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General Murat, who took him. However, under these untoward circumstances, we have the satisfaction of observing the enemy's loss to be such, that a few more victories like this will annihilate the French army. It is much to be lamented that we had not two regular regiments, in addition to the remnant of the
Chiflick (sic) corps, which was almost entirely cut to pieces for want of support; we should then have been able to have kept the redoubt and castle of Aboukir, which Mustapha Pasha and Patrona Bey took by assault, on the 15th ultimo; as it was, the unformed mass of irregular infantry could not withstand the spirited at-tack of a small body of French cavalry, which leaped over the works after having been three times repulsed by the effect of our cannon. On my arrival, five days after the disembarkation, I found the Turkish army in a very different position from that in which I hoped to find it, from the correspondence which had passed between Mustapha Pasha and me; and much less considerable, being but 5,000 men instead of 15,000, as had been reported. Hassan Bey, who came with me, had but 2,000, and as Buonaparte was at Rahmania, an attack was to be expected immediately; it was therefore the more necessary to make the best of our ground. The Turks are not easily brought to quit their arms for entrenching tools, of which they only begin to see the utility; thus the attempt at making lines across the peninsula, from the redoubt to the sea on each side, was very imperfect. The gun-boats were ordered to take a station to flank these lines, but there was no stimulating their crews to any degree of exertion in the transporting of them, and thus the enemy had less fire opposed to them than might have been produced, had the division destined for the west side of the Isthmus reached its station. The English rowing boats alone went there, after completely clearing the east side from the enemy, and we felt the insufficiency of our fire so much the more, since even that made a considerable impression on the blue column as it advanced to the assault; it was even repulsed twice, but the barbarous custom of the Turks, in cutting off the heads of their fallen enemies, to effect which they ran forward irregularly, produced a burst of indignation amongst the French infantry, which 'rallied them; the suddenness of their return to the assault discomfited the unconnected defenders of these imperfect lines ; the sea was soon covered with hundreds of fugitives swimming off to us, and the castle on the point became too much crowded for it to be practicable for the besieged to act in its defence, or for us to supply such a numerous garrison....
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the sand-banks on the shore, and totally exposed to the sea, their fire, though well served and directed into the mass of them, being from two guns only, was insufficient for their destruction, or to keep them in check, and consequently rather goaded them on than otherwise; the four gun-boats would have effectually hindered their approach to the redoubt, and covered the retreat of the
Chiflick regiment from the village in front ; the Turkish launches would have checked the enemy sufficiently for the Turks to rally ; finally, there being no prompt punishment for disobedience of orders, nor any immediate successor to the principal chief, in case of his death, capture, absence, illness, or excess of fatigue ; and in short, such a want of gradation in the distribution of ranks, that it is indispensably necessary for the principal chief to super-intend the execution of the most trifling service him-self, to the ultimate prejudice of his authority on greater questions where every one pretends to decide. The mutinous spirit of their army was carried so far as to produce the actual arrest of the governor and principal personages in the castle, and increased the difficulty of supplying their wants, as, in the disorder, they forced the boats which brought water to them to return with fugitives, firing on those who approached with necessary caution, fearing to be overpowered with more than they could bear.
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the eastern side were driven back with supporting fire from the
English ships. As the French retreated, hundreds of Turks emerged from their fortifications and set in pursuit of the retreating French, beheading the corpses of dead Frenchmen. After the rout of the Turks defending the 1st line, Napoleon contemplated moving his artillery batteries to the two hills infront of the 2nd line, which was heavily defended and seemed impervious to attack. But seeing that the western bay of Aboukir extended like a cape, and moved his artillery there. This allowed the French batteries to bombard the Ottoman's right flank. The Ottomans maneuvered their right flank slightly inland, leaving a small gap in their line. At this juncture, Murat saw an opportunity with an opening in the Turkish line and numerous Ottoman soldiers emerging out of the protection of their fortifications to mutilate the French dead, and charged his cavalry at these scattered Turks. A wave of panic spread through the Turks, all the way to their defensive lines, and within minutes Murat found himself charging deep into the Turkish encampment, where he found Mustapha Pasha's tent. The Pasha emerged before Murat and fired a pistol at him, wounding him in the jaw. Murat swung his sabre at the Pasha's right hand, cutting off two of his fingers and ordered his men to seize him.
