49:
1046:
1091:
2215:
6961:
1936:
1753:, as they would all behave in the same way to the strong interaction. Since quarks do not have the same mass, they do not interact in the same way (exactly like an electron placed in an electric field will accelerate more than a proton placed in the same field because of its lighter mass), and the symmetry is said to be
2210:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}S&=-\left(n_{\mathrm {s} }-n_{\mathrm {\bar {s}} }\right),\\C&=+\left(n_{\mathrm {c} }-n_{\mathrm {\bar {c}} }\right),\\B^{\prime }&=-\left(n_{\mathrm {b} }-n_{\mathrm {\bar {b}} }\right),\\T&=+\left(n_{\mathrm {t} }-n_{\mathrm {\bar {t}} }\right),\end{aligned}}}
5258:
1162:
in 1964 (containing originally only the u, d, and s quarks). The success of the isospin model is now understood to be the result of the similar masses of u and d quarks. Since u and d quarks have similar masses, particles made of the same number then also have similar masses. The exact specific u and
1748:
figures on the right). As other quarks were discovered, new quantum numbers were made to have similar description of udc and udb octets and decuplets. Since only the u and d mass are similar, this description of particle mass and charge in terms of isospin and flavour quantum numbers works well only
3997:
for each particle type) were simultaneously mirror-reversed, then the new set of wavefunctions would perfectly satisfy the laws of physics (apart from the weak interaction). It turns out that this is not quite true: for the equations to be satisfied, the wavefunctions of certain types of particles
904: = 1), but their existence is not generally accepted. The particle physics community as a whole did not view their existence as likely in 2006, and in 2008, considered evidence to be overwhelmingly against the existence of the reported pentaquarks. However, in July 2015, the
1143:. Although they had different electric charges, their masses were so similar that physicists believed they were the same particle. The different electric charges were explained as being the result of some unknown excitation similar to spin. This unknown excitation was later dubbed
5248:
1740:(not to be confused with spin) was noticed to go up and down along with particle mass. The higher the mass, the lower the strangeness (the more s quarks). Particles could be described with isospin projections (related to charge) and strangeness (mass) (see the uds
3953:
If the universe were reflected in a mirror, most of the laws of physics would be identical—things would behave the same way regardless of what we call "left" and what we call "right". This concept of mirror reflection is called
975:
The very existence of baryons is also a significant issue in cosmology because it is assumed that the Big Bang produced a state with equal amounts of baryons and antibaryons. The process by which baryons came to outnumber their
1749:
for octet and decuplet made of one u, one d, and one other quark, and breaks down for the other octets and decuplets (for example, ucb octet and decuplet). If the quarks all had the same mass, their behaviour would be called
1711:
In the "isospin picture", the four Deltas and the two nucleons were thought to be the different states of two particles. However, in the quark model, Deltas are different states of nucleons (the N or N are forbidden by
1893:
1271:(ddd)), but have similar masses (~1,232 MeV/c) as they are each made of a combination of three u or d quarks. Under the isospin model, they were considered to be a single particle in different charged states.
2542:
1941:
5058:
J. Michael Shull; et al. (2012). "The Baryon Census in a
Multiphase Intergalactic Medium: 30% of the Baryons May Still be Missing". Vol. 759, no. 1. The Astrophysical Journal.
1699:
948:
of any sort, and provides them with the property of mass. Non-baryonic matter, as implied by the name, is any sort of matter that is not composed primarily of baryons. This might include
1022:, changing the baryon number by one; however, this has not yet been observed under experiment. The excess of baryons over antibaryons in the present universe is thought to be due to non-
64:
4066:
4379:. The rules cover all the particles that can be made from three of each of the six quarks, even though baryons made of top quarks are not expected to exist because of the
1274:
The mathematics of isospin was modeled after that of spin. Isospin projections varied in increments of 1 just like those of spin, and to each projection was associated a "
502:
4755:
It is also a widespread (but not universal) practice to follow some additional rules when distinguishing between some states that would otherwise have the same symbol.
2605:(pronounced "h-bar"). The ħ is often dropped because it is the "fundamental" unit of spin, and it is implied that "spin 1" means "spin 1 ħ". In some systems of
1930:
flavour quantum numbers, respectively. They are related to the number of strange, charm, bottom, and top quarks and antiquark according to the relations:
1716:). Isospin, although conveying an inaccurate picture of things, is still used to classify baryons, leading to unnatural and often confusing nomenclature.
5077:
J.-P. Macquart; et al. (2020). "A census of baryons in the
Universe from localized fast radio bursts". Vol. 581. Nature. pp. 391–395.
5438:
495:
6884:
4999:
142:
1805:
576:), because, at the time of their naming, most known elementary particles had lower masses than the baryons. Each baryon has a corresponding
2956:) of a particle is therefore the combination of intrinsic angular momentum (spin) and orbital angular momentum. It can take any value from
488:
4837:
Quarks carry a charge, so knowing the charge of a particle indirectly gives the quark content. For example, the rules above say that a
6634:
1466:, respectively. Another example is the "nucleon particle". As there were two nucleon "charged states", it was said to be of isospin
6872:
138:
65:
3998:
have to be multiplied by −1, in addition to being mirror-reversed. Such particle types are said to have negative or odd parity (
2226:
4751:
Baryons that decay strongly have their masses as part of their names. For example, Σ does not decay strongly, but Δ(1232) does.
1734:
1725:
5499:
1564:. It was later noted that the isospin projections were related to the up and down quark content of particles by the relation:
5682:
5659:
5640:
5575:
2950:
2945:), that comes in increments of 1 ħ, which represent the angular moment due to quarks orbiting around each other. The
68:
63:
5914:
3929: = 2. This phenomenon of having multiple particles in the same total angular momentum configuration is called
5507:
1570:
69:
66:
6770:
663:
168:
58:
3974:
all behave in the same way regardless of whether or not the universe is reflected in a mirror, and thus are said to
2753: = 0), etc. Since baryons are made of three quarks, their spin vectors can add to make a vector of length
76:
67:
6851:
4944:
2655:). Because spin projections vary in increments of 1 (that is 1 ħ), a single quark has a spin vector of length
74:
59:
5692:
E. Wigner (1937). "On the
Consequences of the Symmetry of the Nuclear Hamiltonian on the Spectroscopy of Nuclei".
