Prisoner of war - Knowledge

3826: 3074: 4838: 3203: 3866: 33: 2641: 6141:"But when the outcries of the lackies and boies, which ran awaie for feare of the Frenchmen thus spoiling the campe came to the kings eares, he doubting least his enimies should gather togither againe, and begin a new field; and mistrusting further that the prisoners would be an aid to his enimies, or the verie enimies to their takers in deed if they were suffered to live, contrarie to his accustomed gentleness, commended by sound of trumpet, that everie man (upon pain and death) should uncontinentlie slaie his prisoner. When this dolorous decree, and pitifull proclamation was pronounced, pitie it was to see how some Frenchmen were suddenlie sticked with daggers, some were brained with pollaxes, some slaine with malls, others had their throats cut, and some their bellies panched, so that in effect, having respect to the great number, few prisoners were saved." 2802: 3295: 77: 4357: 4862: 4117: 4093: 3082: 6058:, The University of Chicago – "Originally, captured soldiers had been made to fight with their own weapons and in their particular style of combat. It was from these conscripted prisoners of war that the gladiators acquired their exotic appearance, a distinction being made between the weapons imagined to be used by defeated enemies and those of their Roman conquerors. The Samnites (a tribe from Campania which the Romans had fought in the fourth and third centuries BC) were the prototype for Rome's professional gladiators, and it was their equipment that first was used and later adopted for the arena. Two other gladiatorial categories also took their name from defeated tribes, the Galli (Gauls) and Thraeces (Thracians)." 3765: 3566: 3882: 3902: 4225: 4368: 3842: 3792: 2426: 3811: 3055: 5102: 5291: 5343: 4564: 2334: 4035:

where food rations were meager and conditions squalid. One American admitted "The only difference between the stalags and concentration camps was that we weren't gassed or shot in the former. I do not recall a single act of compassion or mercy on the part of the Germans." Typical meals consisted of a bread slice and watery potato soup which was still more substantial than what Soviet POWs or concentration camp inmates received. Another prisoner stated that "The German plan was to keep us alive, yet weakened enough that we wouldn't attempt escape."

5322: 8957:, "American and Australian soldiers massacred Japanese prisoners of war" according to The Faraway War by Prof Richard Aldrich of Nottingham University. From the diaries of Charles Lindberg: as told by a US officer, "Oh, we could take more if we wanted to", one of the officers replied. "But our boys don't like to take prisoners." "It doesn't encourage the rest to surrender when they hear of their buddies being marched out on the flying field and machine-guns turned loose on them." On Australian soldiers attitudes 4548: 4415: 3854: 4603:

and employers resented the idle prisoners, and efforts were made to decentralise the camps and reduce security enough that more prisoners could work. By the end of May 1944, POW employment was at 72.8%, and by late April 1945 it had risen to 91.3%. The sector that made the most use of POW workers was agriculture. There was more demand than supply of prisoners throughout the war, and 14,000 POW repatriations were delayed in 1946 so prisoners could be used in the spring farming seasons, mostly to thin and block

4556: 4884:). Their POWs were housed in three camps, according to their potential usefulness to the North Korean army. Peace camps and reform camps were for POWs that were either sympathetic to the cause or who had valued skills that could be useful to the North Korean military; these enemy soldiers were indoctrinated and sometimes conscripted into the North Korean army. While POWs in peace camps were reportedly treated with more consideration, regular prisoners of war were usually tortured or treated very poorly. 3780: 3581:, the Japanese captured 350,000 POWs, of which 131,134 came from Britain, the Netherlands, Australia, the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Of these 131,134 POWs, 35,756 died while detained, the death rate of Western prisoners was thus 27.1 per cent, seven times that of Western POWs under the Germans and Italians. The death rate of Chinese was much higher. Thus, while 37,583 prisoners from the United Kingdom, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the 5166: 5244: 4661:

occupation zones of Germany, as well as providing relief to the prisoners held there. On 4 February 1946, the Red Cross was also permitted to visit and assist prisoners in the US occupation zone of Germany, although only with very small quantities of food. "During their visits, the delegates observed that German prisoners of war were often detained in appalling conditions. They drew the attention of the authorities to this fact, and gradually succeeded in getting some improvements made".

4826: 2626: 2693:, there were increased efforts to improve the treatment and processing of prisoners. As a result of these emerging conventions, a number of international conferences were held, starting with the Brussels Conference of 1874, with nations agreeing that it was necessary to prevent inhumane treatment of prisoners and the use of weapons causing unnecessary harm. Although no agreements were immediately ratified by the participating nations, work was continued that resulted in new 3963: 3499: 11303: 4078:. He wrote about semi-starvation, the casual murder of individual prisoners by guards and how, when they were released (now from a German camp), they found a deserted German town filled with foodstuffs that they (with other released prisoners) ate.. It is estimated that of the 700,000 Italians taken prisoner by the Germans, around 40,000 died in detention and more than 13,000 lost their lives during the transportation from the Greek islands to the mainland. 4854: 2205: 2437:

the state. The European states strove to exert increasing control over all stages of captivity, from the question of who would be attributed the status of prisoner of war to their eventual release. The act of surrender was regulated so that it, ideally, should be legitimised by officers, who negotiated the surrender of their whole unit. Soldiers whose style of fighting did not conform to the battle line tactics of regular European armies, such as

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intention but they carried it out. Not only Russia made use of such labour. France was given hundreds of thousands of German prisoners of war captured by the Americans, and their physical condition became so bad that the American Army authorities themselves protested. In England and the United States, too, some German prisoners of war were being put to work long after the surrender, and in Russia thousands of them worked until the mid-50s."

4532: 5265: 5219: 5195: 2467:, French for "discourse", in which a captured officer surrendered his sword and gave his word as a gentleman in exchange for privileges. If he swore not to escape, he could gain better accommodations and the freedom of the prison. If he swore to cease hostilities against the nation who hold him captive, he could be repatriated or exchanged but could not serve against his former captors in a military capacity. 4027: 11315: 2789:(towards Soviet POWs and Western Allied commandos) were notorious for atrocities against prisoners of war. The German military used the Soviet Union's refusal to sign the Geneva Convention as a reason for not providing the necessities of life to Soviet POWs; and the Soviets also used Axis prisoners as forced labour. The Germans also routinely executed Allied commandos captured behind German lines per the 4846: 3066: 4188: 4113:, the Axis powers took 4.6 million Soviet prisoners, of whom 1.8 million were found alive in camps after the war and 318,770 were released by the Axis during the war and were then drafted into the Soviet armed forces again. By comparison, 8,348 Western Allied prisoners died in German camps during 1939–45 (3.5% of the 232,000 total). 3825: 2548:

to the prison to ensure it was of sufficient quality. Despite the generous supply and quality of food, some prisoners died of starvation after gambling away their rations. Most of the men held in the prison were low-ranking soldiers and sailors, including midshipmen and junior officers, with a small number of

4891:. The Chinese hoped to gain worldwide publicity, and while some prisoners refused to participate, some 500 POWs of eleven nationalities took part. They came from all the North Korean prison camps and competed in football, baseball, softball, basketball, volleyball, track and field, soccer, gymnastics, and 2611:, even while the belligerents were at war. A cartel was usually arranged by the respective armed service for the exchange of like-ranked personnel. The aim was to achieve a reduction in the number of prisoners held, while at the same time alleviating shortages of skilled personnel in the home country. 3928:

After the French armies surrendered in summer 1940, Germany seized two million French prisoners of war and sent them to camps in Germany. About one third were released on various terms. Of the remainder, the officers and non-commissioned officers were kept in camps and did not work. The privates were

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was particularly high. Gavan Daws has calculated that "of all POWs who died in the Pacific War, one in three was killed on the water by friendly fire". Daws states that 10,800 of the 50,000 POWs shipped by the Japanese were killed at sea while Donald L. Miller states that "approximately 21,000 Allied

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was intended to be a model depot providing the most humane treatment of prisoners of war. The British government went to great lengths to provide food of a quality at least equal to that available to locals. The senior officer from each quadrangle was permitted to inspect the food as it was delivered

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In line with this development the treatment of prisoners of war became increasingly regulated in international treaties, particularly in the form of the so-called cartel system, which regulated how the exchange of prisoners would be carried out between warring states. Another such treaty was the 1648

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In Europe, the treatment of prisoners of war became increasingly centralised, in the time period between the 16th and late 18th century. Whereas prisoners of war had previously been regarded as the private property of the captor, captured enemy soldiers became increasingly regarded as the property of

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and declared war on Germany, the United States initially made plans to send Italian POWs back to fight Germany. Ultimately though, the government decided instead to loosen POW work requirements prohibiting Italian prisoners from carrying out war-related work. About 34,000 Italian POWs were active in

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In February 1944, 59.7% of POWs in America were employed. This relatively low percentage was due to problems setting wages that would not compete against those of non-prisoners, to union opposition, as well as concerns about security, sabotage, and escape. Given national manpower shortages, citizens

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In accordance with Article 27 of the Geneva Convention, the POWs were used in various productive activities. In return for providing work, the prisoners were granted payment and accommodation, as well as free time for cleaning, rest, and religious or other activities by their employers, according to

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Between 1941 and 1945 the Axis powers took about 5.7 million Soviet prisoners. About one million of them were released during the war, in that their status changed but they remained under German authority. A little over 500,000 either escaped or were liberated by the Red Army. Some 930,000 more

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Information on conditions in the stalags is contradictory depending on the source. Some American POWs claimed the Germans were victims of circumstance and did the best they could, while others accused their captors of brutalities and forced labour. In any case, the prison camps were miserable places

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was suspended, Confederate officials approached Union General Benjamin Butler, Union Commissioner of Exchange, about resuming the cartel and including the black prisoners. Butler contacted Grant for guidance on the issue, and Grant responded to Butler on 18 August 1864 with his now famous statement.

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made it the responsibility of the Islamic government to provide food and clothing, on a reasonable basis, to captives, regardless of their religion; however, if the prisoners were in the custody of a person, then the responsibility was on the individual. On certain occasions where Muhammad felt the

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until mid-1947 by the Allies. The JSP were used until 1947 for labour purposes, such as road maintenance, recovering corpses for reburial, cleaning, and preparing farmland. Early tasks also included repairing airfields damaged by Allied bombing during the war and maintaining law and order until the

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For correspondence with their families, the prisoners were provided with postcards. However, most of these were not used as the POWs feared reprisals from the Soviet authorities upon learning that they were prisoners in Romania. The punishment of POWs in the Romanian camps was applied following the

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in 1918. The US held 48,000. The most dangerous moment for POWs was the act of surrender, when helpless soldiers were sometimes killed or mistakenly shot down. Once prisoners reached a POW camp conditions were better (and often much better than in World War II), thanks in part to the efforts of the

4672:. Although the Soviet Union had not signed the Geneva Convention, the U.S. chose to hand over several hundred thousand German prisoners to the Soviet Union in May 1945 as a "gesture of friendship". U.S. forces also refused to accept the surrender of German troops attempting to surrender to them in 3585:, the number for the Chinese was only 56. The 27,465 US Army POWs captured in the Pacific Theater, including Filipinos, had a 40.4 per cent death rate. The War Ministry in Tokyo issued an order at the end of the war allowing local commanders to kill remaining POWs without formal orders from Tokyo. 3035:

In 2000, the U.S. military replaced the designation "Prisoner of War" for captured American personnel with "Missing-Captured". A January 2008 directive states that the reasoning behind this is since "Prisoner of War" is the international legal recognised status for such people there is no need for

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At the start of the American Civil War a system of paroles operated. Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged. Meanwhile, they were held in camps run by their own army where they were paid but not allowed to perform any military duties. The system of exchanges collapsed in

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in 1415. This was done in retaliation for the French killing of the boys and other non-combatants handling the baggage and equipment of the army, and because the French were attacking again and Henry was afraid that they would break through and free the prisoners who would rejoin the fight against

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pilots and observers were captured in the Sinai Peninsula, Palestine and the Levant. One third of all Australian prisoners were captured on Gallipoli including the crew of the submarine AE2 which made a passage through the Dardanelles in 1915. Forced marches and crowded railway journeys preceded

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After the surrender of Germany in May 1945, the POW status of the German prisoners was in many cases maintained, and they were for several years used as public labourers in countries such as the UK and France. Many died when forced to clear minefields in countries such as Norway and France. "By

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In September 1943 after the Armistice, Italian officers and soldiers in many places waiting for orders were arrested by Germans and Italian fascists and taken to internment camps in Germany or Eastern Europe, where they were held for the duration of the war. The International Red Cross could do

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There was much harsh treatment of POWs in Germany, as recorded by the American ambassador (prior to America's entry into the war), James W. Gerard, who published his findings in "My Four Years in Germany". Even worse conditions are reported in the book "Escape of a Princess Pat" by the Canadian

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During World War I, about eight million men surrendered and were held in POW camps until the war ended. All nations pledged to follow the Hague rules on fair treatment of prisoners of war, and in general the POWs had a much higher survival rate than their peers who were not captured. Individual

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When a military member is taken prisoner, the Code of Conduct reminds them that the chain of command is still in effect (the highest ranking service member eligible for command, regardless of service branch, is in command), and requires them to support their leadership. The Code of Conduct also

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Eugene Davidsson, "The Trial of the Germans: An Account of the Twenty-Two Defendants Before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg", (1997) pp. 518–519 "the Allies stated in 1943 their intention of using forced workers outside Germany after the war, and not only did they express the

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After the German surrender, the International Red Cross was prohibited from providing aid, such as food or prisoner visits, to POW camps in Germany. However, after making appeals to the Allies in the autumn of 1945, the Red Cross was allowed to investigate the camps in the British and French

4200:, the organisations leading the camps were to permanently control how the prisoners were accommodated, cared for, fed, and used. Due to some problems that arose with the food allowance in 1942, it was decided that the prisoners were to be fed like the Romanian troops, with an allocated 30 7604: 8639:

Views in the Media were mirrored in the House of commons, where the arguments were characterized by a series of questions, the substance of which were always the same. Here too the talk was often of slave labour, and this debate was not laid to rest until the government announced its

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Prisoners of war from China, the United States, Australia, Britain, Canada, India, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, and Japanese-occupied Asia, held by Japanese imperial armed forces were subject to murder, torture, beatings, extrajudicial punishment, brutal treatment,

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have done or are doing some of the very things we are prosecuting the Germans for. The French are so violating the Geneva Convention in the treatment of prisoners of war that our command is taking back prisoners sent to them. We are prosecuting plunder and our Allies are practising

4152:. Until August 1944, 5,221 Soviet prisoners died in Romanian camps mainly to disease during winter. The POWs were treated according to the 1929 Geneva Convention, which was ratified by Romania on 15 September 1931. Initially, the prisoners were held in five POW camps in 2833:. (The Convention recognises a few other groups as well, such as "nhabitants of a non-occupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces, without having had time to form themselves into regular armed units".) 4009:. Berga was the deadliest work detachment for American captives in Germany. 73 men who participated, or 21 percent of the detachment, perished in two months. 80 of the 350 POWs were Jews." Another well-known example was a group of 168 Australian, British, Canadian, 3955:, which had been signed by these countries. Consequently, western Allied officers were not usually made to work and some personnel of lower rank were usually compensated, or not required to work either. The main complaints of western Allied prisoners of war in 9614:

Bligh, Alexander. 2015. "The 1973 War and the Formation of Israeli POW Policy – A Watershed Line? ". In Udi Lebel and Eyal Lewin (eds.), The 1973 Yom Kippur War and the Reshaping of Israeli Civil–Military Relations. Washington, DC: Lexington Books (2015),

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DOD's POW/MIA Mission: Capability and Capacity to Account for Missing Persons Undermined by Leadership Weaknesses and Fragmented Organizational Structure: Testimony before the Subcommittee on Military Personnel, Committee on Armed Services, U.S. House of

2192:, who were held in his town under appalling conditions and destined for a life of slavery, took the initiative in ransoming them by selling his church's precious gold and silver vessels and letting them return to their country. For this he was eventually 3172:

217 Australian and unknown numbers of British, New Zealand and Indian soldiers were captured by Ottoman forces. About 50 per cent of the Australian prisoners were light horsemen including 48 missing believed captured on 1 May 1918 in the Jordan Valley.

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on what the officers believed were private casual conversations. Much of the listening was carried out by German refugees, in many cases Jews. The work of these refugees in contributing to the Allied victory was declassified over half a century later.

4587:, of the roughly 1,000 US combat veterans he had interviewed, only one admitted to shooting a prisoner, saying he "felt remorse, but would do it again". However, one-third of interviewees told him they had seen fellow US troops kill German prisoners. 7816:(p. 290)—"2.8 million young, healthy Soviet POWs" killed by the Germans, "mainly by starvation ... in less than eight months" of 1941–42, before "the decimation of Soviet POWs ... was stopped" and the Germans "began to use them as laborers". 4255:. After Marshal Antonescu's visits, a new camp was to be set up, and the prisoners were to be treated according to the Geneva Convention. In September, all 110 POWs were transferred to the villas belonging to the Brașov and Giurgiu City Halls at 2162:

Typically, victors made little distinction between enemy combatants and enemy civilians, although they were more likely to spare women and children. Sometimes the purpose of a battle, if not of a war, was to capture women, a practice known as

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Regardless of regulations determining treatment of prisoners, violations of their rights continue to be reported. Many cases of POW massacres have been reported in recent times, including the murder of Israeli prisoners of war in the 1973

4895:. For the POWs, this was also an opportunity to meet with friends from other camps. The prisoners had their own photographers, announcers, and even reporters, who after each day's competition published a newspaper, the "Olympic Roundup". 3025:

requires service members to resist giving information to the enemy (beyond identifying themselves, that is, "name, rank, serial number"), receiving special favours or parole, or otherwise providing their enemy captors aid and comfort.

