13065: 13044: 12895:Macrinus to Pupienus (217 – 238) 12875:Persian, Vandal, and Gothic Wars 12696: 12684: 12671: 12658: 12646: 12634: 12622: 12610: 12598: 12582: 12570: 12546: 12534: 12528: 12524: 12518: 12505: 12493: 12487: 12481: 12468: 12456: 12436: 12420: 12400: 12383: 12367: 12354: 12341: 12324: 12298: 12271: 12258: 12246: 12237: 12231: 12225: 12222:, VI, 39; Jelocnik 84b; RSC 208. 12209: 12185: 12173: 12146: 12134: 12108: 12092: 12076: 12046: 12029: 12017: 12007: 12003: 11997: 11991: 11987: 11981: 11975: 11963: 11925: 11913: 11907: 11901: 11872: 11824: 11807: 11791: 11785: 11763: 11743: 11727: 11711: 11679: 11659: 11639: 11619: 11601: 11584: 11568: 11552: 11536: 11520: 11504: 11488: 11471: 11454: 11441: 11425: 11393: 11380: 11340: 11324: 11311: 11298: 11273: 11267: 11261: 11255: 11237: 11209: 11203: 11189: 11177: 11171: 11149: 11143: 11137: 11125: 11109: 11088: 11078: 11065: 11059: 11037: 11011: 10999: 10993: 10979: 10967: 10930: 10912: 10899: 10887: 10875: 10851: 10845: 10841: 10835: 10822: 10776: 10747: 10731: 10718: 10712: 10701: 10685: 10673: 10660: 10654: 10643: 10631: 10593: 10570: 10564: 10540: 10520: 10514: 10500: 10494: 10473: 10467: 10449: 10436: 10420: 10403: 10391: 10379: 10363: 10345: 10332: 10322: 10312: 10284: 10267: 10255: 10226: 10220: 10214: 10193: 10181: 10147: 10107: 10101: 10080: 10074: 10068: 10053: 10047: 10041: 10020: 10014: 9994: 9982: 9965: 9952: 9936: 9897: 9849: 9793: 9780: 9768: 9737: 9724: 9703: 9690: 9677: 9615: 9598: 9577: 9573: 9562: 9556: 9547:, V, 264; MIR 36, 793d; RSC 253. 8706: 8626: 8590: 8574: 8565:, IV 308; Thirion 155; Banti 30. 8554: 8542: 8530: 8502: 8400: 8392: 8273: 6846: 6712:established headquarters on the 6415: 6214: 5722: 5621:western part of the Roman Empire 5429: 4521:had as a concubine a girl named 4411:, who managed to push as far as 4386:; the emperor, in turn, went to 4143:and thus to oppose new invaders. 4021: 3841: 3702: 3484: 3407:Decimus Celius Calvinus Balbinus 2681: 693:(in the various branches of the 550:and ended in 305 at the time of 14405:Wars involving Germanic peoples 14329:Civil wars of the Third Century 13688: 13645:Chronicle of the Roman Emperors 13628:(in Italian). Torino: Einaudi. 13520: 13471: 13399: 13300:The Later Roman Empire: 284-602 13265: 13217: 13188:The Reign of the Emperor Probus 13096:Beyer, Jeorgios Martin (2002). 12909:Valerian to Florian (253 – 276) 12843:, from Caracalla to Diocletian. 12711: 12702: 12690: 12557:Persian, Vandal and Gothic Wars 12540: 12292: 12277: 12252: 12070: 12040: 11895: 11878: 11866: 11830: 11633: 11465: 11419: 11359: 11292: 11251: 11231: 11183: 11103: 10961: 10881: 10816: 10637: 10546: 10385: 10306: 10187: 10175: 9976: 9930: 9855: 9808: 9743: 9609: 9592: 9550: 9534: 9513: 9502: 9489: 9467: 9452: 9446: 9430: 9424: 9418: 9389: 9373: 9356: 9339: 9302: 9287: 9281: 9275: 9264: 9258: 9252: 9231: 9220: 9204: 9188: 9182: 9176: 9150: 9136: 9124: 9022: 8915: 8903: 8844: 8832: 8820: 8810: 8804: 8792: 8748: 8732: 8716: 8696: 8651: 8634: 8613: 8607: 8580: 8568: 8541:, IV 122; Thirion 39; RSC 113; 8516: 8480: 8463: 8457: 8442: 8436: 8430: 8414: 8386: 8373: 8360: 8354: 8340: 8334: 8328: 8322: 8316: 8303: 8287: 8259: 8228: 8102: 8053: 7911: 7878: 7866: 7850: 7837: 7824: 7808: 7796: 7784: 7322: 7197:, an Arab tribe settled in the 4957:, kneeling before the Sasanian 3373:coast, including the cities of 3025:Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus 13753:Aurelian and the Third Century 13575: 13546:Traiano ai confini dell'Impero 13213:. Roma: Istituto Studi Romani. 12918:, Percy H. Webb, London, 1933. 12916:Probus to Maximian (276 – 310) 12911:, Percy H. Webb, London, 1927; 12755:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 12011: 11802:Carus et Carinus et Numerianus 10092:, V 18; MIR 36, 872l; RSC 308. 8553:, IV 162; BMCRE 169; RSC 304; 8439:, pp. 142, 152, note 39). 8200:Carus et Carinus et Numerianus 7742: 7730: 7718: 7706: 7694: 7677: 7667: 7546:. Constantine understood that 7201:, who had attempted to invade 6582:With the death of the emperor 6527:Carus et Carinus et Numerianus 5953:) and a substantial number of 5861:River, the emperor managed to 5797:, and some bands of Juthungi ( 5693:, together with some bands of 5206:and Thrace until they reached 3927:brought destruction as far as 3879:3.33 gr, 12 h; coined in 251 ( 3117:began the turbulent period of 2725:returned to break through the 1: 13500:Römische Staatsrecht, vol. II 13236:Archeo, attualità dal passato 12814:De origine actibusque Getarum 10118:The Thirty Tyrants, Ingenuus, 9484:De origine actibusque Getarum 9334:De origine actibusque Getarum 9272:De origine actibusque Getarum 8241:, IV, 225; BMCRE 97; RSC 508. 8021:De origine actibusque Getarum 7998:De origine actibusque Getarum 7661: 7636:was laid to defend the city. 7561:'s edict on prices, from the 7440:relentlessly bore the words " 7193:Mention is first made of the 7087:A new battle was fought near 6698:, the other of Chaibones and 6448:22 mm, 3.45 g, coined in 280 6250:25 mm, 3.91 g, coined in 278 6103:"), bearing the appellation " 6071:The Goths, together with the 6060:The assassination of Emperor 4057:21 mm, 3.90 g, coined in 253 3819:De origine actibusque Getarum 3761:De origine actibusque Getarum 3593:De origine actibusque Getarum 2384: 2371: 2341: 2306: 2275: 2244: 2213: 2182: 2151: 2120: 2089: 2058: 2027: 2000: 1969: 1938: 1909: 1878: 1850: 1819: 1794: 1765: 1735: 1706: 1670: 1639: 1608: 1587: 1549: 1520: 1491: 1462: 1435: 1408: 1379: 1350: 1321: 1292: 1265: 1236: 1207: 1178: 1149: 1120: 1091: 1062: 1041: 74:Raids that subsided after 268 13131:Carrié, Jean-Michel (2008). 12193:Historiarum adversum paganos 10159:Historiarum adversos paganos 8395:, p. 27); Cassius Dio, 7302:coast was restored, but the 7217:A war broke out against the 6744:pirates along the coasts of 6670:," having decisively beaten 5998:) in 274, at the end of the 5806:by forced marches along the 5623:of the years 268-271 by the 4333:. Once they had crossed the 3349:During 236, an incursion by 3007:, which was defended by the 2646: 689:also increased, such as the 7: 14410:Crisis of the Third Century 13742:Springer, Matthias (1988). 13289:Jackson, Robert B. (2002). 11692:, 18.5-7; Aurelius Victor, 11085:Historia Augusta - Aurelian 11044:Historia Augusta - Aurelian 10796:Atlante storico De Agostini 9386:, IV 12b; Hunter 7; RSC 16. 7656:Crisis of the Third Century 7639: 7612:crisis of the third century 6127:, who traveled through the 3413:. The provincial governor, 3250:The military operations of 564:Crisis of the Third Century 27:Part of Roman-Germanic wars 10: 14426: 13774:Williams, Stephen (1995). 13163:Corradi, Giuseppe (1994). 12799:Breviarium ab Urbe condita 12513:Breviarium ab urbe condita 12476:Breviarium ab urbe condita 12349:Breviarium ab urbe condita 12037:Breviarium ab urbe condita 11771:Breviarium ab urbe condita 11724:, V, 220. Pink VI/1 p. 57. 11702:Breviarium ab urbe condita 11348:Breviarium ab urbe condita 11228:Breviarium ab urbe condita 11164:Breviarium ab urbe condita 11050:, I, 49; Aurelius Victor, 10726:Breviarium ab urbe condita 10411:Breviarium ab urbe condita 10201:Breviarium ab urbe condita 10155:Breviarium ab urbe condita 9844:Breviarium ab urbe condita 8223:Breviarium ab urbe condita 8060:Breviarium ab urbe condita 7326: 7099: 7015:Breviarium ab urbe condita 6964:, with Salian Franks from 6752:, while Maximian defeated 6728:Fleet, the future usurper 6575: 5373: 5304:and Thebes. The historian 4866:, who was captured by the 4612:Breviarium ab urbe condita 4546: 3996: 3802:' narrative of the events: 3192:, in the wooded area near 3128: 2977:The Roman garrison of the 2770:(October 6; rephrased as " 2660: 2396:Total number of armed men 2375: 889: 776: 603:Central and Eastern Europe 594: 561: 14342: 14287:Roman conquest of Britain 14258: 13972: 13544:Popescu, Grigore (1998). 13474:Pannonia and Upper Moesia 13449:Mazzarino, Santo (1973). 13321:Kreucher, Gerald (2003). 13232:La spedizione dimenticata 13209:Dobiaš, Giuseppe (1938). 11696:, 37.2; Aurelius Victor, 11501:, V, 219. Pink VI/1 p.56. 10513:, 9.8; Zosimus, I, 43.1; 7450:Year of the Four Emperors 6872: 6845: 6834: 6447: 6414: 6403: 6249: 6213: 6202: 6109:prefect of the praetorium 5766: 5721: 5710: 5459: 5428: 5417: 4782:and the reopening of the 4658:at their major center of 4464:Invasions in the West of 4419:. Gallienus, having left 4189:prefect of the Praetorium 4056: 4020: 4009: 3878: 3863:, wearing a breastplate; 3840: 3829: 3727: 3701: 3690: 3519: 3483: 3472: 3188:) and the Germans at the 2820:Brigetio and Aquincum by 2709: 2680: 2669: 2461:Dacia, Moesia and Thrace 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 885: 222: 104: 82: 42: 31: 26: 21: 13805:Les routes et l'histoire 13755:. Londra & New York. 13723:. Londra & New York. 13666:Schönberger, H. (1969). 13585:Rémondon, Roger (1975). 13567:David S. Potter (2013). 13327:(in German). Stoccarda. 13087:Bowman, Alan K. (2005). 13066:Barnes, Timothy (1982). 13048:Constantine and Eusebius 13045:Barnes, Timothy (1981). 12565:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 12451:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 11596:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 11375:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 11168:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 11056:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 10974:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 10894:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 10800:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 10680:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 10649:Sextus Aurelius Victor, 10415:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 10327:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 10321:, pp. 212–213) and 10233:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 10065:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 10011:, vol. II, pp. 485–486). 9824:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 9805:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 9529:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 9512:, I.27.2 and I, 28.1-2; 9318:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 8910:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 8799:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II) 7715:, pp. 205 and 207). 7428:of its power. Thus, for 7205:; they were defeated by 6266:were restored along the 6079:and returned to plunder 6026:Aurelian's victory over 5883:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 4642:at the center, with the 3684:" ("Restorer of Dacia"). 2323:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 13984:Roman conquest of Italy 13751:Watson, Alaric (1999). 13451:L'impero romano, vol II 13428:L'impero romano, vol. I 13377:Le Bohec, Yann (2008). 13368:Le Bohec, Yann (2004). 13225:(in French). «CCAB» 26. 13008:(in German). Stoccarda. 12974:Les empereurs illyriens 12825:Extract of Chronography 11046:, 18.4; 19.4; Zosimus, 10549:, III, p. 45, note 4); 10157:, 9.7. Paulus Orosius, 9674:; MiliariHispanico 562. 8827:Geschwinde e Lönne 2012 7233:By the end of 296, the 6764:of his in 289 suggests. 6504:Marcus Aurelius Carinus 6389:, emperor of all Gaul, 6097:Marcus Annius Florianus 6093:Marcus Claudius Tacitus 4840:, abandoned around 260. 4752:Germanic-Rhaetian limes 4227:Barbarian invasions of 3728:4.99 g, coined in 250. 3301:, in the center of the 3166:Germanic-Rhaetian limes 2750:Germanic-Rhaetian limes 2584:100,000 people settled 2319:legio III Iulia Alpina 2064:Legio IIII Flavia Felix 1614:Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix 1356:Legio IIII Flavia Felix 1068:Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix 581:Germanic-Rhaetian Limes 481:, in the center Italy, 13864:La legione invincibile 13643:Scarre, Chris (1999). 13571:. New York: Routledge. 13472:Mócsy, András (1974). 13266:Grant, Michel (1984). 13110:Il tardo impero romano 12881:Roman Imperial Coinage 12360:Ammianus Marcellinus, 12216:Roman Imperial Coinage 11722:Marcus Aurelius Probus 11718:Roman Imperial Coinage 11499:Marcus Aurelius Probus 11495:Roman Imperial Coinage 11062:, pp. 51, 216ff.) 10692:Roman Imperial Coinage 10388:, III, p. 38, note 1). 10329:, p. 526) to 259. 9541:Roman Imperial Coinage 9437:Roman Imperial Coinage 9380:Roman Imperial Coinage 9211:Roman Imperial Coinage 9173:, VII, A1, coll. 1 ss. 9121:, VII, 2, 9; VII 8, 4. 8235:Roman Imperial Coinage 7928:, Rimini, 2009, p. 44. 