2220:
meaning that the Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula is equivalent to the expression of charge in terms of quark content:
4831:: When two of the three quarks are one up and one down quark, one baryon is dubbed Λ while the other is dubbed Σ.
2565:
1796:
1745:
75:
1713:
658:
A census of the
Universe's baryons indicates that 10% of them could be found inside galaxies, 50 to 60% in the
56:
2717:). Two quarks can have their spins aligned, in which case the two spin vectors add to make a vector of length
1741:
53:
1023:
932:
In theory, heptaquarks (5 quarks, 2 antiquarks), nonaquarks (6 quarks, 3 antiquarks), etc. could also exist.
112:
464:
6867:
349:
57:
5379:
2742: = −1). If two quarks have unaligned spins, the spin vectors add up to make a vector of length
998:
Experiments are consistent with the number of quarks in the universe being conserved alongside the total
54:
683:
659:
61:
6943:
2946:
2935:
2557:
687:
5756:
52:
6355:
4023:
2939:
926:
429:
359:
70:
6911:
6546:
6173:
5907:
5449:
H. Garcilazo; J. Vijande & A. Valcarce (2007). "Faddeev study of heavy-baryon spectroscopy".
5187:
4929:
3931:
1128:
1083:
1006:
of particle physics, the number of baryons may change in multiples of three due to the action of
130:
60:
5139:
6846:
6183:
5042:
The 'baryon' is the collective name for the members of the nucleon family. This name is due to
4856:
contains a c quark and some combination of two u and/or d quarks. The c quark has a charge of (
4760:
1919:
643:, the other major component of the atom, are members of a different family of particles called
379:
264:
204:
134:
73:
6933:
5176:
collaboration) (2015). "Observation of J/ψp resonances consistent with pentaquark states in Λ
3967:
600:
254:
71:
55:
5839:
5802:
5765:
5734:
5703:
5632:
5584:
5549:
5470:
5451:
5396:
5206:
5023:
4973:
1011:
679:
164:
104:
72:
62:
5140:"Observation of particles composed of five quarks, pentaquark-charmonium states, seen in Λ
4825:
configuration. In this case, a prime ( ′ ) is used to distinguish between them.
8:
6948:
5931:
5881:
5527:
5375:
4236:
3936:
399:
214:
199:
82:
5843:
5806:
5769:
5738:
5707:
5588:
5553:
5474:
5400:
5210:
5027:
4977:
439:
6891:
5900:
5855:
5818:
5781:
5539:
5486:
5460:
5430:
5230:
5196:
5126:
5003:
3971:
3935:. How to distinguish between these degenerate baryons is an active area of research in
1140:
527:
524:
374:
289:
5886:
5746:
4985:
940:
Nearly all matter that may be encountered or experienced in everyday life is baryonic
6960:
6928:
6841:
6320:
6065:
5992:
5859:
5822:
5785:
5678:
5655:
5636:
5561:
5482:
5434:
5422:
5387:
5234:
5222:
5063:
4006: = –), while the other particles are said to have positive or even parity (
3773:—states of minimal energy. Therefore, the two groups of baryons most studied are the
3765:
Particle physicists are most interested in baryons with no orbital angular momentum (
1136:
550:
424:
354:
319:
249:
244:
209:
184:
160:
156:
5597:
5570:
5490:
4017:
For baryons, the parity is related to the orbital angular momentum by the relation:
619:, both of which contain three quarks, and for this reason they are sometimes called
6985:
6938:
6709:
6484:
6345:
6330:
6012:
5923:
5847:
5810:
5773:
5742:
5711:
5592:
5557:
5511:
5478:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5218:
5214:
5078:
5059:
5031:
4981:
4681:). One or two subscripts are used if one or both of the remaining quarks are heavy.
3983:
3979:
3955:
3948:
3861:, respectively, although they are not the only ones. It is also possible to obtain
2582:
2578:
1155:
516:
409:
404:
304:
279:
239:
96:
40:
6906:
6831:
6815:
6755:
6165:
6090:
6080:
6070:
5982:
5725:
5694:
5114:
4934:
2602:
2561:
1754:
580:(antibaryon) where their corresponding antiquarks replace quarks. For example, a
454:
339:
329:
324:
314:
274:
269:
229:
116:
5357:
469:
6965:
6879:
6836:
6572:
6360:
6133:
6055:
6050:
5972:
2570:
2553:
1003:
1002:, with antibaryons being counted as negative quantities. Within the prevailing
632:
558:
394:
364:
309:
299:
284:
194:
100:
36:
5607:
5082:
6979:
6923:
6775:
6742:
6534:
6504:
6436:
6295:
6075:
6002:
5987:
5612:
4552:
4284:
4148:
3994:
2606:
2547:
1772:
1275:
1148:
1106:
1061:
999:
961:
908:
experiment observed two resonances consistent with pentaquark states in the Λ
813:
710:
648:
604:
569:
531:
414:
369:
334:
189:
6901:
6451:
6441:
6431:
6192:
6143:
6085:
6007:
5962:
5715:
5674:
5426:
5226:
5043:
4726:
4576:
4469:
4332:
4214:
4170:
4126:
3990:
3770:
1279:
1196:
1139:
in 1932 to explain the similarities between protons and neutrons under the
1019:
993:
981:
977:
577:
565:
474:
444:
419:
389:
259:
234:
219:
108:
5889:, an interactive visualisation allowing physical properties to be compared
5417:
1010:, although this is rare and has not been observed under experiment. Some
6916:
6684:
6587:
6582:
6499:
6494:
6424:
6378:
6335:
6300:
6259:
6151:
6115:
5977:
5544:
4310:
1915:
1731:
1159:
957:
449:
434:
384:
344:
294:
4598:= 1). If the third quark is heavy, its identity is given by a subscript.
1045:
6658:
6552:
6542:
6524:
6414:
6315:
6250:
5967:
5892:
5851:
5814:
5777:
5654:(2nd ed.). New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons. pp. 57–104.