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Bligh, Alexander. 2014. "The development of Israel's POW policy: The 1967 War as a test case", Paper presented at the Seventh Annual ASMEA Conference: Searching for Balance in the Middle East and Africa (Washington, D.C., 31 October

4765:(NRA) included suspending prisoners by the neck in wooden cages until they died. In very rare cases, some were beheaded by sword, and a severed head was once used as a football by Chinese National Revolutionary Army (NRA) soldiers. 4131:, signatory countries had to give POWs of all signatory and non-signatory countries the rights assigned by the convention. Shortly after the German invasion in 1941, the USSR made Berlin an offer of a reciprocal adherence to the 8772:

Edward N. Peterson, The American Occupation of Germany, pp. 42, 116, "Some hundreds of thousands who had fled to the Americans to avoid being taken prisoner by the Soviets were turned over in May to the Red Army in a gesture of

4263:). The excellent living conditions at the camp earned it the nickname "gilded cage", with the prisoners describing it as "probably the best prison camp in the world". The treatment of the Allied POWs was overlooked by Princess 3997:

A small number of Allied personnel were sent to concentration camps, for a variety of reasons including being Jewish. As the US historian Joseph Robert White put it: "An important exception ... is the sub-camp for U.S. POWs at

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became POWs of the Western Allies. Some of these were, like the Germans, used as forced labour in France after the cessation of hostilities. After the war, Hungarian POWs were handed over to the Soviets and transported to the

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any individual country to follow suit. This change remains relatively unknown even among experts in the field and "Prisoner of War" remains widely used in the Pentagon which has a "POW/Missing Personnel Office" and awards the

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to serve as a moral code for United States service members who have been taken prisoner. It was created primarily in response to the breakdown of leadership and organisation, specifically when U.S. forces were POWs during the

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is quoted: "Japanese are still being shot all over the place", "The necessity for capturing them has ceased to worry anyone. Nippo soldiers are just so much machine-gun practice. Too many of our soldiers are tied up guarding

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years in camps where disease, poor diet and inadequate medical facilities prevailed. About 25 per cent of other ranks died, many from malnutrition, while only one officer died. The most curious case came in Russia where the

4642:. In 1947, the Ministry of Agriculture argued against repatriation of working German prisoners, since by then they made up 25 per cent of the land workforce, and it wanted to continue having them work in the UK until 1948. 2747:, meaning it is a war crime by the detaining power to deprive the rights afforded to them by the Third Convention's provisions. Article 17 of the Third Geneva Convention states that POWs can only be required to give their 3881: 5033:. A large number of surviving Croatian or Bosnian POWs described the conditions in Serbian concentration camps as similar to those in Germany in World War II, including regular beatings, torture and random executions. 4485:

Stories that circulated during the Cold War claimed 23,000 Americans held in German POW camps had been seized by the Soviets and never been repatriated. The claims had been perpetuated after the release of people like

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and used the coffins for firewood. Food was scarce and prisoners resorted to eating horses, cats, dogs or even human flesh. The bad conditions inside the graveyard contributed to a city-wide epidemic after the battle.

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At the end of the war in 1918 there were believed to be 140,000 British prisoners of war in Germany, including thousands of internees held in neutral Switzerland. The first British prisoners were released and reached

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the contracts signed with the commanders of the prison camps. The main workplaces for prisoners were in agriculture and industrial enterprises, but also in forestry, civil works, and in service of the POW camps.

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We are thankful that this longed for day has arrived, & that back in the old Country you will be able once more to enjoy the happiness of a home & to see good days among those who anxiously look for your

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long distances towards central Germany, often in extreme winter weather conditions. It is estimated that, out of 257,000 POWs, about 80,000 were subject to such marches and up to 3,500 of them died as a result.

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The United States handed over 740,000 German prisoners to France, which was a Geneva Convention signatory but which used them as forced labourers. Newspapers reported that the POWs were being mistreated; Judge

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In 1946, the UK held over 400,000 German POWs, many having been transferred from POW camps in the US and Canada. They were employed as labourers to compensate for the lack of manpower in Britain, as a form of

4730:, a Hungarian soldier taken prisoner by the Red Army in 1944, was discovered in a Russian psychiatric hospital in 2000. It is likely that he was the last prisoner of war from World War II to be repatriated. 3929:

sent out to work. About half of them worked for German agriculture, where food supplies were adequate and controls were lenient. The others worked in factories or mines, where conditions were much harsher.

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In the winter of 1941/1942, the conditions of the POW camps were unsatisfactory, leading to the deaths of prisoners due to various diseases. The conditions were improved in 1942 when, by order of Marshal

2543:. The average prison population was about 5,500 men. The lowest number recorded was 3,300 in October 1804 and 6,272 on 10 April 1810 was the highest number of prisoners recorded in any official document. 4952:

As in previous conflicts, speculation existed, without evidence, that a handful of American pilots captured during the Korean and Vietnam wars were transferred to the Soviet Union and never repatriated.

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George Pearson. It was particularly bad in Russia, where starvation was common for prisoners and civilians alike; a quarter of the over 2 million POWs held there died. Nearly 375,000 of the 500,000

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He rejected the offer, stating in essence, that the Union could afford to leave their men in captivity, the Confederacy could not. After that about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons during the

4757:, fewer than 1,000 remained alive at battle's end. Japanese prisoners of war sent to camps fared well; however, some were killed when attempting to surrender or were massacred just after doing so (see 2356:

famously distinguished between cities or towns that surrendered (where the population was spared but required to support the conquering Mongol army) and those that resisted (in which case the city was

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surrendered in 1915, 20,000 Russians became prisoners. Over half the Russian losses were prisoners as a proportion of those captured, wounded or killed. About 3.3 million men became prisoners.

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Niall Ferguson, "Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat" War in History 2004 11 (2) 148–192 p. 189, (footnote, referenced to:

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Although thousands of Japanese servicemembers were taken prisoner of war, most fought until they were killed or committed suicide. Of the 22,000 Japanese soldiers present at the beginning of the

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describes Trojan and Greek soldiers offering rewards of wealth to opposing forces who have defeated them on the battlefield in exchange for mercy, but their offers are not always accepted; see

5861: 4184:. As the frontline moved further away, the captured prisoners were given to German POW camps, and then they were transferred to Romanian ones after requests from the Romanian authorities. 4109:

in the summer of 1941 and the following spring, 2.8 million of the 3.2 million Soviet prisoners taken died while in German hands. According to Russian military historian General

3747:. Human hair was often used for brushes, plant juices and blood for paint, toilet paper as the "canvas". Some of their works were used as evidence in the trials of Japanese war criminals. 9228:"Were Korean War POWs Sent to U.S.S.R? New Evidence Surfaces: Probe: Former Marine corporal spent 33 months as a prisoner and was interrogated by Soviet agents who thought he was a pilot" 3245:

had to write a report on the circumstances of their capture and to ensure that they had done all they could to avoid capture. Each returning officer and man was given a message from King

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Footnote to: K. W. Bohme, Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges, 15 vols. (Munich, 1962–74), 1, pt. 1:x. (n. 1 above), 13:173; ICRC (n. 12 above), p. 334.

6612:"Myth: General Ulysses S. Grant stopped the prisoner exchange, and is thus responsible for all of the suffering in Civil War prisons on both sides – Andersonville National Historic Site" 6961: 5791: 9395: 8950: 7630: 3234:

and sent across Allied lines without any food or shelter. This created difficulties for the receiving Allies and many ex-prisoners died from exhaustion. The released POWs were met by

8786:, Die deutschen Nachkriegsverluste unter Vertriebenen, Gefangenen und Verschleppter: mit einer übersicht über die europäischen Nachkriegsverluste (Munich and Berlin, 1988), pp. 36f.) 7258: 4881: 2925:

personnel as separatist rebels. However, guerrillas and other irregular combatants generally cannot expect to receive benefits from both civilian and military status simultaneously.

8482: 7281:"An excellent reference for Japan and the treatment of US Airmen Pows is Toru Fukubayashi, "Allied Aircraft and Airmen Lost over Japanese Mainland" 20 May 2007. (PDF File 20 pages)" 6554: 5074:

This section lists nations with the highest number of POWs since the start of World War II and ranked by descending order. These are also the highest numbers in any war since the

3764: 2457:. This treaty established the rule that prisoners of war should be released without ransom at the end of hostilities and that they should be allowed to return to their homelands. 4998:, American, British, Italian, and Kuwaiti POWs (mostly crew members of downed aircraft and special forces) were tortured by the Iraqi secret police. An American military doctor, 4991:, prisoners were well-treated in general by both sides, with military commanders dispatching enemy prisoners back to their homelands in record time following the end of the war. 3230:

On 13 December 1918, the armistice was extended and the Allies reported that by 9 December 264,000 prisoners had been repatriated. A very large number of these had been released

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Tremblay, Robert, Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, et al. "Histoires oubliées – Interprogrammes : Des prisonniers spéciaux" Interlude. Aired: 20 July 2008, 14h47 to 15h00.

4813:, the United States and United Kingdom signed a Repatriation Agreement with the USSR. The interpretation of this agreement resulted in the forcible repatriation of all Soviets ( 8751: 8720: 10910: 6212: 3901: 8337:(Военнопленные в СССР. 1939–1956: Документы и материалы Науч.-исслед. ин-т проблем экон. истории ХХ века и др.; Под ред. М.М. Загорулько. – М.: Логос, 2000. – 1118 с.: ил.) 8300: 4966: 9541: 4664:

POWs were also transferred among the Allies, with for example 6,000 German officers transferred from Western Allied camps to the Soviets and subsequently imprisoned in the

3073: 10107: 3032:, the official U.S. military term for enemy POWs is EPW (Enemy Prisoner of War). This name change was introduced in order to distinguish between enemy and U.S. captives. 6069: 4837: 2778:, in particular concerning the right of prisoners of war and internees to send and receive letters and cards (Geneva Convention (GC) III, art. 71 and GC IV, art. 107). 4212:

regulations of the Romanian Army. Executions by firing squad were few. The escapees who were caught and did not commit any acts of sabotage or espionage were tried by

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were found alive in camps after the war. The remaining 3.3 million prisoners (57.5% of the total captured) died during their captivity. Between the launching of

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An improvised camp for Soviet POWs. Between June 1941 and January 1942, the Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million Soviet prisoners of war, whom they viewed as "

5811: 4431: 4127:

The Germans officially justified their policy on the grounds that the Soviet Union had not signed the Geneva Convention. Legally, however, under article 82 of the

3841: 6051: 3810: 9427: 3256:

During these many months of trial, the early rescue of our gallant Officers & Men from the cruelties of their captivity has been uppermost in our thoughts.

10758: 10049: 7032: 6611: 4330: 3238:

troops and sent back through the lines in lorries to reception centres where they were refitted with boots and clothing and dispatched to the ports in trains.

6694: 4023:("terrorist aviators") or these aircrews were classified as spies, because they had been disguised as civilians or enemy soldiers when they were apprehended. 9078: 6646: 4962: 3853: 3307: 3202: 10073: 8103: 10067: 10037: 8392: 6816: 5786: 3791: 2227:(later canonised as the city's patron saint) pleaded with the Frankish king for the welfare of prisoners of war and met with a favourable response. Later, 9954: 9903:(University Press of Kansas; 2010); 278 pages; Argues that the US military has failed to incorporate lessons on POW policy from each successive conflict. 9170: 8208: 7280: 6932: 6831: 2552:. About 100 senior officers and some civilians "of good social standing", mainly passengers on captured ships and the wives of some officers, were given 7596: 3562:, Italian soldiers and civilians in East Asia were taken as prisoners of war by Japanese armed forces and subject to the same conditions as other POWs. 11352: 8332: 7081: 2476: 9373: 4607:

in the west. While some in Congress wanted to extend POW labour beyond June 1946, President Truman rejected this, leading to the end of the program.

2368:: "all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their usual custom, then they were all slain". 9235: 9196: 7098: 6668: 6479:'In Cartellen wird der Werth eines Gefangenen bestimmet', in In der Hand des Feindes: Kriegsgefangenschaft von der Antike bis zum zweiten Weltkrieg 5876: 4216:

and sentenced to prison terms from 3-6 months to several years. After 23 August 1944, the Soviet POWs were handed over to the Soviet headquarters.

3578: 2781:

However, nations vary in their dedication to following these laws, and historically the treatment of POWs has varied greatly. During World War II,

10133: 8817: 8689: 8508: 8465: 8237: 7705: 4017:; two of the POWs died at Buchenwald. Two possible reasons have been suggested for this incident: German authorities wanted to make an example of 2507:. Some Native Americans continued to capture Europeans and use them both as labourers and bargaining chips into the 19th century; see for example 32: 10096: 8958: 8573:

S. P. MacKenzie "The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II" The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 66, No. 3. (September 1994), pp. 487–520.

8178: 8026: 4490:. Careful scholarly studies demonstrated that this was a myth based on the misinterpretation of a telegram about Soviet prisoners held in Italy. 4383:, where the Soviets captured 91,000 German troops in total (completely exhausted, starving and sick), of whom only 5,000 survived the captivity. 3253:

The Queen joins me in welcoming you on your release from the miseries & hardships, which you have endured with so much patience and courage.

2874:, or more properly they are not combatants. Captured soldiers who do not get prisoner of war status are still protected like civilians under the 9575: 7426: 6508: 5981: 4980:, which ended in Indian victory and the capture of 93,000 Pakistani POWs, they were later slowly repatriated in a deal with Pakistani President 2970:

When a country is responsible for breaches of prisoner of war rights, those accountable will be punished accordingly. An example of this is the

10061: 7857: 7826: 5866: 5181: 5066:

using electrocution, beatings, and sexual abuse. Both sides of the conflict forced prisoners to be naked at times as a humiliating punishment.

4719: 4657:

used during and immediately after the war to interrogate prisoners before sending them to prison camps, was subject to allegations of torture.

4087: 2409:

enemy had broken a treaty with the Muslims he endorsed the mass execution of male prisoners who participated in battles, as in the case of the

2397:. Christians captured during the Crusades were usually either killed or sold into slavery if they could not pay a ransom. During his lifetime ( 2302: 9974: 7570: 6969: 4638:. A public debate ensued in the UK over the treatment of German prisoners of war, with many in Britain comparing the treatment to the POWs to 2640: 9798: 8653: 8544: 4630:

September 1945 it was estimated by the French authorities that two thousand prisoners were being maimed and killed each month in accidents".

4458: 4326: 4318: 9019: 9000: 8947: 6294: 6016: 9797:(University Press of Kentucky, 2010); 468 pages; Sources include American soldiers' own narratives of their experiences guarding POWs plus 7655: 7266: 5816: 5075: 4930: 4580: 4521: 4334: 4322: 4128: 3952: 3519: 2717: 2597: 8490: 2801: 11318: 10890: 8972: 4758: 4499: 4338: 3110: 2829:, wear a "fixed distinctive marking, visible from a distance", bear arms openly, and have conducted military operations according to the 10122: 7154:

Ferguson, Niall (2004), "Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat",

3190:

army) who were released and armed to fight on the side of the Entente, who briefly served as a military and diplomatic force during the

10932: 6861: 4513: 3002: 2870:

generally do not qualify because they do not fulfill the criteria of Additional Protocol I. Therefore, they fall under the category of

2817:

entitled to combatant's privilege—which gives them immunity from punishment for crimes constituting lawful acts of war such as killing

9763:

Rennbahn: Trente-deux mois de captivité en Allemagne 1914–1917 Souvenirs d'un soldat belge, étudiant à l'université libre de Bruxelles

9334: 8006: 7330: 2967:

In addition, if wounded or sick on the battlefield, the prisoner will receive help from the International Committee of the Red Cross.

11699: 11011: 10793: 8835: 8728: 4669: 4614:(DEF) so as not to treat prisoners as POWs. A lot of these soldiers were kept in open fields in makeshift camps in the Rhine valley ( 4517: 3716:

Allied POW camps and ship-transports became accidental targets of Allied attacks. The number of deaths which occurred when Japanese "

2648: 10155: 10079: 4761:). In some instances, Japanese prisoners of war were tortured through a variety of methods. A method of torture used by the Chinese 11371:

What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights

8272: 6729: 5148:

Over 4.5 million taken by the Western Allies before the formal surrender of Germany, another three million after the surrender

3938: 3779: 2945: 1000: 10055: 8297: 8158: 8041: 7124: 6782: 3294: 2077:

Belligerents hold prisoners of war in custody for a range of legitimate and illegitimate reasons, such as isolating them from the

11604: 11082: 10182: 9545: 7883: 7397: 6518: 5831: 5776: 5406: 3923: 1432: 7204: 11405: 11345: 11207: 9252: 4933:

and subjected them to mistreatment and torture. Some American prisoners of war were held in the prison known to US POWs as the

4830: 4797:

1944 and 1945 on 66 US military installations, performing support roles such as quartermaster, repair, and engineering work as

6233: 6077: 2324:; their families would have to send to their captors large sums of wealth commensurate with the social status of the captive. 9934: 9922: 9744: 9154: 8800: 8625: 8436: 8129: 7927: 7867: 7313: 6461: 5957: 5679: 4786: 4575:

During the war, the armies of Western Allied nations such as Australia, Canada, the UK and the US were given orders to treat

4503: 4379:

servicemen (excluding Japanese), of whom more than a million died. One specific example is that of the German POWs after the

4356: 4275: 2914: 9104: 8931: 6014:

Wickham, Jason (2014) The Enslavement of War Captives by the Romans up to 146 BC, University of Liverpool PhD Dissertation.

11573: 11221: 9939:

Richard D. Wiggers, "The United States and the Denial of Prisoner of War (POW) Status at the End of the Second World War",

9320: 7757: 6540: 6209: 9035:

Insolvibile Isabella, Wops. I prigionieri italiani in Gran Bretagna, Naples, Italy, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 2012,

8866: 3241:

Upon arrival at the receiving camp the POWs were registered and "boarded" before being dispatched to their own homes. All

11778: 11732: 11684: 11455: 11306: 10721: 7673: 6091: 6039:

Wickham 2014 notes that for Roman warfare the outcome of capture could lead to release, ransom, execution or enslavement.