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find the
Ottoman army lying in wait. Napoleon had to reassess his plans; according to his intelligence, the enemy commander was the white-bearded Mustapha Pasha. A leader who had won several victories against the Russians in the previous Russo-Turkish war. This was to be a different battle than those with the Mamluks, one against a commander who had experience against European armies. Mustapha Pasha knew of Napoleon's strengths; his superlative tactics, decisiveness in speed and the imperviousness of his squares. He nullified these advantages by fortifying his army in two strong defensive lines along the peninsula, with both his flanks anchored on the shores. This protected him from flanking action, and also forced the French to attack on his own terms. Napoleon approached Abukir with the divisions of Lannes, Desaix and Murat's cavalry, 7,700 men and 1,000 horsemen, and the Turks had 15,000-18,000 men, 8,000 of whom were in a condition to fight. According to François Furet and Denis Richet ("French Revolution", Macmillan 1970, XI-14). According to Mustapha Pasha himself, corroborated by British commander Sidney Smith, this number was actually only 7,000 men. The clash between the two armies took place near Alexandria, but the victorious French called it "the battle of Abu Qir" (or Aboukir) to avenge
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last extremity. The Pasha's 2nd letter to the besieged Turks chided them for their continued resistance, which was spilling more blood needlessly, at this juncture the besieged Turks agreed to a ceasefire. The French colonel in charge of the engineers, Bertrand used the advantage of this ceasefire to reconnoiter the fort, but a firefight broke out subsequently. The Turks sallied out of the fort and captured a few houses in front of it, Lannes wanted to counterattack and drive them back, but he was dissuaded from this by
Bertrand, who wisely stated that even if these buildings were retaken, it would cost the French more troops when the Turks try to recapture them, and advised Lannes to wait a few days until the digging of siege trenches was complete, which would force the Turkish soldiers back inside the fort, and the siege would ideally cost no casualties to the French. The Turks, encouraged by their small success, made another sortie and captured more buildings in the village on June 28. And after this, even made a sortie on French positions on Sheikh hill.
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838:, who was in the siege trenches, attacked the Turks and drove them out of the village back inside the fortress. At the 30th, two batteries of heavy guns and three batteries of mortars came into action and began bombarding the fort, while at the night of the 30th French sappers began mining below the fort to mine and blow up the counterscarp. But at 2 August, at dawn, the Turks crowded out of their fort, without any envoy of capitulation. The Turkish troops were starved, and many became delirious and half-crazed from drinking seawater over the course of the siege. After holding out for 8 days, they simply walked out en-masse and asked for mercy. Of their surrender, the French captain Charles François describes the surrender;
789:' division was placed on the right. Murat was in the vanguard with his cavalrymen. The Turkish fortifications and trenches on the western flank, facing Lanusse, were still unfinished, and the division under Lanusse managed to breakthrough the Turkish line after ferocious fighting. Lannuse took advantage of the rout on the Ottoman right flank to swing around and behind the left flank of the 1st enemy defensive line. This caused a widespread panic among the defending Turks on the left flank, without anywhere to retreat, many took to the water and attempted to swim to the nearest Turkish and British ships, where almost all of them drowned. According to Napoleon,
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to send the heavily wounded Turks to the Anglo-Ottoman fleet in exchange for the captured French garrison of
Aboukir), Sidney Smith then handed the French envoy appointed by Napoleon several of the latest newspapers, and verbally told the envoy that the directory had summoned Napoleon back to Paris (he had read the summons letter, which was intercepted by the British blockade, and presumably was trying to get Napoleon out of Egypt, which would ideally greatly weaken the French position in Egypt). Napoleon read these newspapers, which were more confirmation to the grave situation political situation of France in Europe, where almost all of the
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756:, located 40 miles south of Aboukir. Kleber was to set out with his division from the eastern Delta for Damanhur as well, Desaix was to march down the Nile with as much of his division as possible to provide a reserve in case the Ottoman army marched on Cairo. Napoleon set out with almost all the French troops in Cairo for Damanhur as well, leaving the city to be policed and garrisoned only by his local Egyptian 'police chief', a man known as "Barthelemy". Marmont was ordered by Napoleon to remain in Alexandria with his 1,200 troops, in case the Turkish army marched upon it.
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the isthmus that leads to
Rosetta (east) and the isthmus that leads to Alexandria (west). Previously, this was only true for Alexandria. The lake south of Aboukir (sporadically referred to as Aboukir bay or lake of Aboukir or by its local name 'Lake Ma'adieh), came to existence in 1770 when the beachwall south-east of the peninsula was breached by high tides, flooding the large landmass. This made Aboukir reachable only by 3 thin avenues; the road extending directly southwards leading to Damanhur and the
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913:(ceremonial flags issued to Pashas). The captured cannons included two small English cannons, which were presented by the King of England as a gift to Sultan Selim. These cannons were given to a French cavalry brigade. For his gallant charge and capture of the Turkish Pasha, Napoleon promoted Murat to divisional general, and gave him great credit for the victory at Aboukir. Lannes was also promoted to divisional general, and Bertrand to the rank of colonel.
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death. But our commanders and soldiers, forgetting their previous hatred of the enemy, felt for them all the compassion and care evoked by their deplorable state. We gave them food and drink, and in spite of the precautions taken to prevent the illness that comes from eating too much too quickly after having suffered from hunger, three-quarters of those 3,000 men died of indigestion.
959:. Sidney Smith would soon, for reasons that can only be understood as elaborate, lift the blockade of the Egyptian coast and take his fleet for provisioning at an allied port (he would state that his salted provisions were completely exhausted at this stage). This gave Napoleon an opening in which he would be able to escape from Egypt.