5465:
5253:
5036:
5007:
4706:
4623:
4532:
4409:
4262:
3975:
1923:
1888:{\displaystyle Q=I_{3}+{\frac {1}{2}}\left(B+S+C+B^{\prime }+T\right),}
1100:
1055:
969:
817:
652:
593:
589:
459:
224:
5525:
5373:
6800:
6790:
6760:
6653:
6619:
6612:
6489:
6479:
6474:
6446:
6214:
5997:
4643:
4380:
4354:
4192:
1163:
d quark composition determines the charge, as u quarks carry charge +
1090:
1007:
6896:
6724:
6679:
6663:
6624:
6597:
6310:
6305:
6285:
6255:
6245:
6240:
6060:
6035:
6030:
5957:
5503:
5201:
5171:
4686:
4603:
4512:
4389:
4240:
1096:
1051:
953:
949:
640:
628:
585:
27:
6805:
6795:
6765:
6719:
6714:
6689:
6607:
6592:
6519:
6514:
6419:
6404:
6350:
6325:
6290:
6219:
6201:
5940:
5448:
4964:
Gell-Mann, M. (1964). "A schematic model of baryons and mesons".
4429:
4104:
4088:
3963:
2616:
1927:
1040:
675:
616:
554:
539:
5875:
1026:
in the very early universe, though this is not well understood.
6785:
6780:
6409:
6387:
6209:
6123:
6022:
2609:, ħ is chosen to be 1, and therefore does not appear anywhere.
1015:
941:
702:
644:
624:
612:
581:
547:
535:
20:
6810:
6750:
6602:
6461:
6340:
6280:
6235:
6128:
6106:
5949:
4939:
4096:
2612:
965:
706:
698:
691:
608:
543:
4071:
As a consequence, baryons with no orbital angular momentum (
16:
Hadron (subatomic particle) that is composed of three quarks
6577:
6509:
6469:
6045:
6040:
5173:
5152:
945:
905:
636:
5723:
M. Gell-Mann (1964). "A Schematic of
Baryons and Mesons".
3982:
does distinguish "left" from "right", a phenomenon called
2934:
There is another quantity of angular momentum, called the
2548:
Spin, orbital angular momentum, and total angular momentum
2537:{\displaystyle Q={\frac {2}{3}}\left-{\frac {1}{3}}\left.}
1282:" had four "charged states", it was said to be of isospin
623:. These particles make up most of the mass of the visible
1726:
Flavour (particle physics) § Flavour quantum numbers
542:
are examples of baryons; because baryons are composed of
5830:
W. Heisenberg (1932). "Über den Bau der
Atomkerne III".
4802:
counterparts are denoted by an asterisk ( * ).
5793:
W. Heisenberg (1932). "Über den Bau der
Atomkerne II".
4383:'s short lifetime. The rules do not cover pentaquarks.
1708:
s are the number of up and down quarks and antiquarks.
596:, is made of two up antiquarks and one down antiquark.
5754:
W. Heisenberg (1932). "Über den Bau der
Atomkerne I".
4748:= 0), and subscripts indicate any heavy quark content.
4087:
Baryons are classified into groups according to their
662:, and the remaining 30 to 40% could be located in the
4805:
Two baryons can be made of three different quarks in
4026:
2229:
1939:
1808:
1573:
5627:
S.S.M. Wong (1998a). "Chapter 2—Nucleon
Structure".
4235:). The rules for classification are defined by the
4782:configuration that have the same symbols as their
4060:
2536:
2209:
1887:
1693:
5119:
5107:
2746: = 0 and has only one spin projection (
647:; leptons do not interact via the strong force).
26:"Baryonic" redirects here. For the dinosaur, see
6977:
5350:
5057:
1694:{\displaystyle I_{\mathrm {3} }={\frac {1}{2}},}
820:—baryons made of four quarks and one antiquark (
5650:S.S.M. Wong (1998b). "Chapter 3—The Deuteron".
4998:
1014:of particle physics also predict that a single
51:
5076:
4876:), therefore the other two must be a u quark (
3993:for each particle (in more precise terms, the
5908:
5829:
5792:
5753:
4957:
1135:The concept of isospin was first proposed by
694:, which do not obey the exclusion principle.
496:
5722:
5649:
5626:
4103:) content. There are six groups of baryons:
2990:Baryon angular momentum quantum numbers for
5568:
2721: = 1 and three spin projections (
686:, which apply to all particles obeying the
5915:
5901:
5668:
5131:
1719:
1374:, corresponded to the isospin projections
592:; and its corresponding antiparticle, the
503:
489:
5691:
5608:"Pentaquark discovery confounds sceptics"
5596:
5543:
5497:
5464:
5416:
5200:
5035:
4963:
2585:of a particle. It comes in increments of
2581:quantity that represents the "intrinsic"
1764:) was related to the isospin projection (
655:, have also been discovered and studied.
5922:
5530:) (2006). "Review of Particle Physics".
5307:
5305:
5303:
5165:
4387:Baryons with (any combination of) three
1089:
1044:
5605:
5314:
3769: = 0), as they correspond to
6978:
6386:
4075: = 0) all have even parity (
753:. The term "baryon" usually refers to
733:and antiquarks have baryon numbers of
5896:
5576:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
5500:"The rise and fall of the pentaquark"
5366:
5341:
5300:
3821: = 0, which corresponds to
2951:total angular momentum quantum number
1034:
5261:from the original on August 10, 2022
5137:
4916:) to have the correct total charge (
678:; that is, they are acted on by the
2773:, which has four spin projections (
1110:quarks forming baryons with a spin-
1065:quarks forming baryons with a spin-
13:
5876:Review of Particle Physics (2018).
5249:"11.3: Particle Conservation Laws"
4010: = +1, or alternatively
4002: = −1, or alternatively
2512:
2495:
2469:
2452:
2426:
2409:
2363:
2346:
2320:
2303:
2277:
2260:
2184:
2167:
2120:
2103:
2077:
2049:
2032:
1985:
1968:
1866:
1671:
1654:
1628:
1611:
935:
705:, composite particles composed of
47:
14:
6997:
5868:
674:Baryons are strongly interacting
564:The name "baryon", introduced by
553:. Baryons are also classified as
169:Physics beyond the Standard Model
6959:
6852:Timeline of particle discoveries
5444:from the original on 2022-10-09.