7566: 7524: 7468:Maximinus the Thracian 7420: 7350: 7147:Marcus Aurelius Probus 7020: 6984: 6732:, who had the city of 6573: 6532: 6405:Marcus Aurelius Probus 6371:Gaius Quintus Bonosius 6204:Marcus Aurelius Probus 6113:Marcus Aurelius Probus 6057: 6050:Marcus Aurelius Probus 5990:) in 272, and then of 5863:beat them a first time 5837: 5786: 5647: 5613: 5552: 5355:Battle of Lake Benacus 5335: 5194: 5167: 5146: 5077: 5037: 5002: 4964: 4841: 4735:(260-267), appointed " 4651: 4617: 4571:Marcus Aurelius Marius 4540: 4531:Sextus Aurelius Victor 4489: 4321: 4252: 4221: 3961: 3825: 3767: 3635: 3599: 3459: 3398: 3335: 3267: 3252:Maximinus the Thracian 3223: 3126: 3098:Maximinus the Thracian 2942: 2874: 982:XI Claudia Pia Fidelis 900:Size of the Roman army 788: 507:Marcus Aurelius Probus 152:Marcus Aurelius Probus 105:Commanders and leaders 14314:Domitian's Dacian War 14233:Liberators' civil war 13905:. Casale Monferrato. 13867:. Casale Monferrato. 13719:Pat Southern (2001). 13608:Room, Adrian (2005). 13521:Oliva, Pavel (1962). 13502:(in German). Leipzig. 13400:Magie, David (1950). 13247:(in Spanish). Madrid. 13186:Crees, James (2005). 13165:Gli imperatori romani 13036:Géza Alföldy (1974). 13027:Vari, Autori (1993). 13004:Vari, Autori (2001). 12995:Vari, Autori (2008). 12871:Procopius of Caesarea 12835:History of the Franks 12742:Epitome de Caesaribus 12553:Procopius of Caesarea 12280:, pp. 274, 287). 12157:History of the Franks 12103:XII panegyrici latini 12087:XII panegyrici latini 11704:, IX, 17.1; Orosius, 11694:Epitome de Caesaribus 11270:, pp. 103, 107). 11170:, pp. 566–567); 11073:L'Europa continentale 11058:, pp. 567–568); 10668:Gli imperatori romani 10651:Epitome de Caesaribus 9807:, pp. 526–527); 9746:, pp. 224–225); 8325:, pp. 338, 355). 7556: 7512: 7410: 7340: 7002: 6975: 6686:, first engaging the 6617:) a valiant officer, 6555: 6513: 6500:Marcus Aurelius Carus 6383:Colonia Agrippinensis 6365:The then governor of 6320:Restitutor provinciae 6047: 5817: 5776: 5618: 5604:The Thirty Pretenders 5589: 5532: 5315: 5260:province of Macedonia 5181:. In green color the 5172: 5147: 5126: 5101:city of the same name 5058: 5023: 4983: 4944: 4838:German-Rhaetian limes 4835: 4637: 4603: 4519: 4488:of the years 258-260. 4463: 4315: 4226: 4206: 3946: 3881:Temple of Juno Moneta 3866:VIC-TORIA GERMANICA, 3805: 3747: 3715:C M Q TRAIANVS DECIVS 3634:in the years 249-251. 3621: 3579: 3439: 3388: 3316: 3249: 3203: 3186:Legio IV Flavia Felix 3112: 2936: 2856: 2317:legio II Iulia Alpina 1808:Kellmünz an der Iller 1678:Legio XXII Primigenia 1126:Legio XXII Primigenia 786: 705:), who came from the 546:in 212 under Emperor 14319:Trajan's Dacian Wars 14004:Roman–Hernician wars 13839:. Casale Monferrato. 13576:Rees, Roger (2002). 13133:Eserciti e strategie 12781:, fragments 6 and 7. 12724:Ammianus Marcellinus 12655:, pp. 489–533). 12579:, pp. 840–845). 12453:, pp. 579–580). 11910:, pp. 197–198). 11598:, pp. 584–585). 11468:, pp. 255–256). 11186:, pp. 211–212). 10896:, pp. 565–566). 10802:, pp. 560–561). 10573:, pp. 215–216). 10264:, pp. 212–213). 9979:, pp. 225–226). 9811:, pp. 223–224). 9580:, pp. 174–175). 9576:, pp. 25, 33); 9516:, pp. 220–221). 9290:, pp. 215–217). 9261:, pp. 203–204). 9147:Maximus and Balbinus 9133:, pp. 220–221). 8713:, pp. 211–212). 8691:Maximus and Balbinus 8513:, IV 311c; RSC 608a. 8357:, pp. 198–199). 8105:, pp. 231–232). 8048:Claudius II Gothicus 7875:, pp. 729–732). 7751:, pp. 206–207). 7590:, and the so-called 7518:Porta San Sebastiano 7262:, and recruits from 7053:Ammianus Marcellinus 6997:Battle of Vindonissa 6387:Titus Ilius Proculus 6316:Augusta Vindelicorum 6264:Roman military forts 5945:, now positioned in 5857:on the banks of the 5619:The invasion of the 5275:ornamenta consularia 5162:Claudius II Gothicus 5047:, while in the East 4931:Restitutor Galliarum 4672:tribune of the plebs 4133:Restitutor Galliarum 3984:until they occupied 3649:Titus Julius Priscus 3293:and conquering free 2315:legio I Iulia Alpina 1926:Altenburg-Petronell 1282:Altenburg-Petronell 442:from 224 onward the 179:, Gabiomarus of the 14218:Roman–Parthian Wars 14009:Roman–Volscian wars 13989:Roman–Etruscan Wars 12643:, pp. 97–100). 12449:, 17.2-3 and 17.6; 12182:, III, 7, 1; VI, 4. 11700:, 37.3; Eutropius, 11652:, 16.4-5; Zosimus, 11162:, 39.7; Eutropius, 10409:Also Eutropius (in 9545:Licinius Valerianus 8772:The Two Maximinians 7887:, pp. 34, 45). 7506:tried to implement. 7484:Claudius the Gothic 7466:From the advent of 7432:and his successors 7404:a conquest of arms. 6981:Constantius Chlorus 6954:Constantius Chlorus 6826:Constantius Chlorus 6724:The prefect of the 6702:, forced the Rhine 6678:. At the same time 6637:Constantius Chlorus 6566:St. Mark's Basilica 6373:, allowed bands of 6339:RESTITUTOR ILLIRICI 6123:was invaded by the 5814:, due to an ambush. 5684:Nicopolis ad Istrum 5390:Claudius the Gothic 5179:Claudius the Gothic 4945:Sasanian relief at 4762:populations of the 4680:Claudius the Gothic 4456:for the fifth time. 4440:(where they sacked 4157:Cimmerian Bosphorus 3907:From this date the 3682:Restitutor Daciarum 3330:The two Maximinians 3238:, while the words " 3218:The two Maximinians 3011:of the province of 2791:, included between 2532:Moesia, Thrace and 2389: 1799:Legio III Herculea 1740:Legio I Martia (?) 1682:Legio VI Gallicana 932:, I Pontica (under 749:at the time of the 747:Dacia Porolissensis 654:to the Danube near 499:Claudius the Gothic 14324:Roman–Persian Wars 14223:Caesar's civil war 14095:Roman–Seleucid war 13994:Roman-Aequian wars 13966:Ancient Roman wars 13238:, N.332 ed.). 13006:Das römische Trier 12705:, pp. 33–45). 12693:, pp. 53–90). 12679:Das römische Trier 12411:The Thirty Tyrants 12202:2010-01-03 at the 12166:2008-07-04 at the 11994:, pp. 70–71). 11754:The Thirty Tyrants 11670:The Thirty Tyrants 11220:The Thirty Tyrants 10666:Giuseppe Corradi, 10358:The Thirty Tyrants 10138:The Thirty Tyrants 10126:The Thirty Tyrants 9559:, pp. 11–13). 9217:, IV, 66; RSC 238. 9199:The Three Gordians 8829:, pp. 30–37). 8577:, pp. 27–28). 7901:Notitia dignitatum 7766:, pp. 53–55). 7739:, pp. 87–88). 7572:Augusta Treverorum 7567: 7525: 7500:Kingdom of Palmyra 7460:praetorian cohorts 7421: 7351: 7288:province of Africa 7242:, who set out for 7163:kingdom of Palmyra 7151:province of Africa 7134:, who had invaded 7128:Mussius Aemilianus 7077:Germanicus maximus 7065:Sarmaticus maximus 6993:Battle of Lingones 6985: 6922:Sarmaticus maximus 6893:Germanicus maximus 6818:Sarmaticus maximus 6802:Augusta Treverorum 6786:Germanicus maximus 6774:Germanicus maximus 6668:Sarmaticus maximus 6664:Germanicus maximus 6654:invasions in both 6574: 6537:Germanicus maximus 6329:, Upper and Lower 6194:Germanicus maximus 6137:Augusta Treverorum 6058: 6054:Capitoline Museums 6031:Roman province of 5988:kingdom of Palmyra 5939:Legio V Macedonica 5894:Kingdom of Palmyra 5787: 5735:C L DOM AVRELIANVS 5702:Sarmaticus maximus 5648: 5195: 5183:kingdom of Palmyra 5080:late 267-early 268 4965: 4927:Victoria germanica 4911:Augusta Treverorum 4842: 4800:Castrum Rauracense 4784:legionary fortress 4737:Corrector Orientis 4717:Kingdom of Palmyra 4709:Imperium Galliarum 4660:Augusta Treverorum 4652: 4648:Kingdom of Palmyra 4490: 4454:Germanicus Maximus 4448:and the coasts of 4322: 4253: 4137:Germanicus maximus 3999:Valerian (emperor) 3913:legionary fortress 3890:His youngest son, 3781:Herennius Etruscus 3670:Trebonianus Gallus 3636: 3544:Germanicus maximus 3431:praetorian prefect 3415:Tullius Menophilus 3399: 3395:Capitoline Museums 3344:Sarmaticus maximus 3268: 3242:" appear on coins. 3240:Victoria Germanica 3232:Germanicus maximus 3220:, 11.7-9 and 12.1. 3184:(also composed of 3127: 3062:Augusta Treverorum 2991:), in present-day 2943: 2767:Germanicus maximus 2760:to the plateau of 2511:2.000/6.000 ships 2385: 2157:Legio V Macedonica 2005:Legio VI Herculea 1855:Legio I Noricorum 1745:Castrum Rauracense 1712:Legio VIII Augusta 1441:Legio V Macedonica 1155:Legio VIII Augusta 998:XX Valeria Victrix 839:Germanic territory 789: 558:Historical context 487:Kingdom of Palmyra 376:Since the time of 325:in the east), the 135:Trebonianus Gallus 14353: 14352: 14309:Jewish–Roman wars 14181:Sulla's civil war 14175:Bellum Octavianum 14063:Illyro-Roman Wars 14036:Roman–Gallic wars 14014:Roman–Sabine wars 13912:978-88-384-8183-3 13874:978-88-384-7063-9 13635:978-88-06-16804-9 13334:978-3-515-08382-9 13079:978-0-674-61126-9 13058:978-0-674-16530-4 12847:Panegyrici Latini 12607:, pp. 9–27). 12500:Panegyrici latini 12463:Panegyrici latini 12264:Aurelius Victor, 12180:Panegyrici latini 12141:Panegyrici latini 12101:, II, 7-8; VI, 8 12099:Panegyrici latini 12083:Panegyrici latini 10925:, 18.2; Zosimus, 10696:Claudius Gothicus 10557:, 13.9; Zosimus, 10338:Aurelius Victor, 10059:Aurelius Victor, 9171:Real-Enciclopädie 9149:, 15.5 and 16.3; 8764:Severus Alexander 8743:Severus Alexander 8727:Severus Alexander 8623:Alexander Severus 7588:province of Dacia 7434:Concordia ordinum 7402:Septimius Severus 7345:, son of Emperor 7304:Triakontaschoinos 7159:Egyptian province 6885: 6884: 6541:Triumfus Quadorum 6452: 6451: 6367:Germania Inferior 6254: 6253: 5966:the appellation " 5943:Legio XIII Gemina 5771: 5770: 5511:Mediterranean Sea 5473:battle of Naissus 5464: 5463: 5419:Claudius Gothicus 5376:Illyrian emperors 5283:Rhodope Mountains 5043:According to the 4646:in the West, the 4621:Germania Inferior 4308:were set on fire. 4173:Crimean peninsula 4061: 4060: 3887: 3886: 3732: 3731: 3524: 3523: 3200:), dating to 235. 3077:Alexander Severus 2951:Alexander Severus 2939:Alexander Severus 2715: 2714: 2691:AD ANTONINVS PIVS 2644: 2643: 2524:more than 50,000 2453:more than 70,000 2415:more than 60,000 2399:Peoples involved 2369: 2368: 2342:Strategic reserve 2250:Legio II Herculia 2126:Legio XIII Gemina 2095:Legio VII Claudia 1975:Legio II Adiutrix 1771:Legio III Italica 1758:Maxima Sequanorum 1597:Ancient location 1575: 1574: 1550:Strategic reserve 1526:Legio II Parthica 1521:Strategic reserve 1414:Legio XIII Gemina 1385:Legio VII Claudia 1344:Pannonia Inferior 1327:Legio II Adiutrix 1315:Pannonia Inferior 1286:Pannonia Superior 1259:Pannonia Superior 1184:Legio III Italica 1172:Germania Superior 1143:Germania Superior 1114:Germania Inferior 1085:Germania Inferior 1051:Ancient location 1006:XXX Ulpia Victrix 962:Alexander Severus 946:legio II Parthica 912:(recruited under 235: 234: 191:, Igillus of the 144:Claudius Gothicus 115:Severus Alexander 78: 77: 14417: 14400:Migration Period 14382: 14381: 14380: 14370: 14369: 14368: 14361: 14275:Marcomannic Wars 14186:Mithridatic Wars 14110:Celtiberian Wars 13999:Roman–Latin wars 13959: 13952: 13945: 13936: 13935: 13930: 13924: 13916: 13892: 13886: 13878: 13854: 13848: 13840: 13837:Il legato romano 13803:D. van Berchem, 13793: 13787: 13779: 13770: 13764: 13756: 13747: 13738: 13732: 13724: 13715: 13709: 13701: 13685: 13679: 13671: 13662: 13656: 13648: 13639: 13615: 13604: 13598: 13590: 13581: 13572: 13563: 13557: 13549: 13540: 13534: 13526: 13517: 13511: 13503: 13496:Mommsen, Theodor 13491: 13485: 13477: 13468: 13462: 13454: 13445: 13439: 13431: 13424:Mazzarino, Santo 13419: 13413: 13405: 13396: 13390: 13382: 13373: 13364: 13363:. Roma: Carocci. 13352: 13346: 13338: 13317: 13311: 13303: 13294: 13285: 13279: 13271: 13262: 13256: 13248: 13239: 13226: 13214: 13205: 13199: 13191: 13182: 13176: 13168: 13159: 13153: 13145: 13136: 13127: 13121: 13113: 13101: 13092: 13083: 13062: 13041: 13032: 13023: 13017: 13009: 13000: 12991: 12985: 12977: 12841:Historia Augusta 12831:Gregory of Tours 12821:George Syncellus 12706: 12700: 12694: 12688: 12682: 12675: 12669: 12662: 12656: 12650: 12644: 12638: 12632: 12626: 12620: 12614: 12608: 12602: 12596: 12586: 12580: 12574: 12568: 12563:, p. 152); 12550: 12544: 12538: 12532: 12522: 12516: 12509: 12503: 12497: 12491: 12485: 12479: 12472: 12466: 12460: 12454: 12443:Historia Augusta 12440: 12434: 12427:Historia Augusta 12424: 12418: 12407:Historia Augusta 12404: 12398: 12397:; AE 1973, 526ª. 12387: 12381: 12371: 12365: 12358: 12352: 12345: 12339: 12328: 12322: 12302: 12296: 12290: 12281: 12275: 12269: 12262: 12256: 12250: 12244: 12241: 12235: 12229: 12223: 12213: 12207: 12189: 12183: 12177: 12171: 12153:Gregory of Tours 12150: 12144: 12138: 12132: 12112: 12106: 12096: 12090: 12080: 12074: 12050: 12044: 12033: 12027: 12021: 12015: 12001: 11995: 11985: 11979: 11973: 11967: 11961: 11940: 11929: 11923: 11917: 11911: 11905: 11899: 11893: 11882: 11876: 11870: 11864: 11849: 11843: 11834: 11828: 11822: 11811: 11805: 11798:Historia Augusta 11795: 11789: 11783: 11774: 11767: 11761: 11750:Historia Augusta 11747: 11741: 11734:Historia Augusta 11731: 11725: 11715: 11709: 11686:Historia Augusta 11683: 11677: 11666:Historia Augusta 11663: 11657: 11646:Historia Augusta 11643: 11637: 11626:Historia Augusta 11623: 11617: 11605: 11599: 11588: 11582: 11575:Historia Augusta 11572: 11566: 11559:Historia Augusta 11556: 11550: 11543:Historia Augusta 11540: 11534: 11527:Historia Augusta 11524: 11518: 11511:Historia Augusta 11508: 11502: 11492: 11486: 11475: 11469: 11458: 11452: 11445: 11439: 11432:Historia Augusta 11429: 11423: 11417: 11404: 11397: 11391: 11384: 11378: 11372: 11363: 11352:Historia Augusta 11344: 11338: 11331:Historia Augusta 11328: 11322: 11319:Il legato romano 11315: 11309: 11302: 11296: 11285:Historia Augusta 11277: 11271: 11265: 