1206:’s memoirs of his stay on the east coast of Sumatra (then called Java Minor) from April to September 1292, he mentions an encounter with hill folk whom he refers to as "man-eaters". From secondary sources, Marco Polo recorded stories of ritual cannibalism among the "Battas". Marco Polo's stay was restricted to the coastal areas, and he never ventured inland to directly verify such claims. Despite never personally witnessing these events, he was nonetheless willing to pass on descriptions which were provided to him, in which a condemned man was eaten: "They suffocate him. And when he is dead they have him cooked, and gather together all the dead man's kin, and eat him. And I assure you they do suck the very bones till not a particle of marrow remains in them...And so they eat him up stump and rump. And when they have thus eaten him they collect his bones and put them in fine chests, and carry them away, and place them in caverns among the mountains where no beast nor other creature can get at them. And you must know also that if they take prisoner a man of another country, and he cannot pay a ransom in coin, they kill him and eat him straightway.
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however tolerated, with the
Mandailing Islamic ideology placing adat on the same level as Islamic law, as in contrast with the Minang practice of placing Islamic law above adat. In more recent times, learned Islamic scholars (ulama) studying abroad, have suggested that many traditional Mandailing practices, such as the 'Raja' hereditary leaders, were in conflict with Islam, being indicative of 'pele begu'. The Islamist ulama were in conflict for authority with the Namora-Natora, the traditional village legal practitioners, who were influenced by adat as much as Islam.
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273:
135:
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work...They eat human flesh only in wartime, when they are enraged, and in a few legal instances." Junghuhn tells how after a perilous and hungry flight he arrived in a friendly village, and the food that was offered by his hosts was the flesh of two prisoners who had been slaughtered the day before, however he maintains that the Batak exaggerated their love of human flesh in order to frighten off would-be invaders and to gain occasional employment as
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1922:
694:"black one" is believed to originate from their ties with Tamil traders, with specific Sembiring sub-marga, namely Brahmana, Colia, Pandia, Depari, Meliala, Muham, Pelawi, and Tekan all of Indian origin. Tamil influence on Karo religious practices are also noted, with the pekualuh secondary cremation ritual being specific to the Karo and Dairi people. Moreover the Pustaka Kembaren, an origin story of the Sembiring Kembaren suggests linkages with
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drivers, mechanics, engineers, singers and musicians, writers and journalists, teachers, economists, scientists, military officers, and attorneys. Although the Batak are a minority among the
Indonesian population (3.58%; only 8–9 million Batak people out of 236 million according 2010's census), a large number of notable Batak have achieved prominent places and well-represented especially in the field of law, such as
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2197:"On the morning of the first day of the festival the graves in the cemetery are opened and the bones of the ancestors that are still there are removed. The unearthing of the skulls is presented as especially moving. The bones are collected in baskets lined with white cloth and then ritually cleaned by the women using the juice of various
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strongly rejected the 'Batak' label. Abdullah Lubis, writing in the 1920s, claimed that while the
Mandailing followed Batak marga practice, they had never followed the Batak religion, and that the Mandailing people pre-dated the Toba, having acquired marga directly from 'Hindu' visitors. In the Dutch
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There are many different versions in circulation. These were formerly passed down through oral tradition but have now been written down in the local languages. There are also large collections of Batak tales collected by
European scholars since the mid-19th century and recorded in European languages,
956:
Throughout the history of modern
Indonesia, the Batak community has been a significant contributor. Batak people have filled a wide range of occupations, from running modest tire service workshops to serving as state ministers. The modern Batak have gravitated towards professions such as bus and taxi
785:
is an early offspring of the southern branch. Some
Simalungun dialects can be understood by speakers of Batak Karo, whereas other dialects of Simalungun can be understood by speakers of Toba. This is due to the existence of a linguistic continuum that often blurs the lines between the Batak dialects.
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These trading opportunities may have caused migration of Batak from Pakpak and Toba to the present-day Karo and
Simalungun 'frontier' lands, where they were exposed to greater influence from visiting Tamil traders, while the migration of Batak to the Angkola-Mandailing lands may have been prompted by
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of the deceased. Traditional Batak beliefs hold that the dead occupy a hierarchical status similar to the social position they held in life. This means that a rich and powerful individual remains influential after death, and this status can be elevated if the family holds a reburial ceremony. A rich
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will then be unable to find its way back to the village. When the funeral procession arrives at the cemetery the grave is dug and the corpse laid in it, flat on its back. Care is taken that the head lies towards the village so that, in the unexpected event that the body should get up, he or she will
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in the 1820s studied the Batak and their rituals and laws regarding the consumption of human flesh, writing in detail about the transgressions that warranted such an act as well as their methods. Raffles stated that "It is usual for the people to eat their parents when too old to work," and that for
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also caused the relegation of the datuk to a medicine man, with traditional rice-planting ceremonies and other such remnants of traditional culture deemed incompatible with Islam. The 'pasusur begu', a ceremony invoking ancestors to aid the community, was also suppressed. Other aspects of adat were
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asks for ripe eggs, then the person whom he animates will be a poor fellow; if he asks for flowers, then he will live only a short time; if he asks for a hen, the person will be restless; rags indicate poverty; an old mat, lack of fame; a gold piece, wealth; plate, spear, medicine pot indicate that
2909:, although traditional elements remain, such as dividing inheritance among all children, a Mandailing rather than Islamic practice. Islam caused the decline in importance of marga, with many Mandailing abandoning their marga in favour of Muslim names, much less so among the Angkola to their North.
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there. In 1941, the Gereja Batak Karo
Protestan (GBKP) was established. Although missionaries ceded much power to Batak converts in the first decades of the 20th century, Bataks never pressured the missionaries to leave and only took control of church activities as a result of thousands of foreign
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influence in coastal trade and plantations, pushing the Karo farther inland. Growing ethnic tensions culminated in the 1872 Karo
Rebellion where the Karo were suppressed by Dutch and Malay forces. Despite this, Karo resistance to Dutch imperialism lingered into the early 20th century. In 1890 the
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Oscar von Kessel visited
Silindung in the 1840s and in 1844 was probably the first European to observe a Batak cannibalistic ritual in which a convicted adulterer was eaten alive. His description parallels that of Marsden in some important respects, however von Kessel states that cannibalism was
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visited the Batak lands between 1840 and 1841. Junghuhn says about cannibalism among the Batak (whom he called "Battaer"): "People do the honest Battaer an injustice when it is said that they sell human flesh in the markets, and that they slaughter their old people as soon as they are unfit for
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understand that from now on its world is separate from that of its kin. Symbolically this is done by reversing the mat on which the corpse is laid out so that the body lies with its head at the foot of the mat. Thumbs and toes respectively are tied together and the body is rubbed all over with
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provided vast opportunity for freshwater aquaculture since ancient times. Interior rural Batak communities relied heavily on rice farming, horticulture and other plant and commercial crops, and to some extent, acquiring forest products, such as hard wood, plant resin, and wild animals.
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and traveled through the Batak lands. After three days' journey they reached the high valley of Silindung and spent about two weeks in the Batak region. Considering the shortness of their stay their account reveals very intensive first-hand observation. This was followed in 1834 by
721:(dry rice), and the Toba Batak, most expert in agriculture, must have migrated to meet demand in new areas. The increasing importance of rice had religious significance, which increased the power of the Batak high priests, who had responsibility for ensuring agricultural success.
2990:', and indeed Malaysian Mandailing retain little of their distinct identity, partly due to a British colonial policy of rice-land ownership restrictions for all but Malay-speaking Muslims, and the disapproval of 'Batak' Muslim practices by the existing Malay Muslim population.
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has written on all its leaves. On one leaf is written 'many children', on others 'wealth' or 'respect' and so on. 'Contemptible life', 'poverty', 'wretchedness' are also written on the leaves. All the possible different fates of the person are entered on the leaves. Every
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in Tapanuli. These contacts took place many centuries ago and it is impossible to reconstruct just how far the religious ideas of these foreigners were adopted and reworked by the Batak. It is suggested that the Batak adopted aspects of these religions, specifically
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are tied to a tree and beheaded at once; but the blood is carefully preserved for drinking, and sometimes made into a kind of pudding with boiled rice. The body is then distributed; the ears, the nose, and the soles of the feet are the exclusive property of the
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was employed by the Nederlands Bijbel Genootschap (Netherlands Bible Society) in the 1850s to produce a Batak–Dutch grammar-book and a dictionary, which enabled future Dutch and German missionaries to undertake the conversion of the Toba and Simalungan Batak.
2763:"Some time before the arrival of the missionaries the unfortunate Americans presented themselves as religious teachers, the Battakers felt that these people were invaders, and resolving to be beforehand with their tormentors, they killed them and ate them up."
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Although the Batak are often considered to be isolated peoples due to their location inland, away from the influence of seafaring European colonials, there is evidence that they have been involved in trade with neighbouring kingdoms for a millennium or more.
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Sir Stamford Raffles perceived the Batak lands as a buffer between the Islamic Aceh and Minang kingdoms, and encouraged Christian missionary work to preserve this. This policy was continued by the Dutch, who deemed the non-Muslim lands the 'Bataklanden'.
2024:) can also act as guardian spirits for the family. They include the victims of accidents, suicides, murder victims, or people struck by lightning. A shrine is built where they are venerated and where sacrifices are made. A third category consists of the
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Manat Mardongan Tubu (careful in living with close relatives). Living carefully means a cautious attitude towards fellow Marga to prevent misunderstandings in the implementation of custom tradition events. This act was reflected in the Batak proverb
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continue to live near their previous dwelling (in a village of the dead which is thought to be situated not far from the cemetery) and that they may contact their descendants. Bad dreams, particular misfortune and such like may be signs that the
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Dutch colonial government banned cannibalism in the regions under their control. Rumors of Batak cannibalism survived into the early 20th century but it seems probable that the custom was rare after 1816, due partially to the influence of
799:. The writing has chiefly ceremonial importance within traditional religious ceremonies, and was subject to little change for this reason. It is likely that the Batak people originally received their writing system from southern Sumatra.
1292:, who has besides a claim on other portions. The palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, the flesh of the head, and the heart and liver, are reckoned peculiar delicacies, and the flesh in general is roasted and eaten with salt. The
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The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition; Including the Unabridged Third Edition (1903) of Henry Yule's Annotated Translation, as Revised by Henri Cordier, Together with Cordier's Later Volume of Notes and Addenda
2278:, often lasting several months, during which the inhabitants of the whole district come together. These powerful ancestor spirits offer protection and good fortune to their descendants, but the ceremony also serves to establish new
1808:(brother) and is regarded as the person's guardian spirit. Similar ideas about the afterbirth are also found among the Karo, who also bury the placenta and amniotic fluid under the house and regard them as two guardian spirits (
1032:. In contemporary Indonesia, the Batak people have a strong focus on education and a prominent position in the professions, particularly as teachers, engineers, doctors and lawyers. Toba Batak are known traditionally for their
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Elek Marboru (showing kindness to all women). Kindness in this context means not accompanied by ulterior motives and self-interest. Also, women in this context means the family who marry the daughter, including the daughter
1622:, the dragon of the underworld who lived in the water. He groaned under the weight and attempted to get rid of it by rolling around. The earth was softened by water and threatened to be utterly destroyed. With the help of
1474:. Traditional religions are not officially recognised, and accordingly traditional religions are increasingly marginalised, although aspects of the traditional Batak religion are still practised alongside Christianity.