3534:, because the Japanese viewed surrender as dishonorable. Moreover, according to a directive ratified on 5 August 1937 by 2393:

of 622–750, Muslims routinely captured large numbers of prisoners. Aside from those who converted, most were ransomed or

2357: 1788: 76: 9960: 9601:"Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century", Greenhill Books, London, 1997, G. F. Krivosheev, editor. 9596: 9270: 7787: 6048: 4861: 4116: 11286: 11165: 10023: 10009: 9992: 9040: 8371: 7541: 7516: 7377: 6839: 6595: 6513: 6436: 6327: 4610:

Towards the end of the war in Europe, as large numbers of Axis soldiers surrendered, the US created the designation of

4271: 2836:

Thus, uniforms and badges are important in determining prisoner-of-war status under the Third Geneva Convention. Under

2482: 1983: 1761: 371: 4841:

Captured Chinese soldiers beg for their lives to a South Korean soldier, thinking they are going to be executed, 1951.

11338: 11256: 11107: 10832: 10650: 10598: 9842: 9817: 9788: 9715: 9700: 9655: 9609: 9528: 9503: 9468: 9435: 9405: 9183: 9146: 8905: 8759: 8364: 8342: 8225: 7972: 7480: 7459: 6949: 6403: 6194: 6160: 6129: 5826: 5588: 4132: 4092: 3713:. Escapes among Caucasian prisoners were almost impossible because of the difficulty of hiding in Asiatic societies. 3523: 1437: 10128: 7653:

Joseph Robert White, 2006, "Flint Whitlock. Given Up for Dead: American GIs in the Nazi Concentration Camp at Berga"

7030: 5002:, a 37-year-old flight surgeon captured when her Blackhawk UH-60 was shot down, was also subjected to sexual abuse. 3298:

Jewish USSR POW captured by German Army, August 1941. At least 50,000 Jewish soldiers were executed after selection.

2481:

Early historical narratives of captured European settlers, including perspectives of literate women captured by the

11768: 10816: 9867: 9693:

The Escape Artist: An WW2 Australian prisoner's chronicle of life in German POW camps and his eight escape attempts

5841: 4665: 2379: 2085:

them in an orderly manner after hostilities), demonstrating military victory, punishing them, prosecuting them for

1515: 24: 9678:

Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–18, Vol. VII The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine

9082: 9052: 7067:

Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–18, Vol. VII The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine

6638: 4274:, a new camp was set up in Bucharest. Camp No. 13 from Bucharest was initially located within the barracks of the 11270: 11263: 10995: 10607: 8323: 8107: 5846: 5413: 4942: 4442:' 80,000 evacuees from the Soviet Union in the United Kingdom, only 310 volunteered to return to Poland in 1947. 3223:

and a large reception camp was established at Dover capable of housing 40,000 men, which could later be used for

3081: 3049: 2620: 1860: 1498: 1285: 125: 8389: 3565: 11737: 11634: 11390: 11186: 7287: 4769: 4753:, over 20,000 were killed and only 216 were taken prisoner of war. Of the 30,000 Japanese troops that defended 4060: 3816: 3246: 2771: 1624: 10085: 7727: 7442:

Based on data in "Horyo Saishū Ronkoku Fuzoku-sho 'B'", Kykutō Kokusai Gunji Saiben No. 337, February 19,1948.

4945:

and badly treated. After the war, millions of South Vietnamese servicemen and government workers were sent to

10730: 9890: 6615: 5922:– "Captives taken in war have been called prisoners since mid-14c.; phrase prisoner of war dates from 1630s". 5574: 4314: 4298: 4121: 4014: 2922: 2739:. It applies from the moment a prisoner is captured until his or her release or repatriation. Under the 1949 2383: 2041: 1488: 10117: 10091: 9143:

An American Dream: The Life of an African American Soldier and POW who Spent Twelve Years in Communist China

7412:

Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II. Final Report, 7 December 1941–31 December 1946,

7078: 4590:

In Britain, German prisoners, particularly higher-ranked officers, were housed in luxurious buildings where

2656:

1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners. In the late summer of 1864, a year after the

11674: 10974: 10112: 8154: 5953: 5742: 5427: 3966:

Representation of a "Forty-and-eight" boxcar used to transport American POWs in Germany during World War II

3169: 2665:, accounting for nearly 10% of the conflict's fatalities. Of the 45,000 Union prisoners of war confined in 1978: 677: 437: 10144: 6711: 3522:, did not treat prisoners of war in accordance with international agreements, including provisions of the 11500: 11410: 10175: 9344: 9227: 8461: 7102: 6672: 5909: 5856: 5122:

He also believes that there were men who actually died as POWs amongst those listed as missing-in-action.

5059: 4946: 4762: 4576: 4376: 4074:

was among those interned and wrote about this time in his life. The book was translated and published as

3801: 3091: 2497:, and had lasting influence on the body of early American literature, most notably through the legacy of 2173:

involved, according to tradition, a large mass-abduction by the founders of Rome. Typically women had no

1988: 1175: 972: 843: 381: 9795:

The Enemy in Our Hands: America's Treatment of Prisoners of War From the Revolution to the War on Terror

8813: 8245: 6892:

Years later Several ex POWS identified themselves (Ref: AMerican Legion Monthly Magazine September 1927)

5120:

maintains that it seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one million died in Soviet custody.

5040:, Yang Chen and Shih Liang. The two were imprisoned as spies for three years before being interned in a 4880:, the North Koreans developed a reputation for severely mistreating and torturing prisoners of war (see 4367: 11377: 11172: 11151: 10779: 10666: 10234: 9582: 9339: 8686: 8519: 8455: 8308: 7079:

The Postal History Society 1936–2011 – 75th anniversary display to the Royal Philatelic Society, London

5658: 5637: 5490: 4977: 4282:

on St. Ecaterina Street. In June 1944, the non-commissioned officers were transferred to a wing of the

4067: 4056: 3270:

While the Allied prisoners were sent home at the end of the war, the same treatment was not granted to

2918: 2629: 2589: 1452: 8182: 7423: 4785:

and became an Allied co-belligerent. This did not change the status of many Italian POWs, retained in

3558:. After 20 March 1943, the Imperial Navy was ordered to kill prisoners of war taken at sea. After the 11773: 11763: 11722: 11664: 11057: 10967: 10925: 10139: 9970: 9914: 9908: 9802: 9648:

We We're Each Other's Prisoners: An Oral History of World War II American and German Prisoners of War

8614:

Inge Weber-Newth; Johannes-Dieter Steinert (2006). "Chapter 2: Immigration policy—immigrant policy".

6532: 5993: 5871: 5609: 5497: 5276: 5014: 4973: 4427: 4224: 3489: 2885:

armed conflicts. The application of prisoner of war status in non-international armed conflicts like

2560:

although some further afield. They were afforded the courtesy of their rank within English society.

2536: 2425: 1562: 1070: 414: 288: 142: 10149: 9604:"Keine Kameraden. Die Wehrmacht und die sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen 1941–1945", Dietz, Bonn 1997, 8591:

Renate Held, "Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in britischer Hand – ein Überblick (in German)" (2008)

7834: 11679: 11644: 11589: 11475: 11018: 10462: 10268: 9630: 9515:

Kurt W. Böhme: "Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in Jugoslawien", Band I/1 der Reihe: Kurt W. Böhme,

8217: 7574: 7222: 5936: 5581: 5462: 4386:

German soldiers were kept as forced labour for many years after the war. The last German POWs like

4173: 3527: 3006: 2875: 2716:

covered the treatment of prisoners of war in detail. These provisions were further expanded in the

2710: 2503: 2330:

had no custom of ransoming prisoners of war, who could expect for the most part summary execution.

2013: 1880: 1427: 1120: 933: 781: 8661: 8552: 4038:

As the Red Army approached some POW camps in early 1945, German guards forced western Allied POWs

11385: 11277: 11200: 11116: 10953: 10765: 10337: 9886: 9016: 8997: 8414: 8163: 8084: 7652: 7365: 6755: 6715: 6023: 5616: 5602: 5504: 4903: 4591: 4454: 4419: 4293:. After 23 August, at the request of the prisoners to be organised into a military unit, General 3948: 3710: 3174: 3123: 2934: 2830: 2822: 2806: 2721: 2461: 1966: 1948: 1704: 1263: 1185: 1130: 1010: 723: 386: 37: 10016:

To Fight for My Country, Sir!: Memoirs of a 19-year-old B-17 Navigator Shot Down in Nazi Germany

7410:

Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, U.S. Department of the Army,

6365: 6272: 3872: 3538:, the constraints of the Hague Conventions were explicitly removed on Chinese prisoners of war. 11415: 11400: 11193: 10883: 10591: 10564: 10437: 10289: 10168: 6962:"375,000 Austrians Have Died in Siberia; Remaining 125,000 War Prisoner...—Article Preview—The" 6941: 5651: 5630: 5595: 4793: 4434:. Thousands were executed; over 20,000 Polish military personnel and civilians perished in the 4270:

In the spring of 1944, with the increasing number of American and British prisoners due to the

3720:"—unmarked transport ships in which POWs were transported in harsh conditions—were attacked by 3559: 3283: 3165:, in April 1916. Many were weak and starved when they surrendered and 4,250 died in captivity. 2890: 2775: 2674: 2670: 2568: 2442: 2390: 2090: 1833: 1808: 1530: 1442: 1315: 1190: 786: 763: 209: 108: 9629:

The stories of several American fighter pilots, shot down over North Vietnam are the focus of

9167: 8976: 8205: 7919: 7913: 7506: 6929: 6317: 2677:

in Chicago, Illinois, 10% of its Confederate prisoners died during one cold winter month; and

2125:

For a large part of human history, prisoners of war would most often be either slaughtered or

11727: 11535: 11525: 11490: 11179: 11130: 10981: 10751: 7943: 6585: 6186: 6180: 5735: 4926: 4865: 4798: 4611: 4439: 3835:, Japan, waving flags of the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands in August 1945 3114: 3054: 3037: 2837: 2608: 2512: 2498: 1422: 1355: 1308: 957: 920: 883: 801: 753: 637: 447: 255: 164: 6868: 3069:

American soldiers of the 11th Engineer Regiment taken as prisoners of war by Germany in 1917

2681:

in New York state, with a death rate of 25% (2,963), nearly equalled that of Andersonville.

11654: 11614: 11495: 11096: 10855: 10744: 10416: 9458: 9370: 9348: 8887: 8451: 7338: 6862:"Department of Defense Instruction January 8, 2008 Incorporating Change 1, August 14, 2009" 6286: 5806: 5771: 5721: 5539: 5399: 5063: 4380: 4294: 4244: 4110: 4106: 4071: 4066:

nothing for them, as they were not regarded as POWs, but the prisoners held the status of "

3732: 3242: 3013: 2528: 2490: 2454: 2308:

Likewise, the inhabitants of conquered cities were frequently massacred during Christians'

2097:

them as their own combatants, collecting military and political intelligence from them, or

1813: 1715: 1572: 1567: 1385: 1350: 1085: 900: 758: 694: 548: 518: 115: 20: 8846: 5022: 4817:) regardless of their wishes. The forced repatriation operations took place in 1945–1947. 8: 11704: 11425: 11420: 11395: 11032: 10772: 5518: 5469: 5030: 4981: 4899: 4849:

An American POW being released by North Vietnamese and Viet Cong captors in February 1973

4563: 4165: 3551: 3493: 3179: 3154: 2994:

during World War II. Most were executed or sentenced to life in prison for their crimes.

2978:. German and Japanese military commanders were prosecuted for preparing and initiating a 2657: 2576: 2544: 2535:

in Huntingdonshire, England in 1797 to house the increasing number of prisoners from the

2532: 2494: 2450: 2430: 2274: 2246: 2170: 1664: 1649: 1525: 1412: 1390: 1365: 1325: 1235: 1045: 945: 895: 662: 652: 617: 409: 399: 169: 93: 8400:

National Defense Research Institute. RAND Corporation, p. 28 Retrieved 18 July 2012

8269: 6733: 5117: 3554:. The most notorious use of forced labour was in the construction of the Burma–Thailand 11742: 11619: 11545: 11440: 11244: 11144: 11137: 11039: 10802: 10351: 10344: 10282: 9496:

Ende des Dritten Reiches – Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Eine perspektivische Rückschau

9400: 8066: 7171: 7132: 6562: 6358: 5693: 5567: 5434: 4814: 4750: 4584: 4509: 4477:. An estimated 60,000 to 347,000 of these Japanese prisoners of war died in captivity. 4445:

Of the 230,000 Polish prisoners of war taken by the Soviet army, only 82,000 survived.

3983: 3959:

POW camps—especially during the last two years of the war—concerned shortages of food.

3721: 3582: 3570: 2957:

Paid for work done and not forced to do work that is dangerous, unhealthy, or degrading

2910: 2871: 2740: 2728: 2662: 2242: 1998: 1853: 1773: 1694: 1639: 1614: 1535: 1481: 1447: 1378: 1295: 1205: 1110: 1055: 940: 905: 858: 733: 704: 657: 595: 570: 404: 218: 137: 8133: 7887: 11649: 11609: 11562: 11510: 11435: 11237: 11214: 11003: 10988: 10960: 10946: 10659: 10522: 10220: 10019: 10005: 9988: 9930: 9918: 9901:

America's Captives: Treatment of POWs From the Revolutionary War to the War on Terror

9838: 9813: 9784: 9740: 9711: 9696: 9681: 9666: 9651: 9635: 9605: 9524: 9499: 9464: 9179: 9150: 9036: 8911: 8901: 8796: 8621: 8432: 8360: 8338: 8221: 7968: 7923: 7863: 7537: 7512: 7476: 7455: 7373: 7309: 7208: 7175: 6945: 6591: 6457: 6432: 6409: 6399: 6323: 6190: 6156: 6142: 6125: 5821: 5796: 5781: 5700: 5665: 5532: 5483: 5441: 5420: 5254:≈200,000 (135,000 taken in Europe, does not include Pacific or Commonwealth figures) 5052: 4743: 4685: 4302: 4264: 3771: 3740: 3507: 3191: 2979: 2909:

by government forces and are sometimes executed on spot or tortured. However, in the

2744: 2732: 2698: 2564: 2516: 2378:

constantly with neighbouring tribes and groups, aiming to collect live prisoners for

2333: 2282: 2178: 2174: 2034: 1943: 1890: 1793: 1783: 1778: 1748: 1731: 1726: 1699: 1644: 1345: 1335: 1330: 1320: 1240: 1230: 1225: 1200: 1170: 1060: 1030: 1025: 1015: 1005: 995: 910: 863: 833: 672: 465: 442: 376: 10074:

First hand account of being a Japanese POW. Part 1 in a series of 4 video interviews

9977:

regarding their individual experiences as POWs and the memoirs they each published:

9498:. Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamtes. Munich 1995. 9288:"The True Story of India's Decision to Release 93,000 Pakistani POWs After 1971 War" 9248: 5145:(the death rate for German prisoners of war was highest in Yugoslavia with over 50%) 4887:

The 1952 Inter-Camp POW Olympics were held from 15 to 27 November 1952 in Pyuktong,

4256: 4161: 4153: 2963:

Not compelled to give any information except for name, age, rank, and service number

2003: 11783: 11639: 11555: 11520: 11158: 11123: 10869: 10848: 10737: 10696: 10386: 9896: 7909: 7163: 6504: 6237: 5756: 5623: 5476: 5392: 5296: 5281: 5233:; 240,000 taken by the Soviets in 1939; 15,000 taken by Germany in Warsaw in 1944) 5018: 4810: 4782: 4689: 4616: 4540: 4039: 3999: 3888: 3797: 3543: 3535: 3503: 3187: 3153:

often treated prisoners of war poorly. Some 11,800 British soldiers, most from the

3131: 2971: 2826: 2814: 2493:, are an example. Such narratives enjoyed some popularity, spawning a genre of the 2262: 2185: 2008: 1973: 1905: 1798: 1736: 1629: 1557: 1550: 1407: 1340: 1290: 1280: 1155: 1075: 1035: 1020: 982: 967: 838: 823: 776: 684: 642: 585: 580: 538: 361: 338: 245: 174: 103: 86: 9778: 3859:

Malnourished Australian POWs forced to work at the Aso mining company, August 1945

3731:

Life in the POW camps was recorded at great risk to themselves by artists such as

2074:. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610. 11717: 11669: 11629: 11530: 11480: 11089: 10876: 10825: 10515: 10483: 10402: 9997: 9377: 9274: 9256: 9174: 9108: 9023: 9004: 8954: 8935: 8928: 8870: 8821: 8693: 8615: 8469: 8396: 8375: 8327: 8304: 8276: 8212: 7659: 7430: 7085: 7036: 6936: 6216: 6055: 5749: 5714: 5707: 5560: 5455: 5348: 5037: 4635: 4547: 4052: 3994:, experienced four years of captivity under entirely normal conditions for POWs. 3987: 3736: 3515: 2818: 2593: 2540: 2486: 2078: 1818: 1803: 1721: 1677: 1619: 1275: 1270: 1160: 1150: 1065: 1040: 977: 818: 748: 738: 590: 575: 498: 470: 270: 250: 98: 9781:: Life of the French prisoners of war at the peasants of low Bavaria (1939–1945) 8368: 7765: 5553: 4555: 11659: 11584: 11540: 10939: 10918: 10786: 10714: 10550: 10543: 10536: 10476: 10423: 9830: 9665:

2nd ed. (Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand, 2008)

9570: 9105:"Chinese operated three types of POW camps for Americans during the Korean War" 8863: 8783: 8353: 7830: 5852:

Medal for civilian prisoners, deportees and hostages of the 1914–1918 Great War

5801: 5728: 5511: 5249: 4958: 4723: 4693: 4594:

were installed. A considerable amount of military intelligence was gained from

4435: 4414: 4395: 4387: 4342: 4172:. By 1942, the number reached 12 camps of which 10 were in Romania, and two in 4019: 3991: 3944: 3303: 3271: 3224: 3183: 3150: 3106: 3010: 2842: 2790: 2782: 2760: 2508: 2394: 2298: 2188:, touched by the plight of Persian prisoners captured in a recent war with the 2156: 2098: 2071: 1993: 1741: 1165: 1125: 1103: 1090: 1080: 1050: 962: 915: 718: 709: 600: 553: 533: 523: 493: 460: 348: 305: 260: 132: 65: 8457:"Americans, Germans, and War Crimes: Converging Narratives from "the Good War" 7702:

Royal Canadian Air Force Association, "Allied Officers Deported to Buchenwald"

7167: 6992:

Prisoners, Diplomats and the Great War: A Study in the Diplomacy of Captivity.

