1062:. Given both hydrostatic and geostrophic balance, one can derive the thermal wind relation: the vertical gradient of the horizontal wind is proportional to the horizontal temperature gradient. If two air masses in the northern hemisphere, one cold and dense to the north and the other hot and less dense to the south, are separated by a vertical boundary and that boundary should be removed, the difference in densities will result in the cold air mass slipping under the hotter and less dense air mass. The Coriolis effect will then cause poleward-moving mass to deviate to the East, while equatorward-moving mass will deviate toward the west. The general trend in the atmosphere is for temperatures to decrease in the poleward direction. As a result, winds develop an eastward component and that component grows with altitude. Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the north and south poles.
969:, and whose circulation, with the Coriolis force acting on those masses, drives the jet streams. The polar jets, at lower altitude, and often intruding into mid-latitudes, strongly affect weather and aviation. The polar jet stream is most commonly found between latitudes 30° and 60° (closer to 60°), while the subtropical jet streams are located close to latitude 30°. These two jets merge at some locations and times, while at other times they are well separated. The northern polar jet stream is said to "follow the sun" as it slowly migrates northward as that hemisphere warms, and southward again as it cools.
1114:
1440:
1550:, and suggested that these patterns were all connected to Arctic amplification. Further work from Francis and Vavrus that year suggested that amplified Arctic warming is observed as stronger in lower atmospheric areas because the expanding process of warmer air increases pressure levels which decreases poleward geopotential height gradients. As these gradients are the reason that cause west to east winds through the thermal wind relationship, declining speeds are usually found south of the areas with geopotential increases. In 2017, Francis explained her findings to the
1598:(Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project) improved upon the 2010 findings of PMIP2; it found that sea ice decline would weaken the jet stream and increase the probability of atmospheric blocking, but the connection was very minor, and typically insignificant next to interannual variability. In 2022, a follow-up study found that while the PAMIP average had likely underestimated the weakening caused by sea ice decline by 1.2 to 3 times, even the corrected connection still amounts to only 10% of the jet stream's natural variability.
1627:– in their respective hemispheres at around 60° latitude. The polar night jet moves at a greater height (about 24,000 metres (80,000 ft)) than it does during the summer. During these dark months the air high over the poles becomes much colder than the air over the Equator. This difference in temperature gives rise to extreme air pressure differences in the stratosphere, which, when combined with the Coriolis effect, create the polar night jets, that race eastward at an altitude of about 48 kilometres (30 mi). The
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Northern
Hemisphere in recent decades. Cold Arctic air intrudes into the warmer lower latitudes more rapidly today during autumn and winter, a trend projected to continue in the future except during summer, thus calling into question whether winters will bring more cold extremes. A 2019 analysis of a data set collected from 35 182 weather stations worldwide, including 9116 whose records go beyond 50 years, found a sharp decrease in northern midlatitude cold waves since the 1980s.
1124:'s atmosphere has multiple jet streams, caused by the convection cells that form the familiar banded color structure; on Jupiter, these convection cells are driven by internal heating. The factors that control the number of jet streams in a planetary atmosphere is an active area of research in dynamical meteorology. In models, as one increases the planetary radius, holding all other parameters fixed, the number of jet streams decreases.
950:
988:, are smaller scale waves superimposed on the Rossby waves, with a scale of 1,000 to 4,000 kilometres (600–2,500 mi) long, that move along through the flow pattern around large scale, or longwave, "ridges" and "troughs" within Rossby waves. Jet streams can split into two when they encounter an upper-level low, that diverts a portion of the jet stream under its base, while the remainder of the jet moves by to its north.
62:
906:(1898–1935), the first man to fly around the world solo in 1933, is often given some credit for discovery of jet streams. Post invented a pressurized suit that let him fly above 6,200 metres (20,300 ft). In the year before his death, Post made several attempts at a high-altitude transcontinental flight, and noticed that at times his ground speed greatly exceeded his air speed.
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average across the southern
Rockies and Sierra Nevada mountain range, and is well below normal across the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes states. The northern tier of the lower 48 exhibits above normal temperatures during the fall and winter, while the Gulf coast experiences below normal temperatures during the winter season. The subtropical jet stream across the deep
47:
1101:, and to first order this circulation is symmetric with respect to longitude. Tropical air rises to the tropopause, and moves poleward before sinking; this is the Hadley cell circulation. As it does so it tends to conserve angular momentum, since friction with the ground is slight. Air masses that begin moving poleward are deflected eastward by the
1500:, who had first proposed it in a 2012 paper co-authored by Stephen J. Vavrus. While some paleoclimate reconstructions have suggested that the polar vortex becomes more variable and causes more unstable weather during periods of warming back in 1997, this was contradicted by climate modelling, with PMIP2 simulations finding in 2010 that the
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Coastal low-level jets are related to a sharp contrast between high temperatures over land and lower temperatures over the sea and play an important role in coastal weather, giving rise to strong coast parallel winds. Most coastal jets are associated with the oceanic high-pressure systems and thermal
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of the recent winter cooling trends over
Eurasian midlatitudes". A 2018 paper from Vavrus and others linked Arctic amplification to more persistent hot-dry extremes during the midlatitude summers, as well as the midlatitude winter continental cooling. Another 2017 paper estimated that when the Arctic
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or other anomalous situations). If two air masses of different temperatures or densities meet, the resulting pressure difference caused by the density difference (which ultimately causes wind) is highest within the transition zone. The wind does not flow directly from the hot to the cold area, but is
1522:
In 2013, further research from
Francis connected reductions in the Arctic sea ice to extreme summer weather in the northern mid-latitudes, while other research from that year identified potential linkages between Arctic sea ice trends and more extreme rainfall in the European summer. At the time, it
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area warmed up to seven times faster than the global average. While the Arctic remains one of the coldest places on Earth today, the temperature gradient between it and the warmer parts of the globe will continue to diminish with every decade of global warming as the result of this amplification. If
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due to a more northerly storm track and jet stream. The storm track shifts far enough northward to bring wetter than normal conditions (in the form of increased snowfall) to the
Midwestern states, as well as hot and dry summers. Snowfall is above normal across the Pacific Northwest and western Great
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Jet streams are typically continuous over long distances, but discontinuities are also common. The path of the jet typically has a meandering shape, and these meanders themselves propagate eastward, at lower speeds than that of the actual wind within the flow. Each large meander, or wave, within the
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Moreover, a range of long-term observational data collected during the 2010s and published in 2020 suggests that the intensification of Arctic amplification since the early 2010s was not linked to significant changes on mid-latitude atmospheric patterns. State-of-the-art modelling research of PAMIP
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observations require several decades to definitively distinguish various forms of natural variability from climate trends. This point was stressed by reviews in 2013 and in 2017. A study in 2014 concluded that Arctic amplification significantly decreased cold-season temperature variability over the
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The thermal wind relation does not explain why the winds are organized into tight jets, rather than distributed more broadly over the hemisphere. One factor that contributes to the creation of a concentrated polar jet is the undercutting of sub-tropical air masses by the more dense polar air masses
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Since the early 2000s, climate models have consistently identified that global warming will gradually push jet streams poleward. In 2008, this was confirmed by observational evidence, which proved that from 1979 to 2001, the northern jet stream moved northward at an average rate of 2.01 kilometres
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relation. The balance of forces acting on an atmospheric air parcel in the vertical direction is primarily between the gravitational force acting on the mass of the parcel and the buoyancy force, or the difference in pressure between the top and bottom surfaces of the parcel. Any imbalance between
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Other jet streams also exist. During the
Northern Hemisphere summer, easterly jets can form in tropical regions, typically where dry air encounters more humid air at high altitudes. Low-level jets also are typical of various regions such as the central United States. There are also jet streams in
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Valley exit jets are likely to be found in valley regions that exhibit diurnal mountain wind systems, such as those of the dry mountain ranges of the US. Deep valleys that terminate abruptly at a plain are more impacted by these factors than are those that gradually become shallower as downvalley
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is a strong, down-valley, elevated air current that emerges above the intersection of the valley and its adjacent plain. These winds frequently reach speeds of up to 20 m/s (72 km/h; 45 mph) at heights of 40–200 m (130–660 ft) above the ground. Surface winds below the jet
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Scientists are investigating ways to harness the wind energy within the jet stream. According to one estimate of the potential wind energy in the jet stream, only one percent would be needed to meet the world's current energy needs. In the late 2000s it was estimated that the required technology
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Additionally, a 2021 study found that while jet streams had indeed slowly moved polewards since 1960 as was predicted by models, they did not weaken, in spite of a small increase in waviness. A 2022 re-analysis of the aircraft observational data collected over 2002–2020 suggested that the North
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breaking events. At high altitudes, lack of friction allows air to respond freely to the steep pressure gradient with low pressure at high altitude over the pole. This results in the formation of planetary wind circulations that experience a strong
Coriolis deflection and thus can be considered
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within the
Atlantic tropics below what is normal, and increases tropical cyclone activity across the eastern Pacific. In the Southern Hemisphere, the subtropical jet stream is displaced equatorward, or north, of its normal position, which diverts frontal systems and thunderstorm complexes from
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events, increased precipitation is expected in
California due to a more southerly, zonal, storm track. During the Niño portion of ENSO, increased precipitation falls along the Gulf coast and Southeast due to a stronger than normal, and more southerly, polar jet stream. Snowfall is greater than
1229:
flew from Tokyo to
Honolulu at an altitude of 7,600 metres (24,900 ft). It cut the trip time by over one-third, from 18 to 11.5 hours. Not only does it cut time off the flight, it also nets fuel savings for the airline industry. Within North America, the time needed to fly east across the
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is circled by the polar night jet. The warmer air can only move along the edge of the polar vortex, but not enter it. Within the vortex, the cold polar air becomes increasingly cold, due to a lack of warmer air from lower latitudes as well as a lack of energy from the Sun entering during the
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noted that "there a significant change in the vortex mean state over the twenty-first century, resulting in a weaker, more disturbed vortex.", which contradicted the modelling results but fit the Francis-Vavrus hypothesis. Additionally, a 2013 study noted that the then-current
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just like carbon dioxide and methane. It traps heat in the atmosphere. That vapor also condenses as droplets we know as clouds, which themselves trap more heat. The vapor is a big part of the amplification story—a big reason the Arctic is warming faster than anywhere else."