977:). He very secretively prepared to abandon Egypt and go back to France and only informed Kleber with a letter in the very same day he departed, to the great chagrin of his troops and generals who viewed this as nothing short of betrayal (especially Kleber, who would be appalled to see the letters Napoleon dispatched to
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6th. The absolute denial of the
Turkish launches to accompany the English commodore when he went with his boats to the westward, after having cleared the east side of the Peninsula of every Frenchman, so that when the English boats came round and found the French infantry lodged and crouched amongst
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The French suffered only 220 dead and 600 wounded while the
Turkish losses were enormous: 2,000 dead on the battlefield, 11,000 men drowned, 5,000 prisoners of war and 2,000 missing and unaccounted for. Napoleon would claim that "of the enemy who came ashore, not a single one escaped." This was not
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The French then proceeded to attack the 2nd
Turkish line, which was strongly defended. The French attack, under bombardment from the Turkish and English ships, was repulsed, but the western side of the peninsula was poorly supported by English and Turkish ships, two impressions made by the French on
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over the course of the last several months (Murad had been chased squarely out of Egypt, and had been forced to seek refuge in some remote oasis' and prey on Sudanese villages south of Upper Egypt to survive). When Napoleon received (at the time he was several miles northwest of Cairo, participating
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Napoleon learned from the Pasha of the situation in Europe, where a large coalition was threatening France. (he had been completely in the dark regarding developments in Europe for a long time, due to the British blockade). And an envoy sent to Sidney Smith for exchanging prisoners (Napoleon wanted
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5th. The backwardness of the Turkish gun-boats, which were ordered to take a commanding station to the westward of the Isthmus, but which never arrived there ; also the inefficacy of the Turkish launches, which were ordered to possess themselves of the lake, and cross their fire on the Isthmus
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Aboukir is a small, thin peninsula jutting out of the Egyptian coastline, approximately ~35 kilometers north-west (due west) of Alexandria on the coastline. The peninsula overlooks bays on both of its side. The peninsula and fort occupy a strategic point, as they overlook the juncture that connects
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Napoleon at this stage left for Alexandria and gave charge of the siege to Lannes. Mustapha Pasha, who was now a captive of the French, wrote multiple dispatches to the beleaguered Turks, ordering them to surrender, this was refused and the survivors of the battle swore to defend the fort to their
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Outside the Pasha's tent, the mayhem did not cease, and the Turkish army had broken into a complete rout and thousands of soldiers were fleeing to the sea on both sides of the Peninsula. A few thousand of the Turks retreated northwards and took refuge inside the fort of Aboukir, these included the
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Napoleon assembled 10,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry at Damanhur. He was greatly concerned that the Turkish army would march out of the Peninsula and attack anywhere in Egypt, so he set out immediately with his army without waiting for Kleber. He arrived near Aboukir in 24 July and was relieved to
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3rd. The Pasha not having listened to the advice on this head, sent him by Sir Sidney Smith, through Major Bromley, which pointed out Damietta and Rosetta as the stations to which his forces should be directed, while the fleet occupied the Bay of Aboukir being not only a powerful diversion, but
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I am sorry to have to acquaint your lordship of the entire defeat of the first division of the Ottoman army, destined to act against the enemy in Egypt, under the command of his excellency Mustapha Serasker, who is wounded and taken prisoner, after having defended himself gallantly, and wounded
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They came out to offer themselves up to the vengeance of their victors. The son of the Pasha and his lieutenants came out at the head of the Turkish soldiers, who looked like ghosts. They threw down their arms that they no longer had the strength to carry, and all of them bowed down, asking for
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Proud of this success, Mustapha Pasha was in no hurry to march on Cairo. Murad Bey, who had managed to escape and join him, said, "The French dreaded that you could not support the presence, I watch, and they are fleeing before me." and Murad replied, "Pasha, be glad that it suits the French to
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On 14 July a British fleet of sixty ships landed with 16,000 men under the command of Mustapha Pasha, a veteran of the last Russo-Turkish war. The Ottoman troops overran the encampment of 300 French troops near Aboukir and slaughtered them, then set siege on the fortress of Aboukir – which was
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was an experienced commander who had fought against the Russians. He knew that cavalry charges against the French squares were futile. So, he sought to avoid them by fortifying his beachhead with two defensive lines. From this beachhead Mustafa could carry out the invasion of Egypt. However,
752:, then military-governor of Alexandria, on July 15, reporting that a large flotilla of English and Ottoman ships had arrived off Aboukir and disembarked 10,000 troops, Napoleon wasted no time and sent several dispatches. He ordered Murat to stop the pursuit of Murad bey and to converge to
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4th. The want of water, owing to want of casks in the transports, and even in the Turkish men-of-war, which rendered the disembarkation on the first point of the coast of Egypt which they reached, an object of unavoidable necessity, and occasioned the extreme of distress for want of that
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2nd. Its being far less in number than supposed and reported, and certainly unequal to undertaking the siege of Alexandria, consequently fit only to carry on a harassing war of posts, under the protection of the naval force, to cause a division in favour of the Vizier, and facilitate his
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The ottoman army fled in panic. Some Ottomans drowned trying to swim to the British ships two miles away from shore, while others fled to Abukir castle, but they surrendered shortly thereafter. The Turkish army was annihilated, French losses were under 1,000. News of the victory reached
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With British support, the Ottomans now declared war on France, and in 1799 sent two armies to recapture Egypt. One of these was carried by the British fleet, while the other marched down the Syrian coast. Napoleon took the initiative and marched north in February 1799, taking
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Murat's charge was so rapid that he burst inside Mustafa's tent and captured the Turkish commander, severing two of the Turk's fingers with his sabre. In return, Mustafa shot Murat in the jaw. Immediately, Murat was operated on and resumed his duties the next day.