4945:Timeline of particle discoveries
2671:, and has two spin projections (
611:. The most familiar baryons are
5673:(2nd ed.). New York (NY):
5671:Principles of Quantum Mechanics
5631:(2nd ed.). New York (NY):
5571:"Status of baryon spectroscopy"
5332:
5323:
5291:
5282:
5273:
5241:
5016:Progress of Theoretical Physics
4082:
1779:) and flavour quantum numbers (
987:
757:—baryons made of three quarks (
651:containing five quarks, called
557:because they have half-integer
530:that contains an odd number of
5409:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018
5219:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.072001
5098:
5089:
5070:
5051:
4992:
4043:
4033:
2523:
2515:
2486:
2480:
2472:
2443:
2437:
2429:
2400:
2374:
2366:
2337:
2331:
2323:
2294:
2288:
2280:
2251:
2187:
2123:
2052:
1988:
1685:
1682:
1674:
1645:
1639:
1631:
1602:
1599:
1:
5747:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3
4986:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3
4061:{\displaystyle P=(-1)^{L}.\ }
1500:(proton) was identified with
1179:while d quarks carry charge −
1029:
1024:conservation of baryon number
690:. This is in contrast to the
669:
664:warm–hot intergalactic medium
113:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
6868:History of subatomic physics
5652:Introductory Nuclear Physics
5629:Introductory Nuclear Physics
5380:"Review of Particle Physics"
4950:
1199:all have different charges (
816:have been proposed, such as
7:
4923:
4239:. These rules consider the
3978:(P-symmetry). However, the
3905: = 2, as well as
3022:
2885:with two spin projections (
2566:Clebsch–Gordan coefficients
1797:Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula
1714:Pauli's exclusion principle
599:Baryons participate in the
10:
7002:
5562:10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001
5483:10.1088/0954-3899/34/5/014
5329:H. Garcilazo et al. (2007)
5064:10.1088/0004-637X/759/1/23
3946:
2551:
1760:It was noted that charge (
1723:
1038:
991:
143:Standard Model mathematics
25:
18:
6957:
6860:
6824:
6741:
6702:
6672:
6646:
6642:
6633:
6565:
6533:
6460:
6395:
6377:
6273:
6228:
6200:
6191:
6182:
6164:
6142:
6114:
6105:
6021:
5948:
5939:
5930:
5880:Georgia State University—
5598:10.1088/1742-6596/9/1/043
5358:Naming scheme for hadrons
5356:C. Amsler et al. (2008):
5125:C. Amsler et al. (2008):
5113:W.-M. Yao et al. (2006):
5083:10.1038/s41586-020-2300-2
5008:"Charge Independence for
3942:
3322:
3041:
2865:), or a vector of length
2558:Angular momentum operator
1154:This belief lasted until
925:p decay, with a combined
688:Pauli exclusion principle
572:word for "heavy" (βαρύς,
6885:mathematical formulation
6480:Eta and eta prime mesons
2940:azimuthal quantum number
2936:orbital angular momentum
1523:and the neutral nucleon
1195:. For example, the four
962:supersymmetric particles
927:statistical significance
534:, conventionally three.
19:Not to be confused with
6547:Double-charm tetraquark
5188:Physical Review Letters
4601:Baryons containing one
4510:Baryons containing two
1720:Flavour quantum numbers
1482:. The positive nucleon
1302:. Its "charged states"
131:Electroweak interaction
5887:Baryons made thinkable
5832:Zeitschrift für Physik
5795:Zeitschrift für Physik
5757:Zeitschrift für Physik
5716:10.1103/PhysRev.51.106
4761:total angular momentum
4684:Baryons containing no
4062:
3989:Based on this, if the
3958:" or simply "parity" (
2986:, in increments of 1.
2947:total angular momentum
2538:
2211:
1889:
1735:flavour quantum number
1695:
1132:
1094:Combinations of three
1087:
1049:Combinations of three
1012:grand unified theories
684:Fermi–Dirac statistics
607:by particles known as
135:Quantum chromodynamics
79:
6944:Wave–particle duality
6934:Relativistic particle
6071:Electron antineutrino
5633:John Wiley & Sons
5138:LHCb (14 July 2015).
5115:Particle listings – Θ
4063:
3968:electromagnetic force
2539:
2212:
1890:
1696:
1093:
1048:
682:and are described by
660:circumgalactic medium
601:residual strong force
546:, they belong to the
165:Neutrino oscillations
85:of the Standard Model
78:
6174:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
5924:Particles in physics
5874:Particle Data Group—
5569:D.M. Manley (2005).
5532:Journal of Physics G
5452:Journal of Physics G
5279:W. Heisenberg (1932)
5257:. November 1, 2016.
4024:
2735: = 0, and
2227:
1937:
1806:
1571:
680:strong nuclear force
105:Quantum field theory
83:Elementary particles
6949:Particle chauvinism
6892:Subatomic particles
5844:1933ZPhy...80..587H
5807:1932ZPhy...78..156H
5770:1932ZPhy...77....1H
5739:1964PhL.....8..214G
5708:1937PhRv...51..106W
5669:R. Shankar (1994).
5589:2005JPhCS...9..230M
5554:2006JPhG...33....1Y
5528:Particle Data Group
5475:2007hep.ph....3257G
5401:2008PhLB..667....1A
5376:Particle Data Group
5347:S.S.M. Wong (1998b)
5311:S.S.M. Wong (1998a)
5297:M. Gell-Mann (1964)
5211:2015PhRvL.115g2001A
5028:1953PThPh..10..581N
5004:Nishijima, Kazuhiko
4978:1964PhL.....8..214G
4237:Particle Data Group
3937:baryon spectroscopy
3797: = 0 and
2995:
1084:uds baryon decuplet
697:Baryons, alongside
551:family of particles
5852:10.1007/BF01335696
5815:10.1007/BF01337585
5778:10.1007/BF01342433
5635:. pp. 21–56.