965:, while the weaker subtropical jet streams are much higher, between 10 and 16 kilometres (33,000 and 52,000 ft). Jet streams wander laterally dramatically, and change in altitude. The jet streams form near breaks in the tropopause, at the transitions between the
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in North America goes down by between 1% and 4% on average, with some states suffering up to 20% losses. A 2021 study found that a stratospheric polar vortex disruption is linked with extreme cold winter weather across parts of Asia and North America, including the
1531:. In 2015, Francis' next study concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades. Hence, continued heat-trapping emissions favour increased formation of extreme events caused by prolonged weather conditions.
858:. The main commercial relevance of the jet streams is in air travel, as flight time can be dramatically affected by either flying with the flow or against. Often, airlines work to fly 'with' the jet stream to obtain significant fuel cost and time savings. Dynamic
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storm systems at lower levels in the atmosphere, and so knowledge of their course has become an important part of weather forecasting. For example, in 2007 and 2012, Britain experienced severe flooding as a result of the polar jet staying south for the summer.
53:
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these forces results in the acceleration of the parcel in the imbalance direction: upward if the buoyant force exceeds the weight, and downward if the weight exceeds the buoyancy force. The balance in the vertical direction is referred to as
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and that the climatic impact of harnessing this amount would be negligible. However, Miller, Gans, & Kleidon claim that the jet streams could generate a total power of only 7.5 TW and that the climatic impact would be catastrophic.
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process in midlatitudes, as the acceleration/deceleration of the air flow induces areas of low/high pressure respectively, which link to the formation of cyclones and anticyclones along the polar front in a relatively narrow region.
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rather than solar heating drives their jet streams. The polar jet stream forms near the interface of the polar and Ferrel circulation cells; the subtropical jet forms near the boundary of the Ferrel and Hadley circulation cells.
50:
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On Earth, the northern polar jet stream is the most important one for aviation and weather forecasting, as it is much stronger and at a much lower altitude than the subtropical jet streams and also covers many countries in the
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and are westerly winds (flowing west to east). Jet streams may start, stop, split into two or more parts, combine into one stream, or flow in various directions including opposite to the direction of the remainder of the jet.
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side of the jet, next to and just under the axis of the jet. Clear-air turbulence can cause aircraft to plunge and so present a passenger safety hazard that has caused fatal accidents, such as the death of one passenger on
1431:. During the Dust Bowl, the jet stream weakened and changed course traveling farther south than normal. This starved the Great Plains and other areas of the Midwest of rainfall, causing extraordinary drought conditions.
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would reportedly take 10–20 years to develop. There are two major but divergent scientific articles about jet stream power. Archer & Caldeira claim that the Earth's jet streams could generate a total power of 1700
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Zielinski, G.; Mershon, G. (1997). "Paleoenvironmental implications of the insoluble microparticle record in the GISP2 (Greenland) ice core during the rapidly changing climate of the Pleistocene-Holocene transition".
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1058:. Beyond the tropics, the dominant forces act in the horizontal direction, and the primary struggle is between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force. Balance between these two forces is referred to as
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Washington, R., and Todd, M. C. (2005), Atmospheric controls on mineral dust emission from the Bodélé Depression, Chad: The role of the low level jet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L17701, doi:10.1029/2005GL023597.
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1364:, ENSO can also impact cold season rainfall in Europe. Changes in ENSO also change the location of the jet stream over South America, which partially affects precipitation distribution over the continent.
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2157:
Part IV., Section III. (B). The connection between the propagation of the sky haze with its accompanying optical phenomena, and the general circulation of the atmosphere. By Mr. E. Douglas Archibald.,
1262:. Unusual wind speed in the jet stream in late February 2024 pushed commercial jets to excess of 800 mph (1,300 km/h; 700 kn) in their flight path, unheard of for a commercial airliner.
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Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of Rossby waves in the northern hemisphere jet stream as the culprit behind other almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the
882:(1811–1889), when he proposed the hypothesis of a powerful air current in the upper air blowing west to east across the United States as an explanation for the behaviour of major storms. After the
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925:. Flyers consistently noticed westerly tailwinds in excess of 160 km/h (100 mph) in flights, for example, from the US to the UK. Similarly in 1944 a team of American meteorologists in
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Part IV., Section III. (A). General geographic distribution of all the optical phenomena in space and time; including also velocity of translation of smoke stream. By the Hon. Rollo Russell.,
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Tenenbaum, Joel; Williams, Paul D.; Turp, Debi; Buchanan, Piers; Coulson, Robert; Gill, Philip G.; Lunnon, Robert W.; Oztunali, Marguerite G.; Rankin, John; Rukhovets, Leonid (July 2022).
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tended to strongly underestimate winter blocking trends, and other 2012 research had suggested a connection between declining Arctic sea ice and heavy snowfall during midlatitude winters.
1443:
Meanders (Rossby Waves) of the Northern Hemisphere's polar jet stream developing (a), (b); then finally detaching a "drop" of cold air (c). Orange: warmer masses of air; pink: jet stream.
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Blackport, Russell; Screen, James A.; van der Wiel, Karin; Bintanja, Richard (September 2019). "Minimal influence of reduced Arctic sea ice on coincident cold winters in mid-latitudes".
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A barrier jet in the low levels forms just upstream of mountain chains, with the mountains forcing the jet to be oriented parallel to the mountains. The mountain barrier increases the
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49:
4368:
5903:
5195:"Response of Northern Hemisphere Weather and Climate to Arctic Sea Ice Decline: Resolution Independence in Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) Simulations"
886:, weather watchers tracked and mapped the effects on the sky over several years. They labelled the phenomenon the "equatorial smoke stream". In the 1920s Japanese meteorologist
1356:(ENSO) influences the average location of upper-level jet streams, and leads to cyclical variations in precipitation and temperature across North America, as well as affecting
1105:(true for either hemisphere), which for poleward moving air implies an increased westerly component of the winds (note that deflection is leftward in the southern hemisphere).
5844:
5824:
5776:
Boos, W.R. and Emanuel, K.A. (2009), Annual intensification of the Somali jet in a quasi-equilibrium framework: Observational composites. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 135: 319-335.
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The subtropical jet stream rounding the base of the mid-oceanic upper trough is thought to be one of the causes most of the Hawaiian Islands have been resistant to the long
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3094:
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Origins of aircraft-damaging clear-air turbulence during the 9 December 1992 Colorado downslope windstorm : Numerical simulations and comparison with observations.
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this gradient has a strong influence on the jet stream, then it will eventually become weaker and more variable in its course, which would allow more cold air from the
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1775:(at 3000–4000 m above the surface) is also an important climate feature in Africa. It occurs during the Northern Hemisphere summer between 10°N and 20°N above in the
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3337:
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Kim, Jin-Soo; Kug, Jong-Seong; Jeong, Su-Jong; Huntzinger, Deborah N.; Michalak, Anna M.; Schwalm, Christopher R.; Wei, Yaxing; Schaefer, Kevin (26 October 2021).
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between air masses are greatest, and often exceed 92 km/h (50 kn; 57 mph). Speeds of 400 km/h (220 kn; 250 mph) have been measured.
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current"), for the phenomenon in 1939. Many sources credit real understanding of the nature of jet streams to regular and repeated flight-path traversals during
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1606:, and found that all of the recently observed changes remain within range of natural variability: the earliest likely time of divergence is in 2060, under the
1564:
In a 2017 study conducted by climatologist Judah Cohen and several of his research associates, Cohen wrote that " shift in polar vortex states can account for
870:, a potential hazard to aircraft passenger safety, is often found in a jet stream's vicinity, but it does not create a substantial alteration of flight times.
3543:
1602:
Atlantic jet stream had actually strengthened. Finally, a 2021 study was able to reconstruct jet stream patterns over the past 1,250 years based on Greenland
5841:
898:("pibals"), used to measure wind speed and direction, as they rose in the air. Oishi's work largely went unnoticed outside Japan because it was published in
3220:
5A.4. Climatological Studies of the Influences of El Niño Southern Oscillation Events in the Precipitation Pattern Over South America During Austral Summer.
3573:
Rantanen, Mika; Karpechko, Alexey Yu; Lipponen, Antti; Nordling, Kalle; Hyvärinen, Otto; Ruosteenoja, Kimmo; Vihma, Timo; Laaksonen, Ari (11 August 2022).
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On ENSO impacts on European wintertime rainfalls and their modulation by the NAO and the Pacific multi-decadal variability described through the PDO index.
2615:
2596:
1878:
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1508:, and suggesting that warmer periods have stronger positive phase AO, and thus less frequent leaks of the polar vortex air. However, a 2012 review in the
1318:, causing six deaths and a small amount of damage. American scientists studying the balloons thought the Japanese might be preparing a biological attack.
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2792:
2525:
5513:
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Lakes. Across the North Atlantic, the jet stream is stronger than normal, which directs stronger systems with increased precipitation towards Europe.
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4193:
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Mitchell, Daniel M.; Osprey, Scott M.; Gray, Lesley J.; Butchart, Neal; Hardiman, Steven C.; Charlton-Perez, Andrew J.; Watson, Peter (August 2012).
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57:
The polar jet stream can travel at speeds greater than 180 km/h (110 mph). Here, the fastest winds are coloured red; slower winds are blue.
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A second factor which contributes to a concentrated jet is more applicable to the subtropical jet which forms at the poleward limit of the tropical
972:
The width of a jet stream is typically a few hundred kilometres or miles and its vertical thickness often less than five kilometres (16,000 feet).
3730:
6373:
5788:
Munday, C., Savage, N., Jones, R.G. et al. Valley formation aridifies East Africa and elevates Congo Basin rainfall. Nature 615, 276–279 (2023).
2071:, Bishop speculates that a rapid current in the upper atmosphere was carrying the dust from the eruption of Krakatau westward around the equator.
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2294:(Berlin, Germany: Gebrüder Radetzke , 1939); Seilkopf coins the word "Strahlströmung" on page 142 and discusses the jet stream on pages 142–150.
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van Oldenborgh, Geert Jan; Mitchell-Larson, Eli; Vecchi, Gabriel A.; de Vries, Hylke; Vautar, Robert; Otto, Friederike (22 November 2019).
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1956:
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over northern Africa leads to a low-level westerly jet stream from June into October, which provides the moist inflow to the West African
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However, because the specific observations are considered short-term observations, there is considerable uncertainty in the conclusions.