2334:, although the former were exclusively male. Both professions were attributed with supernatural powers and the ability to predict the future. Treatments and healing rituals bear some resemblance to those practiced by
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census, the Mandailing objected strongly to being listed in the census as 'Batak Mandailing'. Mandailing in Malaysia (who migrated in the years following the Padri war), had no such objection to their being deemed '
2863:, originally part of the HKBP and preaching in Batak Toba language, eventually became a distinctively Simalungun church, adopting Simalungun customs and language, before finally incorporating as GKPS in 1963.
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on the other hand the evidence in the writings of missionaries and colonial administrators is relatively abundant. Information on the traditional forms of Batak religion is derived mainly from the writings of
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and the coffin may be placed in a special location near the family's house until a reburial ceremony can take place. Families that are not wealthy use simple wooden coffins or wrap the body in a straw mat.
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2363:, a handwritten book made of wood and bark in which were inscribed recipes for healing remedies, incantations and songs, predictive calendars, and other notes on magic, healing and divination written in
2185:. In a ceremony lasting several days the bones of a particularly honored ancestor and those of his descendants are exhumed, cleaned, mourned and finally laid to rest again in a bone house known as a
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While the archaeology of southern Sumatra testifies to the existence of neolithic settlers, it seems that the northern part of Sumatra was settled by agriculturalists at a considerably later stage.
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in other parts of Indonesia. Following the Christianization of the Toba and Karo Batak in the late 19th century, missionaries discouraged traditional healing and divination and they became largely
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A Lady's Second Journey Around the World: From London to the Cape of Good Hope, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Celebes, Ceram, the Moluccas, etc., California, Panama, Peru, Ecuador, and the United States
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becomes the mother of twins of different sexes. When the two have grown up their divine parents return to the upper world leaving the couple behind on the earth. Mankind is the result of their
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assured me, with a certain air of relish, that it was very good food, and that they had not the least objection to eat it. The women are not allowed to take part in these grand public dinners."
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government, the Batak had a reputation for being fierce warriors. Today the Batak are mostly Christian with a Muslim minority. Currently the largest Christian congregation in Indonesia is the
2947:, associated with Muslims, as were government civil servants, creating the perception that Islam was the religion of modernity and progress. Missionaries determined that resistance among the
1610:, and lets herself down on a spun thread from the sky to the middle world which at that time was still just a watery waste. She refuses to go back but feels very unhappy. Out of compassion
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The Extent and Areas of Indian/Hindu Influence on the Ideas and Development of Toba-Batak Religion and Its Implications for the Christianization of the Toba-Batak People of North Sumatra
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stay with them. These gifts may consist of a knife, a gong, a particular piece of clothing, a water buffalo or a small holy place. The gifts are carefully cared for in order to keep the
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The burial tradition includes a reburial ceremony in which the bones of one's ancestors are reinterred several years after death. This secondary burial is known among the Toba Batak as
614:
and local culture for thousands of years. The last Batak king who fought valiantly against Dutch imperialists until 1905 was an Indonesian Shaivite king. The Batak may be mentioned in
930:). In ancient times, Batak warriors were often recruited by neighboring Malay courts as mercenaries. In the colonial era, the Dutch introduced commercial cash crops, such as coffee,
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was ordered to spread out this earth and thus the earth became broad and long. But the goddess was not able to enjoy her rest for long. The earth had been spread out on the head of
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The 'Perodak-odak' movement among the Karo people in the 1960s was a reassertion of the traditional Karo religion, but has largely faded; a subsequent Karo movement to identify as
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In the broader context of national language, the modern Batak authors are well-known as the outstanding Malay-speaking writers that shape modern Malay into the national concept of
1470:, which requires the belief in 'one and only God', the practice of either Protestantism, Catholicism, Islam, Buddhism or Hinduism, one of which must be entered on an individual's
1150:" (only woods that are really close can cause friction). This illustrates that it is in close and frequent intercourse that possible conflicts of interest, status, etc. can occur
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What all the six gods so far mentioned have in common is that they play a minor role in ritual. They do not receive any sacrificial offerings from the faithful and no places of
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lands, the 'dusun' the Malim religion, became very influential as an expression of anti-colonial sentiments at the turn of the 20th century. Today the majority of Parmalim are
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in 1893, although a paper describes the translation as "not easy to read, it is rigid and not fluent, and sounds strange to the Batak… a number of errors in the translation."
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3865:
Die Battaländer auf Sumatra: Im auftrage sr. excellenz des general-governeurs von Niederländisch-Indien hrn. P. Merkus in den jahren 1840 und 1841 untersucht und beschrieben
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dwells. It is present to a particularly high degree in certain parts of the body, especially the blood, the liver, the head and the heart. Sweat too is described as rich in
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1119:
Head or higher class Toba Batak man with his family in their home with the carved head of Toba Batak family "adathuis" or Roemah Adat Tapanoeli in North Sumatra, c. 1900
1115:
1410:
The various Batak cultures differ in their pre-colonial religious ideas as they do in many other aspects of culture. Information about the old religious ideas of the
2981:. Despite this, the Dutch administration marked them as part of the Bataklanden, and therefore heathen or Christian. This perception was an inaccurate one, and many
2211:) and transferred from the baskets to small wooden coffins. After long speeches and a communal prayer the coffins are nailed down and placed in the chambers of the
3254:
1517:. His origin remains uncertain. A rough translation of the name is the "beginning of becoming". The creation of everything that exists can be traced back to him.
672:
that was established in the 11th century, and comprising 10,000 people by the 12th century. Tamil remains have been found on key trade routes to the Batak lands.
1217:(1414–1439), and wrote a brief description of the inhabitants: "In a part of the island called Batech live cannibals who wage continual war on their neighbors."
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In the religious world of the Toba and Karo Batak the gods and the creation of mankind are far less significant than the complex concepts connected with the
1804:
of the new-born baby, and accordingly the afterbirth is given special attention after the birth of a child. It is usually buried under the house, is called
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2752:
649:, perhaps from the 8th or 9th centuries and continuing for the next thousand years, with Batak men carrying the products on their backs for sale at ports.
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At the beginning of time there was only the sky with a great sea beneath it. In the sky lived the gods and the sea was the home of a mighty underworld
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Non-Malim Batak peoples (those following Christian or Muslim faith) often continue to believe certain aspects of traditional Batak spiritual belief.
1545:
begets three daughters whom he gives as wives for his three sons. Mankind is the result of the union of the three couples. Besides the three sons of
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when presented with a difficult problem, and in time this became in itself a ritual. When missionaries began to discourage traditional healing and
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will enter into her and speak through her mouth. At this time the sick person or the family can negotiate ritual payment to entice it to return.
713:, an important export commodity, in exchange for rice, which grew well in the Batak wetlands. Batak people in different areas cultivated either
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1089:. A significant minority of Batak people do not adhere to either Christianity or Islam, however, and follow traditional practices known as the
729:
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The Encounter of the Batak People with Rheinische Missions-Gesellschaft in the Field of Education, 1861–1940, A Historical-Theological Inquiry
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feast which can last up to seven days. In antiquity a vast number of pigs, cattle or even buffalo were slaughtered at such festivals, and the
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orchestra and the continual firing of guns. At any crossroads the corpse is put down and eleven people go around it four times to confuse the
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regarded by the Batak as a judicial act and its application was restricted to very narrowly defined infringements of the law including theft,
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and those who have died from lightning are buried sitting up with their hands tied together. The palms of the hand are tied together and
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2820:
This period was characterized by the arrival of Dutch colonists and while most Batak did not oppose the Dutch, the Toba Batak fought a
1733:) of the Batak Church, recorded two particularly expressive myths in his major work on Batak religion. What is significant is that the
1126:(three-legged furnace) is the philosophy of life of the Batak people. It consisted of three general rules in Batak society. Those are:
4332:
1331:
Family tree or lineage is a very important thing for the Batak, as those who do not know the lineage will be considered as a strayed (
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2223:
were carved from stone or constructed from wood and later brick. Nowadays they are made of cement or concrete. Large and very ornate
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2201:
fruits. The exhumation and cleaning of the bones is accompanied by the singing of laments. The bones are kept in the baskets in the
2009:
can be made the family's guardian spirit for which a shrine is provided and to which sacrifices are regularly made. Once a year the
1265:, spying or treason. Salt, red pepper and lemons had to be provided by the relatives of the victim as a sign that they accepted the
1237:
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Christian missionaries had been active among the northern Mandailing from 1834 onwards, but their progress was restricted by the
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traders had established river-ports along the northern coasts of Sumatra and Sultan Al-Malik Al-Dhahir had recently converted to
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and they keep it for life unless they are unfortunate enough to lose it, in which case they will fall ill. In order to call the
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war that lasted into the early 20th century and ended only with the death in 1907 of their charismatic priest-warrior-king Si
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languages, which are similar to each other, and a distinct southern branch, comprising three mutually intelligible dialects:
4815:
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4503:
2400:, which encompasses the art of making poison, the art of controlling or utilizing the power of certain spirits, calling the
1701:. Probably the most useful translations of these terms are "life-soul" and "death-soul". A person receives his "life-soul" (
6861:
2901:) and promoting 'pure' Islamic faith. Over time Mandailing Islam, has been brought closer to the predominant Southeastern
1677:
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1304:
to the Batak in the late 19th century observed a few instances of cannibalism and wrote lurid descriptions to their home
1241:
certain crimes a criminal would be eaten alive: "The flesh is eaten raw or grilled, with lime, salt and a little rice."
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6060:
4766:
Kasiri, Julizar (1993). "Soeman Hs: Guru yang Berjiwa Guru" [Soeman Hs: A Teacher with the Soul of a Teacher].
1300:
Samuel Munson and Henry Lyman, American Baptist missionaries to the Batak, were cannibalized in 1834. Dutch and German
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inscription has been found in Barus which is dated to 1088, while contact with Chinese and Tamil traders took place at
1962:
of an ancestor is not satisfied with the behavior of its descendants. Any individual can attempt to pacify an enraged
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Sedjarah kebudajaan Batak: suatu studi tentang suku Batak (Toba, Angkola, Mandailing, Simelungun, Pakpak Dairi, Karo)
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2419:(words of the gods), the wishes of the spirits, commands from the gods and from the spirits of the ancestors, and an
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into guardian spirits if misfortune has befallen the family of the child shortly after its death. With the help of a
3308:
Citizenship, Ethnicity, Religion, and Daily Language of Indonesian Population, Results of the 2010 Population Census
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The first German missionaries to the Lake Toba region arrived in 1861, and a mission was established in 1881 by Dr.
2700:
1308:
in order to raise donations for further missions. The growing Dutch influence in northern Sumatra led to increased
3543:
3446:
KozoK, Uli (1996). "Bark, Bones and Bamboo: Batak Traditions of Sumatra". In Kumar, Ann; McGlynn, John H. (eds.).
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Burton, R.; Ward, N. "Report of a Journey into the Batak Country, in the Interior of Sumatra, in the Year 1824".
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and Dutch missionaries who became increasingly concerned with Batak beliefs towards the end of the 19th century.
1134:
could mean worship, in Dalihan Na Tolu, it means respect to those with wife family and those with the same clan (
3385:
Historical culture of Batak: a study of Batak tribes (Toba, Angkola, Mandailing, Simelungun, Pakpak Dairi, Karo)
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traditions are very rich and complex. Immediately after death various ritual actions are performed to make the
1022:. A traditional belief among the Toba Batak is that they originate from one ancestor "Si Raja Batak", with all
1776:
for one of the leaves. Whatever is written on the leaf chosen by him will be his destiny in the middle world."
7101:
7060:
1335:) Batak. Batak people are required to know their lineage or at least the ancestors of which the family name (
4032:
Much of this section is derived from Stohr, W. & Zoeta Jadider, P. (1965) "Die Religionen Indonesiens."