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Napoleon camped his army for the night of the 24th, the next morning on 25 July he ordered an attack on the Ottoman army. Mustapha Pasha arranged his army in two strongly defended lines with both flanks anchored in the shores of the peninsula.
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The French attacked the Ottoman positions and quickly broke through the first defensive line before it was fully completed. The second line, however, proved tougher to defeat and the French withdrew for a while. At this point, cavalry general
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on its western embankment. (Later in 1801 the British would breach this embankment, causing the brackish seawater to flood into lake Mariouts, which hugely increased its size and cut Alexandria's most significant source of freshwater).
1004:(fought a short distance west of the battlefield of Aboukir, on the isthmus to Alexandria) and surrendered on 2 September on identical conditions that were negotiated and agreed on previously by Kleber, Sidney Smith and the
707:, the isthmus leading westward to Alexandria, and the isthmus leading eastward to Rosetta. The middle landmass and road leading southward had lake Ma'adieh/Aboukir bay on its eastern embankment, and the ancient freshwater
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likewise conductive to the blockade and reduction of Alexandria by famine, which, now that it is strongly fortified, is the only way that an army, unused to the European mode of carrying on a siege, can attempt it.
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Military Career of Napoleon the Great: An Account of the Remarkable Campaigns of the "man of Destiny"; Authentic Anecdotes of the Battlefield as Told by the Famous Marshals and Generals of the First Empire
981:, in which he minimized and downplayed the precarious conditions of the expedition. Kleber would dispatch a strong-worded letter to the directory informing them of the reality of the situation).
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Abukir gave the French a few months respite. Desaix continued through Upper Egypt in search of Murad Bey, who would soon accept a conditional peace with the French and ally himself with them.
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indispensable article, when the army had retreated into the castle, where the single well furnishes only brackish water, although the Peninsula furnishes good water wherever wells are sunk.
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true, Sidney Smith dispatched some boats to rescue some of the Turks who ran into the waters. Among the Ottomans rescued from the water was thirty-years old officer of Albanian descent
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739:" (who was observing him from the roof of her palace). Napoleon was not alerted by this, as the bey had only a skeleton force of Mamluks with him, and was worn out to the bone by
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Lannes could not hold back anymore and ordered an attack to drive the Turks back into the fort. During the fighting, he was wounded with a musket ball, and had to be evacuated.
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The enemy threw themselves into the water in an attempt to reach the boats which were more than 2 miles out at sea; they all drowned, the most horrible sight I've seen.
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garrisoned by a skeletal force of 35 French troops. These troops would surrender 3 days later. The peninsula changed hands and Ottoman flags fluttered on the bastion.
558:. (A second pitched battle followed on 8 March 1801.) No sooner had the French forces returned from a campaign to Syria, than the Ottoman forces were transported to
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1556:"Dominique-Jean Larrey, Chief Surgeon of the French Army with Napoleon in Egypt: Notes and Observations on Larrey's Medical Memoirs Based on the Egyptian Campaign"
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Sir William Sidney Smith, Letter to Lord Nelson, August 2nd 1799 off Aboukir bay. The life and correspondence of Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith, G.C.B., p.364
815:. The French bombarded the fort day and night, and the Turkish officers soon agreed to surrender, but their troops mutinied against this, having heard of
919:, leading the British flotilla, wrote the following to be "Causes of the defeat of the Ottoman army under Mustapha Pasha Serasker on the 25th July 1799;
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1st. The primary cause was the original formation of the army under feudal chiefs, without connection in its parts, organisation, or gradation in rank.
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and assist local uprisings against the British. This was duly approved, and in July 1798, a French expeditionary force of over 40,000 landed in
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The battle has become one of the greatly celebrated victories in French history. It has a plate relief on the Arc de Triomphe, and the
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before Napoleon arrived in October and this made him even more popular, an important asset considering the troubles brewing in the
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at the time) then took command of the siege. The Turks then made yet another sortie, capturing a bridgehead to the fort.
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several months later, on 1 November, and Kleber tenuously maintained French rule over the country thanks to his
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Sir Sidney Smith dispatched a letter to Horatio Nelson, on August 2, informing him of the defeat, writing;
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Pasha's son. These troops were reinforced by a detachment of English marines, which Sidney dispatched from
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On the main battlefield, the French captured 100 Ottoman banners, 32 field guns, 400 horses and three
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withdraw because if they turned, you would disappear before them like dust before the north wind."