11259: 11254:, p. 249); 11244:Historia Augusta 11241: 11235: 11216:Historia Augusta 11213: 11207: 11196:Historia Augusta 11193: 11187: 11181: 11175: 11156:Historia Augusta 11153: 11147: 11141: 11135: 11129: 11123: 11113: 11107: 11101: 11092: 11082: 11076: 11069: 11063: 11041: 11035: 11015: 11009: 11003: 10997: 10986:Historia Augusta 10983: 10977: 10971: 10965: 10959: 10950: 10943: 10934: 10919:Historia Augusta 10916: 10910: 10903: 10897: 10891: 10885: 10879: 10873: 10866:Historia Augusta 10858:Historia Augusta 10855: 10849: 10844:, p. 184); 10839: 10833: 10826: 10820: 10814: 10803: 10788:Historia Augusta 10780: 10774: 10767:Historia Augusta 10759:Historia Augusta 10751: 10745: 10738:Historia Augusta 10735: 10729: 10722: 10716: 10705: 10699: 10689: 10683: 10677: 10671: 10664: 10658: 10647: 10641: 10635: 10629: 10623: 10612: 10609:The Two Gallieni 10605:Historia Augusta 10597: 10591: 10585: 10574: 10568: 10562: 10555:The Two Gallieni 10551:Historia Augusta 10544: 10538: 10533:, 5.6; Zosimus, 10531:The Two Gallieni 10527:Historia Augusta 10524: 10518: 10507:Historia Augusta 10504: 10498: 10492: 10483: 10477: 10471: 10460:The Two Gallieni 10456:Historia Augusta 10453: 10447: 10440: 10434: 10427:Historia Augusta 10424: 10418: 10407: 10401: 10395: 10389: 10383: 10377: 10374:The Two Gallieni 10370:Historia Augusta 10367: 10361: 10353:Historia Augusta 10349: 10343: 10336: 10330: 10316: 10310: 10304: 10295: 10288: 10282: 10271: 10265: 10259: 10253: 10247: 10236: 10230: 10224: 10218: 10212: 10209:The Two Gallieni 10205:Historia Augusta 10197: 10191: 10185: 10179: 10173: 10162: 10151: 10145: 10134:Historia Augusta 10122:Historia Augusta 10114:Historia Augusta 10111: 10105: 10099: 10093: 10084: 10078: 10072: 10067:, p. 526); 10057: 10051: 10045: 10039: 10033: 10024: 10018: 10012: 10001:Historia Augusta 9998: 9992: 9986: 9980: 9969: 9963: 9956: 9950: 9943:Historia Augusta 9940: 9934: 9901: 9895: 9853: 9847: 9840: 9827: 9821: 9812: 9797: 9791: 9784: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9751: 9741: 9735: 9728: 9722: 9707: 9701: 9694: 9688: 9681: 9675: 9619: 9613: 9602: 9596: 9590: 9581: 9566: 9560: 9554: 9548: 9538: 9532: 9526: 9517: 9506: 9500: 9493: 9487: 9480: 9471: 9465: 9456: 9450: 9444: 9434: 9428: 9422: 9416: 9409: 9400: 9393: 9387: 9377: 9371: 9360: 9354: 9343: 9337: 9330: 9321: 9315: 9306: 9300: 9291: 9285: 9279: 9268: 9262: 9256: 9250: 9244: 9235: 9224: 9218: 9208: 9202: 9195:Historia Augusta 9192: 9186: 9180: 9174: 9167: 9158: 9153:, p. 196); 9143:Historia Augusta 9140: 9134: 9128: 9122: 9026: 9020: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8886: 8848: 8842: 8836: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8775: 8768:Historia Augusta 8760:Historia Augusta 8752: 8746: 8739:Historia Augusta 8736: 8730: 8723:Historia Augusta 8720: 8714: 8705:, p. 148); 8700: 8694: 8687:Historia Augusta 8684: 8675: 8655: 8649: 8638: 8632: 8630: 8617: 8611: 8605: 8596: 8594: 8589:IV 180; RSC 563 8584: 8578: 8572: 8566: 8558: 8546: 8534: 8523:Historia Augusta 8520: 8514: 8506: 8487:Historia Augusta 8484: 8478: 8467: 8461: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8421:Historia Augusta 8418: 8412: 8404: 8399:, LXXVII, 20.4; 8390: 8384: 8377: 8371: 8364: 8358: 8347:Historia Augusta 8344: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8320: 8314: 8307: 8301: 8294:Historia Augusta 8291: 8285: 8277: 8266:Historia Augusta 8263: 8257: 8251: 8242: 8232: 8226: 8216: 8203: 8195:Historia Augusta 8191: 8178: 8171: 8156: 8149:Historia Augusta 8146: 8131: 8124:Historia Augusta 8121: 8106: 8100: 8081: 8074: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8043:Historia Augusta 8039: 8024: 8017: 8002: 7990: 7977: 7957: 7948: 7945:Divus Aurelianus 7941:Historia Augusta 7938: 7929: 7915: 7909: 7897: 7888: 7882: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7854: 7848: 7841: 7835: 7828: 7822: 7815:Historia Augusta 7812: 7806: 7800: 7794: 7788: 7782: 7776: 7767: 7761: 7752: 7746: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7727:, p. 12ff.) 7722: 7716: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7681: 7675: 7671: 7651:Marcomannic Wars 7646:Migration Period 7438:imperial coinage 7397:defence-in-depth 7248:Praetorian Guard 7124:prefect of Egypt 7102:Fossatum Africae 7025:Gothicus maximus 7018: 6850: 6832: 6831: 6530: 6522:Historia Augusta 6508:Historia Augusta 6498:The new emperor 6419: 6401: 6400: 6341:" ("restorer of 6292:Marcomannic Wars 6259:Historia Augusta 6218: 6200: 6199: 6105:Gothicus maximus 6101:Victoria gothica 6095:and his brother 5968:Carpicus maximus 5906:Gothicus maximus 5835: 5827:Historia Augusta 5744: 5726: 5708: 5707: 5611: 5599:Historia Augusta 5578:, who succeeded 5572:Historia Augusta 5561:Victoria gothica 5557:Gothicus maximus 5550: 5542:Historia Augusta 5515:prefect of Egypt 5509:and the eastern 5498:Equites Dalmatae 5444:P(ius) F(elix)? 5433: 5415: 5414: 5333: 5330:The Two Gallieni 5325:Historia Augusta 5279:Historia Augusta 5165: 5157:Historia Augusta 5144: 5141:The Two Gallieni 5136:Historia Augusta 5099:River (near the 5075: 5072:The Two Gallieni 5067:Historia Augusta 5045:Historia Augusta 5035: 5000: 4997:The Two Gallieni 4992:Historia Augusta 4808:altar of Augusta 4668:pontifex maximus 4615: 4553:Palmyrene Empire 4538: 4450:Roman Mauretania 4417:military tribune 4219: 4025: 4007: 4006: 3959: 3845: 3827: 3826: 3823: 3765: 3706: 3688: 3687: 3597: 3548:Carpicus maximus 3488: 3470: 3469: 3457: 3449:Historia Augusta 3425:Under the young 3333: 3325:Historia Augusta 3311:Historia Augusta 3221: 3213:Historia Augusta 3131:Barracks emperor 3119:military anarchy 3115:Maximinus Thrace 2955:Victoria Augusta 2872: 2795:in the west and 2685: 2667: 2666: 2638:Limes Germanicus 2456:Goths and Carpi 2390: 2347:Legio VII Gemina 2219:Legio XI Claudia 2051:Pannonia Secunda 2020:Pannonia Secunda 1993:Pannonia Valeria 1962:Pannonia Valeria 1944:Legio I Adiutrix 1915:Legio XIV Gemina 1871:Noricum Ripensis 1843:Noricum Ripensis 1825:Legio II Italica 1663:Germania Secunda 1645:Legio I Minervia 1632:Germania Secunda 1600:Modern location 1588: 1555:Legio VII Gemina 1497:Legio XI Claudia 1298:Legio I Adiutrix 1271:Legio XIV Gemina 1213:Legio II Italica 1097:Legio I Minervia 1054:Modern location 1042: 1019:At the death of 1012:, the remainder 892:Limes Germanicus 779:Marcomannic Wars 751:Marcomannic wars 725:. Also from the 646:and part of the 597:Germanic peoples 429:military anarchy 382:Marcomannic Wars 321:in the west and 215:, Semnon of the 60:Limes Germanicus 44: 43: 36: 19: 18: 14425: 14424: 14420: 14419: 14418: 14416: 14415: 14414: 14390: 14389: 14388: 14378: 14376: 14366: 14364: 14356: 14354: 14349: 14338: 14304:Civil war of 69 14292:Boudican revolt 14261: 14254: 14130:Cantabrian Wars 14068:Macedonian Wars 13975: 13968: 13963: 13933: 13918: 13917: 13913: 13902:L'onore di Roma 13880: 13879: 13875: 13842: 13841: 13781: 13780: 13758: 13757: 13726: 13725: 13703: 13702: 13673: 13672: 13650: 13649: 13636: 13620:Giorgio Ruffolo 13592: 13591: 13551: 13550: 13528: 13527: 13505: 13504: 13479: 13478: 13456: 13455: 13433: 13432: 13407: 13406: 13384: 13383: 13340: 13339: 13335: 13305: 13304: 13273: 13272: 13250: 13249: 13193: 13192: 13170: 13169: 13147: 13146: 13115: 13114: 13106:Cameron, Averil 13080: 13059: 13011: 13010: 12979: 12978: 12738:Aurelius Victor 12718:Ancient sources 12714: 12709: 12701: 12697: 12689: 12685: 12676: 12672: 12663: 12659: 12651: 12647: 12639: 12635: 12627: 12623: 12615: 12611: 12603: 12599: 12587: 12583: 12575: 12571: 12567:, p. 588). 12551: 12547: 12543:, p. 274). 12539: 12535: 12527:, p. 16); 12523: 12519: 12510: 12506: 12498: 12494: 12486: 12482: 12473: 12469: 12465:, III, 5 - 7,1. 12461: 12457: 12441: 12437: 12425: 12421: 12405: 12401: 12388: 12384: 12372: 12368: 12359: 12355: 12346: 12342: 12329: 12325: 12303: 12299: 12295:, p. 284). 12291: 12284: 12276: 12272: 12263: 12259: 12255:, p. 287). 12251: 12247: 12243:SupIt-16-R, 50. 12242: 12238: 12234:, p. 255). 12230: 12226: 12214: 12210: 12204:Wayback Machine 12190: 12186: 12178: 12174: 12168:Wayback Machine 12151: 12147: 12139: 12135: 12113: 12109: 12097: 12093: 12081: 12077: 12073:, p. 273). 12051: 12047: 12043:, p. 279). 12034: 12030: 12022: 12018: 12010:, p. 71); 12006:, p. 57); 12002: 11998: 11990:, p. 57); 11986: 11982: 11978:, p. 281). 11974: 11970: 11966:, p. 197). 11962: 11943: 11930: 11926: 11918: 11914: 11906: 11902: 11898:, p. 265). 11894: 11885: 11881:, p. 261). 11877: 11873: 11869:, p. 268). 11865: 11852: 11848:, p. 218). 11844: 11837: 11833:, p. 259). 11829: 11825: 11812: 11808: 11796: 11792: 11788:, p. 194). 11784: 11777: 11768: 11764: 11748: 11744: 11732: 11728: 11716: 11712: 11684: 11680: 11664: 11660: 11644: 11640: 11636:, p. 267). 11624: 11620: 11606: 11602: 11589: 11585: 11573: 11569: 11557: 11553: 11541: 11537: 11525: 11521: 11509: 11505: 11493: 11489: 11476: 11472: 11459: 11455: 11446: 11442: 11430: 11426: 11422:, p. 256). 11418: 11407: 11398: 11394: 11385: 11381: 11377:, p. 579). 11373: 11366: 11362:, p. 251). 11345: 11341: 11329: 11325: 11316: 11312: 11303: 11299: 11295:, p. 252). 11278: 11274: 11266: 11262: 11258:, p. 102). 11242: 11238: 11234:, p. 248). 11224:Tetricus Senior 11214: 11210: 11194: 11190: 11182: 11178: 11154: 11150: 11142: 11138: 11134:, p. 226). 11130: 11126: 11114: 11110: 11106:, p. 247). 11102: 11095: 11083: 11079: 11070: 11066: 11042: 11038: 11016: 11012: 11004: 11000: 10996:, p. 221). 10984: 10980: 10976:, p. 567). 10972: 10968: 10964:, p. 246). 10960: 10953: 10944: 10937: 10933:, p. 217). 10917: 10913: 10904: 10900: 10892: 10888: 10884:, p. 245). 10880: 10876: 10856: 10852: 10840: 10836: 10827: 10823: 10819:, p. 240). 10815: 10806: 10781: 10777: 10752: 10748: 10736: 10732: 10723: 10719: 10706: 10702: 10690: 10686: 10682:, p. 568). 10678: 10674: 10665: 10661: 10648: 10644: 10640:, p. 241). 10636: 10632: 10628:, p. 214). 10624: 10615: 10598: 10594: 10590:, p. 225). 10586: 10577: 10569: 10565: 10545: 10541: 10525: 10521: 10505: 10501: 10493: 10486: 10478: 10474: 10454: 10450: 10441: 10437: 10425: 10421: 10417:, p. 560). 10408: 10404: 10400:, p. 224). 10396: 10392: 10384: 10380: 10368: 10364: 10350: 10346: 10337: 10333: 10317: 10313: 10309:, p. 235). 10305: 10298: 10289: 10285: 10272: 10268: 10260: 10256: 10248: 10239: 10235:, p. 543). 10231: 10227: 10219: 10215: 10198: 10194: 10190:, p. 206). 10186: 10182: 10178:, p. 230). 10174: 10165: 10152: 10148: 10112: 10108: 10100: 10096: 10079: 10075: 10058: 10054: 10046: 10042: 10038:, p. 217). 10034: 10027: 10019: 10015: 9999: 9995: 9987: 9983: 9970: 9966: 9957: 9953: 9941: 9937: 9933:, p. 205). 9902: 9898: 9854: 9850: 9841: 9830: 9826:, p. 560). 9822: 9815: 9798: 9794: 9785: 9781: 9777:, p. 223). 9773: 9769: 9765:, p. 216). 9761: 9754: 9742: 9738: 9729: 9725: 9708: 9704: 9695: 9691: 9682: 9678: 9620: 9616: 9612:, p. 223). 9603: 9599: 9595:, p. 229). 9591: 9584: 9572:, pp. 113-114; 9568:Edward Gibbon, 9567: 9563: 9555: 9551: 9539: 9535: 9531:, p. 526). 9527: 9520: 9507: 9503: 9494: 9490: 9481: 9474: 9470:, p. 203). 9466: 9459: 9455:, p. 219). 9451: 9447: 9435: 9431: 9427:, p. 218). 9423: 9419: 9410: 9403: 9394: 9390: 9378: 9374: 9361: 9357: 9344: 9340: 9331: 9324: 9320:, p. 525). 9316: 9309: 9305:, p. 217). 9301: 9294: 9286: 9282: 9278:, p. 212). 9269: 9265: 9257: 9253: 9249:, p. 222). 9245: 9238: 9234:, p. 210). 9225: 9221: 9209: 9205: 9193: 9189: 9185:, p. 203). 9181: 9177: 9169:Pauly Wissowa, 9168: 9161: 9141: 9137: 9129: 9125: 9027: 9023: 8920: 8916: 8912:, p. 498). 8908: 8904: 8900:, p. 212). 8896: 8889: 8885:; RMD III, 198. 8849: 8845: 8837: 8833: 8825: 8821: 8809: 8805: 8801:, p. 492). 8797: 8793: 8785: 8778: 8753: 8749: 8737: 8733: 8721: 8717: 8709:, p. 28); 8701: 8697: 8685: 8678: 8656: 8652: 8639: 8635: 8618: 8614: 8610:, p. 202). 8606: 8599: 8585: 8581: 8573: 8569: 8521: 8517: 8485: 8481: 8468: 8464: 8460:, p. 340). 8456:, p. 88); 8447: 8443: 8435: 8431: 8419: 8415: 8391: 8387: 8383:, LXXVII, 20.3. 8378: 8374: 8365: 8361: 8345: 8341: 8337:, p. 198). 8333: 8329: 8321: 8317: 8308: 8304: 8292: 8288: 8264: 8260: 8256:, p. 209). 8252: 8245: 8233: 8229: 8217: 8206: 8192: 8181: 8172: 8159: 8147: 8134: 8122: 8109: 8101: 8084: 8075: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8040: 8027: 8018: 8005: 7991: 7980: 7958: 7951: 7939: 7932: 7916: 7912: 7898: 7891: 7883: 7879: 7871: 7867: 7855: 7851: 7842: 7838: 7829: 7825: 7819:Marcus Aurelius 7813: 7809: 7801: 7797: 7793:, p. 207). 7789: 7785: 7777: 7770: 7762: 7755: 7747: 7743: 7735: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7711: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7683:Peter Heather, 7682: 7678: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7642: 7563:Pergamon Museum 7522:Porta Ardeatina 7442:Fides exercitus 7383:, the heart of 7373:Marcus Aurelius 7335: 7325: 7280:Atlas Mountains 7219:Quinquegentians 7199:Sinai Peninsula 7104: 7098: 7019: 7009: 6726:English Channel 6580: 6550: 6531: 6519: 6288:Marcus Aurelius 6272:auxiliary units 6042: 5955:auxiliary units 5836: 5824: 5742: 5612: 5596: 5551: 5539: 5388:Beginning with 5386: 5372: 5363:Aurelius Victor 5334: 5322: 5166: 5154: 5145: 5133: 5117:Euxinian Pontus 5076: 5064: 5036: 5029: 5001: 4989: 4955:Philip the Arab 4935:Aurelius Victor 4909:area as far as 4874:in late summer. 