2470:
Among the most important healing ceremonies performed in Toba and Karo communities is that of recalling the
3041:
At the end of the 19th and in the beginning of the 20th century the Parmalim movement, which originated in
645:
Based on this evidence, the Batak may have been involved in procuring important commodities for trade with
17:
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Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia: Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010
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Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia: Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010
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school of Islam as a result of Mandailing discourse with other Islamic practitioners and the practice of
1553:, whose place and function in the world of the gods remains largely unclear. There is some evidence that
1447:
1606:, who is the actual creator of the earth. She flees from her intended husband, the lizard-shaped son of
1189:
was well documented among pre-colonial Batak people, being performed in order to strengthen the eater's
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descended from him. A family tree that defines the father-son relationship among Batak people is called
4902:
3126:
2779:
1387:. Significant numbers of Batak have migrated in recent years to prosperous neighbouring Riau province.
1279:
visited the Batak in August 1852 and although she did not observe any cannibalism, she was told that:
31:
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3261:
Nationality, Ethnicity, Religion, and Languages of Indonesians: Results of the 2010 Population Census
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and Angkola Batak were converted to Islam in the early 19th century during the reign of Minangkabaus
782:
778:
762:
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or Malim is the modern form of the Batak Toba religion. Practitioners of Malim are called Parmalim.
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and Angkola in southern Batakland is incomplete, and very little is known about the religion of the
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of Indonesia. Pemena means the first or the beginning. Pemena is regarded as the first religion of
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lives in the upper world which is usually thought of as divided into seven levels. His three sons,
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This article is about the Batak people of Indonesia. For the Batak people of the Philippines, see
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4312:
3084:
3080:
2939:
government, who feared conflict between newly converted Christians and Muslims. In addition, the
2879:
people, occupying the southern Batak lands, came under the influence of the neighbouring Islamic
2775:
2704:
2266:, who are the spirits of important ancestors who lived ten to twelve generations ago. To raise a
1482:
1427:
1138:). Those family includes wife of the grandfathers, wife of the fathers, and wife of the children.
1067:
684:
545:
1210:
7045:
6281:
6156:
6036:
5984:
5947:
1827:
can be separated from their owners through inattentiveness, or as a result of black magic by a
1245:
774:
754:
46:
4313:
Aris Ananta; Evi Nurvidya Arifin; M Sairi Hasbullah; Nur Budi Handayani; Agus Pramono (2015).
3589:
3574:
1839:
inevitably results in death. There are a variety of ideas about where exactly in the body the
7014:
7004:
6533:
6151:
6136:
6103:
5296:
2987:
2720:
2530:
2339:
1835:
is not tied to the body; it can also live for a time outside the body. The final loss of the
958:
808:
699:
511:
6994:
4735:
4412:
Pfeiffer, p. 150. Professor Uli Kozok disputes the belief that the missionaries were eaten.
2895:, but the Padri war was a watershed event, with the Padris suppressing traditional customs (
2385:, which includes diagnosis, therapy, medicinal mixes which have magical properties, such as
1509:. The earth did not yet exist and human beings, too, were as yet unknown. All the surviving
7111:
7019:
6999:
6964:
6171:
6118:
6021:
5711:
4853:
4582:
The Internment of Western Civilians under the Japanese 1941–1945: A Patchwork of Internment
4347:
3122:
3113:
3101:
2963:
2912:
2825:
2331:
2102:
1467:
1309:
970:
758:
526:
492:
4795:
2509:
Traditional healers are not powerful enough to cure illness due to the loss of a person's
1220:
1154:
The essence of this teachings is the moral code contains the teachings of mutual respect (
952:, North Sumatera. Farming and agriculture is one of main source of living around Lake Toba
8:
7035:
6984:
6266:
6186:
5957:
5930:
5311:
2852:
missionaries being interned or forced to leave after the 1942 invasion of Sumatra by the
1105:
818:
770:
766:
427:
418:
410:
406:
398:
6885:
6880:
6870:
6146:
5989:
5486:
5371:
5122:
5117:
4964:
4441:
4299:
Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, M Sairi Hasbullah, Nur Budi Handayani, Agus Pramono.
4250:
4201:
4110:
3154:
2880:
2786:
was first translated into Toba Batak by Dr. Nommensen in 1869 and a translation of the
1997:
of stillborn babies or of babies who have died before teething. It is possible to turn
1780:
Among the Karo and the Toba there are sometimes widely diverging versions of where the
1442:
traders and settlers in southern Batakland, and the east and west coast near Barus and
1368:
1276:
962:
587:
506:
376:
4413:
3100:
was noted starting from the late 1970s in order to adopt, if only in name, one of the
1661:, and found the village of Si Anjur Mulamula. The mythological ancestor of the Batak,
7055:
6856:
6820:
6771:
6753:
6481:
6318:
6249:
6016:
5999:
5766:
5506:
5414:
5405:
5221:
5204:
5197:
5187:
5182:
5078:
5063:
5026:
5021:
5011:
4825:
Tarombo Tuan Sihubil. Online and live for the clans Tampubolon, Baringbing and Silaen
4824:
4775:
4745:
4585:
4530:
4493:
3969:
3827:
3806:
3782:
3570:
3561:
Lindsey, Tim; Crouch, Melissa (2013). "Cause Lawyers in Indonesia: A House Divided".
3498:
3451:
3411:
3388:
3340:
3311:
3268:
3050:
3042:
2982:
2970:
2951:
2936:
2888:
2872:
2805:
rapidly and by the early 20th century it had become part of their cultural identity.
2126:
The corpse is carried a few times round the house, usually by women, and then to the
2115:
1452:
1419:
1372:
1213:(1395–1469) spent most of 1421 in Sumatra in the course of a long trading journey to
1186:
1178:
1044:
827:
639:
565:
557:
553:
2828:, who had battled the Dutch during the First Toba War with both magic and weaponry.
2215:. A feast consisting of meat and rice follows and traditional dances are performed."
1195:. In particular, the blood, heart, palms and soles of the feet were seen as rich in
6910:
6905:
6790:
6563:
6466:
6303:
6224:
6113:
6026:
5942:
5778:
5761:
5541:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5306:
5286:
5279:
5236:
5226:
5139:
4929:
4466:
4100:
3961:
3712:
3359:
3229:
3146:
1614:
sends his granddaughter a handful of earth so that she can find somewhere to live.
1367:
island, the historically Malay kingdoms of the east coast and the western coast of
1284:
899:
872:
859:
414:
351:
6709:
5446:
4613:
4557:
1645:, the husband the gods intended for her, had taken another name and another form,
1579:
are built for them. They are merely called on in prayers for help and assistance.
7009:
6988:
6973:
6969:
6742:
6736:
6692:
6657:
6578:
6461:
6276:
6234:
6191:
6166:
5962:
5853:
5788:
5741:
5736:
5501:
5481:
5476:
5466:
5424:
5383:
5366:
5361:
5325:
5209:
5177:
5149:
5105:
4986:
4819:
4812:
4807:
4800:
4487:
4420:
3901:
3863:
3764:
3164:
3076:
2085:
of the deceased that it is definitely dead and must take leave of its relatives.
1439:
864:
845:
742:
541:
402:
394:
4527:
Rice, Rupees, and Ritual: Economy and Society Among the Samosir Batak of Sumatra
3937:, Sian Jay, T. Durairajoo. Singapore: Editions Didiers Millet, 2001. pp. 134–35.
3360:
B.A. Simanjuntak; Hasmah Hasyim; A.W. Turnip; Jugat Purba; E.K. Siahaan (1979).
1598:
The origin of the earth and of mankind is connected mainly with the daughter of
1343:) came from. This is necessary in order to determine the relation of a kinship (
7081:
6805:
6748:
6648:
6613:
6583:
6538:
6511:
6476:
6387:
6308:
6286:
6161:
6141:
5972:
5907:
5880:
5865:
5828:
5813:
5631:
5556:
5400:
5269:
5154:
5048:
5033:
5001:
3194:
2974:
2944:
2876:
2732:
2431:
to determine auspicious days and months to accomplish certain actions or goals.
2111:
1801:
1228:
1214:
966:
832:
822:
661:
561:
6944:
4105:
4088:
3717:
3700:
2234:
One motive for the reburial ceremony appears to be to raise the status of the
2106:), carved in the shape of a boat, its bow decorated with the carved head of a
1982:
dies seven times before it is changed into a straw and finally becomes earth.
1901:
returning to the body of the sick person. It must be emphasized that only the
7075:
6815:
6810:
6800:
6714:
6699:
6667:
6608:
6588:
6543:
6521:
6471:
6397:
6380:
6271:
6239:
6176:
5935:
5912:
5902:
5892:
5887:
5858:
5771:
5751:
5691:
5676:
5641:
5626:
5561:
5531:
5471:
5388:
5354:
5342:
5330:
5301:
5256:
5214:
5172:
5144:
5058:
5016:
4871:
4774:] (in Indonesian). Vol. 3. Jakarta: Grafiti Press. pp. 89–118.
4054:] (Doctoral thesis) (in Dutch). Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. p. 177.
3392:
3224:
3184:
3159:
2940:
2787:
2783:
2748:
2678:
At the time of Marco Polo's visit in 1292 the people were described as "wild
2550:
2316:
in a bowl of water, a form of divination used to locate lost items or people.
2303:
1415:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1135:
1063:
1017:
993:
876:
854:
630:
549:
533:
529:
444:
140:
75:
6052:
2205:
until the next morning, when the remains are wrapped in traditional cloths (
6795:
6785:
6682:
6677:
6633:
6618:
6553:
6501:
6456:
6444:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6392:
6360:
6296:
6219:
5848:
5843:
5818:
5808:
5803:
5793:
5756:
5746:
5671:
5656:
5611:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5551:
5496:
5419:
5378:
5349:
5291:
5261:
5231:
5192:
5043:
4954:
4939:
3934:
3219:
3199:
3169:
3046:
2959:
2955:
2802:
2790:
was completed by P. H. Johannsen in 1891. The complete text was printed in
2756:
2628:
2546:
2368:
1966:
by means of food and drink offerings and prayers. If this does not work, a
1657:
union. The couple settle on Pusuk Buhit, a volcano on the western shore of
1560:
The ruler of the underworld, i. e. the primeval sea, is the serpent-dragon
1438:
Various influences affected the Batak through their contact with Tamil and
1391:
1301:
1071:
1037:
795:
753:
The Batak speak a variety of closely related languages, all members of the
748:
734:
710:
568:
and related ethnic groups with distinct languages and traditional customs (
440:
255:
232:
39:
4813:
Many articles about Batak in Indonesian language, from Silaban Brotherhood
4801:
Many articles about Batak in Indonesian language, from Silaban Brotherhood
1582:
6842:
6568:
6516:
6375:
6365:
6355:
6313:
6260:
6006:
5897:
5875:
5798:
5721:
5701:
5696:
5661:
5651:
5636:
5616:
5606:
5581:
5526:
5431:
5337:
5129:
5093:
5073:
5038:
4991:
4959:
4949:
4912:
3214:
3209:
2683:
2638:
2565:
2554:
2313:
2299:
1423:
1250:
907:
802:
695:
620:
501:
454:
448:
4489:
Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor
4205:
4114:
3733:
3053:. The largest of the several existing Parmalim groups has its centre in
3045:
lands spread to other areas of the Batak lands. Especially in the lower
1855:
is a main method of healing. The Karo, for instance, have gifts, called
1721:
itself before birth. Various myths are woven around manner in which the
1541:
in his act of creation. Their functions vary in the different versions.
6836:
6728:
6704:
6672:
6548:
6370:
6345:
6332:
6093:
5994:
5977:
5646:
5573:
5441:
5436:
5274:
5053:
4434:
Bataksch Leesbok, Stukken in het Mandailingsch; Stukken in het Dairisch
4303:. Singapore: ISEAS: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2015. p. 273.