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The jet stream moves from West to East bringing changes of weather. Meteorologists now understand that the path of jet streams affects
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patterns, and other weather anomalies have caused the Arctic to heat up faster than other parts of the globe, in what is known as the
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The location of the jet stream is extremely important for aviation. Commercial use of the jet stream began on 18 November 1952, when
5821:
5607:
4836:
Weng, H. (2012). "Impacts of multi-scale solar activity on climate. Part I: Atmospheric circulation patterns and climate extremes".
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Part IV., Section III. (C). Spread of the phenomena round the world, with maps illustrative thereof. By the Hon. Rollo Russell.,
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Highly idealised depiction of the global circulation. The upper-level jets tend to flow latitudinally along the cell boundaries.
5804:
3390:
2570:
2417:
1575:
5401:"Aircraft observations and reanalysis depictions of trends in the North Atlantic winter jet stream wind speeds and turbulence"
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Jet stream wind power as a renewable energy resource: little power, big impacts. Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss. 2. 201–212. 2011.
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which form during the overnight hours. A similar phenomenon develops across Australia, which pulls moisture poleward from the
1623:
The polar-night jet stream forms mainly during the winter months when the nights are much longer – hence the name referencing
1523:
was also suggested that this connection between Arctic amplification and jet stream patterns was involved in the formation of
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work together to accommodate the jet stream and winds aloft that results in the maximum benefit for airlines and other users.
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each have a polar jet and a subtropical jet. The northern hemisphere polar jet flows over the middle to northern latitudes of
5743:
2816:
2636:
2349:
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2161:; that Rev. S.E. Bishop of Honolulu first noticed a westward circulation of dust from Krakatau is acknowledged on page 333.
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Heaviside, C. and Czaja, A. (2013), Deconstructing the Hadley cell heat transport. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 139: 2181-2189.
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Part IV., Section II. General list of dates of first appearance of all the optical phenomena. By the Hon. Rollo Russell.,
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region of West Africa. The mid-level easterly African jet stream is considered to play a crucial role in the West African
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Evidence suggests the jet stream was at least partly responsible for the widespread drought conditions during the 1930s
787:, at 9–12 km (5.6–7.5 mi; 30,000–39,000 ft) above sea level, and the higher altitude and somewhat weaker
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693:
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1987:
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2168:; after page 334 there are map inserts, showing the progressive spread, along the equator, of the dust from Krakatau.
1932:
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a southerly low-level jet helps fuel overnight thunderstorm activity during the warm season, normally in the form of
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1556:: "A lot more water vapor is being transported northward by big swings in the jet stream. That's important because
766:, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. On Earth, the main jet streams are located near the altitude of the
623:
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2106:; on pages 133–136, Bishop discusses the "equatorial smoke stream" that was produced by the eruption of Krakatau.
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regions offshore California, Peru–Chile, Benguela, Portugal, Canary and West Australia, and offshore Yemen–Oman.
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jet stream. Climate scientists have hypothesized that the jet stream will also gradually weaken as a result of
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3031:"Some international flights are exceeding 800 mph due to high winds. One flight arrived almost an hour early"
2130:(London, England: Harrison and Sons, 1888). Evidence of an equatorial high-speed, high-altitude current (the
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5454:
Osman, Matthew B.; Coats, Sloan; Das, Sarah B.; McConnell, Joseph R.; Chellman, Nathan (13 September 2021).
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902:, though chronologically he has to be credited for the scientific discovery of jet streams. American pilot
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4185:
3856:"Arctic Oscillation during the Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum from PMIP2 Coupled Model Simulations"
3765:; Vavrus, Stephen J. (2012). "Evidence linking Arctic amplification to extreme weather in mid-latitudes".
6252:
5696:"The impact of climate change on the Iberian low-level wind jet: EURO-CORDEX regional climate simulation"
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1361:
31:
17:
4916:"Weakening and shift of the Arctic stratospheric polar vortex: Internal variability or forced response?"
3240:"WESTERN REGION TECHNICAL ATTACHMENT NO. 97-37 November 21, 1997: El Niño and California Precipitation."
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6097:
4773:"Increasing large wildfires over the western United States linked to diminishing sea ice in the Arctic"
3905:"The Effect of Climate Change on the Variability of the Northern Hemisphere Stratospheric Polar Vortex"
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2228:(in Esperanto). Aerological Observatory Report 1, Central Meteorological Observatory, Japan, 213 pages.
2131:
1578:. Another 2021 study identified a connection between the Arctic sea ice loss and the increased size of
1259:
683:
4067:(December 2013). "Extreme summer weather in northern mid-latitudes linked to a vanishing cryosphere".
961:(about 1/4 atmosphere) pressure level, or seven to twelve kilometres (23,000 to 39,000 ft) above
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5244:"Landmark study casts doubt on controversial theory linking melting Arctic to severe winter weather"
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Clark T. L., Hall W. D., Kerr R. M., Middleton D., Radke L., Ralph F. M., Neiman P. J., Levinson D.
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can fly with the jet stream, or increased by more than that amount if it must fly west against it.
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5570:
4305:"Influence of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Planetary Wave Resonance and Extreme Weather Events"
933:, had enough observations to forecast very high west winds that would slow bombers raiding Japan.
6277:
6150:
6145:
5958:
4972:
2323:
1539:
1214:
985:
966:
827:
678:
5342:"Recent Trends in the Waviness of the Northern Hemisphere Wintertime Polar and Subtropical Jets"
5136:"Insignificant effect of Arctic amplification on the amplitude of midlatitude atmospheric waves"
4702:
Cohen, Judah; Agel, Laurie; Barlow, Mathew; Garfinkel, Chaim I.; White, Ian (3 September 2021).
3203:
3131:
1952:
1893:
6272:
6262:
6102:
3782:
3111:
2454:
2025:
1948:
1733:
1543:
1457:
547:
5842:
Generation of the African Easterly Jet and Its Role in Determining West African Precipitation.
5811:
American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2008, abstract #A13A-0229. Retrieved on 8 March 2009.
5694:
Cardoso, Rita M.; Soares, Pedro M. M.; Lima, Daniela C. A.; Semedo, Alvaro (1 December 2016).
2391:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2103:
2099:
2085:
2075:
2068:
949:
6072:
4392:"Amplified Arctic warming and mid latitude weather: new perspectives on emerging connections"
2111:"Sereno Bishop, Rollo Russell, Bishop's Ring and the discovery of the "Krakatoa easterlies","
1826:
1745:
1681:
low over land. These jets are mainly located along cold eastern boundary marine currents, in
1583:
1386:
1020:
859:
728:
542:
300:
224:
4623:"Reduced North American terrestrial primary productivity linked to anomalous Arctic warming"
3464:
1113:
6107:
5707:
5584:
5467:
5412:
5353:
5288:
5206:
5147:
5090:
5045:
4984:
4927:
4888:
4845:
4784:
4771:
Zou, Yofei; Rasch, Philip J.; Wang, Hailong; Xie, Zuowei; Zhang, Rudong (26 October 2021).
4717:
4569:
4499:
4406:
4316:
4259:
4115:
4076:
4017:
3973:
3916:
3867:
3828:
3774:
3685:
3586:
3507:
2979:
Aircraft Accident Investigation United Airlines flight 826, Pacific Ocean 28 December 1997.
2955:
2785:
2758:
2371:
2197:
1787:
which move across the tropical Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans during the warm season.
1772:
1711:
1644:
There are wind maxima at lower levels of the atmosphere that are also referred to as jets.
1547:
1505:
1246:
867:
660:
258:
4483:; Coumou, Dim; Agel, Laurie; Barlow, Mathew; Tziperman, Eli; Cohen, Judah (January 2018).
2692:
1720:
There are several important low-level jets in Africa. Numerous low-level jets form in the
1439:
8:
6382:
5604:
4064:
3239:
2666:
1801:
1552:
1465:
1449:
1382:
1182:
1076:
863:
855:
796:
792:
759:
655:
552:
491:
317:
5711:
5471:
5416:
5357:
5292:
5210:
5151:
5094:
5049:
4988:
4973:"Arctic amplification decreases temperature variance in northern mid- to high-latitudes"
4931:
4892:
4849:
4788:
4721:
4705:"Linking Arctic variability and change with extreme winter weather in the United States"
4672:
4573:
4503:
4410:
4320:
4263:
4119:
4080:
4021:
3977:
3920:
3871:
3832:
3778:
3689:
3590:
3511:
3112:
Global assessment of high-altitude wind power, IEEE T. Energy Conver., 2, 307–319, 2009.
2892:
2762:
2725:
2201:
6160:
5490:
5455:
5436:
5369:
5322:
5309:
5277:"Robust but weak winter atmospheric circulation response to future Arctic sea ice loss"
5276:
5224:
5170:
5135:
5116:
5063:
4953:
4861:
4818:
4805:
4772:
4741:
4598:
4557:
4523:
4480:
4337:
4304:
4280:
4247:
4128:
4103:
4040:
4005:
3942:
3885:
3800:
3706:
3673:
3622:
3525:
2030:
1570:
1501:
1461:
1295:
327:
305:
212:
173:
5544:
5400:
4004:; Curry, Judith A.; Wang, Huijun; Song, Mirong; Horton, Radley M. (27 February 2012).
3178:
1698:
tend to be substantially weaker, even when they are strong enough to sway vegetation.
1079:) gradient in the horizontal plane, an effect which is most significant during double
6192:
6175:
6136:
6082:
5999:
5739:
5495:
5440:
5428:
5373:
5326:
5314:
5228:
5175:
5120:
5067:
4957:
4865:
4822:
4810:
4745:
4733:
4642:
4603:
4585:
4515:
4342:
4285:
4045:
3946:
3934:
3889:
3711:
3626:
3614:
2059:
Bishop, Sereno E. (17 January 1884) "Letters to the Editor: The remarkable sunsets,"
1928:
1872:
1796:
1749:
1715:
1403:
910:
557:
5801:
5193:
Streffing, Jan; Semmler, Tido; Zampieri, Lorenzo; Jung, Thomas (24 September 2021).
4527:
3804:
3529:
3387:
2414:
1472:
has been nearly four times faster than the global average, and some hotspots in the
6338:
6323:
6186:
5715:
5485:
5475:
5420:
5361:
5304:
5296:
5248:
5214:
5165:
5155:
5106:
5098:
5053:
5000:
4992:
4943:
4935:
4896:
4853:
4800:
4792:
4725:
4634:
4593:
4577:
4507:
4414:
4332:
4324:
4275:
4267:
4133:
4123:
4084:
4035:
4025:
3981:
3924:
3875:
3836:
3792:
3762:
3701:
3693:
3645:
3604:
3594:
3547:
3515:
3007:
2766:
2205:
2021:
1497:
1385:
is enhanced due to increased convection in the equatorial Pacific, which decreases
1357:
1038:
721:
435:
322:
234:
77:
3355:"How do El Niño and La Nina influence the Atlantic and Pacific hurricane seasons?"