4796:Augusta Raurica 4616: 4609: 4555: 4545: 4539: 4529: 4368:Dacicus maximus 4220: 4213: 4083:Marcus Aurelius 4065:Severan dynasty 4034:P LIC VALERIANO 4005: 3995: 3960: 3953: 3939:. This is what 3824: 3812: 3783:was proclaimed 3766: 3754: 3678:Dacicus maximus 3598: 3586: 3536:Philip the Arab 3474:Philip the Arab 3466:would indicate. 3458: 3446: 3442:were in Thrace. 3340:Dacicus maximus 3334: 3322: 3303:Lower Pannonian 3291:Marcus Aurelius 3222: 3210: 3158:Maximinus Thrax 3133: 3107: 3039:limes, between 2949:the coinage of 2873: 2863: 2838:Marcus Aurelius 2665: 2663:Severan dynasty 2659: 2654: 2649: 2380: 2374: 2343: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2277: 2246: 2215: 2188:Legio I Italica 2184: 2153: 2122: 2091: 2060: 2029: 2002: 1971: 1940: 1911: 1880: 1852: 1821: 1796: 1767: 1737: 1708: 1681: 1674: 1672: 1641: 1610: 1603:Roman province 1594:Legionary unit 1551: 1522: 1514:Moesia Inferior 1493: 1485:Moesia Inferior 1468:Legio I Italica 1464: 1437: 1410: 1402:Moesia Superior 1381: 1373:Moesia Superior 1352: 1323: 1294: 1267: 1238: 1209: 1180: 1151: 1122: 1093: 1064: 1057:Roman province 1048:Legionary unit 1002:XXII Primigenia 902: 888: 872: 833:, Noricum, and 827:Marcus Aurelius 805:Marcus Aurelius 781: 775: 755:Marcus Aurelius 599: 593: 587:confederation. 566: 560: 468:Quinquegentiani 446:dynasty of the 427:(the so-called 378:Marcus Aurelius 369:rivers and the 158: 154: 150: 142: 137: 133: 129: 127:Philip the Arab 125: 121: 119:Maximinus Thrax 117: 113: 66: 37: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14423: 14413: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14387: 14386: 14374: 14351: 14350: 14343: 14340: 14339: 14337: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14295: 14294: 14284: 14283: 14282: 14277: 14266: 14264: 14256: 14255: 14253: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14239:Bellum Siculum 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14204: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14183: 14178: 14171: 14170: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14149: 14144: 14142:Jugurthine War 14139: 14134: 14133: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14115:Lusitanian War 14112: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14091: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14065: 14060: 14059: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14038: 14033: 14032: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13980: 13978: 13976:Roman Republic 13970: 13969: 13962: 13961: 13954: 13947: 13939: 13932: 13931: 13911: 13893: 13873: 13855: 13828: 13827: 13823: 13822: 13815: 13808: 13800: 13799: 13795: 13794: 13771: 13748: 13739: 13716: 13686: 13663: 13640: 13634: 13616: 13605: 13582: 13573: 13564: 13541: 13518: 13492: 13469: 13446: 13420: 13397: 13374: 13365: 13357:Le Bohec, Yann 13353: 13333: 13318: 13295: 13286: 13263: 13240: 13227: 13215: 13206: 13183: 13160: 13137: 13128: 13102: 13093: 13084: 13078: 13063: 13057: 13042: 13033: 13024: 13001: 12992: 12968: 12967: 12963: 12962: 12952: 12936: 12921: 12920: 12919: 12912: 12905: 12898: 12891: 12878: 12868: 12854: 12844: 12838: 12828: 12818: 12806: 12792: 12782: 12772: 12758: 12752: 12735: 12720: 12719: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12707: 12695: 12683: 12670: 12657: 12645: 12633: 12621: 12609: 12597: 12581: 12569: 12545: 12533: 12531:, p. 59). 12517: 12504: 12492: 12490:, p. 59). 12480: 12467: 12455: 12435: 12419: 12399: 12382: 12366: 12353: 12340: 12323: 12297: 12282: 12270: 12257: 12245: 12236: 12224: 12208: 12184: 12172: 12145: 12133: 12107: 12091: 12075: 12045: 12028: 12026:, p. 46). 12016: 12014:, p. 31). 11996: 11980: 11968: 11941: 11924: 11922:, p. 46). 11912: 11900: 11883: 11871: 11850: 11835: 11823: 11806: 11790: 11775: 11762: 11742: 11726: 11710: 11678: 11658: 11638: 11618: 11600: 11583: 11567: 11551: 11535: 11519: 11503: 11487: 11470: 11453: 11440: 11424: 11405: 11392: 11379: 11364: 11339: 11323: 11321:, pp. 475–477. 11310: 11297: 11272: 11260: 11236: 11208: 11206:, p. 80). 11188: 11176: 11174:, p. 55). 11148: 11136: 11124: 11108: 11093: 11091:, p. 54). 11077: 11071:V.A.Maxfield, 11064: 11036: 11010: 10998: 10978: 10966: 10951: 10935: 10911: 10898: 10886: 10874: 10850: 10848:, p. 45). 10834: 10821: 10804: 10775: 10746: 10730: 10717: 10715:, p. 44). 10700: 10684: 10672: 10659: 10642: 10630: 10613: 10592: 10575: 10563: 10539: 10519: 10517:, p. 43). 10499: 10497:, p. 40). 10484: 10472: 10448: 10435: 10419: 10402: 10390: 10378: 10362: 10344: 10331: 10311: 10296: 10283: 10266: 10254: 10252:, p. 82). 10237: 10225: 10223:, p. 35). 10213: 10192: 10180: 10163: 10146: 10106: 10104:, p. 93). 10094: 10073: 10052: 10050:, p. 34). 10040: 10025: 10023:, p. 33). 10013: 9993: 9991:, p. 75). 9981: 9964: 9951: 9935: 9896: 9848: 9828: 9813: 9792: 9779: 9767: 9752: 9736: 9723: 9702: 9689: 9676: 9614: 9597: 9582: 9561: 9549: 9533: 9518: 9501: 9488: 9472: 9457: 9445: 9429: 9417: 9401: 9388: 9372: 9355: 9338: 9322: 9307: 9292: 9280: 9263: 9251: 9236: 9219: 9203: 9187: 9175: 9159: 9157:, p. 221) 9135: 9123: 9021: 8914: 8902: 8887: 8843: 8831: 8819: 8803: 8791: 8789:, p. 74). 8776: 8747: 8731: 8715: 8695: 8676: 8650: 8633: 8612: 8597: 8579: 8567: 8515: 8479: 8462: 8448:Làszlò Borhy, 8441: 8429: 8413: 8385: 8372: 8359: 8339: 8327: 8315: 8313:, LXXVIII, 14. 8302: 8286: 8258: 8243: 8227: 8204: 8179: 8157: 8132: 8107: 8082: 8064: 8052: 8025: 8003: 7978: 7949: 7930: 7910: 7889: 7877: 7865: 7849: 7847:, LXXII, 20.2. 7836: 7832:Roman History, 7823: 7807: 7805:, p. 21). 7795: 7783: 7781:, p. 23). 7768: 7753: 7741: 7729: 7717: 7705: 7703:, p. 84). 7693: 7676: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7641: 7638: 7616:Late Antiquity 7592:Agri Decumates 7514:Aurelian Walls 7472:viri militares 7329:Late antiquity 7324: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7296: 7292: 7291: 7231: 7227: 7226: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7191: 7187: 7186: 7175: 7171: 7170: 7144: 7140: 7139: 7120: 7113:Berber peoples 7097: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7085: 7081: 7080: 7073: 7069: 7068: 7061: 7057: 7056: 7033: 7029: 7028: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6989: 6970: 6969: 6950: 6946: 6945: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6870: 6869: 6862: 6852: 6851: 6843: 6842: 6830: 6829: 6814: 6810: 6809: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6770: 6766: 6765: 6722: 6718: 6717: 6660:Lower Pannonia 6644: 6639:for the West. 6562:Constantinople 6549: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6517: 6512: 6511: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6484: 6480: 6479: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6435: 6421: 6420: 6412: 6411: 6399: 6398: 6379:Germanic fleet 6363: 6359: 6358: 6323: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6246: 6233: 6220: 6219: 6211: 6210: 6198: 6197: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6077:Maeotian Swamp 6069: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6024: 6020: 6019: 5976: 5972: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5909: 5896:, he defeated 5886: 5843:Adriatic coast 5822: 5816: 5815: 5791: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5753: 5728: 5727: 5719: 5718: 5706: 5705: 5652: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5568: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5456: 5449: 5435: 5434: 5426: 5425: 5400:, namely, the 5371: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5343:northern Italy 5339: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5290: 5263: 5239: 5238: 5215: 5152: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5081: 5062: 5057: 5056: 5041: 5027: 5022: 5021: 5006: 4987: 4982: 4981: 4969: 4947:Naqsh-e Rostam 4939: 4938: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4875: 4830: 4829: 4756:Agri Decumates 4748: 4625:Gallia Belgica 4607: 4544: 4541: 4527: 4518: 4517: 4494: 4458: 4457: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4405:Lower Germania 4376: 4372: 4371: 4310: 4309: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4094: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4040: 4027: 4026: 4018: 4017: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3885: 3884: 3876: 3875: 3864: 3854:CAE TRA DECIVS 3847: 3846: 3838: 3837: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3708: 3707: 3699: 3698: 3686: 3685: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3640: 3616: 3615: 3608:siege machines 3584: 3578: 3577: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3552: 3551: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3503: 3490: 3489: 3481: 3480: 3468: 3467: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3403: 3383: 3382: 3347: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3295:Germania Magna 3272: 3244: 3243: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3155: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3093:Agri Decumates 3074: 3070: 3069: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3021: 3017: 3016: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2959:Danubian limes 2947: 2931: 2930: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2793:Lower Pannonia 2780: 2779: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2706: 2697: 2687: 2686: 2678: 2677: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2634: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2569: 2567: 2550: 2547: 2537: 2536: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2476: 2473: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2435: 2433: 2416: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2313: 2303: 2302: 2295: 2290: 2283: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2264: 2259: 2252: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2237:Moesia Secunda 2233: 2228: 2221: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2206:Moesia Secunda 2202: 2197: 2190: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2175:Dacia Ripensis 2171: 2166: 2159: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2144:Dacia Ripensis 2140: 2135: 2128: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2109: 2104: 2097: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2078: 2073: 2066: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2047: 2042: 2035: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1989: 1984: 1977: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1958: 1953: 1946: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1931:Pannonia Prima 1927: 1924: 1917: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1902:Pannonia Prima 1898: 1893: 1886: 1884:Legio X Gemina 1881: 1875: 1874: 1867: 1861: 1856: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1839: 1834: 1827: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1773: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1754: 1749: 1741: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1728:Germania Prima 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1699:Germania Prima 1695: 1690: 1683: 1675: 1667: 1666: 1659: 1654: 1647: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1628: 1623: 1616: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1538:Albano Laziale 1535: 1528: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1499: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1470: 1465: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1450: 1443: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1423: 1416: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1387: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1358: 1353: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1329: 1324: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1300: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1280: 1273: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1244: 1242:Legio X Gemina 1239: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1215: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1186: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1157: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1128: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1099: 1094: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1070: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1029:Danubian limes 994:XV Apollinaris 896:Danubian Limes 887: 884: 871: 868: 831:Cisalpine Gaul 774: 771: 632:Agri decumates 592: 589: 559: 556: 511:Agri decumates 479:Empire of Gaul 329:tribes of the 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 220: 219: 162: 107: 106: 102: 101: 91: 85: 84: 80: 79: 76: 75: 72: 68: 67: 64:Danubian Limes 58: 56: 52: 51: 48: 40: 39: 29: 28: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14422: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14397: 14395: 14385: 14375: 14373: 14363: 14362: 14359: 14348: 14347: 14341: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14293: 14290: 14289: 14288: 14285: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14272: 14271: 14270:Germanic wars 14268: 14267: 14265: 14263: 14257: 14251: 14250:War of Actium 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14240: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14228:War of Mutina 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14188: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14176: 14172: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14154: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14125:Sertorian War 14123: 14121: 14120:Numantine War 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14107: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14070: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14043: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13986: 13985: 13982: 13981: 13979: 13977: 13971: 13967: 13960: 13955: 13953: 13948: 13946: 13941: 13940: 13937: 13928: 13922: 13914: 13908: 13904: 13903: 13898: 13894: 13890: 13884: 13876: 13870: 13866: 13865: 13860: 13856: 13852: 13846: 13838: 13834: 13830: 13829: 13825: 13824: 13820: 13816: 13813: 13810:J.