6759: 4727: 3278:, e.g. in France, until 1920. They were released after many approaches by the 11757: 11689: 11624: 11505: 10862: 10582: 10571: 10372: 9980: 9516: 9494:

Rüdiger Overmans: "Die Rheinwiesenlager 1945" in: Hans-Erich Volkmann (ed.):

9267: 8483:"How Britain's German-born Jewish 'secret listeners' helped win World War II" 7884:"Report at the session of the Russian association of WWII historians in 1998" 7791: 6176: 6099: 5525: 5448: 5327: 5041: 5036:

In 2001, reports emerged concerning two POWs that India had taken during the

5006: 4999: 4988: 4938: 4620:). Controversy has arisen about how Eisenhower managed these prisoners. (see 4595: 4487: 4470: 4279: 4213: 4197: 4149: 3990:

who had enlisted in the British Army, and who was captured by the Germans in

3975: 3751: 3744: 3555: 3275: 3102: 3094:

92,000 Russians surrendered during the battle. When the besieged garrison of

2805:

Japanese illustration depicting the beheading of Chinese captives during the

2756: 2752: 2701:

that specified that prisoners of war be treated humanely and diplomatically.

2678: 2604: 2413:

in 627. The Muslims divided up the females and children of those executed as

2375: 2353: 2338: 2286: 2258: 2208: 1840: 1828: 1684: 1604: 1520: 1503: 1360: 1215: 1195: 873: 868: 848: 828: 743: 714: 689: 565: 543: 528: 503: 343: 265: 228: 223: 120: 8915: 8509:"History of Prisoner of War Utilization by the United States Army 1776–1945" 5904: 5362:, of them, it is estimated that between 60,000 and 347,000 died in captivity 4825: 4406:, were not released by the Soviets until 1955, two years after Stalin died. 4247:. The airmen were interned at first in the court of the Central Seminary in 11599: 11594: 11485: 11362: 11330: 11064: 11025: 10689: 10673: 10455: 10409: 10191: 9955:"American Soldiers and POW Killing in the European Theater of World War II" 9750: 9723:

History of prisoner of war utilisation by the United States Army, 1776–1945

7049: 6413: 5546: 5359: 5307: 5171: 5156: 5107: 5048:, where they spent the following 38 years under a special prisoner status. 5026: 4934: 4715: 4622: 4201: 4148:

Between 1941 and 1944, 91,060 Soviet prisoners of war were captured by the

4004: 3979: 3158: 3090:

surrenders were uncommon; usually a large unit surrendered all its men. At

2975: 2786: 2690: 2557: 2410: 2327: 2189: 2094: 2082: 2027: 1953: 1933: 1928: 1823: 1768: 1402: 1397: 1220: 1135: 878: 612: 513: 310: 214: 9685: 9670: 9661:

Peter Dennis, Jeffrey Grey, Ewan Morris, Robin Prior with Jean Bou :

6901:

Geo G. Phillimore and Hugh H. L. Bellot, "Treatment of Prisoners of War",

4857:

Recently released American POWs from North Vietnamese prison camps in 1973

3962: 2224: 2133:

could be prisoners of war, categorised according to their ethnic roots as

11465: 10841: 10809: 10682: 10643: 10636: 10529: 10508: 10469: 10430: 10358: 10206: 7534:

Threads of life : a history of the world through the eye of a needle

7392: 5836: 5686: 5644: 5134: 4918: 4911: 4888: 4646: 4604: 4403: 4157: 4097: 4010: 3531: 3162: 3029: 2987: 2666: 2600: 2254: 2216: 2067: 1938: 1689: 1654: 1493: 1180: 1145: 853: 796: 699: 483: 204: 199: 41: 9204: 8613: 8085:"No. 40 Squadron Wellington X ME990 -R F/O. Lawrence Franklin Tichborne" 6393: 5114:

About 3 million taken by USSR (474,967 died in captivity (>15%))

3498: 2289:. When asked by a Crusader how to distinguish between the Catholics and 11470: 10629: 10557: 10393: 10379: 10365: 10330: 10227: 9825:

Beyond the Bamboo Screen: Scottish Prisoners of War under the Japanese.

9757:. First Published Arris Books, 2006. 2nd ed., Constable Robinson, 2007. 9485:, Greenhill Books, London, 1997, G. F. Krivosheev, editor (ref. Streit) 9056: 7944:"Part VIII: Execution of the convention #Section I: General provisions" 5126: 4877: 4869: 4853: 4710: 4391: 4361: 4030:

Telegram notifying parents of an American POW of his capture by Germany

3892: 3758:, recorded their ordeal in seemingly harmless prison quilt embroidery. 3018: 2894: 2886: 2855: 2644: 2625: 2549: 2261:

aimed to not only defeat but also to eliminate enemies. Authorities in

2118: 1895: 1865: 1587: 951: 9277:. Taskforceomegainc.org (17 September 1996). Retrieved on 24 May 2014. 8320: 6758:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 5 May 2008. Archived from 6454:

Zwischen Tätern und Opfern: Gewaltbeziehungen und Gewaltgemeinschaften

3310:, tabulated the total death rate for POWs in World War II as follows: 2294: 2204: 11450: 10490: 10092:

War Memoirs of a British Army Signalman as a prisoner of the Japanese

9640: 9521:

Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges

7986:

Order within Anarchy: The Laws of War as an International Institution

5672: 4922: 4914:

to distant POW camps, only 3,290 were repatriated four months later.

4907: 4738: 4462: 4399: 4248: 3956: 3907:

Captured soldiers of the British Indian Army executed by the Japanese

3755: 3724: 3717: 3118: 2906: 2902: 2867: 2863: 2851: 2736: 2633: 2572: 2278: 2193: 2138: 2130: 2109: 2086: 2063: 1885: 1709: 1659: 1609: 1599: 1594: 1459: 1250: 1245: 1210: 647: 333: 300: 189: 7452:

Prisoners of the Japanese : POWs of World War II in the Pacific

4583:. Some breaches of the Convention took place, however. According to 4531: 3951:, France, the U.S., and other western Allies in accordance with the 3891:

captured at New Guinea moments before his execution with a Japanese

2951:

Allowed to communicate regularly with relatives and receive packages

11712: 11550: 10245: 10213: 8874: 8281: 8027:"1943 – 1944. Prizonieri de război americani și englezi în România" 7735: 5379: 4995: 4722:. Such forced Hungarian labour by the USSR is often referred to as 4474: 4466: 4177: 4169: 3832: 3547: 3139: 3059: 2991: 2898: 2859: 2813:

To be entitled to prisoner-of-war status, captured persons must be

2438: 2405: 2317: 2309: 2270: 2228: 2134: 1900: 1875: 1508: 1140: 1115: 728: 283: 157: 10129:

Notes of Japanese soldier in a USSR prison camp after World War II

6092:"Church Fathers: Church History, Book VII (Socrates Scholasticus)" 4461:

were captured by the Soviet Union. The prisoners were captured in

4351: 2840:, the requirement of a distinctive marking is no longer included. 2511:, a sailor who wrote a memoir about his years as a captive of the 11515: 11460: 11445: 11430: 10303: 10275: 10254: 7827:"Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II" 5230: 5206: 5177: 5142: 5138: 4677: 4639: 4535: 4375:

According to some sources, the Soviets captured 3.5 million

4301:

Regiment. All Western Allied POWs were evacuated to Italy during

3728:

POWs died at sea, about 19,000 of them killed by friendly fire."

3274:

prisoners of the Allies and Russia, many of whom had to serve as

3235: 3216: 3135: 2847: 2290: 2126: 1910: 1870: 1634: 1468: 1464: 806: 791: 667: 328: 323: 293: 232: 194: 10160: 9850:

Useful Captives: The Role of POWs in American Military Conflicts

3974:—or whom the Nazis believed to be Jewish—were killed as part of 3591:

Number of Western Allied POWs and Death Rate Under the Japanese

3117:

held about 720,000, mostly gained in the period just before the

2941:

Treated humanely with respect for their persons and their honour

2522: 10314: 10062:

Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II

9710:. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Republished by Penguin, 1992; 9396:"Threats and Responses: Briefly Noted; Iran-Iraq Prisoner Deal" 8042:"Prizonierii americani în "colivia de aur" de la Timișu de Jos" 7018:

Silent Battle: Canadian Prisoners of War in Germany, 1914–1919.

6809:"War in the Gulf: P.O.W.'s; U.S. Says Prisoners Seem War-Weary" 6509:"Site of the Norman Cross Depot for Prisoners of War (1006782)" 5792:

Camps for Russian prisoners and internees in Poland (1919–1924)

5224: 5200: 5130: 5045: 4892: 4754: 4673: 4654: 4252: 4026: 3212: 3143: 3095: 2983: 2913:, both sides treated captured troops as POWs presumably out of 2694: 2361: 2321: 2313: 2266: 2165: 1417: 813: 630: 366: 10911:

Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted

9864:

The British Empire and Its Italian Prisoners of War, 1940–1947

9810:

Histoire de la captivité des Français en Allemagne (1939–1945)

9079:"Forced Repatriation to the Soviet Union: The Secret Betrayal" 8795:

David Lubań, "Legal Modernism", Univ of Michigan Press, 1994.

7706:

National Museum of the USAF, "Allied Victims of the Holocaust"

7571:"International Humanitarian Law – State Parties / Signatories" 7473:

Prisoners of the Japanese: POWs of World War II in the Pacific

7223:"International Humanitarian Law – State Parties / Signatories" 6398:. New York: Inner Traditions International. pp. 229–233. 4845: 3847:

Liberated Canadian POWs arriving in Manilla, Philippines, 1945

2470: 2386:

in 1487, "between 10,000 and 80,400 persons" were sacrificed.

2245:'s English army killed many French prisoners of war after the 11228: 10261: 9913:(2nd ed.). Millerton, NY: Grey House Pub, 2006. p. 9576:

Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies

9249:

pp 26–33 Transfer of U.S. Korean War POWs To the Soviet Union

8390:

POW/MIA Issues: Volume 2, World War II and the Early Cold War

6271:

Hassig, Ross (2003). "El sacrificio y las guerras floridas".

4473:, then sent to work as forced labour in the Soviet Union and 4346: 4297:

approved the transfer of 896 POWs to the barracks of the 4th

4239:, the former Normal School used as Camp No. 13 during the war 4181: 4070:". Treatment of the prisoners was generally poor. The author 3220: 2954:

Given adequate food, clothing, housing, and medical attention

2372: 2220: 2151: 2142: 2114: 888: 424: 419: 9948:

Open Road to Faraway: Escapes from Nazi POW Camps 1941–1945.

9483:

Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century

8270:

Japanese POW group says files on over 500,000 held in Moscow

7536:. London: Spectre (Hodder & Stoughton). pp. 50–58. 6712:"The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law: Protected Persons" 6614:. U.S. National Park Service). 18 July 2014. Archived from 6543:

on 27 February 2019 – via Munich Digitization Center.

6236:. Faculty.washington.edu. 29 September 2007. Archived from 5270: 5079: 5010: 4650: 4267:, who was nicknamed "The Angel of Ploiești" by the airmen. 4251:, with the wounded airmen taken to the no. 415 Hospital in 4135:. Third Reich officials left the Soviet "note" unanswered. 3279: 3085:

German soldier of Infantry Regiment 120, POW 1 January 1918

2767: 2748: 2727:

Article 4 of the Third Geneva Convention protects captured

2365: 184: 179: 8836:"Hungarian Prisoners-of-War In French Captivity 1945–1947" 7029:

British National Archives, "The Mesopotamia campaign", at

6587:

Captives in Blue: The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy

4493: 3249:, written in his own hand and reproduced on a lithograph. 2273:

desirable. Examples of such wars include the 13th-century

9969:

On 12 February 2013, three American POWs gathered at the

8897:

History of United States Naval Operations in World War II

8506: 7678: 7191:

Savage Continent: Europe in the aftermath of World War II

6930:

Disobedience and Conspiracy in the German Army, 1918–1945

6017:"The Enslavement of War Captives by the Romans to 146 BC" 4902:, of the 11,721 French soldiers taken prisoner after the 4430:

in 1939, hundreds of thousands of Polish soldiers became

4278:, in a frequently bombed area. It was later moved to the 3971: 3065: 2575:

and prisoner camp for around 6,000 POWs who lived in the

2238:) liberated captives after Genevieve urged him to do so. 57: 9966:

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.

6210:"Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan" 5812:

Extermination of Soviet prisoners of war by Nazi Germany

5076:

Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War

4308: 4187: 3970:

Only a small proportion of western Allied POWs who were

3215:

on 15 November. Plans were made for them to be sent via

3146:. In Germany, food was short, but only 5 per cent died. 2776:

restoring and maintaining family contact in times of war

8705:"Ex-Death Camp Tells Story of Nazi and Soviet Horrors" 8007:"Prizonieri de război sovietici în România (1941–1944)" 7306:

Slaughter at Sea: The Story of Japan's Naval War Crimes

6429:'Prisoners in early modern warfare' in Prisoners in War 4833:

bound and killed by North Koreans during the Korean War

4243:

The first Americans were captured in Romania following

3943:

Germany and Italy generally treated prisoners from the

2997: 9128: 9126: 8752:"Ex-Death Camp Tells Story of Nazi and Soviet Horrors" 8721:"Ex-Death Camp Tells Story of Nazi and Soviet Horrors" 8687:

ICRC in WW II: German prisoners of war in Allied hands

8427:

Dear, I.C.B; Foot, M.R.D., eds. (2005). "War Crimes".

4331:

Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939

2293:

following the projected capture (1209) of the city of

9910:

The Encyclopedia of Prisoners of War & Internment

9874:

Prisoners of the Reich, Germany's Captives, 1939–1945

9544:. Stern.de – Politik. 6 February 2012. Archived from 8681: 8679: 8617:

German migrants in post-war Britain: an enemy embrace

8431:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 983–984. 8206:

Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression

8132:. Worldwar2database.com. 27 July 2011. Archived from 4191:

Soviet POWs escorted by a Romanian cavalryman in 1941

3785:

Australian and Dutch POWs at Tarsau, Thailand in 1943

9837:

1979 Stein & Day; 1991, 1996 Scarborough House.

8293: 8291: 7475:. Melbourne: Scribe Publications. pp. 295–297. 7259:"Japanese troops ate flesh of enemies and civilians" 6636: 6067: 5787:

Armenian POWs during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War

4882:

Treatment of POWs by North Korean and Chinese forces

4759:

Allied war crimes during World War II in the Pacific

4680:, and handed them over to the Soviet Union instead. 4371:

German prisoners of war being paraded through Moscow

2445:, were often denied the status of prisoners of war. 9663:

The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History

9583:

Full text of Third Geneva Convention, 1949 revision

9123: 8609: 8607: 7674:"'Soldiers and Slaves' Details Saga of Jewish POWs" 7054:

The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History

6555:"Die Aufzeichnungen des Totengräbers Ahlemann 1813" 6503: 3077:

US POWs at German prison camp Rastatt, Germany 1918

11723:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation 9857:Prisoners of War and Their Captors in World War II 9650:, 1st ed.; 1997, BasicBooks (HarperCollins, Inc). 9478: 9476: 9251:. Nationalalliance.org. Retrieved on 24 May 2014. 8676: 8321:POW in the USSR 1939–1956: Documents and Materials 8265: 8263: 6357: 5062:, Ukrainian POWs have described being tortured by 4768:After the war, many Japanese POWs were kept on as 3819:rescued from Los Baños Internment Camp, March 1945 2477:Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War 9959:United States. Government Accountability Office. 8585: 8288: 7597:"Pride and Peril: Jewish American POWs in Europe" 6583: 6364:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 4742:A group of Japanese soldiers captured during the 3709:No direct access to the POWs was provided to the 3550:, starvation rations, poor medical treatment and 11755: 11251:United Kingdom and British overseas territories 8604: 7908: 6823: 6456:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 107–129. 6395:Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources 5877:World War II Radio Heroes: Letters of Compassion 4931:United States servicemembers as prisoners of war 4551:US Army: Card of capture for German POWs – front 4013:and US aviators who were held for two months at 3478: 9473: 8260: 7256: 6669:"Andersonville: Prisoner of War Camp-Reading 1" 6590:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 57–73. 6322:. Columbia University Press. pp. 371–372. 6150: 6149:, quoted by Andrew Gurr in his introduction to 4352:Germans, Romanians, Italians, Hungarians, Finns 3134:prisoners of war taken by Russians perished in 2704: 10123:New Zealand PoWs of Germany, Italy & Japan 10002:Taps on the Walls: Poems from the Hanoi Hilton 9783:– Mémoires et Cultures – 2007. 9680:10th ed. (Sydney: Angus & Robinson, 1941) 9371:Two Chinese prisoners from '62 war repatriated 9053:"Repatriation – The Dark Side of World War II" 8877:, 17 September 2000. Accessed 11 December 2016 8516:Center of Military History, United States Army 8230: 7876: 5867:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC) 4809:On 11 February 1945, at the conclusion of the 4088:German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war 3569:Thousands of US and Filipino POWs died on the 2718:1929 Geneva Convention on the Prisoners of War 2199: 11346: 10176: 10156:Jewish POW swapped by Germans in World War II 8159:The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field 6695:"US Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands" 6068:Eisenberg, Bonnie; Ruthsdotter, Mary (1998). 4327:Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 4319:Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 2523:French Revolutionary wars and Napoleonic wars 2035: 11360: 10068:Reports made by World War I prisoners of war 9761: 9393: 8965: 8130:"German POWs in Allied Hands – World War II" 7728:"Death March from Stalag Luft 4 during WWII" 7558:The Unfree French: Life under the Occupation 7331:"Forgotten tragedy of Italian war detainees" 7205:"World War II – prisoners of war POWs Japan" 6940:". Robert B. Kane, Peter Loewenberg (2008). 6671:. U.S. National Park Service. Archived from 6293:. Latinamericanstudies.org. pp. 46–51. 6120:Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. 5979: 5817:German prisoners of war in the United States 4696:in October 1945 that the Allies themselves, 4522:German prisoners of war in the United States 4335:Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 4323:Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 3831:Allied prisoners of war at Aomori camp near 2770:has a special role to play, with regards to 2588:The extensive period of conflict during the 2101:them in new political or religious beliefs. 11391:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention 9542:"Kriegsgefangene: Viele kamen nicht zurück" 9188: 8502: 8500: 7936: 7364: 7247:, Kikan Sensô Sekinin Kenkyû 9, 1995, p. 22 6832:"Pentagon: We Don't Call Them POWs Anymore" 6360:Islam. Its History, Teaching, and Practices 6151:Shakespeare, William; Gurr, Andrew (2005). 6147:Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland 4500:Lists of World War II prisoner-of-war camps 4339:German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 3206:Celebration for returning POWs, Berlin 1920 3058:German soldiers captured by the British in 2471:European settlers captured in North America 11353: 11339: 10933:International Network of Prison Ministries 10183: 10169: 8216:". Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer (1999). 8061: 8059: 7859:Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory 7052:, Ewan Morris, Robin Prior with Jean Bou, 6539:(in German). p. 305ff. Archived from 6258:Meyer, Michael C. and William L. Sherman. 6155:. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. 6124:. 3rd ed., New York: Penguin Books, 1993. 4937:. Communist Vietnamese held in custody by 4579:prisoners strictly in accordance with the 4514:Forced labor of Germans after World War II 3520:1929 Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War 3518:, which had signed but never ratified the 3003:The United States Military Code of Conduct 2042: 2028: 19:"POW" redirects here. For other uses, see 7360: 7358: 7356: 7308:. Pen & Sword Maritime. p. 252. 4789:, the UK and US due to labour shortages. 4518:Japanese prisoners of war in World War II 4219: 3770:Water colour sketch of "Dusty" Rhodes by 2944:Able to inform their next of kin and the 2697:being adopted and becoming recognised as 10759:Mentally ill people in the United States 10150:Historic films about POWs in World War I 9985:She Went to War: The Rhonda Cornum Story 9855:Moore, Bob, & Kent Fedorowich eds., 9732:; Charles Tuttle Company, Vermont, 1965. 9695:, 1984 Artlook Books Western Australia. 8975:. CNN. 23 September 1996. Archived from 8948:American troops 'murdered Japanese PoWs' 8900:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 8645: 8497: 8426: 8176: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7153: 7129:International Committee of the Red Cross 6829: 6531: 6355: 6262:. Oxford University Press, 5th ed. 1995. 6070:"History of the Women's Rights Movement" 5355:16,000–50,000 captured by Western Allies 5078:entered into force on 19 June 1931. The 4860: 4852: 4844: 4836: 4824: 4773:arrival of Allied forces in the region. 4737: 4562: 4554: 4546: 4530: 4413: 4366: 4355: 4259:, in the newly established Camp No. 14 ( 4223: 4186: 4115: 4091: 4081: 4025: 3961: 3939:Belgian prisoners of war in World War II 3564: 3497: 3293: 3201: 3157:, became prisoners after the five-month 3080: 3072: 3064: 3053: 2946:International Committee of the Red Cross 2800: 2714:IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land 2639: 2624: 2485:, exist in some number. The writings of 2424: 2332: 2203: 2108: 1001:List of military strategies and concepts 31: 16:Military term for a captive of the enemy 11605:Right to an adequate standard of living 10134:German prisoners of war in Allied hands 9579:. Vol. 36, No. 2. 2008. pp. 19–35. 8973:"Photos document brutality in Shanghai" 8886: 8148: 8056: 7671: 7398:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 6806: 6637:Richard Wightman Fox (7 January 2008). 6476: 6451: 6114: 5832:Korean War POWs detained in North Korea 5777:13th Psychological Operations Battalion 5384: 4494:Treatment of POWs by the Western Allies 3932: 3924:French prisoners of war in World War II 3506:surrendering to the Japanese after the 3197: 2429:Casting the dice for life or death, by 11756: 11406:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 11012:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland) 9848:Krebs, Daniel, and Lorien Foote, eds. 9461:: The Russian-Geran Conflict 1941–1945 9178:. William C. Jeffries (2006). p. 388. 9097: 8749: 8718: 8651: 8314: 8179:"Polish deportees in the Soviet Union" 7855: 7531: 7504: 7424:Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines 7353: 7303: 7245:Nitchû Sensô ni Okeru Horyo Gyakusatsu 6426: 6284: 6175: 5082:had not signed the Geneva Convention. 4230:Bucharest Faculty of Orthodox Theology 2881:The criteria are applied primarily to 2489:, captured in the chaotic fighting of 2265:often considered the extermination of 11334: 10164: 10086:Current status of Vietnam War POW/MIA 10038:Prisoners of war and humanitarian law 9906: 9313:"Falkland Islands: a gentleman's war" 9225: 9194: 8104:"German POWs and the Art of Survival" 8013: 7991: 6704: 6391: 6346:. Islamic Texts Society, 1992, p. 104 6315: 5958:North African Campaign (World War II) 5857:Military Chaplain#Noncombatant status 5373: 5303:114,861 lost or captured by US and UK 4504:Allied war crimes during World War II 4309:Treatment of POWs by the Soviet Union 2614: 2583: 2360:, and all the population killed). In 2337:Aztec sacrifices, as depicted in the 2070:power during or immediately after an 11314: 9893:, 2011, retrieved: 16 November 2011. 9852:(University Press of Kansas, 2021). 9812:, Éditions Gallimard, France, 1967. 9428:"Ukraine / Russia: Prisoners of war" 8750:Butler, Desmond (17 December 2001). 8719:Butler, Desmond (17 December 2001). 8507:George G. Lewis; John Mehwa (1982). 8429:The Oxford Companion to World War II 8347: 8024: 8005:Duțu, Alesandru (25 November 2015). 8004: 7918:. New York: Hill and Wang. pp. 7470: 7433:". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) 7372:. Avalon Publishing. pp. 2, 3. 7328: 7188: 6732:. Peace Pledge Union. Archived from 5051:The last prisoners of the 1980–1988 4820: 4432:prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 4284:"Regina Elisabeta" Military Hospital 3126:and inspections by neutral nations. 2998:U.S. Code of Conduct and terminology 2960:Released quickly after conflicts end 2303:Kill them all, God will know His own 10080:German POWs and the art of survival 9573:, "What is a Prisoner of War For?" 8833: 8480: 7511:. Simon and Schuster. p. 317. 6903:Transactions of the Grotius Society 6780: 6185:. Oxford University Press. p. 5332:≈130,000 (95,532 taken by Germany) 4276:6th Guard Regiment "Mihai Viteazul" 2483:indigenous peoples of North America 2211:riders with prisoners, 14th century 13: 9941:Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen 9770: 9623: 9238:from the original on 9 April 2023. 7862:. London: Pan Books. p. 271. 7257:McCarthy, Terry (12 August 1992). 7125:"Search results – Resource centre" 6807:Schmitt, Eric (19 February 1991). 6514:National Heritage List for England 5902: 5069: 4559:Reverse of US Army Card of capture 4398:, who had been declared guilty of 3917: 3483: 2937:, prisoners of war (POW) must be: 2352:In the 13th century the expanding 2081:still in the field (releasing and 14: 11795: 11526:Right to refuse medical treatment 10190: 10031: 9147:University of Massachusetts Press 8025:Duțu, Alesandru (2 August 2015). 6649:from the original on 15 June 2013 6382:, "Period of revelation", p. 159. 5827:Islamic views on prisoners of war 5091:Number of POWs held in captivity 5013:paramilitary forces supported by 4120:Naked Soviet prisoners of war in 3577:According to the findings of the 3105:held 2.5 million prisoners; 2796: 2527:The earliest known purpose-built 2184:In the fourth century AD, Bishop 11313: 11302: 11301: 10056:Archive of World War II memories 9862:Bob Moore, and Kent Fedorowich. 9859:, Berg Press, Oxford, UK, 1997. 9835:Nazi Prisoners of War in America 9721:George G. Lewis and John Mewha, 9534: 9509: 9488: 9450: 9420: 9387: 9363: 9327: 9305: 9280: 9261: 9242: 9226:Burns, Robert (29 August 1993). 9219: 9160: 9135: 9071: 9045: 9029: 9010: 8991: 8941: 8922: 8880: 8856: 8827: 8806: 8789: 8776: 8766: 8743: 8712: 8699: 8654:"The secrets of the London Cage" 8652:Cobain, Ian (12 November 2005). 8594: 8576: 8567: 8551:. 2 October 1989. Archived from 8537: 8474: 8445: 8420: 8403: 8381: 8238:"シベリア抑留、露に７６万人分の資料軍事公文書館でカード発見" 8197: 8181:. Wajszczuk.v.pl. Archived from 8170: 8106:. Historynet.com. Archived from 8101: 8039: 7131:. 3 October 2013. Archived from 6319:God's Rule: Government and Islam 6297:from the original on 19 May 2023 6122:The Penguin Dictionary of Saints 5946: 5842:List of notable prisoners of war 5358:560,000–760,000 captured by the 5341: 5320: 5289: 5263: 5242: 5217: 5193: 5164: 5100: 4965:in Lebanon by Syrian forces and 4666:Sachsenhausen concentration camp 4418:Katyn 1943 exhumation; photo by 4305:from 31 August to 3 September. 3900: 3880: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3824: 3809: 3790: 3778: 3763: 3750:Female prisoners (detainees) at 2825:, a combatant must be part of a 2720:and were largely revised in the 2316:in the 11th and 12th centuries. 2104: 2091:exploiting them for their labour 75: 25:Prisoner of war (disambiguation) 11083:Countries by incarceration rate 10996:Prison Fellowship International 9882:Prisoners and Detainees in War 9564: 9081:. Hillsdale.edu. Archived from 8122: 8095: 8077: 8073:(in Romanian). 28 October 2022. 8033: 7978: 7957: 7915:The Third Reich – A New History 7902: 7886:. Gpw.tellur.ru. Archived from 7849: 7819: 7806: 7780: 7750: 7720: 7711: 7694: 7665: 7645: 7619: 7589: 7563: 7550: 7525: 7498: 7489: 7464: 7445: 7436: 7417: 7404: 7386: 7322: 7297: 7273: 7250: 7237: 7215: 7197: 7182: 7147: 7117: 7091: 7072: 7059: 7042: 7023: 7010: 6997: 6984: 6954: 6921: 6908: 6895: 6886: 6854: 6800: 6774: 6748: 6722: 6687: 6661: 6630: 6604: 6577: 6547: 6525: 6497: 6485: 6470: 6445: 6420: 6385: 6372: 6349: 6336: 6309: 6287:"The Enigma of Aztec Sacrifice" 6278: 6265: 6252: 6226: 6221:The Journal of Japanese Studies 6203: 5982:"What is a Prisoner of War For" 5925: 5847:List of prisoner-of-war escapes 5414:As Far as My Feet Will Carry Me 4961:by their Egyptian captors, the 4794:Italy surrendered to the Allies 4046: 3289: 3050:Prisoners of war in World War I 2709:Chapter II of the Annex to the 2684: 2632:prisoners of war on the way to 2621:American Civil War prison camps 2420: 2233: 11738:Sexual and reproductive health 11635:Right to a healthy environment 10140:World War II U.S. POW Archives 9394:Nazila Fathi (14 March 2003). 8311:, 56th session, 13 April 2000. 8244:. 24 July 2009. Archived from 7672:Inskeep, Steve (30 May 2005). 7101:. Royal.gov.uk. Archived from 6968:. 8 April 2012. Archived from 6830:Thompson, Mark (17 May 2012). 6285:Harner, Michael (April 1977). 6169: 6135: 6084: 6061: 6042: 6008: 5973: 5895: 4770:Japanese Surrendered Personnel 4143: 4061:Massacre of the Acqui Division 3306:, in addition to figures from 3043: 2772:international humanitarian law 2743:, POWs acquires the status of 2647:soldier on his release from a 2556:outside the prison, mainly in 1: 11655:Right to public participation 10000:– a collection of his poetry 9891:Institute of European History 8620:. Routledge. pp. 24–30. 8464:, Vol. 94, No. 4. March 2008 7814:Hitler's Willing Executioners 7629:. Jafi.org.il. Archived from 7603:. 26 May 2021. Archived from 6260:The Course of Mexican History 5883: 5575:Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence 5060:invasion of Ukraine by Russia 4733: 4705: 4688:, chief US prosecutor in the 4315:POW labor in the Soviet Union 4122:Mauthausen concentration camp 4015:Buchenwald concentration camp 3982:policies. For example, Major 3479:Treatment of POWs by the Axis 2596:(1793–1815), followed by the 2398: 2384:Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan 2382:. For the re-consecration of 2342: 11675:Right to science and culture 10975:Prison Advice and Care Trust 10125:New Zealand Official History 10097:Canada's Forgotten PoW Camps 10052:UK National Archives ADM 103 9107:. April 1997. Archived from 8892:Victory in the Pacific, 1945 8155:Benjamin Fischer (historian) 6905:, Vol. 5, (1919), pp. 47–64. 6756:"Story of an idea- the Film" 6693:Hall, Yancey (1 July 2003). 6234:"Central Asian world cities" 5966: 5954:Western Front (World War II) 5952:see references on the pages 5428:The Bridge on the River Kwai 4653:prisoner of war facility in 4480: 4261:Lagărul de prizonieri nr. 14 3170:Sinai and Palestine campaign 3005:was promulgated in 1955 via 2705:Hague and Geneva Conventions 2603:, led to the emergence of a 2215:According to legend, during 36:Serbian prisoners of war in 7: 11501:Right to keep and bear arms 11411:Freedom from discrimination 10103:German army list of Stalags 9907:Vance, Jonathan F. (2006). 9197:"In South Vietnamese Jails" 8462:Journal of American History 7758:"Guests of the Third Reich" 7337:. NHK World. Archived from 6918:(1999) pp. 368–69 for data. 6639:"National Life After Death" 6561:(in German). Archived from 5910:Online Etymology Dictionary 5764: 5680:Summer of My German Soldier 5407:Another Time, Another Place 4972:Indian intervention in the 4804: 4776: 4763:National Revolutionary Army 4448: 3978:or were subjected to other 3802:Santo Tomas Internment Camp 3109:held 2.9 million, and 2200:Middle Ages and Renaissance 2177:, and were held legally as 1499:Military–industrial complex 973:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 11800: 11779:Imprisonment and detention 11307:Imprisonment and detention 10235:Stanford prison experiment 10113:Colditz Oflag IVC POW Camp 10108:German army list of Oflags 10050:Prisoners of War 1755–1831 9725:; Dept. of the Army, 1955. 9335:"war story: Rhonda Cornum" 9195:Thanh, Ngo Ba; Luce, Don. 9168:Trap Door to the Dark Side 8309:Commission on Human Rights 7573:. Cicr.org. Archived from 7505:Miller, Donald L. (2008). 7099:"The Queen and technology" 6584:Roger Pickenpaugh (2013). 5939:, Arnaud Amalric was only 5638:Rambo: First Blood Part II 5377: 5229:675,000 (420,000 taken by 5176:5.7 million taken by 4526: 4507: 4497: 4312: 4138: 4085: 4057:Italian military internees 4050: 3936: 3921: 3912: 3487: 3047: 2618: 2590:American Revolutionary War 2474: 2062:) is a person who is held 18: 11698: 11665:Right to rest and leisure 11571: 11376: 11369: 11296: 11106: 11074: 11049: 10968:Prison abolition movement 10926:Florida Justice Institute 10902: 10706: 10621: 10581: 10500: 10447: 10322: 10313: 10244: 10198: 9971:Pritzker Military Library 9950:2001. Cualann Press Ltd. 9943:52 (1993) pp. 91–94. 9803:Pritzker Military Library 9766:3rd edition (Paris, 1920) 9706:Rivett, Rohan D. (1946). 9141:Adams, Clarence. (2007). 9055:. Fff.org. Archived from 9026:23 September 1996 image 3 9007:23 September 1996 image 2 8820:29 September 2011 at the 8359:, Doubleday, April 2003, 8303:29 September 2007 at the 8067:"Operatiunea Reunion (I)" 7762:guestsofthethirdreich.org 7168:10.1191/0968344504wh291oa 6452:Batelka, Philipp (2017). 6427:Wilson, Peter H. (2010). 5872:Vietnam War POW/MIA issue 5277:Coalition of the Gulf War 5182:million died in captivity 5093: 5087: 4974:Bangladesh Liberation War 4781:In 1943, Italy overthrew 4668:, at the time one of the 4459:Japanese prisoners of war 4428:Soviet invasion of Poland 4409: 3590: 3490:Far East prisoners of war 3318: 3315: 2928: 2537:French Revolutionary Wars 2519:coast from 1802 to 1805. 