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immediately saw the flaw in the tactic as it meant that the Turks had nowhere to run if routed.
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had been ruled as a semi-autonomous province for centuries, and its potential occupation by
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James, T. G. H. (2003). "Napoleon and Egyptology: Britain's Debt to French Enterprise".
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on 18 March 1800, but less than a month later he was murdered in his garden in Cairo by
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Napoleon previously received reports that Murad Bey was riding due north, passing the
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saw his opportunity and attacked with his cavalry, quickly routing the exposed Turks.
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the great slaughter of Ottoman prisoners captured by the French in the siege of Jaffa
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lakes west of Cairo, he ordered Murat out to pursue him. But the bey returned to
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91:
1591:
The Sea Warriors: Fighting Captains and Frigate Warfare in the Age of Nelson
687:, an engineer and master of artillery who had studied with Bonaparte at the
1581:
1427:
910:
740:
708:
672:
559:
547:
83:
1572:
1555:
955:
were captured by the Austrians, and there was another insurrection in the
1391:
The Age of Napoleon: A History of European Civilization from 1789 to 1815
984:
In the long term, a French presence in Egypt was impossible to maintain.
786:
744:
640:
213:
397:
1455:. Vol. 1, A–G. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 3–4.
1307:
The life and correspondence of Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith, G.C.B.
704:
696:
652:
1340:
1000:. Kleber's successor, Menou, lacking the skills of a war leader, was
660:
956:
1594:
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664:
539:
831:
692:
79:
1670:
1629:
724:
605:. This battle temporarily secured France's control over Egypt.
927:
uninterrupted progress into Egypt by the way of the desert.
879:
668:
648:
624:
1439:
At Aboukir and Acre: A Story of Napoleon's Invasion of Egypt
695:. The city was continually replenished with supplies by the
728:
1310:
Robarts – University of Toronto. London : R. Bentley.
635:
proposed its annexation as part of a wider plan to weaken
1597:, South Yorkshire, England: Seaforth Publishing. p.
785:'s division was placed on the left French flank, while
906:, who six years later would rule and transform Egypt.
631:
had been under discussion since 1774. In early 1798,
270:
7,000 in a state fit to fight according to the Pasha
1186:
643:. He hoped to use Egypt as the first step in taking
18:
Battle during the French Campaign in Egypt and Syria
1533:
Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World
268:5,000 under Mustapha Pasha, 2,000 under Hassan Bey
1490:
1388:
1366:Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns
1198:
798:Napoleon Bonaparte, Correspondence, Vol 5., p. 541
1221:
3580:
735:, and using a mirror, "sent several signals to
346:
313:
262:1,000 Cavalry : 335 men’s first 22th July
165:
1271:
1233:
857:Aboukir fort and peninsula, as it was in 1813.
1656:
1453:Ground Warfare: An international encyclopedia
1418:. Akron, Ohio: Saalfield Publishing. p.
570:fleet to put an end to French rule in Egypt.
383:
1386:
1304:Smith, William Sidney; Barrow, John (1848).
1152:
1150:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1056:
1054:
3548:List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century
1303:
966:in the small flotilla under the command of
1663:
1649:
1346:Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East
1077:
1075:
1073:
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990:2nd Turkish amphibious assault at Damietta
390:
376:
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21:For other battles with similar names, see
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1147:
1120:
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1108:
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218:
207:
196:
3619:Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe
3594:Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars
1446:
1363:
1102:Paul Strathern, Napoleon in Egypt p. 396
1081:
1060:
865:
852:
771:
748:in the hunt of Murad bey) a report from
138:
1588:
1227:
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1019:in Paris was named after this victory.
238:
3581:
3557:List of Ottoman battles in World War I
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3543:For 20th-century battles before 1914
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743:'s protracted pursuit of him through
371:
3599:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
1560:Canadian Bulletin of Medical History
1553:
1387:Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel (1975).
1339:
1239:
1216:
1008:, but declined and foundered by the
762:the former defeat of 1–3 August 1798
683:, the Ottoman governor, assisted by
3552:For the battles during World War I
870:"The Battle of Aboukir", relief by
13:
3614:French invasion of Egypt and Syria
1368:(3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland:
1292:
1245:
615:French campaign in Egypt and Syria
40:French invasion of Egypt and Syria
14:
3635:
1622:
1278:. Internet Archive. Bantam Dell.
295:2,000 missing and unaccounted for
23:Battle of Abukir (disambiguation)
1628:
1613:Originally published in 2001 by
1399:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
1349:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
953:Italian territories he conquered
345:
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167:
154:
140:
1314:
1265:
1210:
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619:Although nominally part of the
354:Battle of Abukir (1799) (Earth)
1554:Wood, Mary Mendenhall (2008).
1162:
1135:
1096:
1087:
1031:or Battle of Abukir Bay (1798)
1:
1451:. In Sandler, Stanley (ed.).