3965:
3118:
2354:
2312:. On the shelf are components of herbal remedies. In front of her is a
2220:
1938:
1926:
1654:
1411:
1380:
1203:
1082:
1013:
949:
922:
on the western coast of Batak lands has become famous as the source of
615:
2738:
missionaries, Richard Burton and Nathaniel Ward, set off on foot from
1921:
1564:. He too existed before the beginning and seems to be the opponent of
1158:) with the support of the moral rule: mutual respect and helpfulness.
1066:
missionaries in the 19th century, including the well-known missionary
634:, of the 15th century, also refers to the kingdom of Bata, bounded by
6662:
6558:
6528:
5952:
5836:
5395:
4834:
3824:
The Duke of Puddle Dock: Travels in the Footsteps of Stamford Raffles
3204:
3062:
3015:
2884:
2821:
2475:
2428:
1682:
1658:
1630:
was able to overcome the dragon. She thrust a sword into the body of
1576:
1086:
1074:
911:
840:
625:
537:
368:
186:
118:
4471:
3362:
Sistim Gotong Royong Dalam Masyarakat Pedesaan Daerah Sumatera Utara
3339:] (in Indonesian). Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. p. 149.
2844:
in September, 1917. By the late 1920s a nursing school was training
2290:
1978:
are not immortal, since death also rules in the land of the dead: a
70:
6638:
5870:
5731:
5458:
5110:
4192:
Simon, A. (1982). "Altreligiöse und soziale Zeremonien der Batak".
4093:
Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië
4089:"Aanteekeningen Omtrent de Godsdienstige Begrippen der Karo-Bataks"
3337:
Conflict of Status and Power of Toba Batak People: History of Batak
3333:
Konflik Status dan Kekuasaan Orang Batak Toba: Bagian Sejarah batak
3023:
2902:
2848:
2679:
2658:
2648:
2585:
2575:
2127:
2107:
1797:
1456:
1262:
1174:
1060:
1056:
934:
611:
607:
582:
472:
466:
460:
343:
3991:
Kolonialisme dan Etnisitas: Batak dan Melayu di Sumatra Timur Laut
3779:
The Batak: Peoples of the Island of Sumatra; Living with Ancestors
3368:] (in Indonesian). Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. p. 25.
1847:. It is believed that illnesses are connected with the absence of
1130:
Somba Marhulahula (showing respect to wife's family). Even though
525:
is a collective term used to identify a number of closely related
6643:
6506:
6493:
6434:
6196:
5320:
4921:
2978:
2948:
2739:
2735:
2716:
2483:
2463:
2445:
2420:
2416:
2386:
2373:
2359:
2308:
2279:
2228:
2170:
2070:
2066:
1909:
correctly. If their endeavors are unsuccessful, then clearly the
1710:
1432:
1326:
1270:
1266:
1170:
1033:
1028:
1001:
927:
757:. There are two major branches, a northern branch comprising the
677:
209:
35:
4128:
Kipp, R. S. (1974). "Karo Batak Religion and Social Structure".
1394:, while to the north there are various Muslim Acehnese peoples.
6924:
6687:
6623:
6439:
6429:
6424:
6404:
5248:
4388:
by Theodore Baird, Amherst, Mass.: Amherst College Press, 1999"
3450:(1st ed.). Jakarta: Lontar and Weatherhill. p. 1237.
3179:
3089:
3029:
2841:
2682:" who had not been influenced by outside religions, however by
2499:
2450:
2198:
2096:
2057:
1503:
1460:
1305:
1293:
1254:
938:
476:
301:
3701:"The Trans-Sumatra Trade and the Ethnicization of the 'Batak'"
2161:
2145:
not be looking in the direction of the village. The bodies of
2013:
is accorded a special feast, preceded by ritual hair washing.
1402:
84:
6628:
6600:
6451:
6256:
6229:
6041:
5726:
3330:
3097:
2928:
2921:
2892:
2845:
2795:
2791:
2694:
2454:
2335:
2326:
2150:
2119:
1745:
presents him with all kinds of things to choose from. If the
1572:
also has an important function in the creation of the earth.
1557:
can be seen as the balance and unity of the trinity of gods.
1510:
1371:. In addition, part of the Karo lands extend into modern-day
1314:
1289:
1005:
961:
who founded the Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Jakarta (LBH Jakarta),
919:
787:
669:
653:
646:
635:
324:
4861:
1729:. Warneck, a missionary and for a long time superintendent (
1466:
The modern Indonesian state is founded on the principles of
1390:
To the south of North Sumatra are the Muslim Minangkabau of
941:, converting some parts of the Batak land into plantations.
313:
290:
267:
244:
221:
198:
175:
152:
129:
5783:
5164:
4796:
The family tree of the Batak languages, from Ethnologue.com
4686:"BATAK BUKAN BAKAT: Parmalim Antara Agama Dan Budaya Batak"
3958:
The Early Years of a Dutch Colonial Mission: The Karo Field
3234:
2917:
2906:
2897:
2837:
2690:
2687:
2207:
1384:
1376:
1364:
1048:
706:
570:
278:
163:
3739:. Vol. II. New York: Dover Publications. p. 366.
2993:
2073:, then it is wrapped in a white cotton cloth. During this
1772:
that wishes to descend to the middle world must first ask
1594:(King of Batak), located in Samosir Island, North Sumatera
3929:
Niessen, Sandra. "Foreign Penetration of North Sumatra."
3826:(1st American ed.). New York: H. Holt. p. 112.
3554:
3408:
A Malay Frontier: Unity and Duality in a Sumatran Kingdom
3366:
Mutual Cooperation System in Rural Areas of North Sumatra
3104:, while in practice still following traditional beliefs.
1949:
vanishes and after the death of any human being only the
984:
4744:] (in Indonesian). Magelang: Yayasan Indonesiatera.
4239:
Die Toba-Batak auf Sumatra in gesunden und kranken Tagen
2962:
abandoned them as 'unreachable people', moving north to
2474:
or personal guardian spirit. According to Toba and Karo
2408:(magical formulas for causing a person to fall in love).
1889:
has abandoned the body of a patient, the playing of the
1513:
record that at the beginning of creation stands the god
4849:
A Bibliography of the Batak Peoples by Tunggul Siagian.
4386:
The Most of It: Essays on Language and the Imagination.
3993:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
3685:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Penerbit Jala Permata Aksara.
2812:
People leaving the church of the Protestant mission at
2371:. According to Winkler, there were three categories of
1750:
he will become a great chief or understand magic arts."
1634:
up to the hilt and laid him in an iron block. Whenever
4835:"Compassion", an excerpt from a memoir describing the
4556:(PhD thesis). University of Washington. Archived from
3762:
in the East in the Early Part of the Fifteenth Century
3633:
3497:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. p. 309.
2517:); however, they do play a role in communicating with
2302:
in 1984. She is consulting a paperback edition of the
2020:
of members of the family who have had a sudden death (
1905:
are in a position to interpret and influence people's
803:
Contribution to modern Malay and Indonesian literature
89:
Toba Batak male and female wearing traditional clothes
3805:, British Museum Press, 1999 (exhibition catalogue).
3777:
Sibeth, Achim; Kozok, Uli; Ginting, Juara R. (1991).
2715:, Indonesia. He was known a Protestant preacher from
2040:, are maintained for a long time by their relatives.
1379:
province, while parts of the Mandailing lands lie in
1104:
Further information on the traditional ceremony:
4560:
on 13 March 2011 – via faculty.washington.edu.
4465:(Doctoral thesis). Utrecht University. p. 173.
4317:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 271.
4243:
The Toba Bataks of Sumatra in Sickness and in Health
3523:
3511:
3435:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Yayasan Pendidikan Bangun.
3136:
2755:
who met with a more hostile reception. According to
2753:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
2621:
Religion of Batak people in Indonesia (2010 census)
1788:
there are. According to the Toba a person has seven
1077:
missionaries, and their largest church is the GBKP (
4553:
Parent-Offspring Conflict Among the Karo of Sumatra
3087:. One of the doctrines of Pemena is the concept of
4326:
4324:
3918:EinzelzĂĽge aus der Arbeit der Rheinischen Mission,
3776:
3590:"A Top Indonesian Lawyer May Be Honest to a Fault"
3448:Illuminations: The Writing Traditions of Indonesia
2227:can be seen around Lake Toba and on the island of
1823:as signifying a great danger for "body and soul".
4634:
4048:Het Beeld van de Ziel bij Drie Sumatraanse Volken
3301:
3252:
2282:groups descended from the ancestor thus honored.
1863:= wage, payment, gift), which they give to their
821:) and its literary canon. These include novelist
668:, a trading town located in what is now northern
652:It has been suggested that the important port of
7073:
1537:. Two swallows act as messengers and helpers to
1533:were born from eggs laid by a hen fertilized by
1406:Batak village on Huta Siallagan, Samosir island.
793:The Batak possess their own script known as the
4321:
4130:Berita Kajian Sumatra/Sumatra Research Bulletin
4052:The Image of the Soul in Three Sumatran Peoples
4017:(D.Th. thesis). Serampore College. p. 440.
3960:. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
3906:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 151.
3803:The Golden Sword: Stamford Raffles and the East
1953:continues to exist. The Batak believe that the
786:Batak dialect still influences the dialects in
4901:
3310:] (in Indonesian). Badan Pusat Statistik.
1737:themselves are responsible for their destiny:
601:
6082:
6068:
4887:
3694:
3692:
3560:
3267:(in Indonesian), Statistics Indonesia (BPS),
2285:
2088:Wealthier families have their coffins (Karo:
1397:
1070:. Christianity was introduced to the Karo by
606:The Bataks practiced a syncretic religion of
4867:Apa itu Marga Dari Batak, from KlikBatak.com
4844:An article on the Toba Batak by Joe Giardina
4721:History of Christianity in Indonesia, p. 579
4529:. Stanford, CA.: Stanford University Press.
4384:""Missionaries: The Martyrs of Sumatra," in
3705:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
2969:At the turn of the 20th century, nearly all
2916:Group of Mandailing people going to perform
2052:A stone sarcophagus in a Toba Batak village.
1638:twists in the fetters an earthquake occurs.
1043:Before they became subjects of the colonial
906:The traditional occupation of the Batak was
4306:
3886:Von Kessel, O., "Erinnerungen an Sumatra",
3660:
3010:/ House of spirit ceremony in the house of
1985:The Batak believe that three categories of
1759:in the upper world is a mighty tree called
1253:for the coastal tribes who were plagued by
1055:) Christian church. The dominant Christian
948:Man guarding a rice field against birds in
6075:
6061:
4894:
4880:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4683:
4446:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4255:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4086:
4045:
3931:Indonesian Heritage: Early Modern History.
3689:
2513:(this falls under the jurisdiction of the
1831:with evil intentions. In other words, the
1269:of the community and were not thinking of
624:, which refers to a 'Ba-ta' dependency of
4470:
4460:
4366:Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society
4340:Taiwan Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
4104:
4023:(Christian Literature Society 1978, 1987)
3716:
3071:Another traditional religion of Batak is
2723:in the land of Batak during 19th century.
1816:) who always remain close to the person.
1093:, the old religion, which is also called
910:, hunting and farming. The great lake of
6919:
6829:
4549:
4268:
4266:
3899:
3861:
3846:
3663:Beberapa Pemikiran Menuju Dalihan Natolu
3541:
3302:Na'im, Akhsan; Syaputra, Hendry (2011).