2812:
2632:
1137:
706:
6333:
6328:
5907:
5894:
5871:
5848:
5828:
5808:
5625:
Cut-off low pressure systems over southern Australia: climatology and case study.
5611:
5591:
3437:
3414:
3394:
3341:
3318:
3295:
3269:
3246:
3226:
3138:
3118:
3098:
2985:
2962:
2942:
2922:
2899:
2796:
2732:
2619:
2600:
2577:
2557:
2518:
Rossby Waves, in Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, Holton, Pyle and Curry Eds
2502:
2441:
2421:
2398:
2378:
2117:
1740:, which forms off the East African coast is an important component of the global
1694:
1524:
1490:
1331:
1302:, was designed as a cheap weapon intended to make use of the jet stream over the
1043:
981:
823:
628:
403:
106:
5605:
The Relationship of the Great Plains Low-Level Jet to Nocturnal MCS Development.
4879:
James E. Overland (8 December 2013). "Atmospheric science: Long-range linkage".
4485:"More-Persistent Weak Stratospheric Polar Vortex States Linked to Cold Extremes"
2978:
1011:
6287:
6067:
5300:
5058:
5033:
4796:
4581:
4361:"Extreme global weather is 'the face of climate change' says leading scientist"
3697:
3599:
3574:
3219:
2238:
2110:
1737:
1453:
1420:
1205:
1102:
887:
831:
711:
618:
452:
6351:
5720:
5695:
5456:"North Atlantic jet stream projections in the context of the past 1,250 years"
5102:
4857:
3986:
3961:
2660:"Notes on the Meteorological Context of the UK Flooding in June and July 2007"
1360:
development across the eastern Pacific and Atlantic basins. Combined with the
6494:
6483:
6282:
6117:
6112:
6024:
6019:
5944:
5864:
5860:
5789:
5432:
5219:
5194:
4589:
4519:
4511:
3938:
3618:
1784:
1482:
1469:
1311:
1303:
1190:
1149:
1085:
958:
895:
839:
800:
574:
528:
474:
423:
310:
5480:
4729:
4030:
3335:
Average December–February (3-month) Temperature Rankings During ENSO Events.
3151:
2665:. Walker Institute for Climate System Research. 25 July 2007. Archived from
1653:
834:
acting on those moving masses. The Coriolis force is caused by the planet's
6408:
6398:
6313:
6044:
6039:
6014:
5499:
5318:
5179:
5160:
5031:
4814:
4737:
4622:
4607:
4556:
Coumou, D.; Di Capua, G.; Vavrus, S.; Wang, L.; Wang, S. (20 August 2018).
4346:
4289:
4271:
4186:"Polar Vortex: Climate Change Might Just Be Driving the Historic Cold Snap"
4049:
4001:
3929:
3904:
3880:
3855:
3735:
3715:
3312:
Average October–December (3-month) Temperature Rankings During ENSO Events.
3202:
Davide Zanchettin, Stewart W. Franks, Pietro Traverso, and Mario Tomasino.
1979:
1806:
1668:
towards cut-off lows which form mainly across southwestern portions of the
1657:
1628:
1478:
1428:
1419:
in the Midwest United States. Normally, the jet stream flows east over the
1299:
1291:
1218:
1050:
1024:
922:
879:
848:
784:
755:
464:
388:
219:
4704:
4558:"The influence of Arctic amplification on mid-latitude summer circulation"
3575:"The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979"
2210:
2185:
6458:
6441:
6431:
6393:
6318:
6224:
6087:
6077:
5365:
4996:
4939:
4900:
4088:
3796:
3609:
3520:
3495:
2771:
2746:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1741:
1633:
1624:
1590:
1486:
1473:
1098:
1084:'quasi-geostrophic'. The polar front jet stream is closely linked to the
1080:
1072:
1059:
1055:
977:
930:
918:
613:
501:
496:
459:
408:
339:
285:
241:
229:
178:
38:
4248:"Evidence linking rapid Arctic warming to mid-latitude weather patterns"
854:
Meteorologists use the location of some of the jet streams as an aid in
835:
6468:
6463:
6426:
6403:
6059:
6009:
5983:
5111:
5005:
4138:
1831:
1250:
1186:
1169:
1030:
903:
891:
822:
Jet streams are the product of two factors: the atmospheric heating by
816:
767:
591:
533:
481:
344:
280:
275:
268:
195:
190:
148:
136:
4646:
4328:
4217:"How frigid 'polar vortex' could be result of global warming (+video)"
1399:
1373:
1340:
1336:
1314:. Relatively ineffective as weapons, they were used in one of the few
878:
The first indications of this phenomenon came from American professor
6436:
6413:
6308:
6303:
6004:
5973:
5275:
Smith, D.M.; Eade, R.; Andrews, M.B.; et al. (7 February 2022).
4638:
2807:
2805:
1816:
1682:
1669:
1665:
1610:
8.5 which implies continually accelerating greenhouse gas emissions.
1468:. In 2021–2022, it was found that since 1979, the warming within the
1416:
1231:
962:
899:
603:
598:
393:
383:
295:
263:
246:
207:
185:
141:
5424:
4419:
3641:"The Arctic is warming four times faster than the rest of the world"
3062:"Flight from Dulles to London hits 800 mph due to near-record winds"
2186:"Oishi's Observation: Viewed in the Context of Jet Stream Discovery"
1278:
5585:
The influence of mesoscale orography on a coastal jet and rainband.
5080:
3854:
Lue, J.-M.; Kim, S.-J.; Abe-Ouchi, A.; Yu, Y.; Ohgaito, R. (2010).
3289:
ENSO Impacts on United States Winter Precipitation and Temperature.
3263:
El Niño (ENSO) Related Rainfall Patterns Over the Tropical Pacific.
2867:"Strong Jet Streams Prompt Record Breaking Transatlantic Crossings"
2270:"Wiley Post: First to Fly Solo Around the World, in the Winnie Mae"
1603:
1579:
1239:
999:
992:
398:
5913:
5765:
2802:
1859:. 24 February 2021. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021
1164:
approached and dissipated just before reaching landfall, the U.S.
953:
Cross section of the subtropical and polar jet streams by latitude
941:
6445:
6155:
5777:
3572:
3426:
2459:
2269:
1836:
1821:
1780:
1765:
1378:
1197:
in these contexts usually implies the northern polar jet stream.
1148:
in 2007. Note the large band of moisture that developed East of
1121:
1034:
752:
564:
442:
430:
378:
361:
332:
290:
253:
200:
129:
85:
3962:"Winter and Summer Northern Hemisphere Blocking in CMIP5 Models"
1349:
Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in the United States
6209:
6181:
5963:
4062:
1721:
1307:
1235:
1226:
1145:
804:
791:
at 10–16 km (6.2–9.9 mi; 33,000–52,000 ft). The
366:
354:
349:
116:
111:
101:
94:
66:
61:
4104:"Influence of Arctic sea ice on European summer precipitation"
945:
General configuration of the polar and subtropical jet streams
5398:
4245:
3731:"New data reveals extraordinary global heating in the Arctic"
3451:
More rain and more floods as La Niña sweeps across the globe.
1776:
1736:, the world's most important single source of dust emission.
1516:
1210:
812:
763:
569:
506:
168:
161:
5653:
5651:
5192:
5034:"Cold waves are getting milder in the northern midlatitudes"
3672:
Isaksen, Ketil; Nordli, Øyvind; et al. (15 June 2022).
2245:. California State University Long Beach. 25 November 2009.
2094:
Rev. Sereno E. Bishop (1886) "The origin of the red glows,"
980:(planetary wave). Rossby waves are caused by changes in the
3960:
Masato, Giacomo; Hoskins, Brian J.; Woollings, Tim (2013).
3841:
10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0547:piotim>2.3.co;2
1729:
1725:
1656:
of the low level wind by 45 percent. In the North American
1424:
926:
808:
586:
486:
469:
447:
373:
4479:
3902:
5648:
4673:"Climate change: Arctic warming linked to colder winters"
4389:
3003:
2911:
1728:
off the desert surface. This includes a low-level jet in
1254:
815:, while the southern hemisphere polar jet mostly circles
581:
5802:
Dynamics of the Low-Level Westerly Jet Over West Africa.
4701:
4555:
3029:
Cerullo, Megan (23 February 2024). Picchi, Aimee (ed.).
1748:. Easterly low-level jets forming in valleys within the
1253:
caused by jet streams. The CAT is strongest on the cold
1075:. This causes a sharp north–south pressure (south–north
5910:, 2020, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-882851-8
5693:
4006:"Impact of declining Arctic sea ice on winter snowfall"
5453:
5134:
Blackport, Russell; Screen, James A. (February 2020).
3959:
3465:"What Caused the U.S. Dust Bowl Drought of the 1930s?"
2747:"On double Rossby wave breaking in the North Atlantic"
1029:
In general, winds are strongest immediately under the
5405:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
4620:
4303:
Mann, Michael E.; Rahmstorf, Stefan (27 March 2017).
4155:"Arctic ice loss amplified Superstorm Sandy violence"
3347:
1977:
1771:
While not technically a low-level jet, the mid-level
1448:(1.25 mi) per year, with a similar trend in the
1245:
Associated with jet streams is a phenomenon known as
1185:, while the southern polar jet stream mostly circles
957:
Polar jet streams are typically located near the 250
3494:
Archer, Cristina L.; Caldeira, Ken (18 April 2008).
3431:
La Nina could mean dry summer in Midwest and Plains.
3280:
3278:
3218:
Caio Augusto dos Santos Coelho and Térico Ambrizzi.
1423:
and turns northward pulling up moisture and dumping
1046:
and flows along the boundary of the two air masses.
5901:
Jet Stream - A Journey Through our Changing Climate
3544:"Jet stream found to be permanently drifting north"
2239:"Pilot Weather Balloon (Pibal) Optical Theodolites"
1265:
4703:
1947:
1732:, which is responsible for dust emission from the
4878:
3853:
3728:
3275:
2455:"Frequently Asked Questions About The Jet Stream"
2128:The Eruption of Krakatoa and Subsequent Phenomena
2011:, p.142; Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1992.