2219:'s siege and blockade of 1563:Loss-of-strength gradient 415:Combat information center 11680:Right to social security 11645:Right to Internet access 11590:Equal pay for equal work 11476:Presumption of innocence 11019:The Prison Phoenix Trust 10463:Administrative detention 9953:Harris, Justin Michael. 9876:, 1998; on British POWs 9799:Webcast Author Interview 9691:Alfred James Passfield, 9631:American Film Foundation 9173:25 December 2022 at the 9145:. Amherst & Boston. 8864:Hungarian POW identified 8843:www.hungarianhistory.com 8468:14 November 2010 at the 8218:Harvard University Press 8211:25 December 2022 at the 7788:"Le porte della Memoria" 7601:The National WWII Museum 7265:. London. Archived from 7225:. Icrc.org. 27 July 1929 7084:21 December 2016 at the 6935:25 December 2022 at the 6781:Penrose, Mary Margaret. 6699:National Geographic News 6477:Hohrath, Daniel (1999). 6356:Nigosian, S. A. (2004). 6316:Crone, Patricia (2004). 5937:Caesarius of Heisterbach 5888: 5151:1.3 million unknown 5055:were exchanged in 2003. 4567:Certificate of Discharge 3528:Second Sino-Japanese War 2876:Fourth Geneva Convention 2673:, 13,000 (28%) died. At 2504:The Last of the Mohicans 2121:, Egypt, 13th century BC 1881:Military science fiction 1366:Technology and equipment 782:List of military tactics 11769:17th-century neologisms 11556:right to be a candidate 11386:Equality before the law 11097:Films featuring prisons 10954:Mount Tamalpais College 10608:Prisoner-of-war escapes 10338:Corrective labor colony 10145:Korean War POW Archives 9887:European History Online 9868:excerpt and text search 9827:1999. Cualann Press Ltd 9755:Hitler's British Slaves 9590:Encyclopædia Britannica 9369:Shaikh Azizur Rahman, " 8953:19 October 2018 at the 8934:3 November 2012 at the 8869:11 October 2017 at the 8814:The Legacy of Nuremberg 8374:13 October 2007 at the 8326:2 November 2007 at the 8275:24 January 2008 at the 8164:Studies in Intelligence 7856:Davies, Norman (2006). 7035:10 October 2017 at the 6990:Richard B. Speed, III. 6787:Encyclopædia Britannica 6716:Doctors Without Borders 6537:"Collected Works vol 6" 6493:Encyclopædia Britannica 6380:Introduction of Ad-Dahr 6054:26 January 2020 at the 5603:The Password is Courage 4978:third Indo-Pakistan war 4949:, where many perished. 4904:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 4829:A U.S. Army POW of the 4420:International Red Cross 3711:International Red Cross 3175:Australian Flying Corps 3124:International Red Cross 2935:Third Geneva Convention 2831:laws and customs of war 2823:Third Geneva Convention 2821:. To qualify under the 2807:First Sino-Japanese War 2722:Third Geneva Convention 2460:There also evolved the 2358:ransacked and destroyed 1949:Wartime sexual violence 1705:Full-spectrum dominance 1516:Supply-chain management 11416:Freedom of information 11401:Freedom of association 10731:Contemplative programs 10438:Youth detention center 10290:Prisoner of conscience 9983:– with Peter Copeland 9762: 7532:Hunter, Clare (2019). 6392:Lings, Martin (1983). 5596:P.O.W.- Bandi Yuddh Ke 5029:forces killed POWs at 5017:forces killed POWs at 4873: 4858: 4850: 4842: 4834: 4831:21st Infantry Regiment 4746: 4703: 4572: 4560: 4552: 4544: 4423: 4390:, the highest-scoring 4372: 4364: 4272:restarted air campaign 4240: 4192: 4124: 4101: 4031: 3967: 3873:Cabanatuan prison camp 3574: 3560:Armistice of Cassibile 3511: 3299: 3284:Allied Supreme Council 3268: 3207: 3086: 3078: 3070: 3062: 2891:Additional Protocol II 2810: 2735:fighters, and certain 2671:Andersonville, Georgia 2652: 2637: 2636:prison in October 1864 2433: 2391:early Muslim conquests 2349: 2212: 2122: 1861:Awards and decorations 1834:Peace through strength 1809:Low-intensity conflict 1443:Conscientious objector 1316:Area of responsibility 45: 11728:Intersex human rights 11536:Right of self-defense 11491:Right to a fair trial 10982:Prison-Ashram Project 10152:European Film Gateway 10046:UK National Archives. 9779:Treize Qu'ils Etaient 9730:Mutine at Koje Island 9132:Adams, (2007), p. 62. 8888:Morison, Samuel Eliot 8692:26 April 2009 at the 8487:www.timesofisrael.com 8089:aircrewremembered.com 7508:D-Days in the Pacific 7304:Felton, Mark (2007). 6049:"The Roman Gladiator" 5980:John Hickman (2002). 5589:The One That Got Away 5378:Further information: 5187:World War II (total) 4927:North Vietnamese Army 4864: 4856: 4848: 4840: 4828: 4799:Italian Service Units 4741: 4698: 4612:Disarmed Enemy Forces 4571:(Front- and Backside) 4566: 4558: 4550: 4534: 4457:, 560,000 to 760,000 4417: 4370: 4359: 4227: 4204:per soldier per day. 4190: 4119: 4095: 4082:Eastern European POWs 4029: 3965: 3568: 3501: 3297: 3251: 3243:commissioned officers 3205: 3084: 3076: 3068: 3057: 3038:Prisoner of War Medal 3007:Executive Order 10631 2986:, ill treatment, and 2897:are often treated as 2838:Additional Protocol I 2804: 2711:1907 Hague Convention 2643: 2628: 2609:exchange of prisoners 2499:James Fenimore Cooper 2475:Further information: 2428: 2336: 2207: 2112: 2093:, recruiting or even 448:Torpedo data computer 438:Ship gun fire-control 35: 11615:Right to development 11496:Right to family life 11446:Freedom from torture 11431:Freedom from slavery 11166:Ireland, Republic of 10856:Solitary confinement 10417:Prisoner-of-war camp 10099:CBC Digital Archives 10070:UK National Archives 9975:webcast conversation 9633:'s 1999 documentary 9592:(CD ed.). 2002. 9382:The Washington Times 9376:28 July 2020 at the 9255:14 July 2014 at the 8452:James J. Weingartner 8415:Saint Helen's Island 8395:4 March 2016 at the 8387:Paul M. Cole (1994) 8167:, Winter 1999–2000. 7658:11 June 2007 at the 7627:"Ben Aharon Yitzhak" 7471:Daws, Gavan (1994). 7429:27 July 2003 at the 7189:Lowe, Keith (2012), 6273:Arqueología Mexicana 6215:4 March 2016 at the 5933:Dialogus Miraculorum 5862:Prisoner of war mail 5772:Prisoner-of-war camp 5385:Films and television 4994:In 1991, during the 4987:In 1982, during the 4947:"re-education" camps 4941:and American forces 4692:, told US President 4381:Battle of Stalingrad 4245:Operation Tidal Wave 4220:Western Allies' POWs 4111:Grigoriy Krivosheyev 4107:Operation Barbarossa 4072:Giovannino Guareschi 4002:, officially called 3933:Western Allies' POWs 3733:Jack Bridger Chalker 3526:, either during the 3198:Release of prisoners 3186:prisoners (from the 3014:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2990:of individuals, and 2567:both sides used the 2529:prisoner-of-war camp 2301:allegedly replied, " 1979:Military occupations 1814:Military engineering 1716:Unrestricted Warfare 1573:Force multiplication 466:Military manoeuvrers 21:POW (disambiguation) 11426:Freedom of religion 11421:Freedom of movement 11396:Freedom of assembly 11378:Civil and political 11033:Prison Reform Trust 10136:(World War II) ICRC 9879:Scheipers, Sibylle 9760:Desflandres, Jean, 9588:"Prisoner of War". 9438:on 31 December 2022 9408:on 26 December 2022 9022:14 May 2011 at the 9003:14 May 2011 at the 8369:Introduction online 8185:on 16 February 2012 8110:on 19 December 2007 7495:Daws (1994), p. 297 6730:"Geneva Convention" 6491:"Prisoner of war", 5992:(2). Archived from 5659:Slaughterhouse Five 5491:Faith of My Fathers 5470:Escape from Sobibor 5306:60,000 captured by 5205:1,800,000 taken by 5000:Major Rhonda Cornum 4982:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 4976:in 1971 led to the 4963:13 October massacre 4900:First Indochina War 4569:of a German General 4455:Soviet–Japanese War 4426:As a result of the 4000:Berga an der Elster 3548:medical experiments 3508:Battle of Singapore 3494:Japanese war crimes 3180:Czechoslovak Legion 3155:British Indian Army 2872:unlawful combatants 2545:Norman Cross Prison 2531:was established at 2495:captivity narrative 2451:Peace of Westphalia 2431:Jan van Huchtenburg 2297:, the papal legate 2275:Albigensian Crusade 2247:Battle of Agincourt 2171:Rape of the Sabines 1665:Penal military unit 1650:Rules of engagement 1326:Command and control 946:Operations research 410:Director (military) 400:Fire-control system 170:Command and control 51:Part of a series on 11743:Right to sexuality 11620:Right to education 11546:Security of person 11441:Freedom of thought 11040:WriteAPrisoner.com 10803:Protective custody 10352:Extermination camp 10283:Political prisoner 10090:Clifford Reddish. 10014:Donald E. Casey – 9739:; Pantheon, 2004. 9737:War Trash: A novel 9646:Lewis H. Carlson, 9523:, Bielefeld 1976, 9401:The New York Times 9273:7 May 2013 at the 9085:on 7 February 2012 9059:on 17 January 2012 8756:The New York Times 8725:The New York Times 8709:, 17 December 2001 7812:Daniel Goldhagen, 7651:See, for example, 7577:on 5 February 2012 7560:(2006) pp. 183–214 7329:Tsuyoshi, Masuda. 7069:(1941) pp. 620–622 6813:The New York Times 6762:on 29 October 2021 6342:Roger DuPasquier. 6240:on 18 January 2012 5986:Scientia Militaria 5943:to have said that. 5736:Von Ryan's Express 5694:Tea with Mussolini 5568:The McKenzie Break 5435:The Brylcreem Boys 5374:In popular culture 5275:≈175,000 taken by 5125:Unknown number in 4967:June 1990 massacre 4943:were also tortured 4898:At the end of the 4874: 4859: 4851: 4843: 4835: 4815:Operation Keelhaul 4751:Battle of Iwo Jima 4747: 4670:NKVD special camps 4585:Stephen E. Ambrose 4573: 4561: 4553: 4545: 4510:Operation Keelhaul 4424: 4394:in the history of 4373: 4365: 4241: 4193: 4125: 4102: 4068:military internees 4032: 3984:Yitzhak Ben-Aharon 3968: 3875:, produced in 1946 3871:POW art depicting 3583:surrender of Japan 3575: 3571:Bataan Death March 3512: 3300: 3208: 3087: 3079: 3071: 3063: 2911:American Civil War 2811: 2763:(if applicable). 2741:Geneva Conventions 2729:military personnel 2663:American Civil War 2653: 2638: 2615:American Civil War 2584:Prisoner exchanges 2453:, which ended the 2434: 2350: 2213: 2123: 1774:Counter-insurgency 1695:Command of the sea 1640:Jewish laws on war 1615:Geneva Conventions 1151:Divide and conquer 941:Military operation 906:Tactical objective 405:Fire-control radar 382:Electronic-warfare 46: 11751: 11750: 11650:Right to property 11610:Right to clothing 11595:Fair remuneration 11563:Right to homeland 11511:Right to petition 11436:Freedom of speech 11328: 11327: 11264:England and Wales 11004:Prison Legal News 10989:Prison Fellowship 10947:Justice Defenders 10617: 10616: 10221:Prison healthcare 10118:Lamsdorf Reunited 9935:978-1-59237-170-9 9924:978-1-59237-120-4 9808:Gascare, Pierre. 9793:Doylem Robert C. 9745:978-0-375-42276-8 9636:Return with Honor 9531:, pp. 42–136, 254 9232:Los Angeles Times 9155:978-1-5584-9595-1 8801:978-0-472-10380-5 8762:on 28 March 2023. 8696:, 2 February 2005 8627:978-0-7146-5657-1 8481:Philpot, Robert. 8438:978-0-19-280670-3 8071:iar80flyagain.org 8040:Armă, Alexandru. 7984:James D. Morrow, 7929:978-0-8090-9325-0 7869:978-0-330-35212-3 7454:, by Gavan Daws, 7315:978-1-84415-647-4 6874:on 4 January 2014 6736:on 21 August 2007 6675:on 21 August 2013 6463:978-3-525-30099-2 6182:Europe: A History 6143:Raphael Holinshed 6096:www.newadvent.org 5931:According to the 5903:Harper, Douglas. 5822:Illegal combatant 5797:Civilian Internee 5782:1952 POW olympics 5666:Some Kind of Hero 5582:Missing in Action 5484:Escape to Victory 5463:Empire of the Sun 5442:The Colditz Story 5371: 5370: 4821:Post-World War II 4744:Battle of Okinawa 4686:Robert H. Jackson 4592:listening devices 4581:Geneva Convention 4303:Operation Reunion 4265:Catherine Caradja 4133:Hague Conventions 4129:Geneva Convention 3953:Geneva Convention 3772:Ashley George Old 3741:Ashley George Old 3707: 3706: 3602:Number of Deaths 3524:Hague Conventions 3476: 3475: 3392:Eastern Europeans 3192:Russian Civil War 2980:war of aggression 2815:lawful combatants 2745:protected persons 2699:international law 2651:POW camp, c. 1865 2565:Battle of Leipzig 2517:Pacific Northwest 2491:King Philip's War 2455:Thirty Years' War 2417:(spoils of war). 2320:could hope to be 2283:Northern Crusades 2052: 2051: 1944:Horses in warfare 1891:Anti-war movement 1794:Gunboat diplomacy 1784:Disaster response 1732:Philosophy of war 1727:Principles of war 1700:Deterrence theory 1645:Right of conquest 1568:Lanchester's laws 1336:Principles of war 1026:Counter-offensive 1006:Military campaign 911:Target saturation 834:Counterinsurgency 443:Gun data computer 377:Close air support 339:Aircraft carriers 40:captivity during 11791: 11774:Aftermath of war 11764:Prisoners of war 11640:Right to housing 11574:Economic, social 11521:Right to protest 11516:Right to privacy 11355: 11348: 11341: 11332: 11331: 11321: 11317: 11316: 11309: 11305: 11304: 11289: 11280: 11273: 11271:Northern Ireland 11266: 11259: 11252: 11247: 11240: 11231: 11224: 11217: 11210: 11203: 11196: 11189: 11182: 11175: 11168: 11161: 11154: 11147: 11140: 11133: 11126: 11119: 11099: 11092: 11085: 11067: 11060: 11042: 11035: 11028: 11021: 11014: 11007: 10998: 10991: 10984: 10977: 10970: 10963: 10956: 10949: 10942: 10935: 10928: 10921: 10914: 10893: 10886: 10879: 10872: 10865: 10858: 10851: 10844: 10835: 10828: 10819: 10812: 10805: 10796: 10789: 10782: 10775: 10768: 10761: 10754: 10747: 10740: 10733: 10724: 10717: 10699: 10692: 10685: 10676: 10669: 10662: 10653: 10646: 10639: 10632: 10610: 10601: 10594: 10574: 10567: 10560: 10553: 10546: 10539: 10532: 10525: 10518: 10511: 10493: 10486: 10479: 10477:Maximum security 10472: 10465: 10458: 10440: 10433: 10426: 10419: 10412: 10405: 10396: 10389: 10382: 10375: 10368: 10361: 10354: 10347: 10340: 10333: 10320: 10319: 10306: 10299: 10292: 10285: 10278: 10271: 10264: 10257: 10237: 10230: 10223: 10216: 10209: 10185: 10178: 10171: 10162: 10161: 10044:Prisoners of War 9963:Representatives. 9946:Winton, Andrew, 9928: 9897:Paul J. Springer 9765: 9593: 9558: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9548:on 26 March 2023 9538: 9532: 9513: 9507: 9492: 9486: 9480: 9471: 9454: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9443: 9434:. Archived from 9424: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9404:. Archived from 9391: 9385: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9347:. Archived from 9331: 9325: 9324: 9319:. Archived from 9309: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9284: 9278: 9265: 9259: 9246: 9240: 9239: 9223: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9203:. Archived from 9192: 9186: 9164: 9158: 9139: 9133: 9130: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9111:on 19 April 2023 9101: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9049: 9043: 9033: 9027: 9014: 9008: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8969: 8963: 8945: 8939: 8938:, historynet.com 8929:Battle of Saipan 8926: 8920: 8919: 8884: 8878: 8860: 8854: 8853: 8852:on 1 March 2005. 8851: 8845:. Archived from 8840: 8831: 8825: 8810: 8804: 8793: 8787: 8780: 8774: 8770: 8764: 8763: 8758:. Archived from 8747: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8731:on 28 March 2023 8727:. Archived from 8716: 8710: 8703: 8697: 8683: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8660:. Archived from 8649: 8643: 8642: 8636: 8634: 8611: 8602: 8598: 8592: 8589: 8583: 8580: 8574: 8571: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8555:on 10 March 2007 8545:"Ike's Revenge?" 8541: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8524: 8518:. Archived from 8513: 8504: 8495: 8494: 8493:on 7 April 2023. 8489:. Archived from 8478: 8472: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8424: 8418: 8407: 8401: 8385: 8379: 8357:Gulag: A History 8351: 8345: 8333:Logos Publishers 8318: 8312: 8298:UN Press Release 8295: 8286: 8267: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8234: 8228: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8174: 8168: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8136:on 12 April 2012 8126: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8099: 8093: 8092: 8081: 8075: 8074: 8063: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8022: 8011: 8010: 8002: 7989: 7982: 7976: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7940: 7934: 7933: 7910:Michael Burleigh 7906: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7890:on 20 March 2012 7880: 7874: 7873: 7853: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7842: 7837:on 30 March 2008 7833:. Archived from 7823: 7817: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7790:. Archived from 7784: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7764:. Archived from 7754: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7734:. Archived from 7724: 7718: 7715: 7709: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7669: 7663: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7633:on 18 March 2012 7623: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7567: 7561: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7529: 7523: 7522: 7502: 7496: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7468: 7462: 7449: 7443: 7440: 7434: 7421: 7415: 7408: 7402: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7362: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7293:on 5 April 2023. 7292: 7286:. Archived from 7285: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7254: 7248: 7243:Akira Fujiwara, 7241: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7211:on 5 April 2023. 7207:. Archived from 7201: 7195: 7193: 7186: 7180: 7178: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7095: 7089: 7076: 7070: 7063: 7057: 7046: 7040: 7027: 7021: 7016:Desmond Morton, 7014: 7008: 7005:The Pity of War. 7001: 6995: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6972:on 26 March 2023 6958: 6952: 6925: 6919: 6916:The Pity of War. 6914:Niall Ferguson, 6912: 6906: 6899: 6893: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6873: 6867:. Archived from 6866: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6838:. Archived from 6827: 6821: 6820: 6819:on 7 April 2023. 6815:. Archived from 6804: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6708: 6702: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6521:on 5 April 2023. 6517:. Archived from 6505:Historic England 6501: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6389: 6383: 6378:Maududi (1967), 6376: 6370: 6369: 6363: 6353: 6347: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6282: 6276: 6269: 6263: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6230: 6224: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6139: 6133: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6098:. Archived from 6088: 6082: 6081: 6080:on 12 July 2018. 