3253:Na'im, Akhsan; Syaputra, Hendry (2010),
3117:
2997:
2911:
2807:
2699:
2289:
2160:
2047:
1920:
1676:
1581:
1481:
1401:
1227:
1219:
1165:
1114:
983:
943:
886:
733:Bark book with charms written in native
728:
581:
4692:
4524:
4236:
3916:An example may be found in Wegner, R.,
3636:The History of Medan in the Olden Times
3405:
3378:
2994:Traditional Religions (Parmalim/Pemena)
1913:has chosen another destiny for itself.
1347:) within a clan or simply the surname (
14:
7074:
4765:
4733:
4579:
4363:
4012:
3988:
3821:
3698:
3618:
3587:
3544:"Batak Make Good Lawyers, Is It True?"
3529:
3517:
3492:
3430:
3331:Bungaran Antonius Simanjuntak (1994).
3284:from the original on 23 September 2015
3018:, North Sumatera, circa 1914 and 1919
1945:) is set free. It is thought that the
6056:
4875:
4742:Bibliography of Indonesian Literature
4651:
4394:from the original on 25 February 2012
4330:
4263:
4191:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3665:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Dian Utama.
3656:
3654:
3600:from the original on 19 December 2017
3542:Tjahjono, Tenissa (31 October 2017).
3472:"Laman Badan Bahasa – Merari Siregar"
3445:
2377:based on the purpose of their usage:
2255:orchestra provided an accompaniment.
1161:
4854:Recording of the popular Batak song
4712:.Jakarta: Yayasan Pendidikan Bangun.
4659:"Malim: The Batak's native religion"
4637:"Malim: The Batak's Native Religion"
4635:Hotli Simanjuntak (16 August 2010),
4606:"The Mandailings in their own terms"
4431:
4127:
3955:
3731:
2130:with musical accompaniment from the
2043:
1463:practices within their own customs.
1244:The German physician and geographer
621:Description of the Barbarous Peoples
586:A traditional Toba Batak house (see
105:Regions with significant populations
4485:
4315:Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity
4301:Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity
3588:Onishi, Norimitsu (24 April 2010).
3563:Wisconsin International Law Journal
3387:] (in Indonesian). Napitupulu.
2861:Gereja Kristen Protestan Simalungun
2836:The Huria Kristen Batak Protestan (
2274:requires another great festival, a
2247:by means of a great ceremony and a
1190:
1040:and especially ornate stone tombs.
24:
4245:]. Stuttgart. pp. 79–224.
3669:
3651:
3464:
3246:
2294:Madame Sitorus, a well-known Toba
1937:leaves the human body through the
1148:hau na jonok do na boi marsiogoson
1110:
676:8th-century Srivijayan demand for
544:. The term is used to include the
38:group of peninsular Malaysia, see
25:
7123:
4789:
4333:"Mandailing Islam Across Borders"
4075:Tcba-Batak: Deutsches Wörterbuch.
4019:; Also published under the title
3749:Polo, Vol. II, Chapter X, p. 369.
3680:
3410:. Ithaca, NY: SEAP Publications.
3107:
3102:recognised religions of Indonesia
2831:
2801:The Toba and Karo Batak accepted
1668:
1477:
851:Mentjahari Pentjoeri Anak Perawan
660:was populated by Batak people. A
4506:from the original on 10 May 2016
4073:Adapted from Warneck, J. (1977)
3139:
2521:and influencing their behavior.
1681:A 20th-century carved bone of a
1494:or Batak wizard book, circa 1952
361:
336:
317:
294:
271:
248:
225:
202:
179:
156:
133:
111:
83:
69:
4768:Memoar: Senarasi Kiprah Sejarah
4715:
4677:
4628:
4598:
4573:
4564:
4543:
4518:
4492:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
4479:
4454:
4425:
4406:
4376:
4357:
4293:
4284:
4275:
4230:
4221:
4212:
4185:
4176:
4167:
4158:
4149:
4140:
4121:
4080:
4067:
4058:
4039:
4026:
4006:
3997:
3982:
3949:
3940:
3923:
3910:
3893:
3880:
3855:
3840:
3815:
3795:
3781:. New York: Thames and Hudson.
3770:
3752:
3743:
3725:
3642:
3634:Luckman Sinar (Tengku) (1996).
3627:
3621:Kinship and Family Organization
3612:
3581:
3535:
3486:
3006:(female shaman) in trance at a
2673:
1851:, and the bringing back of the
1665:is one of their grandchildren.
1641:After the lizard-shaped son of
1016:organized along clans known as
375:(counted as part of the local "
350:(counted as part of the local "
4772:Memoir: A Narration of History
4034:Die Religionen der Menschheit,
3868:(in German). Berlin: G. Reimer
3439:
3424:
3399:
3372:
3353:
3324:
3295:
2768:Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk
2457:may have been adopted by some
2118:. The lid is then sealed with
2069:and its orifices stopped with
1224:Judgement Place of Toba Batak.
990:Toba, Karo, Pakpak, Mandailing
705:From the 16th century onward,
13:
1:
4461:Aritonang, Jan Sihar (2000).
4021:Batak Fruit of Hindu Thought,
3619:Farber, Bernard, ed. (1966).
3493:Rampan, Korrie Layun (2001).
3240:
2324:(animist priests) as well as
2320:In traditional Batak society
1916:
1897:ritual can contribute to the
1819:All Batak regard the loss of
1568:. As ruler of the underworld
1053:Huria Kristen Batak Protestan
892:
882:
875:; as well as literary critic
577:
6741:Peranakan Eropah (including
4737:Bibliografi Sastra Indonesia
4432:Tuuk, H. N. van der (1861).
4402:– via www.amherst.edu.
4331:Lubis, Abdur-Razzaq (2005).
3851:. Vol. II. p. 249.
2891:had previously converted to
2840:) Church was established in
2816:, North Tapanauli, Indonesia
2524:
1354:
755:Austronesian language family
709:increased the production of
7:
4684:Napitupulu, Sahala (2008).
4525:Sherman, D. George (1990).
3890:Stuttgart (1854) 27:905-08.
3849:Die Battaländer auf Sumatra
3759:The Travels of Nicolò Conte
3699:Andaya, Leonard Y. (2002).
3495:Leksikon Susastra Indonesia
3190:Museum Huta Bolon Simanindo
3132:
2258:The next level up from the
2173:, Lake Toba, December 1984.
2156:
1486:A Batak priest or known as
1448:Padang Lawas temple complex
1359:The Batak lands consist of
1079:Gereja Batak Karo Protestan
724:
602:Influenced by Tamil Peoples
10:
7128:
7087:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
4903:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
4727:
4346:(2): 55–98. Archived from
4194:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Ethnologie
4087:Westenberg, C. J. (1892).
3127:National Hero of Indonesia
3111:
3027:
3021:
2780:Rhenish Missionary Society
2528:
2286:Traditional Batak medicine
2094:) made of the wood of the
1725:choose their destiny from
1590:that depicting history of
1446:, in particular the large
1398:Traditional Batak religion
1324:
1320:
1103:
979:
806:
746:
740:
44:
32:Batak people (Philippines)
29:
7092:Ethnic groups in Malaysia
6953:
6935:
6855:
6770:
6727:
6599:
6492:
6344:
6331:
6210:
6127:
6112:
6101:
6090:
6084:Ethnic groups in Malaysia
5923:
5827:
5710:
5572:
5457:
5247:
5163:
4920:
4909:
4106:10.1163/22134379-90000181
3876:– via Google Books.
3718:10.1163/22134379-90003770
3661:S Aritonang, Jan (2006).
2478:, each person receives a
2239:descendant can advance a
1339:) and the related clans (
1173:making by Batak women in
488:
483:
471:• Traditional religions (
438:
433:
389:
384:
359:
334:
311:
288:
265:
242:
219:
196:
173:
150:
127:
109:
104:
99:
94:
82:
68:
27:Ethnic group in Indonesia
7097:Ethnic groups in Sumatra
6157:Negeri Sembilanese Malay
4734:Eneste, Pamusuk (2001).
3862:Junghuhn, F. W. (1847).
3847:Junghuhn, F. W. (1847).
3681:J, P Sitanggang (2010).
3548:Global Indonesian Voices
3431:Bangun, Roberto (2006).
2866:
2404:, and the art of making
2032:). Their graves, called
833:Muhammad Kasim Dalimunte
6225:Christmas Island Malays
5968:Bangka Belitung Chinese
4818:19 January 2016 at the
4806:19 January 2016 at the
4708:Bangun, Roberto. 1989.
4046:Leertouwer, L. (1977).
3989:Perret, Daniel (2010).
3379:Siahaan, Nalom (1964).
2776:Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen
2423:or calendrical system (
2353:healers also practiced
2219:In ancient times these
2140:. It is hoped that the
1974:must be called in. The
1885:(a bamboo flute). If a
1709:before he is born. The
1626:and by her own cunning
1068:Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen
988:The Batak sub-ethnics (
532:predominantly found in
100:8,466,969 (2010 census)
4862:Silsilah Marga Harahap
4856:Nasonang Do Hita Nadua
4486:Ooi, Keat Gin (2004).
4436:(in Dutch). Amsterdam.
4419:8 January 2010 at the
3900:Pfeiffer, Ida (1856).
3732:Polo, M. (1993). "X".
3406:Drakard, Jane (1990).
3129:
3061:on the south shore of
3019:
2943:of the government was
2924:
2817:
2724:
2317:
2174:
2053:
1941:and the "death-soul" (
1930:
1881:love the sound of the
1686:
1595:
1549:there is another god,
1495:
1407:
1246:Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn
1233:
1225:
1182:
1120:
1009:
953:
903:
738:
591:
47:Batak (disambiguation)
4550:Kushnick, G. (2006).
3121:
3001:
2915:
2811:
2721:Lutheran Christianity
2703:
2531:Religion in Indonesia
2498:in Karo) goes into a
2293:
2164:
2153:placed between them.
2051:
1924:
1680:
1585:
1485:
1405:
1232:Batak warriors, 1870.
1231:
1223:
1169:
1118:
987:
959:Adnan Buyung Nasution
947:
890:
809:Indonesian literature
732:
717:(wet rice fields) or
700:Minangkabau Highlands
585:
484:Related ethnic groups
7102:Indonesian Lutherans
6995:China/Taiwan Chinese
4237:Winkler, J. (1925).
4036:vol. 5:1, Stuttgart.
3956:Kipp, R. S. (1990).
3801:Nigel Barley (ed.),
3123:Sisingamangaraja XII
3114:List of Batak people
3028:For other uses, see
2958:was strong, and the
2826:Sisingamangaraja XII
2667: Others (0.08%)
2332:traditional medicine
2181:, among the Karo as
2103:Aleurites moluccanus
1784:dwells and how many
1588:Sopo Guru Taea Bulan
1363:province, excluding
1012:Batak societies are
971:Hotman Paris Hutapea
493:Austronesian peoples
45:For other uses, see
6955:Foreign ethnicities
6338:Indigenous peoples)
4710:Mengenal orang Karo
4584:. London: F. Cass.
4580:Archer, B. (2004).
4570:Kipp, 1990, p. 211.
4414:See his discussion.
4173:Westenberg, p. 221.
4013:Parkin, H. (1975).
3822:Barley, N. (1992).
3767:xxii (London, 1857)
3057:in the vicinity of
2883:as a result of the
2482:in childhood or at
2393:(love charms), etc.
2243:to the status of a
2110:, or a horse, or a
1106:Manulangi Natua-Tua
819:Indonesian language
65:
7107:History of Sumatra
6896:Indians in Sarawak
6187:Terengganuan Malay
4665:on 18 October 2010
4647:on 18 October 2010
4272:Voorma, pp. 71–77.
4155:Kipp, 1974, p. 11.