-P. Petit, 13809: 13806: 13802: 13801: 13797: 13796: 13791: 13785: 13777: 13772: 13768: 13762: 13754: 13749: 13745: 13740: 13736: 13730: 13722: 13717: 13713: 13707: 13699: 13695: 13691: 13687: 13683: 13677: 13669: 13664: 13660: 13654: 13646: 13641: 13637: 13631: 13627: 13626: 13621: 13617: 13613: 13612: 13606: 13602: 13596: 13588: 13583: 13579: 13574: 13570: 13565: 13561: 13555: 13547: 13542: 13538: 13532: 13524: 13519: 13515: 13509: 13501: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13483: 13475: 13470: 13466: 13460: 13452: 13447: 13443: 13437: 13429: 13425: 13421: 13417: 13411: 13403: 13398: 13394: 13388: 13380: 13375: 13371: 13366: 13362: 13358: 13354: 13350: 13344: 13336: 13330: 13326: 13325: 13319: 13315: 13309: 13301: 13296: 13292: 13287: 13283: 13277: 13269: 13264: 13260: 13254: 13246: 13241: 13237: 13233: 13228: 13224: 13220: 13216: 13212: 13207: 13203: 13197: 13189: 13184: 13180: 13174: 13166: 13161: 13157: 13151: 13143: 13138: 13134: 13129: 13125: 13119: 13111: 13107: 13103: 13099: 13094: 13090: 13085: 13081: 13075: 13071: 13070: 13064: 13060: 13054: 13050: 13049: 13043: 13039: 13034: 13030: 13025: 13021: 13015: 13007: 13002: 12998: 12993: 12989: 12983: 12975: 12970: 12969: 12965: 12964: 12960: 12956: 12953: 12950: 12946: 12945: 12940: 12937: 12934: 12931: 12930: 12925: 12922: 12917: 12913: 12910: 12906: 12903: 12899: 12896: 12892: 12889: 12885: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12876: 12872: 12869: 12866: 12862: 12858: 12855: 12852: 12848: 12845: 12842: 12839: 12836: 12832: 12829: 12826: 12822: 12819: 12816: 12815: 12810: 12807: 12804: 12800: 12796: 12793: 12790: 12786: 12783: 12780: 12776: 12773: 12770: 12766: 12765:Roman History 12762: 12759: 12756: 12753: 12750: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12736: 12733: 12730:, book XXVII 12729: 12725: 12722: 12721: 12717: 12716: 12704: 12699: 12692: 12687: 12680: 12674: 12667: 12661: 12654: 12649: 12642: 12641:Springer 1988 12637: 12630: 12625: 12618: 12617:Kreucher 2003 12613: 12606: 12605:Le Bohec 2004 12601: 12594: 12590: 12585: 12578: 12573: 12566: 12562: 12558: 12554: 12549: 12542: 12537: 12530: 12526: 12521: 12514: 12508: 12501: 12496: 12489: 12484: 12477: 12471: 12464: 12459: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12439: 12432: 12428: 12423: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12403: 12396: 12393: 12392: 12386: 12380: 12377: 12376: 12370: 12363: 12357: 12350: 12344: 12337: 12334: 12333: 12327: 12320: 12317: 12316: 12311: 12308: 12307: 12301: 12294: 12289: 12287: 12279: 12274: 12267: 12266:De Caesaribus 12261: 12254: 12249: 12240: 12233: 12228: 12221: 12217: 12212: 12205: 12201: 12198: 12195:, VII, 25, 7 12194: 12188: 12181: 12176: 12169: 12165: 12162: 12158: 12154: 12149: 12142: 12137: 12130: 12127: 12126: 12121: 12118: 12117: 12111: 12104: 12100: 12095: 12088: 12084: 12079: 12072: 12068: 12065: 12064: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12049: 12042: 12038: 12032: 12025: 12024:Williams 1995 12020: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12000: 11993: 11989: 11984: 11977: 11972: 11965: 11960: 11958: 11956: 11954: 11952: 11950: 11948: 11946: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11928: 11921: 11916: 11909: 11904: 11897: 11892: 11890: 11888: 11880: 11875: 11868: 11863: 11861: 11859: 11857: 11855: 11847: 11846:Southern 2001 11842: 11840: 11832: 11827: 11820: 11817: 11816: 11810: 11803: 11799: 11794: 11787: 11782: 11780: 11772: 11766: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11746: 11739: 11735: 11730: 11723: 11719: 11714: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11682: 11675: 11671: 11667: 11662: 11655: 11651: 11647: 11642: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11622: 11615: 11613: 11604: 11597: 11593: 11587: 11580: 11576: 11571: 11564: 11560: 11555: 11548: 11544: 11539: 11532: 11528: 11523: 11516: 11512: 11507: 11500: 11496: 11491: 11484: 11481: 11480: 11474: 11467: 11464:, I, 68.1-3; 11463: 11457: 11450: 11444: 11437: 11433: 11428: 11421: 11416: 11414: 11412: 11410: 11402: 11396: 11389: 11383: 11376: 11371: 11369: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11349: 11343: 11336: 11332: 11327: 11320: 11317:Guido Cervo, 11314: 11307: 11301: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11276: 11269: 11264: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11240: 11233: 11229: 11226:; Eutropius, 11225: 11221: 11217: 11212: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11192: 11185: 11180: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11152: 11145: 11140: 11133: 11132:Southern 2001 11128: 11122: 11119: 11118: 11112: 11105: 11100: 11098: 11090: 11086: 11081: 11075:, pp.209-213. 11074: 11068: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11040: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11024: 11021: 11020: 11014: 11007: 11002: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10982: 10975: 10970: 10963: 10958: 10956: 10949:, fragment 7. 10948: 10942: 10940: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10915: 10908: 10902: 10895: 10890: 10883: 10878: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10854: 10847: 10843: 10838: 10831: 10825: 10818: 10813: 10811: 10809: 10801: 10798:, tav.30, 1; 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10779: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10750: 10743: 10739: 10734: 10727: 10721: 10714: 10710: 10704: 10697: 10693: 10688: 10681: 10676: 10669: 10663: 10656: 10652: 10646: 10639: 10634: 10627: 10626:Southern 2001 10622: 10620: 10618: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10596: 10589: 10588:Southern 2001 10584: 10582: 10580: 10572: 10567: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10543: 10536: 10532: 10528: 10523: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10503: 10496: 10491: 10489: 10481: 10480:Southern 2001 10476: 10469: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10452: 10445: 10439: 10432: 10428: 10423: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10399: 10398:Southern 2001 10394: 10387: 10382: 10375: 10371: 10366: 10359: 10355: 10354: 10348: 10341: 10340:De Caesaribus 10335: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10319:Southern 2001 10315: 10308: 10303: 10301: 10293: 10287: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10270: 10263: 10262:Southern 2001 10258: 10251: 10250:Rémondon 1975 10246: 10244: 10242: 10234: 10229: 10222: 10217: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10196: 10189: 10184: 10177: 10172: 10170: 10168: 10160: 10156: 10150: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10110: 10103: 10098: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10077: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10061:De Caesaribus 10056: 10049: 10044: 10037: 10036:Southern 2001 10032: 10030: 10022: 10017: 10010: 10009:González 2003 10006: 10002: 9997: 9990: 9989:Rémondon 1975 9985: 9978: 9974: 9968: 9961: 9955: 9948: 9944: 9939: 9932: 9928: 9925: 9924: 9919: 9916: 9915: 9910: 9907: 9906: 9900: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9884: 9881: 9880: 9875: 9872: 9871: 9866: 9863: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9845: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9833: 9825: 9820: 9818: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9796: 9789: 9783: 9776: 9775:Southern 2001 9771: 9764: 9763:Southern 2001 9759: 9757: 9749: 9748:Southern 2001 9745: 9740: 9733: 9727: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9706: 9699: 9693: 9686: 9680: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9655: 9652: 9651: 9646: 9643: 9642: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9628: 9625: 9624: 9618: 9611: 9607: 9601: 9594: 9589: 9587: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9565: 9558: 9553: 9546: 9542: 9537: 9530: 9525: 9523: 9515: 9511: 9505: 9498: 9492: 9485: 9479: 9477: 9469: 9464: 9462: 9454: 9449: 9442: 9438: 9433: 9426: 9421: 9414: 9408: 9406: 9398: 9392: 9385: 9381: 9376: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9359: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9342: 9335: 9329: 9327: 9319: 9314: 9312: 9304: 9299: 9297: 9289: 9284: 9277: 9273: 9267: 9260: 9255: 9248: 9247:Southern 2001 9243: 9241: 9233: 9230:, I, 20.1-2; 9229: 9223: 9216: 9212: 9207: 9200: 9196: 9191: 9184: 9179: 9172: 9166: 9164: 9156: 9155:Southern 2001 9152: 9148: 9144: 9139: 9132: 9131:Southern 2001 9127: 9120: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9107: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9077: 9076: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9053: 9050: 9049: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9025: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8991: 8988: 8987: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8964: 8961: 8960: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8918: 8911: 8906: 8899: 8898:Southern 2001 8894: 8892: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8847: 8840: 8835: 8828: 8823: 8816: 8812: 8807: 8800: 8795: 8788: 8787:Rémondon 1975 8783: 8781: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8751: 8744: 8740: 8735: 8728: 8724: 8719: 8712: 8711:Southern 2001 8708: 8704: 8699: 8692: 8688: 8683: 8681: 8673: 8670: 8669: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8654: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8637: 8629: 8624: 8621: 8616: 8609: 8604: 8602: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8576: 8571: 8564: 8561: 8557: 8552: 8549: 8545: 8540: 8537: 8533: 8528: 8524: 8519: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8483: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8466: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8445: 8438: 8433: 8426: 8422: 8417: 8410: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8397:Roman History 8394: 8389: 8382: 8381:Roman History 8379:Cassius Dio, 8376: 8369: 8363: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8343: 8336: 8331: 8324: 8319: 8312: 8311:Roman History 8309:Cassius Dio, 8306: 8299: 8295: 8290: 8283: 8280: 8276: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8255: 8254:Southern 2001 8250: 8248: 8240: 8236: 8231: 8224: 8220: 8215: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8176: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8154: 8150: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8129: 8125: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8104: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8079: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8061: 8056: 8049: 8045: 8044: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8022: 8016: 8014: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8000: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7956: 7954: 7946: 7942: 7937: 7935: 7927: 7924:, Vol. III - 7923: 7919: 7918:González 2003 7914: 7907: 7903: 7902: 7896: 7894: 7886: 7885:Le Bohec 2001 7881: 7874: 7873:González 2003 7869: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7853: 7846: 7845:Roman History 7843:Cassius Dio, 7840: 7833: 7830:Cassius Dio, 7827: 7820: 7816: 7811: 7804: 7803:Williams 1995 7799: 7792: 7791:Southern 2001 7787: 7780: 7779:Williams 1995 7775: 7773: 7765: 7764:Rémondon 1975 7760: 7758: 7750: 7749:Southern 2001 7745: 7738: 7737:Rémondon 1975 7733: 7726: 7721: 7714: 7713:Southern 2001 7709: 7702: 7697: 7690: 7686: 7680: 7670: 7666: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7583: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7564: 