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paired with food can increase output of food-reinforced instrumental behaviors, such as lever pressing. Outcome-specific PIT occurs when the
Pavlovian unconditioned stimulus (US) and the instrumental reinforcer are the same stimulus, whereas general PIT is said to occur when the Pavlovian US and the reinforcer are different. ... More recent evidence indicates that accumbens core and shell appear to mediate different aspects of PIT; shell lesions and inactivation reduced outcome-specific PIT, while core lesions and inactivation suppressed general PIT (Corbit and Balleine 2011). These core versus shell differences are likely due to the different anatomical inputs and pallidal outputs associated with these accumbens subregions (Root et al. 2015). These results led Corbit and Balleine (2011) to suggest that accumbens core mediates the general excitatory effects of reward-related cues. PIT provides a fundamental behavioral process by which conditioned stimuli can exert activating effects upon instrumental responding
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204:. One of the main functions of the basolateral complex is to stimulate the fear response. The fear system is intended to avoid pain or injury. For this reason the responses must be quick, and reflex-like. To achieve this, the “low-road” or a bottom-up process is used to generate a response to stimuli that are potentially hazardous. The stimulus reaches the
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within this ensemble are silenced in a rodent model the affective component of pain is essentially erased, while a robust reflex response is maintained. This is thought to implicate the basolateral amygdala in assigning a “pain tag” to valence information which may intrinsically encode that there is a priority to engage in pain-protective behaviors.
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where a response is then formed. There is no conscious cognition involved in these responses. Other non-threatening stimuli are processed via the “high road” or a top-down form of processing. In this case, the stimulus input reaches the sensory cortex first, leading to more conscious involvement in
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Distinct ensembles of neurons within the basolateral amygdala play a role in encoding associative memories and the response to painful stimuli. The ensemble activated in response to noxious stimuli are of particular interest for targeting treatments of chronic pain and cold allodynia. When neurons
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Considerable evidence indicates that accumbens DA is important for
Pavlovian approach and Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer ... PIT is a behavioral process that reflects the impact of Pavlovian-conditioned stimuli (CS) on instrumental responding. For example, presentation of a Pavlovian CS
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Crouse RB, Kim K, Batchelor HM, Girardi EM, Kamaletdinova R, Chan J, et al. (September 2020). Hill MN, Colgin LL, Lovinger DM, McNally GP (eds.).
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164:, whose integrity are important for associative learning. The information is then processed by the basolateral complex and is sent as output to the
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The amygdala has several different nuclei and internal pathways; the basolateral complex (or basolateral amygdala), the central nucleus, and the
433:"Acetylcholine is released in the basolateral amygdala in response to predictors of reward and enhances the learning of cue-reward contingency"
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Salamone JD, Pardo M, Yohn SE, LĂłpez-Cruz L, SanMiguel N, Correa M (2016). "Mesolimbic
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333:"A VTA to Basal Amygdala Dopamine Projection Contributes to Signal Salient Somatosensory Events during Fear Learning"
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208:, and information is passed to the lateral nucleus, then the basolateral system, and immediately to the
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140:. The lateral nuclei receives the majority of sensory information, which arrives directly from the
284:"Functional Connectome Analysis of Dopamine Neuron Glutamatergic Connections in Forebrain Regions"
632:"M1-muscarinic receptors promote fear memory consolidation via phospholipase C and the M-current"
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Grewe BF, GrĂĽndemann J, Kitch LJ, Lecoq JA, Parker JG, Marshall JD, et al. (March 2017).
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are the most well-known. Each of these has a unique function and purpose within the amygdala.
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of cued fear memory. One proposed molecular mechanism for this process is collaboration of
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Biological
Psychology: an introduction to behavioral cognitive, and clinical neuroscience
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Corder G, Ahanonu B, Grewe BF, Wang D, Schnitzer MJ, Scherrer G (January 2019).
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Consciousness: introduction to cognitive neuroscience
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152:. The basolateral amygdala also receives dense neuromodulatory inputs from
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is reflexive, and conscious thought processing doesn’t occur until later.
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136:, consists of the lateral, basal and accessory-basal nuclei of the
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Tang W, Kochubey O, Kintscher M, Schneggenburger R (May 2020).
382:"Noradrenergic Modulation of Fear Conditioning and Extinction"
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The lateral, basal, and accessory-basal nuclei of the amygdala
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Cartoni E, Puglisi-Allegra S, Baldassarre G (November 2013).
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601:(Seventh ed.). Sunderland: MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
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An important process that occurs in basolateral amygdala is
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168:. This is how most emotional arousal is formed in mammals.
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Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research
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the response. In immediately threatening situations, the
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486:(second ed.). Burlington MA: Academic Press.
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40:. Amygdala is shown in purple.
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160:(LC), and
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