3966:10.3998/mpub.13231
3623:. New York: Wiley.
3594:The New York Times
3433:Mengenal suku Karo
3175:Batak in Singapore
3155:Batak architecture
3130:
3020:
2925:
2887:(1821–1837). Some
2881:Minangkabau people
2818:
2725:
2318:
2175:
2054:
1931:
1717:is decided by the
1713:of the individual
1707:Mula Jadi Na Bolon
1687:
1596:
1515:Mula Jadi Na Bolon
1496:
1408:
1369:Minangkabau people
1277:Ida Laura Pfeiffer
1234:
1226:
1183:
1162:Ritual cannibalism
1121:
1010:
963:Todung Mulya Lubis
954:
904:
891:Traditional boat (
739:
592:
588:Batak architecture
57:
7069:
7068:
6931:
6930:
6851:
6850:
6821:Penangite Chinese
6766:
6765:
6723:
6722:
6327:
6326:
6182:Selangorian Malay
6147:Kelantanese Malay
6050:
6049:
4839:in Balige (1988).
4781:978-979-444-274-6
4751:978-979-9375-17-9
3274:978-979-064-417-5
2614:
2613:
2415:, which involves
2398:Destructive Magic
2298:who practiced in
2169:on the island of
2044:Burial traditions
2028:of dead virgins (
1453:Mahayana Buddhist
1373:East Aceh Regency
1211:Niccolò de' Conti
1179:Dutch East Indies
1177:, Batak-country;
1045:Dutch East Indies
898:), photograph by
828:Azab dan Sengsara
520:
519:
64:
34:. For indigenous
16:(Redirected from
7119:
6925:Peranakan Chitty
6917:
6916:
6891:Indians in Sabah
6876:Penangite Indian
6827:
6826:
6342:
6341:
6202:Sarawakian Malay
6125:
6124:
6110:
6109:
6077:
6070:
6063:
6054:
6053:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4873:
4872:
4837:Rumah Sakit HKBP
4785:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4722:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4703:
4690:
4689:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4661:. Archived from
4655:
4649:
4648:
4643:, archived from
4641:The Jakarta Post
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4612:. Archived from
4602:
4596:
4595:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4445:
4437:
4429:
4423:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4353:on 8 March 2012.
4352:
4337:
4328:
4319:
4318:
4310:
4304:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4261:
4260:
4254:
4246:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4189:
4183:
4182:Kipp, 1974, p. 9
4180:
4174:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4108:
4084:
4078:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4043:
4037:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3938:
3927:
3921:
3920:GĂĽtersloh (1900)
3914:
3908:
3907:
3897:
3891:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3819:
3813:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3774:
3768:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3678:
3667:
3666:
3658:
3649:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3283:
3266:
3250:
3230:Tunggal panaluan
3149:
3147:Indonesia portal
3144:
3143:
3142:
2666:
2656:
2646:
2636:
2626:
2535:
2534:
2461:in place of the
2383:Protective Magic
2357:by consulting a
2081:declares to the
1796:is found in the
1285:Prisoners of war
1238:Stamford Raffles
900:Kristen Feilberg
897:
894:
873:Sitor Situmorang
860:Senja di Jakarta
841:Soeman Hasiboean
815:Bahasa Indonesia
618:'s 13th-century
380:
367:
365:
364:
355:
342:
340:
339:
323:
321:
320:
314:
300:
298:
297:
291:
277:
275:
274:
268:
254:
252:
251:
245:
231:
229:
228:
222:
208:
206:
205:
199:
185:
183:
182:
176:
162:
160:
159:
153:
139:
137:
136:
130:
117:
115:
114:
95:Total population
87:
73:
66:
60:
56:
21:
7127:
7126:
7122:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7116:
7072:
7071:
7070:
7065:
6956:
6949:
6938:(non-Peranakan)
6937:
6927:
6915:
6859:
6847:
6825:
6774:
6762:
6759:Peranakan Turki
6719:
6595:
6488:
6347:
6337:
6335:
6323:
6206:
6162:Penangite Malay
6116:
6097:
6086:
6081:
6051:
6046:
5919:
5823:
5713:
5706:
5568:
5453:
5243:
5159:
4916:
4905:
4900:
4820:Wayback Machine
4808:Wayback Machine
4792:
4782:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4706:(in Indonesian)
4705:
4704:
4693:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4633:
4629:
4619:
4617:
4616:on 25 July 2011
4604:
4603:
4599:
4592:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4523:
4519:
4509:
4507:
4500:
4484:
4480:
4459:
4455:
4439:
4438:
4430:
4426:
4421:Wayback Machine
4411:
4407:
4397:
4395:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4362:
4358:
4350:
4335:
4329:
4322:
4311:
4307:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4264:
4248:
4247:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4126:
4122:
4085:
4081:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4044:
4040:
4031:
4027:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3928:
3924:
3915:
3911:
3898:
3894:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3860:
3856:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3820:
3816:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3775:
3771:
3765:Hakluyt Society
3757:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3730:
3726:
3697:
3690:
3679:
3670:
3659:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3632:
3628:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3586:
3582:
3559:
3555:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3474:(in Indonesian)
3470:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3444:
3440:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3404:
3400:
3377:
3373:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3300:
3296:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3264:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3165:Batak mythology
3145:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3116:
3110:
3077:tribal religion
3033:
3026:
2996:
2869:
2834:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2654:
2652:
2644:
2642:
2634:
2632:
2624:
2533:
2527:
2490:back, a female
2369:Batak shorthand
2288:
2179:mangongkal holi
2159:
2046:
1919:
1697:(Toba) and the
1685:Batak calendar.
1675:
1628:Sideak Parudjar
1616:Sideak Parudjar
1480:
1422:Batak. For the
1400:
1357:
1329:
1323:
1164:
1124:Dalihan Na Tolu
1113:
1111:Dalihan Na Tolu
1108:
1059:was brought by
982:
976:
895:
885:
865:Iwan Simatupang
846:Kawan Bergeloet
811:
805:
751:
745:
743:Batak languages
727:
604:
580:
542:Batak languages
516:
497:
470:
464:
458:
452:
426:
422:
395:Batak languages
393:
374:
362:
360:
349:
337:
335:
318:
316:
312:
295:
293:
289:
272:
270:
266:
249:
247:
243:
226:
224:
220:
203:
201:
197:
180:
178:
174:
157:
155:
151:
134:
132:
128:
112:
110:
90:
78:
59:
55:
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7125:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6982:
6977:
6967:
6961:
6959:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6941:
6939:
6936:Mixed ancestry
6933:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6921:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6867:
6865:
6853:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6840:
6837:Peranakan Cina
6833:
6831:
6824:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6782:
6780:
6768:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6754:Peranakan Siam
6751:
6749:Jawi Peranakan
6746:
6739:
6737:Peranakan Arab
6733:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6690:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6616:
6605:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6498:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6368:
6363:
6352:
6350:
6339:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6309:Burmese Malays
6306:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6216:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6192:Bruneian Malay
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6172:Perlisan Malay
6169:
6167:Perakian Malay
6164:
6159:
6154:
6152:Malaccan Malay
6149:
6144:
6139:
6137:Johorean Malay
6133:
6131:
6122:
6107:
6099:
6098:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6080:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6057:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5987:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5973:Maluku Chinese
5970:
5965:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5936:Black Dutchmen
5927:
5925:
5924:Non-indigenous
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5833:
5831:
5829:Maluku Islands
5825:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5578:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5463:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5434:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5299:
5294:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5259:
5253:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5224:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5207:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4926:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4899:
4898:
4891:
4884:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4832:
4830:Batak Religion
4827:
4822:
4810:
4798:
4791:
4790:External links
4788:
4787:
4786:
4780:
4763:
4750:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4714:
4691:
4676:
4650:
4627:
4610:Mandailing.org
4597:
4590:
4572:
4563:
4542:
4535:
4517:
4498:
4478:
4453:
4424:
4405:
4375:
4356:
4320:
4305:
4292:
4290:Sibeth, p. 67.
4283:
4281:Sibeth, p. 68.
4274:
4262:
4229:
4220:
4218:Stohr, p. 197.
4211:
4200:(2): 177–206.
4184:
4175:
4166:
4164:Sibeth, p. 69.
4157:
4148:
4146:Sibeth, P. 87.
4139:
4120:
4099:(1): 208–253.
4079:
4066:
4064:Sibeth, p. 65.
4057:
4038:
4025:
4005:
4003:Sibeth, p. 64.
3996:
3981:
3974:
3948:
3946:Sibeth, p. 19.
3939:
3922:
3909:
3892:
3879:
3854:
3839:
3832:
3814:
3794:
3787:
3769:
3751:
3742:
3724:
3711:(3): 367–409.
3688:
3668:
3650:
3648:Sibeth, p. 86.
3641:
3626:
3611:
3580:
3553:
3534:
3522:
3510:
3503:
3485:
3463:
3456:
3438:
3423:
3416:
3398:
3371:
3352:
3345:
3323:
3316:
3294:
3273:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Naga morsarang
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3134:
3131:
3112:Main article:
3109:
3108:Notable people
3106:
3022:Main article:
2995:
2992:
2927:The advent of
2868:
2865:
2833:
2832:Batak churches
2830:
2778:of the German
2765:
2764:
2709:Dame Sainihuta
2675:
2672:
2663:
2653:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2526:
2523:
2443:consulted the
2433:
2432:
2409:
2394:
2287:
2284:
2217:
2216:
2158:
2155:
2112:mythical beast
2045:
2042:
2022:mate sada-uari
1918:
1915:
1867:so that their
1802:amniotic fluid
1778:
1777:
1752:
1751:
1674:
1667:
1651:Sideak Parujar
1647:Sideak Parujar
1604:Sideak Parujar
1499:mostly Dutch.
1479:
1478:Creation myths
1476:
1399:
1396:
1356:
1353:
1325:Main article:
1322:
1319:
1298:
1297:
1215:Southeast Asia
1163:
1160:
1156:masipasangapon
1152:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1112:
1109:
1091:agama si dekah
981:
978:
967:Ruhut Sitompul
884:
881:
823:Merari Siregar
804:
801:
741:Main article:
726:
723:
603:
600:
579:
576:
518:
517:
515:
514:
509:
504:
498:
496:
495:
489:
486:
485:
481:
480:
436:
435:
431:
430:
387:
386:
382:
381:
371:
357:
356:
346:
332:
331:
328:
309:
308:
305:
286:
285:
282:
263:
262:
259:
240:
239:
236:
217:
216:
213:
194:
193:
190:
171:
170:
167:
148:
147:
144:
125:
124:
121:
107:
106:
102:
101:
97:
96:
92:
91:
88:
80:
79:
74:
53:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7124:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
7000:East Timorese
6998:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6952:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6934:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6858:
6854:
6844:
6841:
6839:(Baba-Nyonya)
6838:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6828:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6773:
6769:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6726:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6609:Kadazan-Dusun
6607:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6598:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6491:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6382:
6381:Orang Seletar
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6343:
6340:
6334:
6330:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6314:Patani Malays
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6142:Kedahan Malay
6140:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6089:
6085:
6078:
6073:
6071:
6066:
6064:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5714:Sunda Islands
5709:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4908:
4904:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4885:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4783:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4753:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4718:
4711:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4687:
4680:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4593:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4567:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4546:
4538:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4505:
4501:
4499:9781576077702
4495:
4491:
4490:
4482:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4449:
4443:
4435:
4428:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4409:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4325:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4296:
4287:
4278:
4269:
4267:
4258:
4252:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4227:Sibeth, p. 98
4224:
4215:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4196:(in German).