7560: 7555: 7551: 7549: 7545: 7544: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7496:Gallic Empire 7493: 7492:Valentinian I 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7464: 7461: 7457: 7456: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7418: 7414: 7409: 7405: 7403: 7398: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7361: 7360:Constantinian 7357: 7348: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7330: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7109:Sahara Desert 7103: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7016: 7012: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6974: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6880: 6876: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6844: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6794:Salian Franks 6791: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6616: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6554: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6446: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6418: 6413: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6260: 6257:Finally, the 6256: 6255: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6212: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6155:and possibly 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6034: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5996:Gallic Empire 5994:in the West ( 5993: 5989: 5986:in the East ( 5985: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5821: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5593: 5585: 5584:Gallic Empire 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5491:(present-day 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5412:in the East. 5411: 5407: 5403: 5402:Gallic Empire 5399: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5364: 5361:), which, as 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5319: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5208:Marcianopolis 5205: 5201: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5151: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4919:Gallic Empire 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4885:and besieged 4884: 4883:Castra Vetera 4880: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4802:, and modern 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4644:Gallic Empire 4641: 4636: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4613: 4606: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4559:Gallic Empire 4554: 4550: 4549:Gallic Empire 4536: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4444:), as far as 4443: 4439: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4358:legions near 4357: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4264:would attest. 4263: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4217: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4127: 4124:by the young 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4110:Peloponnesian 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3861:radiate crown 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3751: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3726: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3622:Invasions of 3620: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3604:Marcianopolis 3601: 3600: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3443: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3365:north of the 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3319: 3313:reports thus: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3113:With Emperor 3111: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3054:Castra Regina 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3027:was decisive. 3026: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2999:(near modern 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2984:vexillationes 2981:(composed of 2980: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2953:celebrates a 2952: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2391: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2328:Alpine passes 2326: 2324: 2321: 2314: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2299:Scythia Minor 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2282: 2281:Legio I Iovia 2279: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2268:Scythia Minor 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2034: 2033:Legio V Iovia 2031: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2004: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1778: 1777:Castra Regina 1774: 1772: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1676: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1607: 1606: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1533: 1532:Castra Albana 1529: 1527: 1524: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1461: 1460: 1457:Three Dacias 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1434: 1433: 1430:Three Dacias 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1191: 1190:Castra Regina 1187: 1185: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1061: 1060: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 910:I Illyricorum 907: 901: 897: 893: 883: 881: 877: 867: 865: 864:Middle Danube 861: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 785: 780: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 739:Roman legions 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 656:Castra Regina 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 622: 619: 615: 610: 608: 604: 598: 588: 586: 582: 578: 575: 571: 565: 555: 553: 549: 545: 540: 538: 535: 531: 528: 524: 520: 516: 513:(left to the 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 475: 473: 470:, Nobati and 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 390: 385: 383: 379: 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 357:, Borani and 356: 352: 349:, as well as 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 230: 227: 226: 221: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 109: 108: 103: 99: 95: 92: 90: 87: 86: 81: 73: 70: 69: 65: 61: 57: 54: 53: 49: 46: 45: 41: 35: 30: 25: 20: 14372:Ancient Rome 14344: 14299:Armenian War 14262:Roman Empire 14245:Perusine War 14237: 14173: 14152:Servile Wars 14147:Cimbrian War 14100:Galatian War 14019:Samnite Wars 13901: 13897:Cervo, Guido 13863: 13859:Cervo, Guido 13836: 13833:Cervo, Guido 13818: 13811: 13804: 13775: 13752: 13743: 13720: 13697: 13690:Sordi, Marta 13667: 13644: 13624: 13610: 13586: 13577: 13568: 13545: 13522: 13499: 13473: 13450: 13427: 13404:. Princeton. 13401: 13378: 13369: 13360: 13323: 13302:. Baltimora. 13299: 13290: 13267: 13244: 13235: 13231: 13222: 13210: 13187: 13164: 13144:. Roma-Bari. 13141: 13132: 13109: 13097: 13088: 13068: 13047: 13037: 13028: 13005: 12996: 12973: 12958: 12942: 12927: 12915: 12908: 12901: 12894: 12887: 12874: 12860: 12834: 12824: 12812: 12798: 12788: 12778: 12764: 12745: 12741: 12727: 12712:Bibliography 12698: 12686: 12678: 12673: 12665: 12660: 12653:Corbier 1986 12648: 12636: 12628: 12624: 12612: 12600: 12584: 12577:Mommsen 1887 12572: 12561:Jackson 2002 12556: 12548: 12536: 12520: 12512: 12507: 12499: 12495: 12483: 12475: 12470: 12462: 12458: 12446: 12442: 12438: 12430: 12426: 12422: 12414: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12389: 12385: 12373: 12369: 12361: 12356: 12348: 12343: 12330: 12326: 12313: 12304: 12300: 12273: 12268:, XXXIX, 43. 12265: 12260: 12248: 12239: 12227: 12219: 12211: 12192: 12187: 12179: 12175: 12156: 12148: 12140: 12136: 12123: 12114: 12110: 12098: 12094: 12082: 12078: 12061: 12052: 12048: 12036: 12031: 12019: 11999: 11983: 11971: 11931: 11927: 11920:Cameron 1995 11915: 11903: 11874: 11826: 11813: 11809: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11770: 11765: 11757: 11753: 11749: 11745: 11737: 11733: 11729: 11721: 11713: 11708:, VII, 24.3. 11705: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11673: 11669: 11665: 11661: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11608: 11603: 11591: 11586: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11562: 11558: 11554: 11546: 11542: 11538: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11514: 11510: 11506: 11498: 11490: 11477: 11473: 11461: 11456: 11448: 11443: 11435: 11431: 11427: 11400: 11395: 11387: 11382: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11342: 11334: 11330: 11326: 11318: 11313: 11305: 11300: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11275: 11263: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11227: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11199: 11195: 11191: 11179: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11139: 11127: 11115: 11111: 11084: 11080: 11072: 11067: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11026: 11017: 11013: 11001: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10969: 10946: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10906: 10901: 10889: 10877: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10837: 10829: 10824: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10778: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10749: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10725: 10720: 10708: 10703: 10695: 10687: 10675: 10667: 10662: 10650: 10645: 10633: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10595: 10566: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10542: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10475: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10443: 10438: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10410: 10405: 10393: 10381: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10357: 10351: 10347: 10339: 10334: 10314: 10291: 10286: 10273: 10269: 10257: 10228: 10216: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10195: 10183: 10161:, VII, 22.7. 10158: 10154: 10149: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10097: 10089: 10076: 10060: 10055: 10043: 10016: 10004: 10000: 9996: 9984: 9972: 9967: 9959: 9954: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9921: 9912: 9903: 9899: 9886: 9877: 9868: 9859: 9851: 9843: 9800: 9795: 9787: 9782: 9770: 9739: 9734:, I, 32.2-3. 9731: 9726: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9705: 9697: 9692: 9684: 9679: 9666: 9657: 9648: 9639: 9630: 9621: 9617: 9605: 9600: 9569: 9564: 9552: 9544: 9536: 9509: 9504: 9496: 9491: 9483: 9448: 9440: 9432: 9420: 9412: 9396: 9391: 9383: 9375: 9362: 9358: 9345: 9341: 9333: 9283: 9271: 9266: 9254: 9227: 9222: 9214: 9206: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9178: 9170: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9126: 9118: 9117:; Herodian, 9109: 9100: 9091: 9082: 9073: 9064: 9055: 9046: 9037: 9028: 9024: 9011: 9002: 8993: 8984: 8975: 8966: 8957: 8948: 8939: 8930: 8921: 8917: 8905: 8877: 8868: 8859: 8850: 8846: 8839:Alföldy 1974 8834: 8822: 8814: 8806: 8794: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8703:Alföldy 1974 8698: 8690: 8686: 8666: 8657: 8653: 8640: 8636: 8622: 8615: 8582: 8570: 8562: 8550: 8538: 8527:Heliogabalus 8526: 8522: 8518: 8510: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8469: 8465: 8454:Popescu 1998 8449: 8444: 8432: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8408: 8396: 8388: 8380: 8375: 8367: 8362: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8330: 8318: 8310: 8305: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8281: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8238: 8230: 8222: 8199: 8193: 8174: 8152: 8148: 8127: 8123: 8077: 8059: 8055: 8047: 8041: 8020: 7996: 7968: 7959: 7944: 7925: 7921: 7913: 7908:, V and VII. 7905: 7899: 7880: 7868: 7856: 7852: 7844: 7839: 7831: 7826: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7798: 7786: 7744: 7732: 7725:Cameron 1995 7720: 7708: 7701:Ruffolo 2004 7696: 7688: 7684: 7679: 7669: 7619: 7584: 7568: 7557:Fragment of 7541: 7526: 7471: 7465: 7453: 7441: 7433: 7422: 7417:Heliogabalus 7393: 7352: 7323:Consequences 7314:against the 7234: 7105: 7076: 7064: 7037:Lower Moesia 7024: 7014: 7003: 6921: 6892: 6865: 6821: 6817: 6785: 6773: 6708: 6667: 6663: 6629: 6622: 6612: 6604:Margus River 6581: 6540: 6536: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6409:antoninianus 6338: 6319: 6308:North Africa 6283: 6279: 6275: 6208:antoninianus 6193: 6104: 6100: 6083:even before 6068:late 275-276 6059: 6018:in the East. 5967: 5926:Lower Moesia 5914:Three Dacias 5905: 5855:Via Flaminia 5831: 5825: 5818: 5808:Via Postumia 5745: 5701: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5590: 5560: 5556: 5546: 5540: 5533: 5503:Mount Hemaus 5496: 5481:Thessalonica 5423:Antoninianus 5387: 5329: 5323: 5316: 5278: 5274: 5256:Thessalonica 5233:and reached 5161: 5155: 5148: 5140: 5134: 5127: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5055:, the Goths: 5031: 5024: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4958: 4930: 4926: 4856:Brenner Pass 4823: 4822:was already 4736: 4714: 4707: 4692:Tripolitania 4653: 4650:in the East. 4640:Roman Empire 4618: 4611: 4604: 4556: 4534: 4520: 4453: 4367: 4352:V Macedonica 4343:Transylvania 4327:Three Dacias 4258:Pantikapaion 4215: 4207: 4169:Successianus 4136: 4132: 4098:Thessalonica 4087:Lucius Verus 4062: 4015:antoninianus 3955: 3947: 3915:of Brigetio. 