5526:W.-M. Yao et al. (
5498:K. Carter (2006).
5374:C. Amsler et al. (
5367:General references
5338:D.M. Manley (2005)
5037:10.1143/PTP.10.581
4920: = +1).
4896:), and a d quark (
4058:
3972:strong interaction
2989:
2619:particles of spin
2534:
2207:
2205:
1885:
1691:
1141:strong interaction
1133:
1088:
1035:Isospin and charge
528:subatomic particle
80:
6973:
6972:
6929:Massless particle
6737:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6698:
6697:
6561:
6560:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6321:Magnetic monopole
6269:
6268:
6160:
6159:
6101:
6100:
6081:Muon antineutrino
6066:Electron neutrino
5838:(9–10): 587–596.
5684:978-0-306-44790-7
5661:978-0-471-23973-4
5642:978-0-471-23973-4
5388:Physics Letters B
5320:R. Shankar (1994)
5006:(November 1953).
4079: = +).
4057:
4014: = +).
3763:
3762:
2728: = +1,
2518:
2475:
2432:
2393:
2369:
2326:
2283:
2244:
2190:
2126:
2055:
1991:
1836:
1677:
1634:
1597:
1137:Werner Heisenberg
944:, which includes
809: = 1).
568:, comes from the
513:
512:
161:Hierarchy problem
157:Strong CP problem
6993:
6963:
6939:Virtual particle
6710:Mesonic molecule
6644:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6485:Bottom eta meson
6393:
6392:
6384:
6383:
6356:W′ and Z′ bosons
6346:Sterile neutrino
6331:Majorana fermion
6198:
6197:
6189:
6188:
6112:
6111:
6091:Tau antineutrino
5946:
5945:
5937:
5936:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5894:
5893:
5863:
5826:
5801:(3–4): 156–164.
5789:
5750:
5719:
5688:
5665:
5646:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5606:H. Muir (2003).
5602:
5600:
5565:
5547:
5545:astro-ph/0601168
5522:
5520:
5519:
5510:. Archived from
5494:
5468:
5445:
5443:
5420:
5384:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5345:
5339:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5321:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5298:
5295:
5289:
5288:E. Wigner (1937)
5286:
5280:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5204:
5184:
5183:
5172:R. Aaij et al. (
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5148:
5147:
5135:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5104:K. Carter (2003)
5102:
5096:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5039:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4961:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4845:
4844:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4733:
4732:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4713:
4712:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4692:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4650:
4649:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4630:
4629:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4610:
4609:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4583:
4582:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4559:
4558:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4539:
4538:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4519:
4518:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4476:
4475:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4436:
4435:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4416:
4415:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4396:
4395:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4365:
4364:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4342:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4321:
4320:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4294:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4273:
4272:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4251:
4250:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4225:
4224:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4203:
4202:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4181:
4180:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4159:
4158:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4137:
4136:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4114:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4050:
3984:parity violation
3980:weak interaction
3956:intrinsic parity
3949:Parity (physics)
3924:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3006:Orbital angular
2996:
2988:
2985:
2970:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2583:angular momentum
2573:(quantum number
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2511:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2394:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2245:
2237:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2081:
2080:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1869:
1837:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1670:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1598:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1206:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1156:Murray Gell-Mann
1129:uds baryon octet
1125:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
924:
923:
916:
915:
903:
901:
900:
897:
894:
887:
885:
884:
881:
878:
871:
869:
868:
865:
862:
855:
853:
852:
849:
846:
839:
837:
836:
833:
830:
808:
806:
805:
802:
799:
792:
790:
789:
786:
783:
776:
774:
773:
770:
767:
752:
750:
749:
746:
743:
732:
730:
729:
726:
723:
631:and compose the
517:particle physics
505:
498:
491:
97:Particle physics
50:
41:particle physics
33:
32:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6976:
6975:
6974:
6969:
6953:
6907:Nuclear physics
6856:
6820:
6756:Davydov soliton
6729:
6694:
6668:
6629:
6557:
6529:
6456:
6365:
6265:
6224:
6178:
6156:
6138:
6097:
6017:
5926:
5921:
5871:
5866:
5726:Physics Letters
5695:Physical Review
5685:
5662:
5643:
5618:
5616:
5517:
5515:
5441:
5382:
5369:
5364:
5363:
5355:
5351:
5346:
5342:
5337:
5333:
5328:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5301:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5264:
5262:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5170:
5166:
5157:
5155:
5149:→ J/ψpK decays"
5146:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5112:
5108:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5075:
5071:
5056:
5052:
5046:. See ref. (6).
4997:
4993:
4966:Physics Letters
4962:
4958:
4953:
4935:List of baryons
4926:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4375:) quarks to be
4371:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4305:) quarks to be
4301:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4085:
4046:
4042:
4025:
4022:
4021:
3986:(P-violation).
3976:conserve parity
3951:
3945:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3881:particles from
3875:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3033:
3026:
3015:
3007:
3000:
2972:
2957:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2568:
2562:Quantum numbers
2552:Main articles:
2550:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2204:
2203:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1865:
1861:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1770:
1728:
1722:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1541:(neutron) with
1537:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1043:
1037:
1032:
996:
990:
938:
936:Baryonic matter
922:
920:
919:
918:
914:
911:
910:
909:
898:
895:
892:
891:
889:
882:
879:
876:
875:
873:
866:
863:
860:
859:
857:
850:
847:
844:
843:
841:
834:
831:
828:
827:
825:
803:
800:
797:
796:
794:
787:
784:
781:
780:
778:
771:
768:
765:
764:
762:
747:
744:
741:
740:
738:
727:
724:
721:
720:
718:
672:
584:is made of two
509:
480:
479:
180:
172:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
146:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
120:
119:
117:Higgs mechanism
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
86:
77:
48:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6999:
6989:
6988:
6971:
6970:
6966:Physics portal
6958:
6955:
6954:
6952:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6880:Standard Model
6877:
6876:
6875:
6864:
6862:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6854:
6849:
6847:Quasiparticles
6844:
6839:
6834:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6747:
6745:
6743:Quasiparticles
6739:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6706:
6704:
6700:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6676:
6674:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6650:
6648:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6580:
6575:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6539:
6537:
6535:Exotic hadrons
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6466:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6401:
6399:
6390:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6361:X and Y bosons
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6206:
6204:
6195:
6186:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6170:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6148:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6134:W and Z bosons
6131:
6126:
6120:
6118:
6109:
6103:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6027:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5988:Strange (quark
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5954:
5952:
5943:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5920:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5884:
5878:
5870:
5869:External links
5867:
5865:
5864:
5827:
5790:
5751:
5733:(3): 214–215.