1436:Henty, George Alfred (1899).
1432:Originally published in 1895.
1414:Gibbs, Montgomery B. (1913).
1040:
608:
326:Location within Mediterranean
1447:Isenberg, Joseph M. (2002).
1442:. London: Blackie & Son.
1045:
861:
550:on 25 July 1799, during the
7:
1531:Watson, William E. (2003).
1516:. Oxford, England: Osprey.
1022:
874:on the South Façade of the
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671:, but was then held up at
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20:
3567:Ottoman victories are in
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1988:
1975:
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1589:Woodman, Richard (2014).
1397:The Story of Civilization
767:
679:. The defence was led by
416:
408:French Revolutionary Wars
329:Show map of Mediterranean
299:
278:
254:
181:
132:
62:
45:
37:
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1474:. British Museum Press.
1449:"Aboukir (25 July 1799)"
1370:Rowman & Littlefield
1257:Strathern, Paul (2008).
1130:Durant & Durant 1975
552:French campaign in Egypt
538:(or Aboukir or Abu Qir)
245:Sir William Sidney Smith
1635:Battle of Abukir (1799)
1364:Connelly, Owen (2006).
1272:Paul Strathern (2008).
1035:Battle of Abukir (1801)
1535:. Greenwood. pp.
1512:Pawly, Ronald (2012).
1489:McLynn, Frank (2002).
1323:Correspondence, Vol. 5
1010:British prime minister
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899:
883:
858:
851:
830:(military governor of
801:
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691:but was now a British
685:Antoine de Phélippeaux
289:2,000 killed in action
229:Jacques-François Menou
182:Commanders and leaders
1573:10.3138/cbmh.25.2.515
1493:Napoleon: A biography
998:a student of theology
994:victory at Heliopolis
921:
888:
869:
856:
840:
791:
775:
279:Casualties and losses
1637:at Wikimedia Commons
1514:Napoleon's Mamelukes
1497:. New York: Arcade.
1006:Ottoman Grand Vizier
988:managed to defeat a
986:Jean Antoine Verdier
401:Egypt–Syria campaign
323:class=notpageimage|
284:220 killed in action
272:18,000 or 20,000 men
53:The Battle of Abukir
1002:defeated at Canopus
101: /
1171:, pp. 196–197
1029:Battle of the Nile
884:
859:
778:
633:Napoleon Bonaparte
574:Seid Mustafa Pasha
556:Battle of the Nile
544:Seid Mustafa Pasha
540:Napoleon Bonaparte
421:Prise d'Alexandrie
188:Napoleon Bonaparte
3589:Conflicts in 1799
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3086:(1789–1908)
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2345:(1550–1700)
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1980:(1453–1550)
1971:
1970:
1688:(1299–1453)
1633:Media related to
1608:978-1-84832-202-8
1523:978-1-78096-419-5
1504:978-1-55970-631-5
1462:978-1-57607-344-5
1406:978-0-671-21988-8
1379:978-0-7425-5317-0
1356:978-1-4039-6431-1
1285:978-0-553-80678-6
1275:Napoleon in Egypt
1259:Napoleon in Egypt
647:, then to invade
639:interests in the
529:
528:
366:
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357:Show map of Earth
128:
127:
105:31.317°N 30.067°E
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1395:. Volume XI of
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1676:Ottoman Empire
1674:involving the
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1623:External links
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1325:. p. 537.
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3283:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3083:Modernization
3080:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:Naval battles
3028:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2861:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:Naval battles
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2339:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:Naval battles
2238:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1977:Classical Age
1974:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:Naval battles
1954:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1546:0-275-97470-7
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1483:
1481:0-7141-5010-X
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1242:, p. 520
1241:
1236:
1230:, p. 122
1229:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1183:, p. 202
1182:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1159:, p. 196
1158:
1153:
1151:
1144:, p. 195
1143:
1138:
1132:, p. 113
1131:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1099:
1090:
1083:
1082:Connelly 2006
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1061:Isenberg 2002
1057:
1055:
1050:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1017:Rue D'Aboukir
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
979:the Directory
976:
972:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
918:
914:
912:
907:
905:
892:
887:
881:
877:
873:
868:
855:
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
828:General Menou
824:
820:
818:
814:
813:
805:
794:
790:
788:
784:
774:
765:
763:
757:
755:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
717:
713:
710:
706:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:Djezzar Pasha
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
616:
606:
604:
600:
594:
590:
588:
582:
580:
575:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
521:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
415:
410:
403:
393:
388:
386:
381:
379:
374:
373:
370:
341:
324:
308:
298:
288:
283:
282:
277:
271:
266:
259:
258:
253:
246:
241:
235:
234:Mustafa Pasha
232:
230:
226:
221:
215:
210:
204:
199:
193:
192:Joachim Murat
189:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:Great Britain
163:
152:
149:
137:
136:
131:
123:
120:
119:
114:
85:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
58:
54:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
24:
16:
3568:
3553:
3544:
3484:
3462:
3444:
3422:
3380:
3373:
3351:
3279:
3272:
3250:
3238:
3231:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3150:
3138:
3111:
3095:Land battles
3036:
3018:
3011:
2949:
2942:
2920:
2913:
2909:2nd Belgrade
2904:Petrovaradin
2896:
2889:
2882:
2876:Land battles
2847:
2835:
2808:
2791:
2769:
2757:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2695:Egri Palanka
2693:
2686:
2669:
2662:
2650:
2628:
2581:
2569:
2562:
2540:
2533:
2521:
2504:
2497:
2475:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2354:Land battles
2325:
2321:Gulf of Oman
2308:
2291:
2279:
2272:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2228:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2096:
2064:
2057:
2045:
2011:1st Belgrade
1989:Land battles
1944:
1932:
1910:
1893:
1884:Hermannstadt
1876:
1869:
1864:Thessalonica
1862:
1855:
1843:
1816:
1799:
1789:Philadelphia
1787:
1780:
1773:
1768:Sırp Sındığı
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1705:Kulaca Hisar
1703:
1697:Land battles
1590:
1563:
1559:
1532:
1513:
1492:
1471:
1452:
1438:
1415:
1396:
1390:
1365:
1345:
1322:
1316:
1306:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1235:
1228:Woodman 2014
1223:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1137:
1098:
1089:
1014:
983:
970:
963:
961:
949:
946:
941:
939:with them.