3859:, head with 3835:antoninianus 3817: 3806: 3784: 3759: 3748: 3742:Stara Zagora 3696:antoninianus 3681: 3677: 3591: 3580: 3547: 3543: 3478:antoninianus 3453: 3447: 3440: 3411:Lower Moesia 3343: 3342:" and then " 3339: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3239: 3231: 3217: 3211: 3204: 3198:Lower Saxony 3134: 3092: 3013:Lower Moesia 2982: 2954: 2915:Heliogabalus 2902: 2871:, IV, 7.3-4. 2868: 2857: 2842: 2785:free Dacians 2771: 2765: 2636: 2386: 2381: 2361: 2351: 2332: 2297: 2285: 2266: 2254: 2235: 2223: 2204: 2192: 2173: 2161: 2142: 2130: 2113:Moesia Prima 2111: 2099: 2082:Moesia Prima 2080: 2068: 2049: 2037: 2018: 2008: 1991: 1979: 1960: 1948: 1929: 1919: 1900: 1888: 1869: 1858: 1841: 1829: 1803:Caelius Mons 1802: 1775: 1756: 1743: 1726: 1717:Argentoratae 1716: 1697: 1685: 1661: 1649: 1630: 1618: 1576: 1559: 1530: 1501: 1472: 1445: 1418: 1389: 1360: 1331: 1302: 1275: 1246: 1217: 1188: 1161:Argentoratum 1159: 1130: 1101: 1072: 1018: 974:VIII Augusta 966:V Macedonica 958:IIII Italica 903: 876:Roman Empire 873: 825: 809:Lucius Verus 790: 683:East Germans 680: 631: 625: 611: 600: 567: 541: 476: 433: 414: 386: 375: 243:Roman Empire 238: 236: 89:Roman Empire 83:Belligerents 14260:Wars of the 14208:Gallic Wars 14137:Achaean War 14024:Pyrrhic War 13974:Wars of the 13819:Out of Rome 13694:Marta Sordi 13647:. New York. 13219:Duval, Noel 12959:New History 12929:Geographica 12914:volume 5b: 12907:volume 5a: 12900:volume 4c: 12893:volume 4b: 12886:volume 4a: 12529:Barnes 1982 12525:Barnes 1981 12511:Eutropius, 12488:Barnes 1982 12474:Eutropius, 12347:Eutropius, 12232:Barnes 1982 12197:Orosius VII 12143:, II e III. 12035:Eutropius, 12008:Bowman 2005 12004:Barnes 1982 11992:Bowman 2005 11988:Barnes 1982 11976:Potter 2013 11964:Scarre 1999 11908:Scarre 1999 11786:Scarre 1999 11769:Eutropius, 11654:New History 11607:Wagner 30: 11594:, I, 71.2; 11592:New History 11483:VIII, 11931 11462:New History 11449:New History 11401:New History 11388:New History 11346:Eutropius, 11306:New History 11281:New History 11268:Watson 1999 11256:Watson 1999 11230:, 9.10-13; 11204:Watson 1999 11172:Watson 1999 11144:Watson 1999 11089:Watson 1999 11060:Watson 1999 11048:New History 10994:Watson 1999 10931:Watson 1999 10929:, I, 48.2; 10927:New History 10907:New History 10846:Watson 1999 10842:Scarre 1999 10830:New History 10786:, I, 46.1; 10784:New History 10755:New History 10724:Eutropius, 10713:Watson 1999 10709:New History 10655:Watson 1999 10603:, I, 43.2; 10601:New History 10571:Watson 1999 10559:New History 10535:New History 10515:Watson 1999 10495:Watson 1999 10468:Watson 1999 10462:, 13.8 and 10444:New History 10323:Watson 1999 10292:New History 10221:Watson 1999 10199:Eutropius, 10153:Eutropius, 10102:Carrié 2008 10069:Watson 1999 10048:Watson 1999 10021:Watson 1999 9975:, I, 36.2; 9973:New History 9960:New History 9929:; IRT 927; 9842:Eutropius, 9801:New History 9788:New History 9732:New History 9698:New History 9685:New History 9606:New History 9578:Scarre 1999 9574:Watson 1999 9557:Watson 1999 9510:New History 9497:New History 9413:New History 9397:New History 9274:, XVII, 1; 9228:New History 9088:VIII, 22020 9079:VIII, 10083 9061:VIII, 10025 9043:VIII, 10075 8945:VIII, 22030 8936:VIII, 10073 8865:VIII, 22030 8856:VIII, 10073 8707:Dobiaš 1938 8575:Dobiaš 1938 8393:Dobiaš 1938 8175:New History 8078:New History 8023:, XVIII, 1. 8001:, XVI, 1-3. 7947:, VII, 1-2. 7834:LXXII, 3.1. 7621:caput mundi 7260:auxiliaries 7252:legionaries 7169:, later on. 6877:victory of 6754:Burgundians 6750:Belgic Gaul 6692:Burgundians 6682:moved into 6188:(called by 6184:, near the 6170:Belgic Gaul 6153:Burgundians 6033:Mesopotamia 5984:Vaballathus 5902:Cannabaudes 5252:Cassandreia 5235:Mount Athos 5191:Vaballathus 5115:facing the 5032:New History 4743:(267-271). 4610:Eutropius, 4581:(271), and 4579:Domitian II 4577:(269-271), 4573:(268-269), 4565:(260-268), 4413:Mogontiacum 4401:Rhine front 4356:XIII Gemina 4216:New History 4122:Roman limes 4089:(161-169). 3978:Mesopotamia 3956:New History 3822:, XVIII, 3. 3764:, XVIII, 2. 3596:, XVI, 1-3. 3574:Gordian III 3454:Gordian III 3434:Timesitheus 3427:Gordian III 3391:Gordian III 3367:Carpathians 3359:Histropolis 3234:" from the 3174:Württemberg 3087:, and even 3049:Tullnerfeld 2923:his dynasty 2776:Cassius Dio 2772:Alemannicus 2727:Roman limes 2561:Burgundians 2009:Ad Militare 1752:Kaiseraugst 1687:Mogontiacum 1132:Mogontiacum 1014:auxiliaries 1010:legionaries 986:XIII Gemina 970:VII Claudia 954:IIII Flavia 950:III Italica 938:II Adiutrix 922:I Maximiana 860:Marcomannia 759:Burgundians 717:peoples of 687:Scandinavia 652:Mogontiacum 436:Mesopotamia 380:during the 287:Burgundians 255:Caledonians 193:Burgundians 165:Cannabaudes 123:Gordian III 14394:Categories 14280:Gothic War 14041:Punic Wars 14029:Social War 12837:, book II. 12728:Res Gestae 12703:Sordi 1991 12691:Duval 1979 12541:Grant 1984 12415:Aemilianus 12362:Res Gestae 12310:1995, 1345 12293:Grant 1984 12278:Grant 1984 12253:Grant 1984 12159:, book II 12129:III, 13578 12071:Grant 1984 12067:XIII, 5249 12041:Grant 1984 11896:Grant 1984 11879:Grant 1984 11867:Mócsy 1974 11831:Grant 1984 11634:Mócsy 1974 11632:, 16.1-3; 11466:Grant 1984 11451:, I, 68.2. 11420:Grant 1984 11403:, I, 67.3. 11390:, I, 68.1. 11360:Grant 1984 11293:Grant 1984 11291:, 13.2-3; 11252:Grant 1984 11232:Grant 1984 11202:, 30.4-5; 11184:Mócsy 1974 11104:Grant 1984 10962:Grant 1984 10945:Dexippus, 10909:, I, 48.1. 10882:Grant 1984 10832:, I, 46.2. 10817:Grant 1984 10638:Grant 1984 10561:, I, 39.1. 10547:Magie 1950 10537:, I, 43.1. 10386:Magie 1950 10307:Grant 1984 10294:, I, 38.2. 10279:1993, 1231 10188:Mócsy 1974 10176:Grant 1984 10142:Regalianus 10130:Regalianus 9977:Grant 1984 9962:, I, 36.1. 9931:Mócsy 1974 9927:VIII, 1430 9856:Mócsy 1974 9809:Grant 1984 9744:Grant 1984 9687:, I.30.2-3 9663:VIII, 1430 9654:VIII, 2381 9645:VIII, 1018 9610:Grant 1984 9593:Grant 1984 9514:Grant 1984 9482:Jordanes, 9468:Mócsy 1974 9453:Grant 1984 9425:Grant 1984 9415:, I, 24.2. 9399:, I, 23.1. 9332:Jordanes, 9303:Grant 1984 9288:Grant 1984 9276:Grant 1984 9270:Jordanes, 9259:Mócsy 1974 9232:Grant 1984 9183:Grant 1984 9151:Grant 1984 9115:XIII, 6547 9070:2003, 1972 8954:2002, 1663 8883:2002, 1663 8817:, p. 175). 8811:Grant 1984 8758:, VI.8-9; 8754:Herodian, 8672:2002, 1252 8663:1995, 1348 8646:1991, 1378 8608:Mócsy 1974 8563:Elagabalus 8551:Elagabalus 8539:Elagabalus 8475:III, 15148 8458:Oliva 1962 8437:Oliva 1962 8370:, IV, 7.3. 8366:Herodian, 8355:Mócsy 1974 8335:Mócsy 1974 8323:Oliva 1962 8177:, I, 71.1. 8103:Grant 1984 8050:, 6.2-8.1. 8019:Jordanes, 7662:References 7634:last stone 7580:Mediolanum 7565:in Berlin. 7559:Diocletian 7533:evergetism 7504:Diocletian 7377:Marcomanni 7356:Diocletian 7327:See also: 7244:Mauretania 7209:'s armies. 7207:Diocletian 7143:c. 269-270 7100:See also: 7089:Vindonissa 7055:suggests). 7051:River, as 6934:Diocletian 6856:MAXIMIANVS 6734:Gesoriacum 6608:Singidunum 6596:Diocletian 6576:See also: 6476:Greuthungi 6304:Asia Minor 6186:Lech river 6081:Asia Minor 5871:Diocletian 5795:Marcomanni 5748:(armor of 5698:Sarmatians 5629:Marcomanni 5565:Roman army 5549:, 8.4-8.6. 5507:Aegean Sea 5451:VICTORIAE 5384:Tetricus I 5374:See also: 5359:Lake Garda 5271:Naulobatus 5231:Hellespont 5227:Roman army 5164:, 6.2-8.1. 5121:Aegean Sea 5105:Asia Minor 5049:Odaenathus 5034:, I, 39.1. 5012:, ancient 4974:Sarmatians 4960:shahanshah 4949:depicting 4788:Vindonissa 4733:Odaenathus 4721:Asia Minor 4684:Quintillus 4575:Victorinus 4561:, such as 4547:See also: 4501:Marcomanni 4474:Marcomanni 4388:Cappadocia 4335:Carpathian 4288:, such as 4262:Viminacium 4231:, Borans, 4179:region of 4153:Asia Minor 3997:See also: 3966:Aemilianus 3964:And while 3937:Cappadocia 3532:Severianus 3363:free Dacia 3279:Sarmatians 3258:, against 3182:Roman army 3129:See also: 3123:Diocletian 3045:Wienerwald 2927:Celemantia 2919:Marcomanni 2843:Sarmaticus 2833:Marcomanni 2754:Main River 2661:See also: 2608:Sarmatians 2487:Ostrogoths 2483:Greuthungi 2376:See also: 2372:Barbarians 2287:Noviodunum 2225:Durostorum 2101:Viminacium 2070:Singidunum 1859:Ad Iuvense 1722:Strasbourg 1579:Diocletian 1503:Durostorum 1426:Alba Iulia 1391:Viminacium 1362:Singidunum 1167:Strasbourg 942:II Italica 934:Diocletian 930:I Minervia 906:I Adiutrix 890:See also: 880:Diocletian 843:Marcomanni 777:See also: 757:, and the 695:Ostrogoths 666:; and the 644:Hermunduri 618:Carpathian 595:See also: 562:See also: 552:Diocletian 537:Sarmatians 532:, and the 458:tribes of 393:Sarmatians 361:along the 337:tribes of 323:Greuthungi 291:Marcomanni 269:tribes of 209:Ostrogotha 201:Naulobatus 156:Diocletian 13921:cite book 13883:cite book 13845:cite book 13784:cite book 13778:. Genova. 13761:cite book 13729:cite book 13706:cite book 13676:cite book 13670:. Londra. 13653:cite book 13595:cite book 13589:. Milano. 13554:cite book 13548:. Milano. 13531:cite book 13508:cite book 13482:cite book 13476:. Londra. 13459:cite book 13436:cite book 13410:cite book 13387:cite book 13343:cite book 13308:cite book 13276:cite book 13253:cite book 13196:cite book 13190:. Londra. 13173:cite book 13167:. Torino. 13150:cite book 13118:cite book 13112:. Milano. 13014:cite book 12982:cite book 12944:Histories 12863:, book 7 12849:, II-VII 12795:Eutropius 12767:, LXXVII 12593:Histories 12559:, I, 19; 12364:, 27.5.5. 12191:Orosius, 12012:Rees 2002 11590:Zosimus, 11460:Zosimus, 11447:Zosimus, 11399:Zosimus, 11386:Zosimus, 11350:, 9, 17; 11304:Zosimus, 11283:, I, 63; 11279:Zosimus, 11166:, 9, 15; 11121:XII, 5549 10905:Zosimus, 10828:Zosimus, 10782:Zosimus, 10757:, I, 45; 10753:Zosimus, 10711:, I, 43; 10707:Zosimus, 10698:, V, 252. 10599:Zosimus, 10442:Zosimus, 10290:Zosimus, 10090:Gallienus 10007:, 7.1-2; 9971:Zosimus, 9958:Zosimus, 9918:1993, 914 9803:, I, 35; 9799:Zosimus, 9786:Zosimus, 9730:Zosimus, 9709:A. Room, 9696:Zosimus, 9683:Zosimus, 9636:VIII, 766 9608:, I, 29; 9604:Zosimus, 9508:Zosimus, 9499:, I.28.1. 9495:Zosimus, 9411:Zosimus, 9395:Zosimus, 9368:III, 1176 9226:Zosimus, 9215:Philippus 9052:1905, 179 9034:III, 3336 9017:VI, 40776 9008:1986, 586 8999:1980, 831 8981:1958, 194 8874:1980, 951 8529:, 9.1-2; 8511:Caracalla 8495:Caracalla 8409:Caracalla 8351:Caracalla 8298:Caracalla 8282:Caracalla 8270:Caracalla 8239:Caracalla 8219:Eutropius 8173:Zosimus, 8080:, I, 42.1 8076:Zosimus, 7974:1977, 592 7862:1956, 124 7691:, p. 239. 7529:Gallienus 7343:Hostilian 7312:federates 7308:Nobatians 7183:Ptolemais 7122:The then 7041:Bastarnae 7011:Eutropius 6962:Batavians 6905:Carausius 6881:in 294). 6875:Sarmatian 6840:Argenteus 6762:panegyric 6730:Carausius 6688:Bagaudian 6652:Sarmatian 6578:Tetrarchy 6564:in 1204 ( 6558:tetrarchs 6510:narrates: 6468:Bastarnae 6438:VICTOR IA 6343:Illyricum 6284:dediticii 6236:VICTOR IA 6052:from the 6016:Sasanians 5834:, 21.1-3. 5804:Po Valley 5608:Lollianus 5489:Pelagonia 5398:Gallienus 5300:, Argos, 5254:and then 5223:Byzantium 5212:Propontis 5185:of Queen 5175:Gallienus 5143:, 13.6-7. 5053:Ctesiphon 5030:Zosimus, 5010:Byzantium 4868:Sasanians 4794:forts at 4792:auxiliary 4599:Eutropius 4446:Gibraltar 4442:Tarragona 4421:Illyricum 4384:Byzantium 4347:Eutropius 4318:Gallienus 4302:Nicomedia 4282:Chalcedon 4278:Byzantium 4274:Black Sea 4249:Gallienus 4214:Zosimus, 4197:Trapezunt 4161:Black Sea 4129:Gallienus 4112:cities.: 4079:Gallienus 4046:GERMANICA 4003:Gallienus 3970:Sasanians 3954:Zosimus, 3892:Hostilian 3674:Nicopolis 3497:PHILIPPVS 3456:, 26.3-4. 3371:Black Sea 3262:and free 3137:Sasanians 3089:Parthians 3081:Armenians 2989:I Italica 2879:Carnuntum 2826:Sarmatian 2778:suggests. 2746:Caracalla 2700:Profectio 2671:Caracalla 2647:Invasions 2615:Pannonias 2588:Bastarnae 2571:Gaul and 2534:Macedonia 2495:Visigoths 2405:Location 2402:Warships 2363:Gallaecia 1921:Carnuntum 1890:Vindobona 1831:Lauriacum 1783:Ratisbona 1277:Carnuntum 1248:Vindobona 1219:Lauriacum 1196:Ratisbona 1021:Caracalla 918:I Italica 813:Carnuntum 793:Pannonian 715:Sarmatian 711:Black Sea 699:Visigoths 628:Caracalla 577:frontiers 548:Caracalla 491:Gallienus 483:Illyricum 448:Parthians 371:Black Sea 355:Scythians 351:Bastarnae 335:Sarmatian 247:frontiers 139:Gallienus 111:Caracalla 98:Sarmatian 50:212 - 305 13899:(2004). 13861:(2003). 13835:(2002). 13817:K. Kob, 13692:(1991). 13622:(2004). 13525:. Praga. 13498:(1887). 13426:(1973). 13359:(2001). 13221:(1979). 13108:(1995). 