2009:Sunny Intervals and Showers: our changing weather
6481:
5543:. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Archived from
5274:
4000:
3817:
2744:
2657:Blackburn, Mike; Hoskins, Brian; Slingo, Julia:
1877:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1496:The hypothesis above is closely associated with
1321:
1294:, from late 1944 until early 1945, the Japanese
6381:
5133:
4770:
4492:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
4399:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change
4246:Jennifer Francis; Natasa Skific (1 June 2015).
2190:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
1434:
1402:, increased precipitation is diverted into the
1166:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
991:The wind speeds are greatest where temperature
5700:Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography
3493:
2745:Messori, Gabriele; Caballero, Rodrigo (2015).
2524:. Academic Press, London. p. 2780 pages.
2226:Raporto de la Aerologia Observatorio de Tateno
1744:circulation, and supplies water vapour to the
6367:
5929:
5738:, p. 193. Oxford University Press, New York.
5603:Matt Kumijan, Jeffry Evans, and Jared Guyer.
4302:
3821:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America
3761:
3671:
1504:was much weaker and more negative during the
729:
5865:Subject: A4) What is an easterly wave ?
5346:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
3755:
3722:
3566:
2997:
2751:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
2290:, which is volume II of: R. Habermehl, ed.,
2076:"The equatorial smoke-stream from Krakatoa,"
1390:reaching central portions of the continent.
1316:attacks on North America during World War II
5241:
4152:
4095:
3953:
3674:"Exceptional warming over the Barents area"
3665:
2435:Paths of Polar and Subtropical Jet Streams.
6374:
6360:
5936:
5922:
5790:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05662-5
3092:Scientists look high in the sky for power.
3000:"NTSB investigates United Airlines plunge"
2991:
2893:Amazing flying machines allow time travel.
2126:Krakatoa Committee of the Royal Society ,
2020:
1980:"NWS JetStream - Layers of the Atmosphere"
1891:
1857:"jet stream | National Geographic Society"
1285:
967:polar, Ferrel and Hadley circulation cells
736:
722:
5888:Current map of winds at the 250 hPa level
5719:
5489:
5479:
5308:
5218:
5169:
5159:
5110:
5057:
5004:
4949:1983/caf74781-222b-4735-b171-8842cead4086
4947:
4804:
4597:
4448:
4418:
4336:
4279:
4208:
4137:
4127:
4039:
4029:
3985:
3928:
3879:
3786:
3705:
3608:
3598:
3519:
3388:La Niña Impacts in the Pacific Northwest.
2770:
2720:
2718:
2588:
2586:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2346:"When the jet stream was the wind of war"
2243:Martin Brenner's, Pilot Balloon Resources
2209:
2134:) is presented in the following sections:
1613:
1249:(CAT), caused by vertical and horizontal
913:is credited with coining a special term,
890:detected the jet stream from a site near
830:circulation cells, and the action of the
5567:"2002 Ozone-Hole Splitting – Background"
1438:
1330:
1204:
1160:that have approached. For example, when
1136:
1112:
1049:All these facts are consequences of the
1010:
948:
940:
60:
45:
5569:. Ohio State University. Archived from
4914:Seviour, William J.M. (14 April 2017).
4913:
4405:(5). 2017 Wiley Periodicals,Inc: e474.
3214:
3212:
3130:L.M. Miller, F. Gans, & A. Kleidon
3028:
2936:Clear air turbulence over South Africa.
2864:
2790:Jet Stream Formation – Subtropical Jet.
2690:
2267:
1927:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 168.
1724:, and are important for the raising of
1132:
14:
6482:
5538:
5339:
4970:
4390:Francis J; Vavrus S; Cohen J. (2017).
4214:
4101:
3633:
3579:Communications Earth & Environment
3496:"Historical trends in the jet streams"
3176:
2934:M. P. de Villiers and J. van Heerden.
2837:
2715:
2639:from the original on 26 September 2008
2583:
2514:
2483:
2471:from the original on 22 September 2008
1894:"One Mystery of Jet Streams Explained"
1576:February 2021 North American cold wave
1489:, leading to more persistent and more
6355:
5917:
5822:Lesson 4 – Seasonal-mean Wind Fields.
5340:Martin, Jonathan E. (14 April 2021).
5013:from the original on 23 February 2022
4653:from the original on 28 November 2022
4183:
3072:from the original on 21 February 2024
3059:
2873:from the original on 11 February 2020
2819:from the original on 7 September 2015
2703:from the original on 11 December 2012
2304:Arbeiten zur allgemeinen Klimatologie
2183:
1990:from the original on 15 December 2019
1922:
1752:help account for the low rainfall in
1217:using the jet stream eastbound and a
884:1883 eruption of the Krakatoa volcano
5380:from the original on 15 October 2022
4835:
4683:from the original on 20 October 2021
4196:from the original on 11 January 2018
4177:
4153:Friedlander, Blaine (4 March 2013).
3653:from the original on 8 November 2023
3449:Paul Simons and Simon de Bruxelles.
3209:
2975:National Transportation Safety Board
2813:"NOAA Overview of Hurricane Flossie"
2693:"Why, oh why, does it keep raining?"
2364:
2249:from the original on 2 December 2023
2038:from the original on 20 October 2023
1959:from the original on 6 November 2018
1608:Representative Concentration Pathway
862:are one example of how airlines and
27:Fast-flowing atmospheric air current
5943:
5863:. AOML Frequently Asked Questions.
5623:L. Qi, L.M. Leslie, and S.X. Zhao.
4537:from the original on 9 October 2022
3909:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
3743:from the original on 1 October 2023
2531:from the original on 7 October 2022
2276:from the original on 9 August 2013.
1529:Early 2014 North American cold wave
1511:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
1065:
24:
4752:from the original on 16 April 2023
4461:from the original on 22 April 2022
4430:from the original on 21 March 2023
4371:from the original on 13 April 2019
3729:Damian Carrington (15 June 2022).
3462:
2865:Osborne, Tony (10 February 2020).
2268:Sherman, Stephen (January 2001) .
2086:"Letters to the Editor: Krakatoa,"
1688:
1618:
1326:
1189:and sometimes the southern tip of
1092:
779:The strongest jet streams are the
25:
6506:
6237:Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility
5881:
5256:from the original on 9 March 2023
4971:Screen, James A. (15 June 2014).
4165:from the original on 11 June 2015
3158:from the original on 3 March 2016
3041:from the original on 1 March 2024
2998:Staff writer (29 December 1997).
2613:Jet Streams On Earth and Jupiter.
2594:Jet Streams On Earth and Jupiter.
1978:US Department of Commerce, NOAA.
1760:rainforest. The formation of the
1756:and support high rainfall in the
1639:
1117:Jupiter's distinctive cloud bands
5854:
5834:
5814:
5794:
5782:
5770:
5758:
5749:
5728:
5687:
5678:
5669:
5660:
5639:
5630:
5617:
5597:
5577:
5559:
5532:
5506:
5447:
5392:
5333:
5268:
4838:Advances in Atmospheric Sciences
4227:from the original on 9 July 2017
3475:from the original on 2 July 2019
3177:McPhee, John (29 January 1996).
3060:Longo, Adam (20 February 2024).
2123:, vol. 50, no. 2, pages 169–175.
1904:from the original on 3 July 2023
1266:Possible future power generation
1108:
705:
5766:https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2085
5235:
5186:
5127:
5074:
5025:
4964:
4907:
4872:
4829:
4764:
4695:
4665:
4614:
4549:
4473:
4442:
4383:
4353:
4296:
4239:
4215:Spotts, Pete (6 January 2014).
4184:Walsh, Bryan (6 January 2014).
4146:
4056:
3994:
3896:
3847:
3811:
3550:. 18 April 2008. Archived from
3536:
3487:
3456:
3443:
3420:
3400:
3380:
3324:
3301:
3252:
3232:
3196:
3170:
3144:
3141:Retrieved on 16 January 201208.
3124:
3110:Archer, C. L. and Caldeira, K.
3104:
3084:
3053:
3022:
2968:
2948:
2928:
2905:
2885:
2858:
2840:"The Jet Stream Is The Villain"
2831:
2779:
2738:
2691:Shukman, David (10 July 2012).
2684:
2651:
2625:
2606:
2563:
2543:
2508:
2447:
2427:
2404:
2384:
2338:
2312:
2297:
2292:Handbuch der Fliegenwetterkunde
2280:
2261:
2231:
2218:
2096:American Meteorological Journal
2084:Bishop, S.E. (29 January 1885)
2081:, vol. 1, no. 5, pages 106–110.
1569:experiences anomalous warming,
1558:water vapor is a greenhouse gas
838:on its axis. On other planets,
65:Clouds along a jet stream over
5778:https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.388
5594:Retrieved on 25 December 2008.
5514:"Jet Streams around the World"
5038:Environmental Research Letters
4108:Environmental Research Letters
3440:Retrieved on 29 February 2008.
3417:Retrieved on 29 February 2008.
3406:Southeast Climate Consortium.
3397:Retrieved on 29 February 2008.
3272:Retrieved on 28 February 2008.
3249:Retrieved on 28 February 2008.
3238:John Monteverdi and Jan Null.
2320:"Weather Basics – Jet Streams"
2177:
2050:
2014:
2002:
1971:
1941:
1916:
1892:Jeremy Hsu (17 October 2008).
1885:
1849:
1675:
1647:
936:
826:that produces the large-scale
13:
1:
6093:Interplanetary magnetic field
6035:Magnetosphere particle motion
5800:B. Pu and K. H. Cook (2008).
4451:"The Arctic Is Getting Crazy"
4221:The Christian Science Monitor
4102:Screen, J A (November 2013).
3121:Retrieved on 24 October 2012.
2392:The Height of the Tropopause.
1842:
1322:Changes due to climate cycles
1234:can be decreased by about 30
1152:that came from the hurricane.
4920:Geophysical Research Letters
4129:10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044015
4063:Qiuhong Tang; Xuejun Zhang;
3767:Geophysical Research Letters
3500:Geophysical Research Letters
3408:SECC Winter Climate Outlook.
1662:mesoscale convective systems
1485:and slow the progression of
1435:Longer-term climatic changes
1410:
1398:Across North America during
1354:El Niño-Southern Oscillation
873:
7:
5734:Whiteman, C. David (2000).
5242:Paul Voosen (12 May 2021).
3344:Retrieved on 16 April 2008.
3321:Retrieved on 16 April 2008.
3298:Retrieved on 16 April 2008.