4195:
4188:
4179:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4143:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4070:
4061:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4029:
4022:
4016:
4009:
4000:
3992:
3985:
3977:
3975:0-472-10176-5
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3943:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3919:
3913:
3905:
3904:
3896:
3889:
3883:
3867:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3843:
3835:
3833:0-8050-1968-5
3829:
3825:
3818:
3812:
3811:0-7141-2542-3
3808:
3804:
3798:
3790:
3788:0-500-97392-X
3784:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3746:
3738:
3737:
3728:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3693:
3684:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3664:
3657:
3655:
3645:
3637:
3630:
3622:
3615:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3532:, p. 44.
3531:
3526:
3520:, p. 89.
3519:
3514:
3506:
3504:979-666-358-9
3500:
3496:
3489:
3473:
3467:
3459:
3457:0-8348-0349-6
3453:
3449:
3442:
3434:
3427:
3419:
3417:08-772-7706-0
3413:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3346:60-243-3148-7
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3319:
3317:9789790644175
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Tor-tor dance
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Marga (Batak)
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3160:Batak cuisine
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3137:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2941:lingua franca
2938:
2933:
2930:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2788:Old Testament
2785:
2784:New Testament
2781:
2777:
2772:
2769:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2749:Samuel Munson
2746:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2660:
2650:
2640:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2551:Protestantism
2548:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2402:pangulubalang
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2306:in lieu of a
2305:
2304:New Testament
2301:
2297:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2039:
2038:ingan tungkup
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:At death the
1928:
1923:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1792:. The second
1791:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1663:Si Raja Batak
1660:
1656:
1652:
1649:marries him.
1648:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1490:with Book of
1489:
1484:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:North Sumatra
1352:
1350:
1349:Marga (Batak)
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:Marga (Batak)
1334:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1209:The Venetian
1207:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1136:Marga (Batak)
1133:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1117:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1014:patriarchally
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
977:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
951:
946:
942:
940:
936:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
913:
909:
901:
889:
880:
878:
877:Bakri Siregar
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:
856:
855:Mochtar Lubis
852:
848:
847:
842:
838:
837:Teman Doedoek
834:
830:
829:
824:
820:
816:
810:
800:
798:
797:
791:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
750:
744:
736:
731:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
690:
688:
681:
679:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
632:
631:Suma Oriental
627:
623:
622:
617:
613:
609:
599:
595:
589:
584:
575:
573:
572:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:North Sumatra
531:
530:ethnic groups
528:
524:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
494:
491:
490:
487:
482:
479:, etc.) 0.08%
478:
474:
468:
462:
456:
450:
446:
445:Protestantism
442:
437:
432:
429:
425:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
378:
372:
370:
358:
353:
347:
345:
333:
329:
327:
326:
310:
306:
304:
303:
287:
283:
281:
280:
264:
260:
258:
257:
241:
237:
235:
234:
218:
214:
212:
211:
195:
191:
189:
188:
172:
168:
166:
165:
149:
145:
143:
142:
141:North Sumatra
126:
122:
120:
108:
103:
98:
93:
86:
81:
77:
76:Flag of Batak
72:
67:
63:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7051:Singaporeans
6957:/expatriates
6683:Orang Sungai
6244:
6220:Cocos Malays
6211:
6177:Pahang Malay
6128:
6102:
6092:
5552:Tau Taa Wana
4996:
4980:Talang Mamak
4911:
4855:
4836:
4771:
4767:
4755:. Retrieved
4741:
4736:
4717:
4709:
4679:
4667:. Retrieved
4663:the original
4653:
4645:the original
4640:
4630:
4618:. Retrieved
4614:the original
4609:
4600:
4581:
4575:
4566:
4558:the original
4552:
4545:
4526:
4520:
4508:. Retrieved
4488:
4481:
4462:
4456:
4433:
4427:
4408:
4396:. Retrieved
4385:
4378:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4348:the original
4343:
4339:
4314:
4308:
4300:
4295:
4286:
4277:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4223:
4214:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4178:
4169:
4160:
4151:
4142:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4096:
4095:(in Dutch).
4092:
4082:
4074:
4069:
4060:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4033:
4028:
4020:
4014:
4008:
3999:
3990:
3984:
3957:
3951:
3942:
3935:Anthony Reid
3933:Vol. 3, ed.
3930:
3925:
3917:
3912:
3902:
3895:
3888:Das Ausland,
3887:
3882:
3870:. Retrieved
3864:
3857:
3848:
3842:
3823:
3817:
3802:
3797:
3778:
3772:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3745:
3734:
3727:
3708:
3704:
3683:Raja Napogos
3682:
3662:
3644:
3635:
3629:
3620:
3614:
3602:. Retrieved
3593:
3583:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3547:
3537:
3525:
3513:
3494:
3488:
3476:. Retrieved
3466:
3447:
3441:
3432:
3426:
3407:
3401:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3288:23 September
3286:, retrieved
3260:
3255:
3248:
3220:Tandok dance
3200:Piso Halasan
3170:Batak script
3095:
3088:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3058:
3054:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3011:
3008:Perumah BĂ©gu
3007:
3003:
2968:
2960:missionaries
2956:Christianity
2934:
2926:
2896:
2870:
2858:
2835:
2819:
2813:
2803:Christianity
2800:
2773:
2766:
2757:Ida Pfeiffer
2731:In 1824 two
2730:
2726:
2712:
2708:
2686:'s visit in
2677:
2674:Christianity
2629:Christianity
2620:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2547:Christianity
2518:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2469:
2462:
2458:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2424:
2412:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2372:
2364:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2342:activities.
2325:
2321:
2319:
2307:
2295:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2166:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2075:perumah begu
2074:
2061:
2055:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1932:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1895:raleng tendi
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1670:
1662:
1650:
1646:
1643:Mangalabulan
1642:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1608:Mangalabulan
1607:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1592:Siraja Batak
1591:
1587:
1586:Monument of
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1527:Mangalabulan
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1465:
1437:
1409:
1392:West Sumatra
1389:
1358:
1345:partuturanna
1344:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1302:missionaries
1299:
1275:
1259:
1243:
1235:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1078:
1052:
1042:
1038:wood carving
1027:
1023:
1018:
1011:
997:
989:
975:
955:
931:
923:
918:The port of
917:
905:
868:
858:
850:
844:
836:
826:
814:
812:
794:
792:
790:city today.
759:Pakpak-Dairi
752:
749:Batak script
735:Batak script
718:
714:
704:
691:
686:
682:
674:
651:
644:
629:
619:
605:
596:
593:
569:
540:, who speak
527:Austronesian
522:
521:
441:Christianity
423:
390:
315:
292:
269:
256:Riau Islands
246:
233:West Sumatra
223:
200:
177:
154:
131:
61:
54:Ethnic group
51:
40:Batek people
18:Batak people
7112:Ethnography
6980:Bangladeshi
6843:Sino-Native
6376:Orang Kuala
6366:Orang Kanaq
6356:Proto-Malay
6282:Minangkabau
6261:Bugis-Malay
6212:Anak Dagang
5898:Tanimbarese
5612:Ekari (Mee)
5487:Gorontaloan
5123:Aneuk Jamee
5118:Minangkabau
5074:Bugis-Malay
4965:Orang Rimba
4960:Orang Kuala
4913:Indonesians
4510:15 December
3604:18 December
3569:: 620–645.
3530:Eneste 2001
3518:Kasiri 1993
3215:Sigale Gale
3210:Proto-Malay
3085:Karo people
3081:Karo people
3055:Huta Tinggi
3036:Ugamo Malim
3004:Guru sibaso
2745:Henry Lyman
2719:who spread
2684:Ibn Battuta
2639:Sunni Islam
2566:Sunni Islam
2555:Catholicism
2496:guru sibaso
2367:an archaic
2340:clandestine
2314:kaffir lime
2296:guru sibaso
2183:nurun-nurun
2114:known as a
2079:guru sibaso
2077:ceremony a
2011:bicara guru
2007:bicara guru
2003:guru sibaso
1999:bicara guru
1991:bicara guru
1989:exist. The
1875:satisfied.
1761:Djambubarus
1636:Naga Padoha
1632:Naga Padoha
1620:Naga Padoha
1600:Batara Guru
1570:Naga Padoha
1562:Naga Padoha
1523:Batara Guru
1507:Naga Padoha
1383:Regency in
1341:dongan tubu
1251:mercenaries
1236:Sir Thomas
1187:cannibalism
924:kapur barus
908:agriculture
896: 1870
796:Surat Batak
696:Pagarruyung
640:Aru kingdom
507:Minangkabau
455:Sunni Islam
449:Catholicism
62:Halak Batak
7076:Categories
7061:Vietnamese
7015:Indonesian
6901:Sri Lankan
6705:Sama-Bajau
6673:Lun Bawang
6549:Lun Bawang
6482:Semaq Beri
6371:Orang Laut
6346:Peninsular
6333:Orang Asal
6250:Mandailing
6104:Bumiputera
6094:Malaysians
6037:Portuguese
5995:Klingalese
5437:Orang Laut
5275:Lun Bawang
5249:Kalimantan
5205:Kangeanese
5198:Tenggerese
5188:Banyumasan
5183:Cirebonese
5027:Toba Batak
5022:Simalungun
5012:Mandailing
4975:Petalangan
4930:Aboriginal
4591:9622099106
4536:0804716668
4398:4 February
4372:: 485–513.
4077:The Hague.
3872:15 October
3241:References
3051:Toba Batak
3012:Pa Mbelgah
2983:Mandailing
2971:Mandailing
2966:the Toba.
2952:Mandailing
2889:Mandailing
2873:Mandailing
2794:script in
2707:statue in
2570:3,738,660
2560:4,707,658
2529:See also:
2413:Divination
2391:parmanisan
2355:divination
2330:practiced
2221:sarcophagi
1939:fontanelle
1927:Totem pole
1917:Death cult
1857:upah tendi
1693:(Karo) or
1655:incestuous
1420:Simalungun
1412:Mandailing
1381:Rokan Hulu
1351:) itself.