937:
933:
929:
925:
922:
917:Sidney Smith
915:
908:
904:Muhammed Ali
900:
889:
885:
841:
825:
821:
811:
806:
802:
792:
779:
758:
733:the Pyramids
731:and climbed
722:
718:
714:
709:Lake Mariout
701:
657:
618:
595:
591:
583:
572:
564:Sidney Smith
548:Ottoman army
535:
533:
520:capitulation
501:El Rahmaniya
471:2nd El Arish
465:
446:1st El Arish
267:
203:Géraud Duroc
133:Belligerents
70:25 July 1799
52:
38:Part of the
15:
3388:Shipka Pass
3342:Başgedikler
3337:Akhaltsikhe
3302:Akhaltsikhe
3146:Mount Tabor
3129:Shubra Khit
3064:2nd Ochakov
3007:2nd Ochakov
2967:Stavunchany
2962:1st Ochakov
2506:Nagykanizsa
2184:Leobersdorf
1321:Bonaparte.
1205:Watson 2003
1181:McLynn 2002
1169:McLynn 2002
1157:McLynn 2002
1142:McLynn 2002
1117:, p. 7
1063:, p. 4
745:Upper Egypt
641:Middle East
286:600 wounded
248:Patrona Bey
214:Jean Lannes
108: /
3583:Categories
3382:Kızıl Tepe
3258:Dervenakia
3156:Heliopolis
3020:Karánsebes
2944:Banja Luka
2864:Old Regime
2849:Samothrace
2777:Cape Corvo
2671:Negroponte
2658:2nd Mohács
2652:Vrtijeljka
2619:2nd Vienna
2604:2nd Khotyn
2589:Krasnobród
2529:1st Khotyn
2517:Tashiskari
2483:Călugăreni
2430:Gvozdansko
2402:Mostaganem
2281:Formentera
2274:1st Jeddah
2171:1st Mohács
2136:Mercidabık
2072:Breadfield
2059:Valea Albă
2021:Târgoviște
2006:2nd Oranik
1934:2nd Kosovo
1928:1st Oranik
1829:Karanovasa
1795:Dubravnica
1761:Adrianople
1341:Cole, Juan
1193:James 2003
1115:Pawly 2012
1041:References
705:Nile Delta
697:Royal Navy
677:two months
653:Alexandria
609:Background
516:Alexandria
506:Al Khankah
476:Heliopolis
250:Hassan Bey
3440:Velestino
3435:Al Wajbah
3359:Eupatoria
3347:Kurekdere
3307:Kulevicha
3263:Karpenisi
3233:Drăgășani
2997:Kozludzha
2933:Yeghevārd
2837:Oinousses
2701:Slankamen
2614:Trembowla
2564:Novi Zrin
2499:Keresztes
2493:2nd Brest
2458:1st Brest
2230:Sokhoista
2218:Esztergom
2143:Han Yunus
2087:Cătlăbuga
2047:Otlukbeli
2026:2nd Mokra
1963:Gallipoli
1918:1st Mokra
1878:Novo Brdo
1845:Nicopolis
1824:Kırkdilim
1747:Gallipoli
1733:Pelekanon
1617:, London.