1790:
1362:Pacific Decadal Oscillation
1306:to reach the west coast of
1200:
1172:as evidenced in the photo.
774:
633:Severe weather terminology
95:Temperate and polar seasons
32:Jet stream (disambiguation)
10:
6511:
6098:Heliospheric current sheet
5301:10.1038/s41467-022-28283-y
4797:10.1038/s41467-021-26232-9
4582:10.1038/s41467-018-05256-8
4252:Philosophical Transactions
3698:10.1038/s41598-022-13568-5
3600:10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3
2390:B. Geerts and E. Linacre.
2132:quasi-biennial oscillation
1709:
1393:
1367:
1346:
1269:
1260:United Airlines Flight 826
1127:
1018:
751:are fast flowing, narrow,
36:
29:
6454:
6422:
6389:
6296:
6245:
6202:
6126:
6058:
5992:
5951:
5721:10.3402/tellusa.v68.29005
5684:Ranjha et al., 2013, 2015
5103:10.1038/s41558-019-0551-4
4858:10.1007/s00376-012-1238-1
3987:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00466.1
3453:Retrieved on 13 May 2008.
3359:Climate Prediction Center
3331:Climate Prediction Center
3308:Climate Prediction Center
3285:Climate Prediction Center
3259:Climate Prediction Center
3229:Retrieved on 13 May 2008.
3206:Retrieved on 13 May 2008.
3117:15 September 2011 at the
2988:Retrieved on 13 May 2008.
2838:Taylor, Frank J. (1958).
2795:27 September 2011 at the
2731:27 September 2007 at the
2633:"Why has it been so wet?"
2580:Retrieved on 13 May 2008.
2569:Glossary of Meteorology.
2560:Retrieved on 13 May 2008.
2549:Glossary of Meteorology.
2494:Glossary of Meteorology.
2444:Retrieved on 13 May 2008.
2091:, vol. 31, pages 288–289.
1705:
1527:and played a role in the
1158:list of Hawaii hurricanes
976:jet stream is known as a
828:polar, Ferrel, and Hadley
6050:Van Allen radiation belt
6030:Magnetosphere chronology
5874:Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
5851:Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
5847:26 February 2020 at the
5831:Retrieved on 3 May 2008.
5827:9 September 2013 at the
5807:19 November 2017 at the
5657:Pomeroy and Parish, 2001
5627:Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
5614:Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
5220:10.1175/JCLI-D-19-1005.1
5059:10.1088/1748-9326/ab4867
4512:10.1175/bams-d-16-0259.1
4449:Fischetti, Mark (2017).
3245:27 December 2009 at the
3101:Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
2984:2 September 2009 at the
2965:Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
2945:Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
2941:15 November 2013 at the
2925:Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
2902:Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
2799:Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
2735:Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
2622:Retrieved on 4 May 2008.
2603:Retrieved on 4 May 2008.
2505:Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
2440:13 November 2013 at the
2424:Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
2411:National Weather Service
2401:Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
2381:Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
2074:Bishop, S.E. (May 1884)
2026:"A Tale of Two Volcanos"
1925:A Dictionary of Aviation
1923:Wragg, David W. (1973).
1812:Surface weather analysis
1750:East African Rift System
1272:High-altitude wind power
1162:Hurricane Flossie (2007)
1033:(except locally, during
1006:
37:Not to be confused with
5959:Atmospheric circulation
5893:8 February 2017 at the
5481:10.1073/pnas.2104105118
4730:10.1126/science.abi9167
4031:10.1073/pnas.1114910109
3393:22 October 2007 at the
3137:18 January 2012 at the
2961:27 January 2012 at the
2921:18 January 2008 at the
2757:(21): 11, 129–11, 150.
2556:26 October 2006 at the
2420:22 October 2013 at the
2184:Lewis, John M. (2003).
2116:22 October 2012 at the
2109:Hamilton, Kevin (2012)
1540:2003 European heat wave
1286:Unpowered aerial attack
1175:
819:, both all year round.
5969:Earth's magnetic field
5645:Zemba and Friehe, 1987
5636:Beardsley et al., 1987
5590:6 January 2012 at the
5539:Gedney, Larry (1983).
5161:10.1126/sciadv.aay2880
4272:10.1098/rsta.2014.0170
3930:10.1175/jas-d-12-021.1
3881:10.1175/2010JCLI3331.1
2916:Jet Streams in the UK.
2726:Air pressure and wind.
2515:Rhines, Peter (2002).
1949:University of Illinois
1614:Other upper-level jets
1544:2010 Russian heat wave
1536:2018 European heatwave
1460:, reduced snow cover,
1458:Arctic sea ice decline
1444:
1344:
1222:
1168:(NOAA) cited vertical
1153:
1118:
1016:
954:
946:
811:and their intervening
694:Tropical cyclone terms
70:
58:
6073:Coronal mass ejection
5993:Earth's magnetosphere
5666:Rahn and Parish, 2007
5516:. BBC. Archived from
5281:Nature Communications
5083:Nature Climate Change
4977:Nature Climate Change
4881:Nature Climate Change
4777:Nature Communications
4562:Nature Communications
4069:Nature Climate Change
3436:21 April 2008 at the
3294:12 April 2008 at the
2635:. BBC. 23 July 2007.
2397:27 April 2020 at the
2288:Maritime meteorologie
2211:10.1175/BAMS-84-3-357
1827:Tropical Easterly Jet
1783:, and helps form the
1584:Western United States
1442:
1387:tropical cyclogenesis
1334:
1208:
1140:
1116:
1021:Extratropical cyclone
1014:
952:
944:
909:German meteorologist
860:North Atlantic Tracks
301:Extratropical cyclone
225:Air-mass thunderstorm
64:
56:
6490:Atmospheric dynamics
6246:Other magnetospheres
6108:Solar particle event
5870:18 July 2006 at the
5736:Mountain Meteorology
5366:10.1029/2020JD033668
4997:10.1038/nclimate2268
4940:10.1002/2017GL073071
4901:10.1038/nclimate2079
4679:. 2 September 2021.
4089:10.1038/nclimate2065
3797:10.1029/2012GL051000
3763:Francis, Jennifer A.
3649:. 14 December 2021.
3521:10.1029/2008GL033614
3413:4 March 2008 at the
2786:Lyndon State College
2772:10.1002/2015JD023854
2672:on 26 September 2007
2618:24 July 2008 at the
2599:24 July 2008 at the
2501:1 March 2007 at the
2372:Jet Stream Behavior.
2079:The Hawaiian Monthly
1773:African easterly jet
1712:African easterly jet
1702:distance increases.
1548:2010 Pakistan floods
1506:Last Glacial Maximum
1466:Arctic amplification
1247:clear-air turbulence
1133:Hurricane protection
868:Clear-air turbulence
661:Weather modification
259:Anticyclonic tornado
30:For other uses, see
5906:12 May 2023 at the
5712:2016TellA..6829005C
5675:Winant et al., 1988
5610:30 May 2008 at the
5520:on 13 February 2009
5472:2021PNAS..11804105O
5417:2022QJRMS.148.2927T
5358:2021JGRD..12633668M
5293:2022NatCo..13..727S
5211:2021JCli...34.8445S
5152:2020SciA....6.2880B
5095:2019NatCC...9..697B
5050:2019ERL....14k4004V
4989:2014NatCC...4..577S
4932:2017GeoRL..44.3365S
4893:2014NatCC...4...11O
4850:2012AdAtS..29..867W
4789:2021NatCo..12.6048Z
4722:2021Sci...373.1116C
4716:(6559): 1116–1121.
4574:2018NatCo...9.2959C
4504:2018BAMS...99...49K
4481:Kretschmer, Marlene
4455:Scientific American
4411:2017WIRCC...8E.474F
4321:2017NatSR...745242M
4264:2015RSPTA.37340170F
4120:2013ERL.....8d4015S
4081:2014NatCC...4...45T
4022:2012PNAS..109.4074L
3978:2013JCli...26.7044M
3921:2012JAtS...69.2608M
3872:2010JCli...23.3792L
3833:1997GSAB..109..547Z
3779:2012GeoRL..39.6801F
3690:2022NatSR..12.9371I
3591:2022ComEE...3..168R
3512:2008GeoRL..35.8803A
3340:30 May 2008 at the
3317:30 May 2008 at the
3268:28 May 2010 at the
3225:30 May 2008 at the
3152:"The Fire Balloons"
3097:7 June 2008 at the
2898:5 June 2008 at the
2763:2015JGRD..12011129M
2576:9 June 2009 at the
2377:2 June 2013 at the
2202:2003BAMS...84..357L
1802:Block (meteorology)
1553:Scientific American
1450:Southern Hemisphere
1383:Northern Hemisphere
1183:Northern Hemisphere
1077:potential vorticity
864:air traffic control
856:weather forecasting
797:Southern Hemisphere
793:Northern Hemisphere
656:Weather forecasting
492:Rain and snow mixed
318:Subtropical cyclone
6383:Earth's atmosphere
5820:Dr. Alex DeCaria.
5547:on 15 January 2010
5411:(747): 2927–2941.
5199:Journal of Climate
4309:Scientific Reports
4258:(2045): 20140170.
3966:Journal of Climate
3860:Journal of Climate
3678:Scientific Reports
3463:Oblack, Rachelle.
2592:Robert Roy Britt.
2433:McDougal Littell.
2352:on 29 January 2016
2224:Ooishi, W. (1926)
2031:The New York Times
1571:primary production
1502:Arctic oscillation
1462:evapotranspiration
1445:
1345:
1296:Fu-Go balloon bomb
1223:
1154:
1119:
1017:
955:
947:
712:Weather portal
328:Atlantic hurricane
306:European windstorm
213:Volcanic lightning
174:Cumulonimbus cloud
71:
59:
6477:
6476:
6349:
6348:
6203:Research projects
6171:
6142:
6083:Geomagnetic storm
6000:Birkeland current
5744:978-0-19-803044-7
5205:(20): 8445–8457.
4627:Nature Geoscience
4329:10.1038/srep45242
4159:Cornell Chronicle
4016:(11): 4074–4079.
3972:(18): 7044–7059.
3866:(14): 3792–3813.
3554:on 17 August 2016
3368:on 27 August 2009
3179:"Balloons of War"
2869:. Aviation Week.
2844:Popular Mechanics
2326:on 29 August 2006
2306:by Hermann Flohn
2024:(15 April 2010).