6076:. Archived from 6065: 6059: 6046: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6028: 6022:. Archived from 6021: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5996:on 26 March 2023 5977: 5960: 5950: 5944: 5929: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5899: 5757:The Wooden Horse 5743:The Walking Dead 5624:The Purple Heart 5505:The Great Escape 5477:Escape to Athena 5347: 5345: 5344: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5297:Kingdom of Italy 5295: 5293: 5292: 5282:Persian Gulf War 5269: 5267: 5266: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5118:Rüdiger Overmans 5106: 5104: 5103: 5085: 5084: 4939:South Vietnamese 4868:POWs during the 4811:Yalta Conference 4690:Nuremberg trials 4617:Rheinwiesenlager 4541:Rheinwiesenlager 4292: 4238: 3904: 3889:Leonard Siffleet 3884: 3868: 3856: 3844: 3828: 3817:U.S. Navy nurses 3813: 3798:U.S. Army Nurses 3794: 3782: 3767: 3588: 3587: 3536:Emperor Hirohito 3504:Suffolk Regiment 3313: 3312: 3266: 3188:Austro-Hungarian 3132:Austro-Hungarian 2948:of their capture 2827:chain of command 2819:enemy combatants 2403: 2400: 2347: 2344: 2263:Christian Europe 2237: 2235: 2186:Acacius of Amida 2079:enemy combatants 2044: 2037: 2030: 1799:Humanitarian aid 1737:Security dilemma 1558:Power projection 1341:Economy of force 1321:Chain of command 1036:Defence in depth 1021:Commerce raiding 839:Defeat in detail 175:Defense ministry 79: 70: 69: 60: 48: 47: 11799: 11798: 11794: 11793: 11792: 11790: 11789: 11788: 11754: 11753: 11752: 11747: 11718:Family planning 11703: 11694: 11670:Right of return 11630:Right to health 11578: 11575: 11567: 11531:Right to resist 11481:Right of asylum 11372: 11365: 11359: 11329: 11324: 11312: 11300: 11292: 11285: 11276: 11269: 11262: 11255: 11250: 11243: 11236: 11227: 11220: 11213: 11206: 11199: 11192: 11185: 11178: 11171: 11164: 11157: 11150: 11143: 11136: 11129: 11122: 11115: 11102: 11095: 11088: 11081: 11070: 11063: 11056: 11045: 11038: 11031: 11024: 11017: 11010: 11001: 10994: 10987: 10980: 10973: 10966: 10959: 10952: 10945: 10938: 10931: 10924: 10917: 10909: 10898: 10889: 10884:Women in prison 10882: 10875: 10868: 10861: 10854: 10847: 10840: 10831: 10824: 10815: 10808: 10801: 10792: 10787:Private prisons 10785: 10778: 10771: 10764: 10757: 10750: 10743: 10736: 10729: 10720: 10713: 10702: 10695: 10688: 10681: 10672: 10665: 10658: 10649: 10642: 10635: 10628: 10613: 10606: 10597: 10590: 10577: 10570: 10563: 10556: 10549: 10542: 10535: 10528: 10521: 10514: 10507: 10496: 10489: 10482: 10475: 10468: 10461: 10454: 10448:Security levels 10443: 10436: 10429: 10422: 10415: 10408: 10401: 10392: 10385: 10378: 10371: 10364: 10357: 10350: 10343: 10336: 10329: 10309: 10302: 10297:Prisoner of war 10295: 10288: 10281: 10274: 10267: 10260: 10253: 10240: 10233: 10226: 10219: 10212: 10205: 10194: 10189: 10034: 9925: 9831:Krammer, Arnold 9823:McGowran, Tom, 9805:on 26 June 2010 9776:Devaux, Roger. 9773: 9771:Further reading 9639:, presented by 9626: 9624:Primary sources 9597:Gendercide site 9587: 9567: 9562: 9561: 9551: 9549: 9540: 9539: 9535: 9514: 9510: 9493: 9489: 9481: 9474: 9455: 9451: 9441: 9439: 9426: 9425: 9421: 9411: 9409: 9392: 9388: 9378:Wayback Machine 9368: 9364: 9354: 9352: 9351:on 6 April 2023 9333: 9332: 9328: 9323:on 17 May 2022. 9311: 9310: 9306: 9296: 9294: 9286: 9285: 9281: 9275:Wayback Machine 9266: 9262: 9257:Wayback Machine 9247: 9243: 9224: 9220: 9210: 9208: 9207:on 9 April 2023 9193: 9189: 9175:Wayback Machine 9165: 9161: 9140: 9136: 9131: 9124: 9114: 9112: 9103: 9102: 9098: 9088: 9086: 9077: 9076: 9072: 9062: 9060: 9051: 9050: 9046: 9034: 9030: 9024:Wayback Machine 9015: 9011: 9005:Wayback Machine 8996: 8992: 8982: 8980: 8979:on 6 April 2023 8971: 8970: 8966: 8955:Wayback Machine 8946: 8942: 8936:Wayback Machine 8927: 8923: 8908: 8894:. Volume 14 of 8885: 8881: 8871:Wayback Machine 8861: 8857: 8849: 8838: 8834:Tarczai, Bela. 8832: 8828: 8822:Wayback Machine 8811: 8807: 8794: 8790: 8781: 8777: 8771: 8767: 8748: 8744: 8734: 8732: 8717: 8713: 8704: 8700: 8694:Wayback Machine 8684: 8677: 8667: 8665: 8664:on 4 April 2023 8650: 8646: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8612: 8605: 8599: 8595: 8590: 8586: 8581: 8577: 8572: 8568: 8558: 8556: 8543: 8542: 8538: 8528: 8526: 8525:on 5 April 2023 8522: 8511: 8505: 8498: 8479: 8475: 8470:Wayback Machine 8450: 8446: 8439: 8425: 8421: 8408: 8404: 8397:Wayback Machine 8386: 8382: 8376:Wayback Machine 8352: 8348: 8328:Wayback Machine 8319: 8315: 8305:Wayback Machine 8296: 8289: 8277:Wayback Machine 8268: 8261: 8251: 8249: 8248:on 26 July 2009 8236: 8235: 8231: 8213:Wayback Machine 8202: 8198: 8188: 8186: 8175: 8171: 8153: 8149: 8139: 8137: 8128: 8127: 8123: 8113: 8111: 8100: 8096: 8091:. October 2018. 8083: 8082: 8078: 8065: 8064: 8057: 8047: 8045: 8038: 8034: 8023: 8014: 8003: 7992: 7983: 7979: 7967:. Penguin 2001 7962: 7958: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7937: 7930: 7907: 7903: 7893: 7891: 7882: 7881: 7877: 7870: 7854: 7850: 7840: 7838: 7825: 7824: 7820: 7811: 7807: 7797: 7795: 7794:on 6 April 2023 7786: 7785: 7781: 7771: 7769: 7768:on 7 April 2023 7756: 7755: 7751: 7741: 7739: 7726: 7725: 7721: 7717:Ambrose, pp 360 7716: 7712: 7699: 7695: 7685: 7683: 7670: 7666: 7660:Wayback Machine 7650: 7646: 7636: 7634: 7625: 7624: 7620: 7610: 7608: 7607:on 5 April 2023 7595: 7594: 7590: 7580: 7578: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7556:Richard Vinen, 7555: 7551: 7544: 7530: 7526: 7519: 7503: 7499: 7494: 7490: 7483: 7469: 7465: 7450: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7431:Wayback Machine 7422: 7418: 7409: 7405: 7391: 7387: 7380: 7363: 7354: 7344: 7342: 7341:on 6 April 2023 7327: 7323: 7316: 7302: 7298: 7290: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7274: 7269:on 12 May 2023. 7263:The Independent 7255: 7251: 7242: 7238: 7228: 7226: 7221: 7220: 7216: 7203: 7202: 7198: 7187: 7183: 7152: 7148: 7138: 7136: 7135:on 19 July 2010 7123: 7122: 7118: 7108: 7106: 7097: 7096: 7092: 7086:Wayback Machine 7077: 7073: 7064: 7060: 7047: 7043: 7037:Wayback Machine 7028: 7024: 7015: 7011: 7002: 6998: 6989: 6985: 6975: 6973: 6960: 6959: 6955: 6937:Wayback Machine 6926: 6922: 6913: 6909: 6900: 6896: 6891: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6845: 6843: 6842:on 8 April 2023 6828: 6824: 6805: 6801: 6791: 6789: 6779: 6775: 6765: 6763: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6739: 6737: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6692: 6688: 6678: 6676: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6652: 6650: 6635: 6631: 6621: 6619: 6618:on 7 March 2023 6610: 6609: 6605: 6598: 6582: 6578: 6568: 6566: 6565:on 7 April 2023 6559:leipzig-lese.de 6553: 6552: 6548: 6530: 6526: 6502: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6425: 6421: 6406: 6390: 6386: 6377: 6373: 6354: 6350: 6344:Unveiling Islam 6341: 6337: 6330: 6314: 6310: 6300: 6298: 6291:Natural History 6283: 6279: 6270: 6266: 6257: 6253: 6243: 6241: 6232: 6231: 6227: 6217:Wayback Machine 6208: 6204: 6197: 6174: 6170: 6163: 6140: 6136: 6119: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6066: 6062: 6056:Wayback Machine 6047: 6043: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6015: 6013: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5963: 5951: 5947: 5930: 5926: 5915: 5913: 5900: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5807:Elsa Brändström 5767: 5762: 5715:To End All Wars 5708:Three Came Home 5631:The Railway Man 5456:The Deer Hunter 5387: 5382: 5376: 5349:Empire of Japan 5342: 5340: 5321: 5319: 5290: 5288: 5264: 5262: 5243: 5241: 5218: 5216: 5194: 5192: 5165: 5163: 5121: 5115: 5101: 5099: 5072: 5070:Numbers of POWs 5038:Sino-Indian War 4906:and led by the 4823: 4807: 4779: 4736: 4708: 4570: 4568: 4529: 4524: 4508:Main articles: 4506: 4496: 4483: 4465:, Korea, South 4451: 4412: 4354: 4349: 4313:Main articles: 4311: 4295:Mihail Racoviță 4286: 4232: 4222: 4146: 4141: 4090: 4084: 4076:My Secret Diary 4063: 4053:Operation Achse 4051:Main articles: 4049: 4005:Arbeitskommando 3988:Palestinian Jew 3941: 3935: 3926: 3920: 3918:French soldiers 3915: 3908: 3905: 3896: 3887:Australian POW 3885: 3876: 3869: 3860: 3857: 3848: 3845: 3836: 3829: 3820: 3814: 3805: 3795: 3786: 3783: 3774: 3768: 3737:Philip Meninsky 3652:The Netherlands 3599:Number of POWs 3516:Empire of Japan 3496: 3486: 3484:Empire of Japan 3481: 3321:POWs that died 3320: 3292: 3267: 3264: 3200: 3052: 3046: 3000: 2931: 2917:, although the 2799: 2707: 2687: 2669:, located near 2658:Dix–Hill Cartel 2623: 2617: 2607:system for the 2594:Napoleonic Wars 2586: 2569:city's cemetery 2541:Napoleonic Wars 2525: 2487:Mary Rowlandson 2479: 2473: 2423: 2401: 2345: 2232: 2223:in 464 the nun 2202: 2107: 2056:prisoner of war 2048: 2019: 2018: 1969: 1959: 1958: 1924: 1916: 1915: 1856: 1846: 1845: 1819:Multilateralism 1804:Law enforcement 1764: 1754: 1753: 1722:Just war theory 1680: 1670: 1669: 1620:Geneva Protocol 1590: 1580: 1579: 1553: 1543: 1542: 1484: 1474: 1473: 1381: 1371: 1370: 1311: 1301: 1300: 1266: 1256: 1255: 1186:Network-centric 1106: 1096: 1095: 998: 988: 987: 936: 926: 925: 874:Rapid dominance 779: 769: 768: 724:Electromagnetic 633: 623: 622: 609: 562: 510: 486: 476: 475: 471:Combat training 452: 429: 395:Combat systems: 391: 353: 349:Auxiliary ships 315: 275: 271:Military police 237: 160: 150: 149: 89: 63: 62: 61: 56: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11797: 11787: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11709: 11707: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11692: 11687: 11685:Right to water 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11660:Right of reply 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11585:Digital rights 11581: 11579: 11572: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11565: 11560: 11559: 11558: 11548: 11543: 11541:Right to truth 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11382: 11380: 11374: 11373: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11358: 11357: 11350: 11343: 11335: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11322: 11310: 11297: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11290: 11283: 11282: 11281: 11274: 11267: 11260: 11248: 11241: 11234: 11233: 11232: 11218: 11211: 11204: 11197: 11190: 11183: 11176: 11169: 11162: 11155: 11148: 11141: 11134: 11127: 11120: 11112: 11110: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11100: 11093: 11086: 11078: 11076: 11072: 11071: 11069: 11068: 11061: 11058:Rehabilitation 11053: 11051: 11050:Leaving prison 11047: 11046: 11044: 11043: 11036: 11029: 11022: 11015: 11008: 10999: 10992: 10985: 10978: 10971: 10964: 10957: 10950: 10943: 10940:Justice Action 10936: 10929: 10922: 10919:Black and Pink 10915: 10906: 10904: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10896: 10895: 10894: 10880: 10873: 10866: 10859: 10852: 10845: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10822: 10821: 10820: 10806: 10799: 10798: 10797: 10783: 10776: 10769: 10762: 10755: 10748: 10741: 10734: 10727: 10726: 10725: 10710: 10708: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10700: 10693: 10686: 10679: 10678: 10677: 10670: 10656: 10655: 10654: 10640: 10633: 10625: 10623: 10619: 10618: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10611: 10604: 10603: 10602: 10592:Prison escapes 10587: 10585: 10579: 10578: 10576: 10575: 10568: 10561: 10554: 10547: 10540: 10533: 10526: 10519: 10512: 10504: 10502: 10498: 10497: 10495: 10494: 10487: 10480: 10473: 10466: 10459: 10451: 10449: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10441: 10434: 10427: 10420: 10413: 10406: 10399: 10398: 10397: 10390: 10376: 10369: 10362: 10355: 10348: 10341: 10334: 10326: 10324: 10317: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10307: 10300: 10293: 10286: 10279: 10272: 10265: 10258: 10250: 10248: 10242: 10241: 10239: 10238: 10231: 10224: 10217: 10210: 10202: 10200: 10196: 10195: 10188: 10187: 10180: 10173: 10165: 10159: 10158: 10153: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10131: 10126: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10094: 10088: 10083: 10082:Historical Eye 10077: 10071: 10065: 10059: 10053: 10047: 10041: 10033: 10032:External links 10030: 10029: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10024:978-1448669875 10012: 10010:978-0615659053 9995: 9993:978-0891414636 9967: 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Gullett, 9674: 9659: 9644: 9625: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9602: 9599: 9594: 9585: 9580: 9566: 9563: 9560: 9559: 9533: 9508: 9487: 9472: 9449: 9419: 9386: 9362: 9326: 9304: 9279: 9260: 9241: 9218: 9187: 9159: 9134: 9122: 9096: 9070: 9044: 9041:978-8849523560 9028: 9009: 8990: 8964: 8940: 8921: 8906: 8879: 8862:Thorpe, Nick. 8855: 8826: 8805: 8788: 8784:Heinz Nawratil 8775: 8765: 8742: 8711: 8707:New York Times 8698: 8675: 8644: 8626: 8603: 8593: 8584: 8575: 8566: 8536: 8496: 8473: 8444: 8437: 8419: 8402: 8380: 8354:Anne Applebaum 8346: 8313: 8287: 8285:, 7 March 1998 8259: 8229: 8196: 8177:Michael Hope. 8169: 8147: 8121: 8094: 8076: 8055: 8032: 8029:(in Romanian). 8012: 8009:(in Romanian). 7990: 7988:, 2014, p. 218 7977: 7956: 7935: 7928: 7901: 7875: 7868: 7848: 7831:Historynet.com 7818: 7805: 7779: 7749: 7738:on 5 July 2017 7719: 7710: 7693: 7664: 7644: 7618: 7588: 7562: 7549: 7543:978-1473687912 7542: 7524: 7518:978-1439128817 7517: 7497: 7488: 7481: 7463: 7444: 7435: 7416: 7403: 7401:, 2001, p. 360 7385: 7379:978-0813327181 7378: 7370:Hidden Horrors 7352: 7321: 7314: 7296: 7272: 7249: 7236: 7214: 7196: 7181: 7162:(2): 148–192, 7156:War in History 7146: 7116: 7090: 7071: 7065:H.S. Gullett, 7058: 7048:Peter Dennis, 7041: 7022: 7009: 6996: 6983: 6966:New York Times 6953: 6920: 6907: 6894: 6885: 6853: 6822: 6799: 6773: 6747: 6721: 6703: 6686: 6660: 6629: 6603: 6597:978-0817317836 6596: 6576: 6546: 6524: 6496: 6484: 6469: 6462: 6444: 6438:978-0199577576 6437: 6431:. OUP Oxford. 6419: 6404: 6384: 6371: 6348: 6335: 6329:978-0231132909 6328: 6308: 6277: 6264: 6251: 6225: 6202: 6195: 6177:Davies, Norman 6168: 6161: 6134: 6113: 6102:on 11 May 2023 6083: 6060: 6041: 6029:on 24 May 2015 6007: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5945: 5924: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5802:Duty to escape 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5753: 5750:Who Goes Next? 5746: 5739: 5732: 5729:Uncommon Valor 5725: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5533:Hogan's Heroes 5529: 5522: 5515: 5512:The Great Raid 5508: 5501: 5498:Grand Illusion 5494: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5304: 5299: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5273: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5250:United Kingdom 5238: 5237: 5234: 5227: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5203: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5180:(about 3 5174: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5123: 5110: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5071: 5068: 5064:Russian forces 5009:in the 1990s, 4969:in Sri Lanka. 4959:Yom Kippur War 4822: 4819: 4806: 4803: 4778: 4775: 4735: 4732: 4726:—little work. 4724:malenkij robot 4707: 4704: 4694:Harry S Truman 4636:war reparation 4528: 4525: 4495: 4492: 4482: 4479: 4450: 4447: 4436:Katyn massacre 4411: 4408: 4396:aerial warfare 4388:Erich Hartmann 4360:German POW at 4353: 4350: 4343:Katyn massacre 4310: 4307: 4257:Timișul de Jos 4221: 4218: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4086:Main article: 4083: 4080: 4048: 4045: 3992:Greece in 1941 3945:British Empire 3934: 3931: 3922:Main article: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3899: 3897: 3886: 3879: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3839: 3837: 3830: 3823: 3821: 3815: 3808: 3806: 3796: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3777: 3775: 3769: 3762: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3680:United States 3677: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3666:United Kingdom 3663: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3579:Tokyo Tribunal 3530:or during the 3502:Troops of the 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3322: 3317: 3304:Niall Ferguson 3291: 3288: 3272:Central Powers 3262: 3225:demobilisation 3199: 3196: 3151:Ottoman Empire 3048:Main article: 3045: 3042: 2999: 2996: 2965: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2942: 2930: 2927: 2843:Francs-tireurs 2798: 2797:Qualifications 2795: 2791:Commando Order 2783:Imperial Japan 2761:service number 2706: 2703: 2686: 2683: 2619:Main article: 2616: 2613: 2598:Anglo-American 2585: 2582: 2524: 2521: 2515:people on the 2509:John R. Jewitt 2472: 2469: 2422: 2419: 2299:Arnaud Amalric 2259:religious wars 2236: 481–511 2201: 2198: 2129:. Early Roman 2106: 2103: 2099:indoctrinating 2072:armed conflict 2050: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1984:Military terms 1981: 1976: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1742:Tripwire force 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1681: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1591: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1565: 1560: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1496: 1491: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1382: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1267: 1264:Administrative 1262: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1191:New generation 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1166:Fleet in being 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1107: 1104:Grand strategy 1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1091:Scorched earth 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 999: 994: 993: 990: 989: 986: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 963:Deep operation 960: 955: 948: 943: 937: 932: 931: 928: 927: 924: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 892: 891: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 810: 809: 804: 799: 789: 780: 775: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 764:Unconventional 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 712: 710:Disinformation 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 681: 680: 675: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 634: 629: 628: 625: 624: 621: 620: 615: 608: 607: 606: 605: 604: 603: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 561: 560: 559: 558: 557: 556: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 509: 508: 507: 506: 501: 496: 487: 482: 481: 478: 477: 474: 473: 468: 463: 461:Basic training 458: 451: 450: 445: 440: 435: 428: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 390: 389: 387:Reconnaissance 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 352: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 314: 313: 308: 306:Special forces 303: 298: 297: 296: 286: 281: 274: 273: 268: 263: 261:Reconnaissance 258: 253: 248: 243: 236: 235: 226: 221: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 161: 156: 155: 152: 151: 148: 147: 146: 145: 140: 130: 129: 128: 123: 113: 112: 111: 104:Post-classical 101: 96: 90: 85: 84: 81: 80: 72: 71: 53: 52: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11796: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11761: 11759: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11710: 11708: 11706: 11701: 11697: 11691: 11690:Right to work 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11625:Right to food 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11570: 11564: 11561: 11557: 11554: 11553: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11506:Right to life 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11383: 11381: 11379: 11375: 11368: 11364: 11356: 11351: 11349: 11344: 11342: 11337: 11336: 11333: 11320: 11311: 11308: 11299: 11298: 11295: 11288: 11287:United States 11284: 11279: 11275: 