1204:Marco Polo
1083:Mandailing
992:) dancing
950:Haranggaol
883:Profession
807:See also:
783:Simalungun
779:Mandailing
763:Alas-Kluet
747:See also:
616:Zhao Rugua
578:Prehistory
566:Mandailing
554:Simalungun
428:Indonesian
419:Mandailing
407:Simalungun
7046:Pakistani
6945:Chindians
6920:Peranakan
6830:Peranakan
6801:Hainanese
6791:Cantonese
6756:(Sam-Sam)
6729:Peranakan
6634:Mangka'ak
6529:Orang Ulu
6467:Cheq Wong
6304:Sundanese
6272:Baweanese
6240:Banjarese
6129:Anak Jati
6032:Pakistani
6027:Mardijker
5978:Peranakan
5779:Manggarai
5762:Lamaholot
5622:Ketengban
5542:Sangirese
5522:Mongondow
5517:Minahasan
5512:Mandarese
5492:Kalumpang
5425:Pontianak
5396:Punan Bah
5312:Uma Baka'
5287:Apo Kayan
5266:Apo Duat
5237:Bantenese
5227:Sundanese
5140:Palembang
4757:13 August
4669:9 October
4620:9 October
4442:cite book
4251:cite book
3393:690038854
3205:Porhalaan
3063:Lake Toba
3016:Kabanjahe
2885:Padri War
2822:guerrilla
2814:Sipahutar
2751:from the
2705:Nommensen
2680:idolaters
2609:8,463,604
2538:Religions
2525:Religions
2476:cosmology
2472:jinujung,
2429:astrology
2425:porhalaan
2276:santi rea
2091:pelangkah
2034:bata-bata
1774:Mula Jadi
1765:Mula Jadi
1757:Mula Jadi
1743:Mula Jadi
1727:Mula Jadi
1683:Porhalaan
1659:Lake Toba
1624:Mula Jadi
1612:Mula Jadi
1577:sacrifice
1566:Mula Jadi
1547:Mula Jadi
1543:Mula Jadi
1539:Mula Jadi
1535:Mula Jadi
1519:Mula Jadi
1468:pancasila
1355:Geography
1075:Calvinist
871:); poets
692:Sembiring
666:Kota Cina
626:Srivijaya
538:Indonesia
385:Languages
369:Singapore
187:West Java
146:5,785,716
123:8,466,969
119:Indonesia
7032:(former)
7025:Japanese
7005:Filipino
6989:Rohingya
6974:Hadhrami
6886:Malayali
6871:Gujarati
6743:Kristang
6693:Tambanuo
6639:Maragang
6462:Mah Meri
6348:Malaysia
6277:Makassar
6267:Javanese
6235:Acehnese
6012:Japanese
5985:Filipino
5953:Chindian
5948:Armenian
5871:Ambonese
5854:Manusela
5837:Moluccan
5789:Rotenese
5742:Bimanese
5737:Balinese
5732:Bali Aga
5502:Makassar
5482:Bonerate
5477:Butonese
5467:Buginese
5459:Sulawesi
5384:Bakumpai
5372:Ma'anyan
5367:Lawangan
5362:Ot Danum
5326:Kendayan
5210:Madurese
5178:Javanese
5150:Simeulue
5111:Sakuddei
5106:Mentawai
4987:Acehnese
4816:Archived
4804:Archived
4504:Archived
4472:1874/596
4417:Archived
4392:Archived
4206:25841816
4115:25737304
3598:Archived
3279:archived
3133:See also
3059:Laguboti
3024:Parmalim
3002:Dancing
2854:Japanese
2849:midwives
2713:Tarutung
2661:(0.017%)
2659:Hinduism
2649:Buddhism
2641:(44.17%)
2631:(55.62%)
2586:Hinduism
2576:Buddhism
2504:jinujung
2502:and the
2488:jinujung
2480:jinujung
2300:Laguboti
2268:sumangot
2260:sumangot
2245:sumangot
2157:Reburial
2128:cemetery
2108:hornbill
1993:are the
1798:placenta
1531:Soripada
1461:Tantrist
1457:Shaivist
1444:Tapanuli
1440:Javanese
1306:parishes
1263:adultery
1175:Tarutung
1061:Lutheran
1057:theology
998:Manortor
935:palm oil
725:Language
689:or tribe
658:Tapanuli
638:and the
612:Buddhism
608:Shaivism
473:Parmalim
467:Hinduism
461:Buddhism
451:) 55.62%
434:Religion
373:unknown
344:Malaysia
7020:Iranian
6985:Burmese
6965:African
6881:Punjabi
6816:Henghua
6811:Foochow
6806:Teochew
6786:Hokkien
6772:Chinese
6668:Illanun
6649:Rumanau
6644:Minokok
6614:Kadazan
6584:Melanau
6575:Others
6539:Kelabit
6512:Bukitan
6507:Bidayuh
6494:Sarawak
6477:Jah Hut
6435:Mendriq
6388:Semelai
6319:Siamese
6287:Kerinci
6197:Kedayan
5963:Benteng
5958:Chinese
5931:African
5908:Togutil
5881:Wai Apu
5866:Ambelau
5814:Sumbawa
5712:Lesser
5687:Waropen
5667:Sentani
5632:Korowai
5602:Damalme
5587:Amungme
5557:Torajan
5401:Bukitan
5389:Meratus
5343:Mualang
5321:Bidayuh
5270:Kelabit
5155:Singkil
5135:Haloban
5099:Serdang
5089:Langkat
5049:Lampung
5034:Enggano
5002:Angkola
4922:Sumatra
4728:Sources
4136:: 4–11.
3575:2465537
3478:15 July
3075:, is a
2979:Muslims
2975:Angkola
2964:convert
2903:Shafi`i
2877:Angkola
2740:Sibolga
2736:Baptist
2733:British
2717:Germany
2651:(0.11%)
2604:Overall
2484:puberty
2464:pustaha
2446:pustaha
2427:), and
2421:almanac
2417:oracles
2387:amulets
2374:Pustaha
2360:pustaha
2309:pustaha
2280:kinship
2272:sombaon
2264:sombaon
2262:is the
2253:gondang
2229:Samosir
2171:Samosir
2133:gondang
2071:camphor
2067:camphor
2030:tungkup
1893:in the
1806:saudara
1731:ephorus
1711:destiny
1705:) from
1492:Pustaha
1327:Tarombo
1321:Tarombo
1294:Regents
1271:revenge
1267:verdict
1255:pirates
1185:Ritual
1171:Pottery
1142:itself.
1095:perbegu
1081:). The
1034:weaving
1029:tarombo
1002:Kesawan
994:Tor-tor
980:Society
928:camphor
775:Angkola
737:, 1910.
678:camphor
562:Angkola
415:Angkola
348:30,000
330:106,249
307:139,259
284:147,295
261:208,678
238:222,549
215:326,645
210:Jakarta
192:467,438
169:691,399
36:Negrito
7041:Nepali
7036:Korean
7030:Jewish
7010:Indian
6911:Telugu
6857:Indian
6715:Tidong
6700:Rungus
6688:Dumpas
6663:Ida'an
6658:Bisaya
6624:Kwijau
6589:Miriek
6579:Bisaya
6564:Sa'ban
6544:Kenyah
6522:Selako
6472:Temiar
6440:Mintil
6430:Kintaq
6425:Kensiu
6405:Semang
6398:Temuan
6336:(Other
6022:Korean
6017:Jewish
5990:Indian
5913:Wemale
5903:Tobelo
5893:Lisela
5888:Kayeli
5859:Nuaulu
5772:Loloan
5752:Helong
5692:Wolani
5682:Wambon
5677:Tobati
5642:Marind
5627:Kombai
5562:Mamasa
5532:Pamona
5472:Bungku
5355:Tidung
5331:Selako
5307:Lebbo'
5302:Kenyah
5280:Sa'ban
5257:Banjar
5215:Bawean
5173:Betawi
5145:Rejang
5069:Asahan
5059:Lembak
5017:Pakpak
4778:
4748:
4588:
4533:
4496:
4204:
4113:
3972:
3830:
3809:
3785:
3736:(1920)
3573:
3501:
3454:
3414:
3391:
3343:
3314:
3271:
3263:]
3180:Hasapi
3125:, the
3090:Dibata
3073:Pemena
3030:Pemena
2988:Malays
2949:Muslim
2842:Balige
2782:. The
2665:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2645:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2625:
2598:6,620
2595:Others
2590:1,476
2580:9,190
2553:&
2541:Total
2500:trance
2451:augury
2336:dukuns
2199:citrus
2191:tambak
2165:Batak
2100:tree (
2097:kemiri
2058:burial
2056:Batak
2005:, the
1925:Batak
1891:surdam
1883:surdam
1755:"With
1555:Asiasi
1551:Asiasi
1504:dragon
1459:, and
1433:German
1416:Pakpak
1333:nalilu
1099:pemena
1064:German
1024:Margas
1008:, 2021
939:rubber
937:, and
869:Ziarah
863:) and
719:ladang
711:pepper
628:. The
550:Pakpak
477:Pemena
469:0.017%
457:44.17%
403:Pakpak
391:Native
377:Malays
366:
352:Malays
341:
322:
302:Banten
299:
276:
253:
230:
207:
184:
161:
138:
116:
7082:Batak
6906:Tamil
6796:Hakka
6710:Suluk
6678:Murut
6629:Lotud
6619:Dusun
6601:Sabah
6559:Punan
6554:Penan
6534:Kayan
6502:Dayak
6457:Semai
6452:Senoi
6420:Jahai
6415:Lanoh
6410:Batek
6393:Temoq
6361:Jakun
6257:Bugis
6245:Batak
6230:Chams
6114:Malay
6042:Totok
6000:Tamil
5849:Alune
5844:Alfur
5819:Tetum
5809:Sumba
5804:Sikka
5794:Sasak
5767:Malay
5757:Kemak
5747:Bunak
5727:Atoni
5672:Tehit
5657:Nduga
5597:Bauzi
5592:Asmat
5574:Papua
5537:Rampi
5507:Malay
5497:Lindu
5447:Suluk
5442:Bajau
5420:Berau
5415:Malay
5379:Ngaju
5350:Murut
5297:Kayan
5292:Bahau
5262:Dayak
5232:Baduy
5222:Malay
5193:Osing
5084:Lahat
5064:Malay
5044:Kluet
4997:Batak
4970:Sakai
4955:Mante
4945:Bonai
4940:Batin
4770:[
4740:[
4351:(PDF)
4336:(PDF)
4241:[
4202:JSTOR
4111:JSTOR
4050:[
3383:[
3364:[
3335:[
3306:[
3282:(PDF)
3265:(PDF)
3259:[
3098:Hindu
2977:were
2945:Malay
2937:Dutch
2929:Islam
2922:Mecca
2893:Islam
2867:Islam
2846:nurse
2796:Medan
2792:Latin
2695:Islam
2515:datuk
2511:tendi
2459:gurus
2455:Bible
2406:dorma
2365:poda,
2345:Both
2327:gurus
2322:datuk
2270:to a
2249:horja
2151:betel
2147:datuk
2120:resin
2116:singa
1970:or a
1947:tendi
1935:tendi
1911:tendi
1907:tendi
1903:datuk
1899:tendi
1887:tendi
1879:Tendi
1873:tendi
1869:tendi
1865:tendi
1853:tendi
1849:tendi
1845:tendi
1841:tendi
1837:tendi
1833:tendi
1825:Tendi
1821:tendi
1794:tendi
1790:tendi
1786:tendi
1782:tendi
1770:tendi
1747:tendi
1735:tendi
1723:tendi
1719:tendi
1715:tendi
1703:tendi
1695:tondi
1691:tendi
1671:tendi
1511:myths
1488:Datuk
1315:Islam
1310:Malay
1290:Rajah
1197:tendi
1192:tendi
1132:somba
1087:Padri
1072:Dutch
1019:Marga
1006:Medan
932:sawit
920:Barus
788:Medan
715:sawah
687:marga
685:Karo
670:Medan
662:Tamil
654:Barus
647:China
636:Pasai
523:Batak
512:Malay
463:0.11%
325:Jambi
58:Batak
7056:Thai
6970:Arab
6862:list
6777:list
6569:Ukit
6517:Iban
6297:Rawa
6119:list
6007:Indo
5943:Arab
5876:Buru
5799:Savu
5784:Nage
5722:Abui
5702:Yaur
5697:Yali
5662:Sawi
5652:Moni
5637:Lani
5617:Fayu
5607:Dani
5582:Abun
5547:Seko
5527:Muna
5432:Moro
5406:Krio
5338:Iban
5165:Java
5130:Nias
5094:Riau
5079:Deli
5054:Laut
5039:Gayo
5007:Karo
4992:Alas
4950:Lubu
4935:Akit
4776:ISBN
4759:2011
4746:ISBN
4671:2010
4622:2010
4586:ISBN
4531:ISBN
4512:2015
4494:ISBN
4448:link
4400:2010
4257:link
4134:3, 2
3970:ISBN
3874:2020
3828:ISBN
3807:ISBN
3783:ISBN
3606:2017
3571:SSRN
3499:ISBN
3480:2011
3452:ISBN
3412:ISBN
3389:OCLC
3341:ISBN
3312:ISBN
3290:2015
3269:ISBN
3235:Ulos
3047:Karo
3043:Toba
2973:and
2918:Hajj
2907:hajj
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