2022:Winchester, Simon
1797:Atmospheric river
1734:Bodélé Depression
1716:Climate of Africa
1456:. Trends such as
1404:Pacific Northwest
1193:. Thus, the term
1142:Hurricane Flossie
1042:deflected by the
1039:tropical cyclones
986:Shortwave troughs
911:Heinrich Seilkopf
746:
745:
54:
16:(Redirected from
6502:
6376:
6369:
6362:
6353:
6352:
6187:Van Allen Probes
6169:
6140:
5952:Submagnetosphere
5938:
5931:
5924:
5915:
5914:
5875:
5858:
5852:
5838:
5832:
5818:
5812:
5798:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5768:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5747:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5691:
5685:
5682:
5676:
5673:
5667:
5664:
5658:
5655:
5646:
5643:
5637:
5634:
5628:
5621:
5615:
5601:
5595:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5573:on 21 June 2010.
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5541:"The Jet Stream"
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5493:
5483:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5312:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5249:Science Magazine
5239:
5233:
5232:
5222:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5173:
5163:
5140:Science Advances
5131:
5125:
5124:
5114:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5061:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5008:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4951:
4926:(7): 3365–3373.
4911:
4905:
4904:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4808:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4707:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4639:10.1038/ngeo2986
4618:
4612:
4611:
4601:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4536:
4489:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4429:
4422:
4396:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4340:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4131:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4043:
4033:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3932:
3915:(8): 2608–2618.
3900:
3894:
3893:
3883:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3790:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3709:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3646:Science Magazine
3637:
3631:
3630:
3612:
3602:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3548:Associated Press
3540:
3534:
3533:
3523:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3460:
3454:
3447:
3441:
3424:
3418:
3404:
3398:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3367:
3361:. Archived from
3351:
3345:
3328:
3322:
3305:
3299:
3282:
3273:
3256:
3250:
3236:
3230:
3216:
3207:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3148:
3142:
3128:
3122:
3108:
3102:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3010:on 12 April 2008
3006:. Archived from
2995:
2989:
2972:
2966:
2952:
2946:
2932:
2926:
2909:
2903:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2809:
2800:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2742:
2736:
2724:John P. Stimac.
2722:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2664:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2629:
2623:
2610:
2604:
2590:
2581:
2567:
2561:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2523:
2512:
2506:
2492:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2451:
2445:
2431:
2425:
2408:
2402:
2388:
2382:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2348:. Archived from
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2322:. Archived from
2316:
2310:
2301:
2295:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2181:
2175:
2121:Atmosphere-Ocean
2098:, vol. 3, pages
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1853:
1498:Jennifer Francis
1358:tropical cyclone
1343:on North America
1290:Near the end of
1221:route westbound.
1209:Flights between
1066:Polar jet stream
789:subtropical jets
738:
731:
724:
710:
709:
323:Tropical cyclone
235:Dry thunderstorm
130:Tropical seasons
73:
72:
55:
21:
6510:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6473:
6450:
6418:
6385:
6380:
6350:
6345:
6292:
6241:
6198:
6122:
6054:
5988:
5947:
5945:Magnetospherics
5942:
5908:Wayback Machine
5895:Wayback Machine
5884:
5879:
5878:
5872:Wayback Machine
5859:
5855:
5849:Wayback Machine
5840:Kerry H. Cook.
5839:
5835:
5829:Wayback Machine
5819:
5815:
5809:Wayback Machine
5799:
5795:
5787:
5783:
5775:
5771:
5763:
5759:
5754:
5750:
5733:
5729:
5692:
5688:
5683:
5679:
5674:
5670:
5665:
5661:
5656:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5622:
5618:
5612:Wayback Machine
5602:
5598:
5592:Wayback Machine
5582:
5578:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5550:
5548:
5537:
5533:
5523:
5521:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5452:
5448:
5425:10.1002/qj.4342
5397:
5393:
5383:
5381:
5338:
5334:
5273:
5269:
5259:
5257:
5240:
5236:
5191:
5187:
5146:(8): eaay2880.
5132:
5128:
5079:
5075:
5030:
5026:
5016:
5014:
4969:
4965:
4912:
4908:
4877:
4873:
4834:
4830:
4769:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4700:
4696:
4686:
4684:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4656:
4654:
4619:
4615:
4554:
4550:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4487:
4478:
4474:
4464:
4462:
4447:
4443:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4420:10.1002/wcc.474
4394:
4388:
4384:
4374:
4372:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4301:
4297:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4228:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4197:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4166:
4151:
4147:
4100:
4096:
4061:
4057:
3999:
3995:
3958:
3954:
3901:
3897:
3852:
3848:
3816:
3812:
3788:10.1.1.419.8599
3760:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3727:
3723:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3461:
3457:
3448:
3444:
3438:Wayback Machine
3425:
3421:
3415:Wayback Machine
3405:
3401:
3395:Wayback Machine
3386:Nathan Mantua.
3385:
3381:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3342:Wayback Machine
3329:
3325:
3319:Wayback Machine
3306:
3302:
3296:Wayback Machine
3283:
3276:
3270:Wayback Machine
3257:
3253:
3247:Wayback Machine
3237:
3233:
3227:Wayback Machine
3217:
3210:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3139:Wayback Machine
3129:
3125:
3119:Wayback Machine
3109:
3105:
3099:Wayback Machine
3090:Keay Davidson.
3089:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3011:
2996:
2992:
2986:Wayback Machine
2973:
2969:
2963:Wayback Machine
2953:
2949:
2943:Wayback Machine
2933:
2929:
2923:Wayback Machine
2910:
2906:
2900:Wayback Machine
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2797:Wayback Machine
2784:
2780:
2743:
2739:
2733:Wayback Machine
2723:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2620:Wayback Machine
2611:
2607:
2601:Wayback Machine
2591:
2584:
2578:Wayback Machine
2568:
2564:
2558:Wayback Machine
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2503:Wayback Machine
2493:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2442:Wayback Machine
2432:
2428:
2422:Wayback Machine
2415:The Jet Stream.
2409:
2405:
2399:Wayback Machine
2389:
2385:
2379:Wayback Machine
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2302:
2298:
2285:
2281:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2223:
2219:
2182:
2178:
2118:Wayback Machine
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1984:www.weather.gov
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1890:
1886:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1793:
1718:
1708:
1695:valley exit jet
1691:
1689:Valley exit jet
1678:
1650:
1642:
1621:
1619:Polar night jet
1616:
1525:Hurricane Sandy
1491:extreme weather
1437:
1413:
1396:
1370:
1351:
1329:
1327:Effects of ENSO
1324:
1288:
1274:
1268:
1203:
1178:
1135:
1130:
1111:
1095:
1093:Subtropical jet
1068:
1044:Coriolis effect
1027:
1009:
984:with latitude.
982:Coriolis effect
939:
876:
824:solar radiation
777:
742:
704:
699:
698:
674:
666:
665:
524:
514:
513:
426:
416:
415:
404:Ground blizzard
164:
154:
153:
132:
122:
121:
97:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6508:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6379:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6356:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6300:
6298:
6297:Related topics
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6217:
6212:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6172:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6134:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6068:Magnetic cloud
6064:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5941:
5940:
5933:
5926:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5899:Tim Woolings,
5897:
5883:
5882:External links
5880:
5877:
5876:
5853:
5833:
5813:
5793:
5781:
5769:
5757:
5748:
5746:, pp. 191–193.
5727:
5686:
5677:
5668:
5659:
5647:
5638:
5629:
5616:
5596:
5576:
5558:
5531:
5505:
5446:
5391:
5332:
5267:
5234:
5185:
5126:
5089:(9): 697–704.
5073:
5044:(11): 114004.
5024:
4983:(7): 577–582.
4963:
4906:
4871:
4844:(4): 867–886.
4828:
4763:
4694:
4664:
4633:(8): 572–576.
4613:
4548:
4472:
4441:
4382:
4352:
4295:
4238:
4207:
4176:
4145:
4094:
4065:Francis, J. A.
4055:
3993:
3952:
3895:
3846:
3827:(5): 547–559.
3810:
3754:
3721:
3664:
3632:
3565:
3535:
3486:
3455:
3442:
3419:
3399:
3379:
3346:
3323:
3300:
3274:
3251:
3231:
3208:
3195:
3183:The New Yorker
3169:
3143:
3123:
3103:
3083:
3052:
3021:
2990:
2967:
2947:
2927:
2904:
2884:
2857:
2830:
2801:
2778:
2737:
2714:
2683:
2650:
2624:
2605:
2582:
2562:
2542:
2507:
2482:
2446:
2426:
2403:
2383:
2370:David R. Cook
2363:
2337:
2311:
2296:
2286:Seilkopf, H.,
2279:
2260:
2230:
2217:
2196:(3): 357–369.
2176:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2136:
2135:
2124:
2107:
2092:
2082:
2072:
2067:: 259–260; on
2049:
2013:
2001:
1970:
1940:
1933:
1915:
1884:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1785:tropical waves
1738:The Somali Jet
1707:
1704:
1690:
1687:
1677:
1674:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1640:Low-level jets
1638:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1454:global warming
1436:
1433:
1421:Gulf of Mexico
1412:
1409:
1395:
1392:
1369:
1366:
1347:Main article:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1287:
1284:
1279:terawatts (TW)
1267:
1264:
1202:
1199:
1177:
1174:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1110:
1107:
1103:Coriolis force
1094:
1091:
1067:
1064:
1008:
1005:
938:
935:
915:Strahlströmung
896:pilot balloons
888:Wasaburo Oishi
875:
872:
832:Coriolis force
785:polar vortices
776:
773:
744:
743:
741:
740:
733:
726:
718:
715:
714:
701:
700:
697:
696:
691:
686:
684:Climate change
681:
675:
672:
671:
668:
667:
664:
663:
658:
653:
652:
651:
650:
649:
644:
639:
631:
626:
619:Severe weather
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
595:
594:
589:
579:
578:
577:
567:
562:
561:
560:
555:
550:
545:
537:
536:
531:
525:
520:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
484:
479:
478:
477:
467:
462:
457:
456:
455:
453:Megacryometeor
445:
440:
439:
438:
427:
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
386:
381:
376:
371:
370:
369:
359:
358:
357:
352:
342:
337:
336:
335:
330:
320:
315:
314:
313:
308:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
272:
271:
266:
261:
251:
250:
249:
239:
238:
237:
232:
227:
217:
216:
215:
205:
204:
203:
198:
193:
183:
182:
181:
176:
165:
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
146:
145:
144:
133:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
119:
114:
109:
104:
98:
93:
92:
89:
88:
82:
81:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6507:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6447:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6388:
6384:
6377:
6372:
6370:
6365:
6363:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6119:
6118:Space weather
6116:
6114:
6113:Space climate
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6025:Magnetosphere
6023:
6021:
6020:Magnetosheath
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5939:
5934:
5932:
5927:
5925:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5873:
5869:
5866:
5862:
5861:Chris Landsea
5857:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5837:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5817:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5797:
5791:
5785:
5779:
5773:
5767:
5761:
5752:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5722:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5690:
5681:
5672:
5663:
5654:
5652:
5642:
5633:
5626:
5620:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5600:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5583:J. D. Doyle.