5720:
5702:(2): 106–119.
5689:
5683:
5666:
5660:
5647:
5641:
5624:
5603:
5583:(1): 230–237.
5566:
5523:
5495:
5466:hep-ph/0703257
5459:(5): 961–976.
5446:
5418:1854/LU-685594
5370:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5349:
5340:
5331:
5322:
5313:
5299:
5290:
5281:
5272:
5240:
5180:
5164:
5144:
5130:
5118:
5106:
5097:
5095:H. Muir (2003)
5088:
5069:
5050:
5022:(5): 581–582.
4991:
4972:(3): 214–215.
4955:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4925:
4922:
4900: = −
4880: = +
4860: = +
4850:
4842:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4803:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4738:
4730:
4718:
4710:
4698:
4690:
4682:
4655:
4647:
4635:
4627:
4615:
4607:
4599:
4588:
4580:
4564:
4556:
4544:
4536:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4481:
4473:
4441:
4433:
4421:
4413:
4401:
4393:
4370:
4362:
4348:
4340:
4326:
4318:
4300:
4292:
4278:
4270:
4256:
4248:
4230:
4222:
4208:
4200:
4186:
4178:
4164:
4156:
4142:
4134:
4120:
4112:
4084:
4081:
4069:
4068:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
3947:Main article:
3944:
3941:
3761:
3760:
3695:
3692:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3557:
3554:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3435:
3432:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3361:
3358:
3341:
3338:
3320:
3319:
3286:
3283:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3212:
3209:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3138:
3135:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3080:
3077:
3060:
3057:
3039:
3038:
3030:
3020:
3014:Total angular
3012:
3004:
2915: = −
2912:
2892: = +
2889:
2849: = −
2846:
2826: = −
2823:
2803: = +
2800:
2780: = +
2777:
2750:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2701: = −
2698:
2678: = +
2675:
2554:Spin (physics)
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2474:
2471:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2431:
2428:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2365:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2325:
2322:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2282:
2279:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2218:
2217:
2202:
2198:
2189:
2186:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2125:
2122:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2051:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1914:represent the
1896:
1895:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1768:
1724:Main article:
1721:
1718:
1702:
1701:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1676:
1673:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1633:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1577:
1548: = −
1545:
1536:
1528:
1507: = +
1504:
1495:
1487:
1450: = −
1447:
1427: = −
1424:
1404: = +
1401:
1381: = +
1378:
1369:
1361:
1351:
1343:
1333:
1325:
1315:
1307:
1280:Delta particle
1278:". Since the "
1266:
1258:
1248:
1240:
1230:
1222:
1212:
1204:
1039:Main article:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1004:Standard Model
992:Main article:
989:
986:
937:
934:
921:
912:
814:exotic baryons
737: = −
711:baryon numbers
709:. Quarks have
671:
668:
649:Exotic baryons
532:valence quarks
511:
510:
508:
507:
500:
493:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:
101:Standard Model
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:
81:
44:
43:
37:Standard Model
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6998:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6956:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6924:Exotic matter
6922:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6913:
6912:Eightfold way
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6902:Antiparticles
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6878:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6859:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6573:Atomic nuclei
6571:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6554:
6551:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6505:Upsilon meson
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6437:Lambda baryon
6435:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6296:Dual graviton
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6261:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6193:Superpartners
6190:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6141:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6076:Muon neutrino
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6008:Bottom (quark
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5913:
5911:
5906:
5904:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5834:(in German).
5833:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5797:(in German).
5796:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5764:(1–2): 1–11.
5763:
5760:(in German).
5759:
5758:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5727:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5653:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5625:
5615:
5614:
5613:New Scientist
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5538:(1): 1–1232.
5537:
5533:
5529:
5524:
5514:on 2007-07-08
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5447:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5395:(1): 1–1340.
5394:
5390:
5389:
5381:
5377:
5372:
5371:
5359:
5353:
5344:
5335:
5326:
5317:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5294:
5285:
5276:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5244:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5195:(7): 072001.