11272: 11268: 11265: 11261: 11258: 11254: 11253: 11249: 11246: 11242: 11239: 11235: 11230: 11226: 11225: 11223: 11219: 11216: 11212: 11209: 11205: 11202: 11198: 11195: 11191: 11188: 11184: 11181: 11177: 11174: 11170: 11167: 11163: 11160: 11156: 11153: 11149: 11146: 11142: 11139: 11135: 11132: 11128: 11125: 11121: 11118: 11114: 11113: 11111: 11109: 11105: 11098: 11094: 11091: 11087: 11084: 11080: 11079: 11077: 11073: 11066: 11062: 11059: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11048: 11041: 11037: 11034: 11030: 11027: 11023: 11020: 11016: 11013: 11009: 11006: 11005: 11000: 10997: 10993: 10990: 10986: 10983: 10979: 10976: 10972: 10969: 10965: 10962: 10958: 10955: 10951: 10948: 10944: 10941: 10937: 10934: 10930: 10927: 10923: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10907: 10905: 10903:Organizations 10901: 10892: 10891:United States 10888: 10887: 10885: 10881: 10878: 10874: 10871: 10867: 10864: 10860: 10857: 10853: 10850: 10846: 10843: 10839: 10834: 10833:United States 10830: 10829: 10827: 10823: 10818: 10817:United States 10814: 10813: 10811: 10807: 10804: 10800: 10795: 10794:United States 10791: 10790: 10788: 10784: 10781: 10777: 10774: 10770: 10767: 10766:Mobile phones 10763: 10760: 10756: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10742: 10739: 10735: 10732: 10728: 10723: 10722:United States 10719: 10718: 10716: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10707:Social issues 10705: 10698: 10694: 10691: 10687: 10684: 10680: 10675: 10671: 10668: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10657: 10652: 10651:United States 10648: 10647: 10645: 10641: 10638: 10634: 10631: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10620: 10609: 10605: 10600: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10584: 10580: 10573: 10569: 10566: 10565:Trusty system 10562: 10559: 10555: 10552: 10548: 10545: 10541: 10538: 10534: 10531: 10527: 10524: 10520: 10517: 10513: 10510: 10506: 10505: 10503: 10499: 10492: 10488: 10485: 10481: 10478: 10474: 10471: 10467: 10464: 10460: 10457: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10446: 10439: 10435: 10432: 10428: 10425: 10421: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10407: 10404: 10400: 10395: 10391: 10388: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10377: 10374: 10370: 10367: 10363: 10360: 10356: 10353: 10349: 10346: 10342: 10339: 10335: 10332: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10312: 10305: 10301: 10298: 10294: 10291: 10287: 10284: 10280: 10277: 10273: 10270: 10266: 10263: 10259: 10256: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10243: 10236: 10232: 10229: 10225: 10222: 10218: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10192:Incarceration 10186: 10181: 10179: 10174: 10172: 10167: 10166: 10163: 10157: 10154: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10081: 10078: 10075: 10072: 10069: 10066: 10063: 10060: 10057: 10054: 10051: 10048: 10045: 10042: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10011: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9981:Rhonda Cornum 9979: 9978: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9958: 9956: 9952: 9949: 9945: 9942: 9938: 9936: 9932: 9926: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9911: 9905: 9902: 9898: 9895: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9883: 9878: 9875: 9871: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9858: 9854: 9851: 9847: 9844: 9843:0-8128-8561-9 9840: 9836: 9832: 9829: 9826: 9822: 9819: 9818:2-07-022686-7 9815: 9811: 9807: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9790: 9789:2-916062-51-3 9786: 9782: 9780: 9775: 9774: 9764: 9759: 9756: 9752: 9749: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9731: 9728:Vetter, Hal, 9727: 9724: 9720: 9717: 9716:0-14-014925-2 9713: 9709: 9708:Behind Bamboo 9705: 9702: 9701:0-86445-047-8 9698: 9694: 9690: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9657: 9656:0-465-09120-2 9653: 9649: 9645: 9642: 9638: 9637: 9632: 9628: 9627: 9617: 9613: 9611: 9610:3-8012-5023-7 9607: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9591: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9547: 9543: 9537: 9530: 9529:3-7694-0003-8 9526: 9522: 9518: 9517:Erich Maschke 9512: 9505: 9504:3-492-12056-3 9501: 9497: 9491: 9484: 9479: 9477: 9470: 9469:0-304-35864-9 9466: 9462: 9460: 9453: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9423: 9407: 9403: 9402: 9397: 9390: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9372: 9366: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9330: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9308: 9293: 9289: 9283: 9276: 9272: 9269: 9264: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9245: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9222: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9191: 9185: 9184:1-4259-5120-1 9181: 9177: 9176: 9172: 9169: 9163: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9138: 9129: 9127: 9110: 9106: 9100: 9084: 9080: 9074: 9058: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9038: 9032: 9025: 9021: 9018: 9013: 9006: 9002: 8999: 8994: 8978: 8974: 8968: 8960: 8959:Eddie Stanton 8956: 8952: 8949: 8944: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8925: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8907:0-252-07065-8 8903: 8899: 8898: 8893: 8889: 8883: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8865: 8859: 8848: 8844: 8837: 8830: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8809: 8802: 8798: 8792: 8785: 8779: 8769: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8746: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8702: 8695: 8691: 8688: 8682: 8680: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8648: 8641: 8629: 8623: 8619: 8618: 8610: 8608: 8597: 8588: 8579: 8570: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8540: 8521: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8501: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8477: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8440: 8434: 8430: 8423: 8416: 8412: 8406: 8399: 8398: 8394: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8366: 8365:0-7679-0056-1 8362: 8358: 8355: 8350: 8344: 8343:5-88439-093-9 8340: 8336: 8334: 8329: 8325: 8322: 8317: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8294: 8292: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8274: 8271: 8266: 8264: 8247: 8243: 8242:Sankeishinbun 8239: 8233: 8227: 8226:0-674-07608-7 8223: 8219: 8215: 8214: 8210: 8207: 8200: 8184: 8180: 8173: 8166: 8165: 8160: 8156: 8151: 8135: 8131: 8125: 8109: 8105: 8102:Rees, Simon. 8098: 8090: 8086: 8080: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8060: 8044:(in Romanian) 8043: 8036: 8028: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8008: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7987: 7981: 7974: 7973:0-14-100131-3 7970: 7966: 7960: 7945: 7939: 7931: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7916: 7911: 7905: 7889: 7885: 7879: 7871: 7865: 7861: 7860: 7852: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7822: 7815: 7809: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7753: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7723: 7714: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7668: 7662:(book review) 7661: 7657: 7654: 7648: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7559: 7553: 7545: 7539: 7535: 7528: 7520: 7514: 7510: 7509: 7501: 7492: 7484: 7482:1-920769-12-9 7478: 7474: 7467: 7461: 7460:0-688-14370-9 7457: 7453: 7448: 7439: 7432: 7428: 7425: 7420: 7413: 7407: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7381: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7325: 7317: 7311: 7307: 7300: 7289: 7282: 7276: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7253: 7246: 7240: 7224: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7192: 7185: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7150: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7105:on 9 May 2012 7104: 7100: 7094: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7075: 7068: 7062: 7056:(2008) p. 429 7055: 7051: 7045: 7038: 7034: 7031: 7026: 7019: 7013: 7006: 7000: 6993: 6987: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6950:0-7864-3744-8 6947: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6924: 6917: 6911: 6904: 6898: 6889: 6870: 6863: 6857: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6735: 6731: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6707: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6633: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6599: 6593: 6589: 6588: 6580: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6480: 6473: 6465: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6440: 6434: 6430: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6405:0-89281-046-7 6401: 6397: 6396: 6388: 6381: 6375: 6367: 6362: 6361: 6352: 6345: 6339: 6331: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6312: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6268: 6261: 6255: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6206: 6198: 6196:0-19-520912-5 6192: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6172: 6164: 6162:0-521-84792-3 6158: 6154: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6131: 6130:0-14-051312-4 6127: 6123: 6117: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6045: 6025: 6018: 6011: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5972: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5898: 5894: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5610:Paradise Road 5607: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5449:Danger Within 5446: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5400:Andersonville 5397: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5381: 5367:World War II 5366: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5339: 5338: 5335:World War II 5334: 5331: 5329: 5328:United States 5318: 5317: 5314:World War II 5313: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5272: 5261: 5260: 5257:World War II 5256: 5253: 5251: 5240: 5239: 5236:World War II 5235: 5232: 5228: 5226: 5215: 5214: 5211:World War II 5210: 5208: 5204: 5202: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5173: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5098: 5097: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5054: 5053:Iran–Iraq War 5049: 5047: 5043: 5042:mental asylum 5039: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5007:Yugoslav Wars 5003: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4990: 4989:Falklands War 4985: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4912:death marches 4909: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4855: 4847: 4839: 4832: 4827: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4740: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4720:forced labour 4717: 4712: 4702: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4596:eavesdropping 4593: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4565: 4557: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4488:John H. Noble 4478: 4476: 4472: 4471:Kuril Islands 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4416: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4369: 4363: 4358: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4280:Normal School 4277: 4273: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4217: 4215: 4214:court-martial 4209: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4198:Ion Antonescu 4189: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4150:Romanian Army 4136: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4041: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4020:Terrorflieger 4016: 4012: 4008: 4006: 4001: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3976:the Holocaust 3973: 3964: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3930: 3925: 3903: 3898: 3895:sword in 1943 3894: 3890: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3862: 3855: 3850: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3752:Changi Prison 3748: 3746: 3745:Ronald Searle 3742: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3712: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3556:Death Railway 3553: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3319:Percentage of 3314: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3276:forced labour 3273: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3103:German Empire 3099: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3075: 3067: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3033: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3020: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2889:is guided by 2888: 2884: 2883:international 2879: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2803: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2753:date of birth 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2679:Elmira Prison 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2578: 2577:burial vaults 2574: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2465: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2427: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354:Mongol Empire 2340: 2339:Codex Mendoza 2335: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287:Baltic region 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2253:In the later 2251: 2250:the English. 2248: 2244: 2239: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2160: 2159:for example. 2158: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2113:Engraving of 2111: 2105:Ancient times 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2022: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1963: 1962: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1871:Warrior caste 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1842: 1841:Show of force 1839: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1829:Peacebuilding 1827: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1758: 1757: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1685:Air supremacy 1683: 1682: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1625:Islamic rules 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1605:Court-martial 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1584: 1583: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1547: 1546: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1504:Arms industry 1502: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1478: 1477: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1374: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1305: 1304: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1121:Broken-backed 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1002: 997: 992: 991: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 958:Expeditionary 956: 954: 953: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 938: 935: 930: 929: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 890: 887: 886: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 829:Counterattack 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 794: 793: 790: 788: 785: 784: 783: 778: 773: 772: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 754:Psychological 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 690:Combined arms 688: 686: 683: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 635: 632: 627: 626: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 602: 599: 598: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 568: 567: 564: 563: 555: 552: 551: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 529:Fortification 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 516: 515: 512: 511: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 489: 488: 485: 480: 479: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 430: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 392: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 354: 350: 347: 345: 344:Landing craft 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 295: 292: 291: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 276: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 234: 230: 229:Standing army 227: 225: 222: 220: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 162: 159: 154: 153: 144: 141: 139: 136: 135: 134: 131: 127: 124: 122: 121:pike and shot 119: 118: 117: 114: 110: 107: 106: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 91: 88: 83: 82: 78: 74: 73: 67: 59: 55: 54: 50: 49: 43: 39: 34: 30: 26: 22: 11705:reproductive 11600:Labor rights 11576:and cultural 11486:Right to die 11363:human rights 11361:Substantive 11222:Soviet Union 11065:Work release 11026:Prison Radio 11002: 10773:Overcrowding 10456:House arrest 10410:Penal colony 10296: 10015: 10001: 9998:John Borling 9984: 9961: 9947: 9940: 9909: 9900: 9881: 9873: 9872:David Rolf, 9863: 9856: 9849: 9834: 9824: 9809: 9794: 9777: 9754: 9751:Sean Longden 9736: 9729: 9722: 9707: 9692: 9677: 9662: 9647: 9634: 9589: 9574: 9571:John Hickman 9565:Bibliography 9550:. Retrieved 9546:the original 9536: 9520: 9511: 9495: 9490: 9482: 9457: 9456:Clark, Alan 9452: 9440:. Retrieved 9436:the original 9431: 9422: 9410:. Retrieved 9406:the original 9399: 9389: 9381: 9365: 9353:. Retrieved 9349:the original 9338: 9329: 9321:the original 9316: 9307: 9295:. Retrieved 9291: 9282: 9263: 9244: 9231: 9221: 9209:. Retrieved 9205:the original 9200: 9190: 9166: 9162: 9142: 9137: 9113:. Retrieved 9109:the original 9099: 9087:. Retrieved 9083:the original 9073: 9061:. Retrieved 9057:the original 9047: 9031: 9012: 8993: 8981:. Retrieved 8977:the original 8967: 8943: 8924: 8895: 8891: 8882: 8858: 8847:the original 8842: 8829: 8808: 8803:pp. 360, 361 8791: 8778: 8773:friendship." 8768: 8760:the original 8755: 8745: 8733:. Retrieved 8729:the original 8724: 8714: 8706: 8701: 8666:. Retrieved 8662:the original 8658:The Guardian 8657: 8647: 8638: 8631:. Retrieved 8616: 8596: 8587: 8578: 8569: 8557:. Retrieved 8553:the original 8548: 8539: 8527:. Retrieved 8520:the original 8515: 8491:the original 8486: 8476: 8456: 8447: 8428: 8422: 8410: 8405: 8388: 8383: 8356: 8349: 8331: 8316: 8280: 8252:21 September 8250:. Retrieved 8246:the original 8241: 8232: 8204: 8199: 8187:. Retrieved 8183:the original 8172: 8162: 8150: 8138:. Retrieved 8134:the original 8124: 8112:. Retrieved 8108:the original 8097: 8088: 8079: 8070: 8046:. Retrieved 8035: 7985: 7980: 7964: 7959: 7947:. Retrieved 7938: 7914: 7904: 7892:. Retrieved 7888:the original 7878: 7858: 7851: 7839:. Retrieved 7835:the original 7821: 7813: 7808: 7796:. Retrieved 7792:the original 7782: 7770:. Retrieved 7766:the original 7761: 7752: 7740:. Retrieved 7736:the original 7731: 7722: 7713: 7696: 7684:. Retrieved 7677: 7667: 7647: 7635:. Retrieved 7631:the original 7621: 7609:. Retrieved 7605:the original 7600: 7591: 7579:. Retrieved 7575:the original 7565: 7557: 7552: 7533: 7527: 7507: 7500: 7491: 7472: 7466: 7451: 7447: 7438: 7419: 7411: 7406: 7396: 7388: 7369: 7343:. 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