5580:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5546:
5542:
5535:
5519:
5515:
5509:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5336:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5271:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5238:
5230:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5189:
5181:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5130:
5122:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5069:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5028:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4959:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4910:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4698:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4445:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
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4164:
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4140:
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4114:(4): 044015.
4113:
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3806:
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3798:
3794:
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3773:(6): L06801.
3772:
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3717:
3713:
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3610:11250/3115996
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2788:Meteorology.
2787:
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2598:
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2589:
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2575:
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2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:Cyclone wave.
2546:
2527:
2520:
2519:
2511:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2491:
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2470:
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2309:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2272:. AcePilots.
2271:
2264:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2227:
2221:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2167:
2166:pages 334–339
2163:
2160:
2159:pages 326–334
2156:
2153:
2152:pages 312–326
2149:
2146:
2145:pages 263–312
2142:
2141:
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2139:
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2129:
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2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2005:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1934:9780850451634
1930:
1926:
1919:
1903:
1899:
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1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:Asian Monsoon
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1699:
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1520:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:mid-latitudes
1480:
1475:
1471:
1470:Arctic Circle
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1405:
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1391:
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1365:
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1359:
1355:
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1342:
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1319:
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1312:United States
1309:
1305:
1304:Pacific Ocean
1301:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1280:
1273:
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1261:
1256:
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1220:
1216:
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1207:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:South America
1188:
1184:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1150:Hawaii Island
1147:
1143:
1139:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1109:Other planets
1106:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1087:
1086:frontogenesis
1082:
1078:
1074:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1047:
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1032:
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943:
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920:
916:
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907:
905:
901:
897:
894:. He tracked
893:
889:
885:
881:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
844:
841:
840:internal heat
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:North America
798:
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786:
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734:
732:
727:
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719:
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713:
708:
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702:
695:
692:
690:
689:Tornado terms
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
670:
669:
662:
659:
657:
654:
648:
647:United States
645:
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551:
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546:
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541:
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538:
535:
532:
530:
529:Air pollution
527:
526:
523:
518:
517:
508:
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454:
451:
450:
449:
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429:
428:
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424:Precipitation
420:
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400:
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91:
90:
87:
84:
83:
79:
75:
74:
68:
63:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6409:Thermosphere
6399:Stratosphere
6319:Ring systems
6314:Lunar swirls
6191:
6174:
6045:Ring current
6040:Plasmasphere
6015:Magnetopause
5978:
5856:
5836:
5816:
5796:
5784:
5772:
5760:
5751:
5735:
5730:
5706:(1): 29005.
5703:
5699:
5689:
5680:
5671:
5662:
5641:
5632:
5619:
5599:
5579:
5571:the original
5561:
5549:. Retrieved
5545:the original
5534:
5524:26 September
5522:. Retrieved
5518:the original
5508:
5463:
5459:
5449:
5408:
5404:
5394:
5382:. Retrieved
5349:
5345:
5335:
5284:
5280:
5270:
5258:. Retrieved
5247:
5237:
5202:
5198:
5188:
5143:
5139:
5129:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5041:
5037:
5027:
5015:. Retrieved
4980:
4976:
4966:
4923:
4919:
4909:
4887:(1): 11–12.
4884:
4880:
4874:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4780:
4776:
4766:
4754:. Retrieved
4713:
4709:
4697:
4685:. Retrieved
4676:
4667:
4655:. Retrieved
4630:
4626:
4616:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4539:. Retrieved
4498:(1): 49–60.
4495:
4491:
4475:
4463:. Retrieved
4454:
4444:
4432:. Retrieved
4402:
4398:
4385:
4373:. Retrieved
4365:The Guardian
4364:
4355:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4255:
4251:
4241:
4229:. Retrieved
4220:
4210:
4198:. Retrieved
4189:
4179:
4167:. Retrieved
4158:
4148:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4075:(1): 45–50.
4072:
4068:
4058:
4013:
4009:
3996:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3770:
3766:
3757:
3745:. Retrieved
3736:The Guardian
3734:
3724:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3644:
3635:
3582:
3578:
3568:
3556:. Retrieved
3552:the original
3538:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3477:. Retrieved
3468:
3458:
3445:
3422:
3402:
3382:
3370:. Retrieved
3363:the original
3349:
3326:
3303:
3254:
3234:
3198:
3186:. Retrieved
3182:
3172:
3160:. Retrieved
3146:
3126:
3106:
3086:
3074:. Retrieved
3065:
3055:
3043:. Retrieved
3034:
3024:
3012:. Retrieved
3008:the original
2993:
2970:
2950:
2930:
2907:
2891:Ned Rozell.
2887:
2875:. Retrieved
2860:
2848:. Retrieved
2843:
2833:
2821:. Retrieved
2781:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2705:. Retrieved
2696:
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2667:the original
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2627:
2608:
2565:
2545:
2533:. Retrieved
2517:
2510:
2473:. Retrieved
2458:
2449:
2429:
2406:
2386:
2366:
2354:. Retrieved
2350:the original
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2324:the original
2314:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2242:
2233:
2225:
2220:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2127:
2120:
2095:
2088:
2078:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2029:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1983:
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
1953:"Jet Stream"
1943:
1924:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1897:
1887:
1861:. Retrieved
1851:
1807:Polar vortex
1770:
1719:
1700:
1692:
1679:
1658:Great Plains
1651:
1643:
1629:polar vortex
1625:polar nights
1622:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1565:
1563:
1551:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1495:
1487:Rossby waves
1479:polar vortex
1446:
1429:Great Plains
1414:
1397:
1371:
1352:
1300:fire balloon
1298:, a type of
1292:World War II
1289:
1275:
1244:
1224:
1219:great circle
1194:
1179:
1155:
1120:
1096:
1069:
1051:thermal wind
1048:
1028:
1025:Thermal wind
997:
990:
974:
971:
956:
929:, including
923:World War II
917:(literally "
914:
908:
880:Elias Loomis
877:
853:
849:thermosphere
845:
821:
788:
780:
778:
756:air currents
748:
747:
608:
465:Diamond dust
389:Winter storm
220:Thunderstorm
43:
6459:Ozone layer
6442:Thermopause
6432:Stratopause
6394:Troposphere
6225:Unwin Radar
6151:Double Star
6088:Heliosphere
6078:Solar flare
5551:13 December
5112:10871/39784
5006:10871/15095
4783:(1): 6048.
4568:(1): 2959.
4139:10871/14835
4002:Liu, Jiping
3684:(1): 9371.
2877:11 February
2850:13 December
2571:Short wave.
2496:Jet Stream.
2413:JetStream.
2042:25 February
1994:18 November
1762:thermal low
1758:Congo Basin
1754:East Africa
1676:Coastal jet
1648:Barrier jet
1634:polar night
1591:Climatology
1474:Barents Sea
1215:Los Angeles
1099:Hadley cell
1081:Rossby wave
1073:polar front
1060:geostrophic
1056:hydrostatic
993:differences
978:Rossby wave
937:Description
931:Reid Bryson
783:around the
760:atmospheres
749:Jet streams
679:Meteorology
614:Meteorology
502:Snow roller
497:Snow grains
460:Ice pellets
409:Snow squall
340:Storm surge
286:Anticyclone
242:Mesocyclone
230:Thundersnow
179:Arcus cloud
39:Jet (fluid)
18:Barrier jet
6484:Categories
6469:Ionosphere
6464:Turbopause
6427:Tropopause
6404:Mesosphere
6273:Ganymedian
6146:Cluster II
6127:Satellites
6103:Heliopause
6060:Solar wind
6010:Ionosphere
5984:Polar wind
5979:Jet stream
5287:(1): 727.
4687:20 October
4657:15 October
3585:(1): 168.
3188:27 January
2475:24 October
2356:9 December
1843:References
1832:Wind shear
1710:See also:
1335:Impact of
1270:See also:
1251:wind shear
1195:jet stream
1187:Antarctica
1170:wind shear
1031:tropopause
1019:See also:
904:Wiley Post
892:Mount Fuji
817:Antarctica
781:polar jets
768:tropopause
753:meandering
673:Glossaries
609:Jet stream
548:Convection
534:Atmosphere
482:Cloudburst
345:Dust storm
311:Nor'easter
281:Fire whirl
276:Dust devil
269:Waterspout
196:Heat burst
191:Microburst
149:Wet season
137:Dry season
6437:Mesopause
6414:Exosphere
6309:Gas torus
6304:Flux tube
6288:Neptunian
6278:Saturnian
6232:SuperDARN
6133:Full list
6005:Bow shock
5974:Geosphere
5441:250029057
5433:0035-9009
5384:8 October
5374:222246122
5327:246637132
5260:7 October
5229:239631549
5121:199542188
5068:204420462
5017:8 October
4958:131938684
4866:123066849
4823:233618492
4756:8 October
4746:237402139
4590:2041-1723
4541:8 October
4520:0003-0007
4465:8 October
4434:8 October
4375:8 October
4315:: 45242.
4231:8 January
4200:7 January
4169:7 January
3947:122783377
3939:0022-4928
3890:129156297
3783:CiteSeerX
3747:7 October
3657:6 October
3627:251498876
3619:2662-4435
3558:7 October
3469:ThoughtCo
3162:3 October
2676:29 August
1898:Space.com
1817:Sting jet
1683:upwelling
1670:continent
1666:Coral Sea
1604:ice cores
1580:wildfires
1427:onto the
1417:Dust Bowl
1411:Dust Bowl
1232:continent
1035:tornadoes
963:sea level
900:Esperanto
874:Discovery
604:Heat wave
599:Cold wave
543:Chemistry
394:Ice storm
384:Firestorm
296:Polar low
264:Landspout
247:Supercell
208:Lightning
186:Downburst
142:Harmattan
76:Part of
5904:Archived
5891:Archived
5868:Archived
5845:Archived
5825:Archived
5805:Archived
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