12809:Jordanes 12785:Herodian 12779:Scythica 12775:Dexippus 12677:AA.VV., 12664:AA.VV., 12595:, I, ss. 12395:1890, 66 12379:1890, 66 12336:XVI, 157 12319:1936, 10 12220:Galerius 12200:Archived 12164:Archived 12085:, II, 5 12058:XI, 1594 12039:, 9.21; 11939:(p 613). 11937:XIV, 128 11819:XI, 6956 11656:, 69-70. 11308:, I, 64. 11250:, 35.4; 11248:Aurelian 11200:Aurelian 11160:Aurelian 11087:, 22,2; 11054:, 35.2; 11032:IX, 6309 11023:IX, 6308 10992:, 30.5; 10990:Aurelian 10947:Scythica 10923:Aurelian 10870:Aurelian 10864:, 12.4; 10862:Claudius 10794:, 12.1; 10792:Claudius 10771:Aurelian 10763:Claudius 10742:Aurelian 10670:, p. 62. 10653:, 34.2; 10511:Claudius 10464:Claudius 10446:, I, 42. 10431:Claudius 10063:, 33.3; 10005:Aurelian 9947:Aurelian 9909:II, 2200 9892:1936, 57 9883:1936, 56 9874:1936, 55 9865:1936, 54 9790:, I, 34. 9700:, I.32.1 9672:II, 2200 9627:1930, 42 9351:II, 6345 9336:, XVIII. 9106:II, 4731 9097:II, 4693 8990:II, 4649 8972:II, 4834 8963:II, 6345 8927:XI, 1176 8766:, 59.7; 8225:, 9, 23. 7993:Jordanes 7965:1941, 32 7821:, 14.1-5 7640:See also 7626:Aurelian 7606:and the 7596:Germania 7594:between 7516:between 7498:and the 7430:Augustus 7413:denarius 7381:Aquileia 7316:Blemmyes 7256:Aquileia 7240:Maximian 7236:augustus 7223:Maximian 7195:Saracens 7155:Carthage 7132:Blemmyes 7045:Roxolani 7017:, 9, 23. 7008:— 6976:Bust of 6942:Aurelian 6938:Galerius 6879:Galerius 6836:Galerius 6798:Genobaud 6790:Alemanni 6758:Alemanni 6738:Frankish 6696:Alemanni 6680:Maximian 6633:Galerius 6624:augustus 6584:Numerian 6518:— 6460:Blemmian 6395:Hispania 6375:Alemanni 6331:Pannonia 6312:Syracuse 6290:and the 6280:gentiles 6243:Victoria 6145:Toulouse 6085:Aurelian 6062:Aurelian 6048:Bust of 6028:Tetricus 5992:Tetricus 5951:Ratiaria 5918:Tervingi 5879:Dalmatia 5875:Pannonia 5845:such as 5832:Aurelian 5823:— 5812:Piacenza 5799:Dexippus 5779:Aurelian 5777:Bust of 5712:Aurelian 5688:Hasdingi 5674:and the 5656:Juthungi 5641:Hasdingi 5633:Juthungi 5625:Alemanni 5595:— 5580:Postumus 5547:Claudius 5538:— 5442:CLAVDIVS 5394:Aurelian 5332:, 6.1-2. 5321:— 5306:Dexippus 5294:Thessaly 5287:Aureolus 5262:as well. 5153:— 5132:— 5119:and the 5089:Azov Sea 5063:— 5028:— 4999:, 4.7-8. 4988:— 4978:Pannonia 4951:Shapur I 4872:Shapur I 4864:Valerian 4848:governor 4825:augustus 4820:Postumus 4816:Juthungi 4812:Semnones 4790:and the 4780:Lausanne 4776:Grenoble 4764:Alemanni 4704:Alemanni 4688:Aurelian 4676:Lugdunum 4638:270 AD: 4614:, 9, 11. 4608:— 4601:writes: 4595:Hispania 4583:Tetricus 4563:Postumus 4528:— 4513:Aquincum 4509:Roxolani 4486:Roxolani 4470:Alemanni 4438:Hispania 4397:Sasanian 4393:Shapur I 4380:Aurelian 4364:Pannonia 4360:Poetovio 4316:Emperor 4286:Bithynia 4245:Valerian 4241:Shapur I 4237:Sasanids 4218:, I, 33. 4212:— 4203:relates: 4118:Alemanni 4075:Valerian 4070:usurpers 4050:Victoria 4043:VICTORIA 4011:Valerian 3974:Shapur I 3952:— 3943:relates: 3929:Pessinus 3872:Victoria 3814:Jordanes 3811:— 3800:Jordanes 3786:augustus 3756:Jordanes 3753:— 3680:," and " 3612:Jordanes 3610:and, as 3588:Jordanes 3585:— 3513:Victoria 3506:VICTORIA 3445:— 3389:Bust of 3321:— 3256:Sarmatia 3209:— 3194:Kalefeld 3190:Harzhorn 3170:Germania 3162:Alemanni 3141:Augustus 3085:Osroenes 3009:governor 2937:Bust of 2913:Emperor 2883:colonies 2865:Herodian 2862:— 2851:Herodian 2801:Aquincum 2735:Wetterau 2731:Alemanni 2675:Denarius 2630:Alemanni 2491:Tervingi 2475:320.000 2427:Hasdingi 2256:Troesmis 2231:Silistra 2132:Ratiaria 2107:Kostolac 2076:Belgrade 2045:Banoštor 1987:Budapest 1981:Aquincum 1950:Brigetio 1570:Hispania 1509:Silistra 1447:Potaissa 1397:Kostolac 1368:Belgrade 1339:Budapest 1333:Aquincum 1304:Brigetio 1033:Hispania 978:X Gemina 926:Maximian 914:Aurelian 797:Lombards 743:Pannonia 727:Silesian 719:Roxolani 678:rivers. 648:Semnones 621:frontier 614:Danubian 607:Germania 585:Alemanni 574:Danubian 544:Alemanni 527:Tervingi 515:Alemanni 503:Aurelian 497:origin ( 495:Illyrian 472:Blemmyes 464:Baquates 452:Sasanids 425:usurpers 421:emperors 398:Alemanni 343:Roxolani 333:and the 319:Tervingi 307:Juthungi 283:Alemanni 267:Germanic 223:Strength 185:Genobaud 160:Maximian 148:Aurelian 94:Germanic 55:Location 14384:History 14358:Portals 13700:. Roma. 13696:(ed.). 13453:. Bari. 13430:. Bari. 13381:. Roma. 13270:. Roma. 13038:Noricum 12955:Zosimus 12939:Tacitus 12857:Orosius 12589:Tacitus 12515:, 9.23. 12478:, 9.22. 12351:, 9.25. 12120:III, 22 11773:, 9.18. 11760:, 15.2. 11758:Bonosus 11740:, 18.2. 11676:, 15.1. 11674:Bonosus 11581:, 14.7. 11565:, 14.1. 11549:, 14.2. 11533:, 14.3. 11517:, 13.6. 11438:, 16.1. 11358:, 3.4; 11356:Tacitus 11337:, 13.5. 11289:Tacitus 10872:, 17.5. 10744:, 18.1. 10728:, 9.11. 10466:, 9.7; 10342:, 33.8. 10203:, 9.9; 9949:, 13.2. 9201:, 34.3. 8745:, 61.8. 8729:, 59.1. 8499:Geticus 8493:, 6.6; 8353:, 5.3; 8300:, 10.6. 8272:, 5.6; 8155:, 18.1. 8130:, 13.7. 8062:, 9, 8. 7600:Rhaetia 7576:Sirmium 7537:denarii 7455:augusti 7446:Mommsen 7385:Venetia 7365:Hadrian 7300:Red Sea 7276:Berbers 7272:Numidia 7230:296-298 7174:279-280 7167:Zenobia 7136:Thebaid 7119:261-262 6909:Sirmium 6901:Scheldt 6868:below. 6760:, as a 6746:Britain 6676:Iazyges 6666:" and " 6648:Germano 6592:Carinus 6428:PROB VS 6391:Britain 6362:280-281 6355:Pisidia 6347:Isauria 6327:Noricum 6227:PROB VS 6190:Zosimus 6182:Rhaetia 6157:Vandals 6129:Moselle 6089:Cilicia 6023:274-275 6008:Lucania 6004:triumph 5980:Zenobia 5975:272-274 5892:of the 5890:Zenobia 5859:Metauro 5783:Brescia 5756:V-IRTVS 5750:Minerva 5691:Vandals 5680:Pomorie 5676:Moesias 5668:Sirmium 5664:Noricum 5660:Rhaetia 5644:Vandals 5637:Iazyges 5582:in the 5576:Laelian 5410:Palmyra 5406:Zenobia 5380:Zenobia 5318:burned. 5302:Corinth 5273:, the " 5219:Cyzicus 5187:Zenobia 5085:Peucini 5074:, 11.1. 5018:Ephesus 4968:261-262 4907:Moselle 4897:rivers. 4887:Cologne 4772:Bregenz 4768:Kempten 4760:Swabian 4741:Zenobia 4629:Rhaetia 4587:Britain 4569:(268), 4567:Laelian 4537:, 33.6. 4505:Iazyges 4493:258-260 4482:Iazyges 4425:Cologne 4339:Oltenia 4201:Zosimus 4193:Antioch 4185:Sukhumi 4181:Georgia 4135:" and " 4102:Germans 3986:Antioch 3958:, I.26. 3941:Zosimus 3933:Ephesus 3796:Dobruja 3792:Abritus 3737:Zosimus 3645:Plovdiv 3558:Sirmium 3527:245-247 3509:CARPICA 3464:Künzing 3422:242-243 3393:at the 3332:, 13.3. 3309:front. 3299:Sirmium 3281:of the 3271:236-237 3264:Dacians 3260:Iazyges 3228:Noricum 3073:234-235 3064:(today 3047:in the 3037:Noricum 3020:231-232 2987:of the 2966:227/228 2910:219-220 2903:Goticus 2829:Iazyges 2809:Vandals 2758:Rhaetia 2626:60.000 2594:Thrace 2565:Vandals 2479:Peucini 2423:Taifals 2293:Isaccea 2200:Svištov 2039:Bononia 1956:Komárom 1480:Svištov 1310:Komárom 1230:Noricum 1025:Rhenish 960:(under 924:(under 855:castrum 851:Iazyges 835:Rhaetia 817:Venetia 735:Vandals 731:Vistula 707:Vistula 640:Naristi 444:Persian 440:Armenia 389:Germans 339:Iazyges 303:Vandals 263:Britain 211:of the 203:of the 197:Vandals 187:of the 175:of the 167:of the 100:peoples 14196:Second 14162:Second 14088:Fourth 14078:Second 14051:Second 13909: 13871: 13821:, 1997 13814:, 1994 13807:, 1982 13632: 13331: 13076: 13055: 12924:Strabo 12447:Probus 12433:, 9.1. 12431:Probus 12417:, 5-6. 11804:, 8.1. 11738:Probus 11690:Probus 11650:Probus 11630:Probus 11579:Probus 11563:Probus 11547:Probus 11531:Probus 11515:Probus 11436:Probus 11335:Probus 10611:, 13.8 10433:, 9.3. 10211:, 4.5. 10144:, 11). 9846:, 9.8. 9486:, XIX. 9441:Decius 9384:Decius 8774:, 7.4. 8693:, 5.9. 8427:, 6.6. 8202:, 9.4. 8153:Probus 8128:Probus 7608:Danube 7490:, and 7488:Probus 7480:Decius 7426:Senate 7389:Marius 7375:, the 7347:Decius 7284:Sahara 7264:Thrace 6978:Caesar 6966:Frisia 6822:caesar 6709:caesar 6700:Heruli 6656:Moesia 6615:caesar 6600:Julian 6570:Venice 6529:, 9.4. 6472:Gepids 6464:Thrace 6393:, and 6351:Cremna 6335:Thrace 6300:Achaia 6296:Pontus 6282:" or " 6278:" or " 6268:Neckar 6133:Alsace 6125:Franks 6117:Tarsus 6073:Heruli 6012:Tivoli 5947:Oescus 5934:Gepids 5847:Pesaro 5716:Aureus 5695:Iazigi 5672:Thrace 5639:, and 5592:state. 5527:Rhodes 5525:, and 5519:Cyprus 5493:Bitola 5477:Moesia 5453:GOTHIC 5382:, and 5349:, and 5347:Pontus 5310:Athens 5298:Sparta 5267:Nestos 5248:Lemnos 5244:Imbros 5204:Moesia 5113:Achaia 5109:Thrace 5093:Heruli 5091:, the 4923:Neckar 4879:Franks 4778:, and 4706:. The 4702:, and 4700:Saxons 4696:Franks 4664:consul 4656:senate 4593:, and 4507:, and 4484:, and 4466:Franks 4409:Franks 4306:Nicaea 4296:, and 4294:Apamea 4165:Pityus 4126:caesar 4114:Franks 4106:Achaia 4100:: the 3925:Heruli 3896:legate 3868:Decius 3831:Decius 3692:Decius 3429:, the 3307:Dacian 3287:Danube 3276:Iazigi 3236:Senate 3041:Wachau 2993:Crimea 2762:Swabia 2729:; the 2573:Raetia 2553:Franks 2527:Goths 2507:Heruli 2499:Gepids 2442:Thrace 2438:Moesia 2334:Italia 2262:Iglita 2169:Pleven 2163:Oescus 2138:Archar 2014:Batina 1896:Vienna 1813:Raetia 1788:Raetia 1626:Xanten 1620:Vetera 1420:Apulum 1254:Vienna 1201:Raetia 1080:Xanten 1074:Vetera 898:, and 886:Romans 821:Marius 801:Danube 753:under 703:Heruli 701:, and 668:Saxons 660:Franks 658:; the 626:Under 534:Iazigi 525:, the 505:, and 456:Berber 402:Franks 367:Danube 359:Heruli 327:Dacian 311:Gepids 279:Franks 275:Saxons 271:Frisii 265:; the 259:Saxons 257:, and 205:Heruli 189:Franks 131:Decius 71:Result 14201:Third 14191:First 14167:Third 14157:First 14083:Third 14073:First 14056:Third 14046:First 12801:, IX 9717:, in 8452:, in 7687:, in 7630:walls 7604:Rhine 7476:limes 7369:limes 7268:Moors 7254:from 7203:Syria 7049:Drava 6958:Carpi 6912:East. 6897:Rhine 6806:Bavay 6742:Saxon 6714:Rhine 6704:limes 6672:Quadi 6588:Carus 6488:Quadi 6276:laeti 6149:Lugii 5930:Dacia 5922:Tisza 5898:Goths 5867:Pavia 5758:AVG, 5746:aegis 5743:' 5523:Crete 5485:Scupi 5097:Tyras 5014:Ilium 4895:Somme 4891:Seine 4860:Milan 4852:Upper 4804:Basel 4754:(the 4729:Egypt 4725:Syria 4497:Quadi 4478:Quadi 4331:Carpi 4290:Prusa 4233:Carpi 4229:Goths 4177:Guria 4141:Rhine 3982:Syria 3909:Quadi 3657:Novae 3653:Cniva 3632:Goths 3628:Carpi 3624:Cniva 3540:Quadi 3379:Tyras 3375:Olbia 3355:Goths 3351:Carpi 3283:Tisza 3178:Baden 3066:Trier 3058:Pfünz 3001:Odesa 2997:Olbia 2899:Carpi 2895:Goths 2822:Quadi 2805:Carpi 2803:, by 2797:Dacia 2789:Banat 2723:Catti 2557:Lugii 2503:Celts 2431:Carpi 2419:Goths 2393:Date 2352:Legio 2194:Novae 1693:Mainz 1651:Bonna 1560:Legio 1543:Italy 1474:Novae 1453:Turda 1138:Mainz 1103:Bonna 1037:Italy 847:Quadi 723:Alans 691:Goths 685:from 672:Weser 636:Catti 570:Rhine 530:Goths 523:Carpi 519:Dacia 460:Moors 410:limes 406:Goths 363:Rhine 347:Alans 331:Carpi 315:Goths 299:Lugii 295:Quadi 251:Picts 217:Lugii 213:Goths 181:Quadi 177:Goths 173:Cniva 169:Goths 13927:link 13907:ISBN 13889:link 13869:ISBN 13851:link 13790:link 13767:link 13735:link 13712:link 13682:link 13659:link 13630:ISBN 13601:link 13560:link 13537:link 13514:link 13488:link 13465:link 13442:link 13416:link 13393:link 13349:link 13329:ISBN 13314:link 13282:link 13259:link 13202:link 13179:link 13156:link 13124:link 13074:ISBN 13053:ISBN 13020:link 12988:link 12961:, I. 12949:HERE 12947:, I 12933:HERE 12877:, I. 12865:HERE 12851:HERE 12803:HERE 12769:HERE 12749:HERE 12732:HERE 8491:Geta 8425:Geta 7906:Occ. 7598:and 7586:the 7548:gold 7520:and 7358:and 7331:and 7181:and 7179:Qift 6995:and 6936:and 6899:and 6859:CAES 6804:and 6756:and 6748:and 6740:and 6694:and 6684:Gaul 6674:and 6658:and 6556:The 6441:GERM 6430:P F 6239:GERM 6143:and 6121:Gaul 5982:and 5949:and 5941:and 5877:and 5851:Fano 5849:and 5760:Mars 5737:P F 5662:and 5610:, 4. 5570:The 5351:Asia 5246:and 5200:Tomi 5189:and 5177:and 5111:and 5016:and 4915:Metz 4913:and 4893:and 4836:The 4814:and 4727:and 4623:and 4591:Gaul 4551:and 4523:Pipa 4354:and 4341:and 4304:and 4298:Cius 4247:and 4116:and 4085:and 4001:and 3980:and 3931:and 3630:and 3377:and 3353:and 3305:and 3196:(in 3176:and 3043:and 3035:The 3005:Nero 2897:and 2847:Geta 2824:and 2807:and 2563:and 2505:and 2440:and 2429:and 2357:León 1864:Ybbs 1837:Enns 1748:(?) 1657:Bonn 1583:Alps 1565:León 1225:Enns 1109:Bonn 1035:and 1027:and 1004:and 849:and 807:and 767:Main 765:and 763:Elbe 745:and 721:and 676:Elbe 674:and 664:Bonn 616:and 438:and 423:and 404:and 391:and 345:and 313:and 237:The 96:and 62:and 47:Date 12761:Dio 12332:CIL 12125:CIL 12116:CIL 12063:CIL 12054:CIL 11933:CIL 11815:CIL 11612:281 11479:CIL 11117:CIL 11028:CIL 11019:CIL 11006:RIC 10086:RIC 9923:CIL 9905:CIL 9668:CIL 9659:CIL 9650:CIL 9641:CIL 9632:CIL 9364:CIL 9347:CIL 9111:CIL 9102:CIL 9093:CIL 9084:CIL 9075:CIL 9057:CIL 9039:CIL 9030:CIL 9013:CIL 8986:CIL 8968:CIL 8959:CIL 8941:CIL 8932:CIL 8923:CIL 8861:CIL 8852:CIL 8620:RIC 8587:RIC 8560:RIC 8548:RIC 8536:RIC 8508:RIC 8471:CIL 8406:RIC 8279:RIC 8268:- 7415:of 7310:as 7295:298 7214:293 7190:290 7084:302 7072:301 7060:300 7032:299 6988:298 6949:297 6929:295 6917:294 6888:293 6813:289 6781:288 6769:287 6721:286 6643:285 6568:in 6495:283 6483:282 6455:281 6432:AVG 6425:IMP 6230:AVG 6224:IMP 6177:278 6164:277 6115:at 5962:272 5790:271 5752:); 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Barbarian invasions into the Roman Empire of the 3rd century

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