5194:
5190:
5189:
5175:
5168:
5154:
5150:
5134:
5128:
5122:
5116:
5110:
5101:
5092:
5084:
5080:
5073:
5065:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5045:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5011:
5005:
5001:
5000:Nakano, Tadao
4995:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4960:
4956:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4930:Eightfold way
4928:
4927:
4921:
4919:
4899:
4879:
4859:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4809: =
4808:
4804:
4786: =
4785:
4766: =
4765:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4742:
4722:
4702:
4683:
4664:
4659:
4639:
4619:
4600:
4597:
4592:
4573:
4568:
4548:
4528:
4509:
4490:
4485:
4450:
4445:
4425:
4405:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4356:
4334:
4312:
4308:
4286:
4264:
4242:
4238:
4216:
4194:
4172:
4150:
4128:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4095:) values and
4094:
4090:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4052:
4047:
4039:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3995:quantum field
3992:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3909: =
3908:
3904:
3885: =
3884:
3865: =
3864:
3845: =
3844:
3825: =
3824:
3820:
3801: =
3800:
3796:
3777: =
3776:
3772:
3771:ground states
3768:
3696:
3693:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3558:
3555:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3436:
3433:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3362:
3359:
3342:
3339:
3321:
3287:
3284:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3213:
3210:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3139:
3136:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3081:
3078:
3061:
3058:
3040:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2994:= 0, 1, 2, 3
2993:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2911:
2888:
2869: =
2868:
2845:
2822:
2799:
2776:
2757: =
2756:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2720:
2697:
2674:
2639: =
2638:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2607:natural units
2604:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2531:
2527:
2505:
2501:
2490:
2483:
2462:
2458:
2447:
2440:
2419:
2415:
2404:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2356:
2352:
2341:
2334:
2313:
2309:
2298:
2291:
2270:
2266:
2255:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2200:
2196:
2177:
2173:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2132:
2113:
2109:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2042:
2038:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1997:
1978:
1974:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:baryon number
1767:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1688:
1664:
1660:
1649:
1642:
1621:
1617:
1606:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1544:
1503:
1446:
1423:
1400:
1377:
1286: =
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:charged state
1272:
1198:
1161:
1158:proposed the
1157:
1152:
1150:
1149:Eugene Wigner
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1130:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1042:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:baryon number
995:
985:
983:
979:
978:antiparticles
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
933:
930:
928:
907:
888: −
872: +
856: +
840: +
824: =
823:
819:
815:
810:
793: +
777: +
761: =
760:
756:
736:
717: =
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
667:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
526:
523:is a type of
522:
518:
506:
501:
499:
494:
492:
487:
486:
484:
483:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
176:
175:
170:
166:
162:
158:
150:
149:
144:
140:
136:
132:
124:
123:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
90:
89:
84:
46:
45:
42:
38:
35:
34:
29:
22:
6964:
6635:Hypothetical
6583:Exotic atoms
6452:Omega baryon
6442:Sigma baryon
6432:Delta baryon
6396:
6184:Hypothetical
6166:Ghost fields
6152:Higgs boson
6086:Tau neutrino
5978:Charm (quark
5882:HyperPhysics
5835:
5831:
5798:
5794:
5761:
5755:
5730:
5724:
5699:
5693:
5675:Plenum Press
5670:
5651:
5628:
5617:. Retrieved
5611:
5580:
5574:
5535:
5531:
5516:. Retrieved
5512:the original
5456:
5450:
5392:
5386:
5352:
5343:
5334:
5325:
5316:
5293:
5284:
5275:
5265:December 26,
5263:. Retrieved
5252:
5243:
5192:
5186:
5167:
5156:. Retrieved
5133:
5121:
5109:
5100:
5091:
5072:
5053:
5041:
5019:
5015:
5009:
4994:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4917:
4897:
4877:
4857:
4836:
4828:
4806:
4783:
4763:
4754:
4745:
4662:
4595:
4571:
4488:
4448:
4376:
4306:
4100:
4092:
4086:
4083:Nomenclature
4076:
4072:
4070:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3991:wavefunction
3988:
3959:
3952:
3930:
3926:
3906:
3902:
3882:
3862:
3842:
3822:
3818:
3798:
3794:
3774:
3766:
3764:
3035:
3027:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2991:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2942:
2933:
2909:
2886:
2866:
2843:
2820:
2797:
2774:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2718:
2695:
2672:
2636:
2611:
2574:
2569:
2219:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1750:
1737:
1729:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1542:
1501:
1444:
1421:
1398:
1375:
1283:
1273:
1153:
1144:
1134:
1127:
1105:
1095:
1082:
1060:
1050:
997:
994:Baryogenesis
988:Baryogenesis
982:baryogenesis
974:
939:
931:
821:
811:
758:
754:
734:
714:
696:
673:
657:
620:
598:
578:antiparticle
573:
566:Abraham Pais
563:
520:
514:
127:Constituents
109:Gauge theory
6917:Quark model
6685:Theta meson
6588:Positronium
6500:Omega meson
6495:J/psi meson
6425:Antineutron
6336:Dark photon
6301:Graviphoton
6260:Stop squark
5968:Down (quark
5185:p decays".
5127:Pentaquarks
5012:-particles"
4759:Baryons in
4724:quarks are
4550:quarks are
4427:quarks are
1916:strangeness
1732:strangeness
1160:quark model
970:black holes
958:dark matter
818:pentaquarks
653:pentaquarks
603:, which is
305:Chamberlain
153:Limitations
6659:Heptaquark
6620:Superatoms
6553:Pentaquark
6543:Tetraquark
6525:Quarkonium
6415:Antiproton
6316:Leptoquark
6251:Neutralino
6013:antiquark)
6003:antiquark)
5998:Top (quark
5993:antiquark)
5983:antiquark)
5973:antiquark)
5963:antiquark)
5932:Elementary
5619:2008-05-27
5518:2008-05-27
5378:) (2008).
5254:LibreTexts
5202:1507.03414
5158:2015-07-14
4641:quark are
3970:, and the
3932:degeneracy
3034:notation,
3032:Condensed
3016:momentum,
3008:momentum,
1924:bottomness
1704:where the
1030:Properties
1008:sphalerons
980:is called
670:Background
594:antiproton
590:down quark
275:Iliopoulos
185:Rutherford
179:Scientists
139:CKM matrix
93:Background
6897:Particles
6842:Particles
6801:Polariton
6791:Plasmaron
6761:Dropleton
6654:Hexaquark
6625:Molecules
6613:Protonium
6490:Phi meson
6475:Rho meson
6447:Xi baryon
6379:Composite
6215:Gravitino
5958:Up (quark
5860:126422047
5823:186221789
5786:186218053
5435:227119789
5235:119204136
4951:Citations
4829:Exception
4744:baryons (
4661:baryons (
4594:baryons (
4570:baryons (
4487:baryons (
4381:top quark
4037:−
2617:fermionic
2516:¯
2502:−
2473:¯
2459:−
2430:¯
2416:−
2383:−
2367:¯
2353:−
2324:¯
2310:−
2281:¯
2267:−
2188:¯
2174:−
2124:¯
2110:−
2090:−
2078:′
2053:¯
2039:−
1989:¯
1975:−
1955:−
1867:′
1795:) by the
1751:symmetric
1675:¯
1661:−
1643:−
1632:¯
1618:−
1151:in 1937.