1615:Constable
1240:Wood 2008
1217:Cole 2007
1046:Citations
968:Ganteaume
862:Aftermath
810:HMS
675:for over
661:Gaza City
542:defeated
3522:Navarino
3517:Gerontas
3480:Kaliakra
3413:Taşkesen
3403:4th Kars
3369:3rd Kars
3364:Chernaya
3353:Oltenița
3317:2nd Acre
3292:2nd Kars
3281:Phaleron
3274:Kamatero
3268:Arachova
3246:Vasilika
3217:Valtetsi
3181:Al-Safra
3176:Slobozia
3166:Arpachai
3140:1st Acre
3134:Pyramids
3069:Fidonisi
2982:Aspindza
2977:Khresili
2972:1st Kars
2831:Mytilene
2787:Focchies
2717:Moulouya
2711:Ustechko
2677:Batočina
2594:Niemirów
2542:Köbölkút
2369:Temesvár
2299:Girolata
2262:Balearic
2150:Ridanieh
2130:Koçhisar
2117:Turnadag
2110:Çaldıran
2016:Albulena
2001:Krusevac
1996:Leskovac
1906:Torvioll
1901:Kunovica
1895:Zlatitsa
1740:Demotika
1595:Barnsley
1582:19227793
1343:(2007).
1023:See also
894:—
846:—
796:—
754:Damanhur
737:his wife
665:El Arish
579:Napoleon
431:Pyramids
255:Strength
75:Location
3569:italics
3507:Nauplia
3502:Algiers
3446:Domokos
3430:Mouzaki
3418:Novšiće
3398:Aladzha
3375:Al-Hasa
3312:Algiers
3240:Sculeni
3222:Doliana
3212:Erzurum
3201:Alamana
3113:Giurgiu
3102:Focșani
3044:Matapan
3013:Mehadia
3002:Kinburn
2957:Perekop
2922:Samarra
2915:Kurijan
2826:Algiers
2821:Algiers
2816:Algiers
2765:Lepanto
2688:Zernest
2682:2nd Niš
2641:Eperjes
2624:Párkány
2599:Komarno
2583:Ładyżyn
2512:Sufiyan
2488:Giurgiu
2444:Torches
2416:Szigeth
2395:Tlemcen
2362:Tlemcen
2304:Alborán
2293:Preveza
2248:Zonchio
2224:Karagak
2204:Algiers
2197:Baghdad
2190:Gorjani
2164:Tlemcen
2124:Algiers
2066:Shkodra
1923:Otonetë
1889:1st Niš
1871:Golubac
1857:Çamurlu
1807:Pločnik
1782:Maritsa
1775:Samokov
1754:Ihtiman
1712:Bapheus
1672:Battles
1428:1253331
1333:Sources
832:Rosetta
783:Lanusse
750:Marmont
693:Colonel
637:British
568:British
534:In the
486:Mandora
405:of the
274:30 guns
264:17 guns
236: (
216: (
205: (
194: (
96:30°04′E
93:31°19′N
80:Abu Qir
3475:Tendra
3464:Andros
3424:Ulcinj
3393:Plevna
3207:Gravia
3187:Jeddah
3151:Abukir
3119:Izmail
3107:Rymnik
3054:Patras
3038:Imbros
2951:Grocka
2928:Kirkuk
2884:Chelif
2843:Andros
2759:Cyprus
2664:Crimea
2535:Candia
2523:Cecora
2437:Çıldır
2376:Palast
2327:Djerba
2104:Dubica
2098:Krbava
2092:Vrpile
2053:Vaslui
2036:Vaikal
1851:Ankara
1834:Rovine
1818:Kosovo
1812:Bileća
1726:Nicaea
1719:Dimbos
1678:by era
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964:Muiron
957:Vendée
836:Davout
787:Lannes
768:Battle
741:Desaix
725:Natron
667:, and
629:France
599:France
491:Canope
172:
159:
148:France
145:
121:Result
3527:Sinop
3512:Samos
3497:Athos
3332:Nezib
3327:Konya
3297:Varna
3287:Petra
3227:Lalas
3194:Čegar
3171:Batin
3161:Derna
3124:Măcin
3049:Çeşme
2992:Kagul
2987:Larga
2938:Ganja
2898:Pruth
2771:Tunis
2742:Zenta
2724:Lugos
2706:Hodów
2646:Kassa
2571:Jijel
2477:Banat
2471:Sisak
2465:Bihać
2409:Krupa
2389:Tadla
2310:Ponza
2287:Tunis
2255:Modon
2157:Jajce
2082:Adana
2041:Meçad
2031:Ohrid
1940:Polog
1912:Varna
1839:Ohrid
1801:Savra
1537:13–14
975:Monge
880:Paris
812:Tigre
669:Jaffa
649:India
625:Egypt
587:Murat
560:Egypt
451:Jaffa
84:Egypt
55:, by
3322:Hims
3252:Peta
2891:Oran
2737:Azov
2731:Ulaş
2630:Buda
2609:Lwów
2211:Pest
1685:Rise
1603:ISBN
1578:PMID
1541:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1424:OCLC
1401:ISBN
1374:ISBN
1351:ISBN
1280:ISBN
729:Giza
673:Acre
456:Acre
436:Nile
67:Date
3554:see
3545:see
2636:Vác
2423:Fez
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2268:Diu
2077:Una
1599:122
1568:doi
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562:by
546:'s
239:POW
219:WIA
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197:WIA
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