1126:form the
1081:form the
954:electrons
952:and free
950:neutrinos
755:triquarks
641:electrons
635:of every
621:triquarks
586:up quarks
525:composite
465:de Mayolo
410:Schwinger
350:Kobayashi
240:Gell-Mann
205:Sudarshan
6980:Category
6873:timeline
6725:R-hadron
6680:Glueball
6664:Skyrmion
6598:Tauonium
6311:Inflaton
6306:Graviton
6286:Curvaton
6256:Sfermion
6246:Higgsino
6241:Chargino
6202:Gauginos
6061:Neutrino
6046:Antimuon
6036:Positron
6031:Electron
5941:Fermions
5504:Fermilab
5491:15445714
5439:Archived
5427:10020536
5259:Archived
5227:26317714
4924:See also
4574:= 0) or
4309:and the
1746:decuplet
929:of 15σ.
676:fermions
666:(WHIM).
629:universe
617:neutrons
605:mediated
588:and one
555:fermions
540:neutrons
455:Guralnik
400:Politzer
375:'t Hooft
330:Weinberg
325:Majorana
315:Schwartz
280:Lederman
265:Anderson
255:Friedman
215:Anderson
210:Davis Jr
195:Chadwick
28:Baryonyx
6986:Baryons
6861:Related
6832:Baryons
6806:Polaron
6796:Plasmon
6771:Fracton
6766:Exciton
6720:Diquark
6715:Pomeron
6690:T meson
6647:Baryons
6608:Pionium
6593:Muonium
6520:D meson
6515:B meson
6420:Neutron
6405:Nucleon
6397:Baryons
6388:Hadrons
6351:Tachyon
6326:Majoron
6291:Dilaton
6220:Photino
6056:Antitau
6023:Leptons
5840:Bibcode
5803:Bibcode
5766:Bibcode
5735:Bibcode
5704:Bibcode
5585:Bibcode
5550:Bibcode
5471:Bibcode
5397:Bibcode
5207:Bibcode
5024:Bibcode
4974:Bibcode
4914:
4902:
4894:
4882:
4874:
4862:
4823:
4811:
4800:
4788:
4780:
4768:
4679:
4667:
4530:and/or
4505:
4493:
4465:
4453:
4407:and/or
4353:), and
4285:strange
4213:), and
4105:nucleon
4089:isospin
3964:Gravity
3923:
3911:
3899:
3887:
3879:
3867:
3859:
3847:
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3803:
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1928:topness
1910:′, and
1771:), the
1562:
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1383:
1300:
1288:
1253:(udd),
1235:(uud),
1217:(uuu),
1193:
1181:
1177:
1165:
1145:isospin
1124:
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1079:
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1041:Isospin
902:
890:
886:
874:
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842:
838:
826:
807:
795:
791:
779:
775:
763:
751:
739:
731:
719:
703:hadrons
645:leptons
633:nucleus
627:in the
613:protons
536:Protons
440:Englert
415:Wilczek
380:Veltman
355:Maskawa
310:Cabibbo
270:Glashow
245:Kendall
230:Feynman
190:Thomson
6837:Mesons
6786:Phonon
6781:Magnon
6703:Others
6673:Mesons
6566:Others
6462:Mesons
6410:Proton
6274:Others
6229:Others
6210:Gluino
6144:Scalar
6124:Photon
6107:Bosons
5950:Quarks
5858:
5821:
5784:
5681:
5658:
5639:
5489:
5433:
5425:
5233:
5225:
5181:b→J/ψK
4846:Λ
4734:Ω
4651:Ξ
4584:Σ
4560:Λ
4477:Δ
4333:bottom
4283:) and
4226:Ω
4204:Ξ
4182:Σ
4160:Λ
4149:Lambda
4138:Δ
4056:
3966:, the
3943:Parity
3023:Parity
2999:Spin,
2908:, and
2842:, and
2613:Quarks
2601:
2579:vector
2564:, and
1898:where
1755:broken
1443:, and
1365:Δ
1356:, and
1347:Δ
1329:Δ
1311:Δ
1262:Δ
1244:Δ
1226:Δ
1208:Δ
1197:Deltas
1016:proton
968:, and
966:axions
942:matter
917:→ J/ψK
812:Other
707:quarks
701:, are
699:mesons
692:bosons
625:matter
609:mesons
582:proton
548:hadron
544:quarks
521:baryon
470:Lattes
460:Kibble
420:Cronin
405:Reines
370:Yukawa
285:Maiani
260:Powell
250:Taylor
235:Rubbia
21:Barium
6825:Lists
6816:Trion
6811:Roton
6751:Anyon
6578:Atoms
6341:Preon
6281:Axion
6236:Axino
6129:Gluon
6116:Gauge
5856:S2CID
5819:S2CID
5782:S2CID
5540:arXiv
5487:S2CID
5461:arXiv
5442:(PDF)
5431:S2CID
5383:(PDF)
5231:S2CID
5197:arXiv
4940:Meson
4467:) or
4377:heavy
4311:charm
4307:light
4215:Omega
4171:Sigma
4127:Delta
4097:quark
1920:charm
1742:octet
1020:decay
946:atoms
574:barýs
570:Greek
475:Zweig
450:Hagen
445:Brout
435:Higgs
430:Vleck
425:Fitch
395:Pauli
385:Gross
360:Mills
345:Salam
300:Nambu
295:Cowan
225:Dirac
220:Fermi
6776:Hole
6603:Onia
6510:Kaon
6470:Pion
6041:Muon
5679:ISBN
5656:ISBN
5637:ISBN
5508:SLAC
5506:and
5423:PMID
5267:2023
5223:PMID
5174:LHCb
5153:CERN
5044:Pais
4263:down
3925:and
3901:and
3841:and
2694:and
2615:are
2571:Spin
1926:and
1744:and
1730:The
1018:can
906:LHCb
637:atom
615:and
559:spin
538:and
519:, a
390:Pais
365:Yang
340:Ward
320:Perl
290:Meer
200:Bose
6051:Tau
5848:doi
5811:doi
5774:doi
5743:doi
5712:doi
5593:doi
5558:doi
5479:doi
5413:hdl
5405:doi
5393:667
5215:doi
5193:115
5079:doi
5060:doi
5032:doi
4982:doi
4704:or
4621:or
4447:s (
4355:top
4331:),
4261:),
4191:),
4169:),
4147:),
4125:),
3962:).
2976:= |
2971:to
2961:= |
2931:).
1791:′,
1147:by
1104:or
1059:or
713:of
515:In
335:Lee
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