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Ambrones, the
Ligurians also formed battle lines. They continued their shouting match for a while and then the battle finally ensued. While these events were taking place, Marius had formed up his legions and marched to reinforce his Ligurian auxiliaries. When the legionaries arrived at the battle, they cast their pila (the Roman throwing spear) into the Ambrones, killing several warriors or rendering their shields useless, unsheathed their gladius (the Roman short sword) and waded in. After the legions' arrival, the battle quickly turned into a rout. Marius's heavily armed, expertly trained soldiers easily overpowered the Ambrones and pushed them toward the river. The Ambrones suffered terrible losses while on the Roman side losses were very low.
722:. The Teutones made up the bulk of the invading force, with the Ambrones the second most numerous tribe in the coalition under Teutobod. Gaius Marius and his army had arrived some time earlier. Marius had used his time wisely; he had constructed a heavily fortified camp on a hill close to the river and stocked it with enough supplies to withstand a lengthy siege. The tribesmen tried to get the Romans to come out of their fort and fight; they shouted insults and challenges, which Marius ignored. He was unwilling to give up a strongly defended position for a battle with an uncertain outcome. Marius let it be known throughout his camp that he intended to fight the barbarians, but on his terms, not theirs. The catcalls and challenges continued.
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Ambrones, caught by surprise, called for their fellow tribesmen who were eating dinner and drinking in their camp on their side of the river. The Romans, working on their camp, heard the commotion and quickly grasped the situation. Marius's
Ligurian auxiliaries, without orders from Marius, dropped their tools, took up their weapons and sprinted to their servants' aid. The Ambrones now formed a battle line and awaited the Ligurians. Many tribesmen were weighed down by food, half-naked from bathing or intoxicated.
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545:, one of the consuls of 105, he led them to reinforce Caepio who was near Arausio. Unfortunately for the Romans, Caepio who was a patrician and Mallius Maximus who was a 'new man' did not get along. Caepio refused to take orders from Mallius Maximus who as consul outranked him. All this led to a divided Roman force with the two armies so far apart they could not support each other when the fighting started. Meanwhile, the Germanic tribes had combined their forces. The Cimbri, at the
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drew their swords and awaited the enemy at the top of the hill. Roman strategy, discipline and training asserted itself and the tribesmen were unable to dislodge the legions from their superior position. The battle continued for much of the morning, with neither side gaining the upper hand. However, the well-conditioned and disciplined legionaries slowly and systematically forced the tribal horde down the hill until both the Romans and barbarians were on level ground.
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explanation for the one-sidedness of the slaughter was the sheer crowding together of the encircled troops, making them an easy target and preventing them from fighting ". Those who did escape were pursued relentlessly. By the end of the afternoon, most of the barbarian warriors were dead or captured. Teutobod, the
Teutonic king, and his warriors escaped the battle only to be caught by the Sequani, who handed them over to Marius.
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854:, some 23 Roman miles, 30 kilometres, distant, used the bones of the fallen tribesmen to erect fences to protect their crops. The decaying corpses left the soil enriched, and for years thereafter the region experienced extraordinary harvests largely thanks to thousands of rotting bodies fertilizing the farmers' lands.
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Marius did not allow a victory celebration, because he knew the
Teutones were still in the field and feared a counter-attack. By the time the fighting ended, it was too late in the day to finish their fortified camp, leaving the Romans vulnerable. Marius sent a detachment of troops into the woods to
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capturing their king
Copillus. Marius was tasked with rebuilding, effectively from scratch, the Gallic legions. Basing his army around a core of trained legionaries from the last year, Marius again secured exemption from the property requirements and with his newly-minted reputation for glorious and
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Since the
Teutones were waiting for him on the plain near Aquae Sextiae, Marius had the opportunity to reconnoiter the area and select a suitable site for the upcoming battle. Four days after slaughtering the Ambrones, Marius marched his army onto the plain and took position on the high ground. He
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After they failed to lure the Romans, they tried to wait them out, but Marius had anticipated this and his fortress was well stocked. Frustrated the tribesmen attacked the fort for three days. Assault after assault was launched at the Roman defense works, but the fortifications held and from these
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The surviving
Ambrones and the Teutones, bent on revenge, eagerly awaited the upcoming confrontation and, when the Romans finally showed themselves on the Aquae Sextiae plain, charged uphill. The Romans unleashed a barrage of javelins, killing or maiming many tribesmen, then stood in close order,
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A Teuton warrior even issued a challenge directly to Marius. The barbarian invited the general to join him in single combat. Marius mocked him by advising him that if the warrior desired death he should find a rope, fashion a noose and hang himself. The Teuton did not give up so Marius produced a
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As the Romans trailed the tribal coalition, after each day's march Marius ordered his men to build a fortified camp with impressive defense works. After all the losses they suffered trying to take Marius's fortress on the Rhone, the
Teutones and Ambrones never tried to storm Marius's camp again.
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Marius ordered his camp servants and all other non-combatants to march with the army. He also ordered his beasts of burden to be fashioned as cavalry horses. All of this was to create the illusion his forces were larger than they really were. He wanted the barbarians to hold back more of their
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After forming their battle lines, the
Ambrones started beating their swords and spears against their shields and chanting their battle cry: 'Ambrones!'. The Ligurians who were charging towards them had once been called Ambrones as well and also started to shout 'Ambrones!'. After reaching the
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Several days after crossing the Rhone, Marius's army camped near the
Ambrones, who for some reason had decided to camp separately from their Teutonic allies, when a couple of army servants, fetching water from the river, ran into an unknown number of Ambrones bathing in the river. The bathing
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This was when Claudius Marcellus and his 3,000 men loudly and viciously attacked the enemy rear. The Ambrones and Teutones were now being attacked on two fronts and confusion set in. They broke ranks and started to flee, but most failed to escape. Modern research suggests that "one important
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instructed his legionaries to stand their ground on the hill, launch javelins, draw their swords, guard themselves with their shields and thrust the enemy back. He assured his men that, since the barbarians would be charging uphill, their footing would be unsure and they would be vulnerable.
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had quarrelled with their Germanic guests, and had asked them to leave the area. When Caepio arrived he only found the local tribes and they sensibly decided not to fight the newly arrived legions. Caepio's command was prorogued in 105 and a further six legions were raised in Rome by
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create a great noise to disorientate the barbarians and keep them from sleeping. This would also cause his enemies to be sluggish because of lack of sleep the next day. However, the night and the succeeding few days passed without incident, much to Marius' relief.
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The proceeds from the sale of slaves usually went to the commanding General, but in this case, Marius decided to donate the profits from the sale to his soldiers and officers. This, of course, made him even more popular than he already was with his men.
588:, one of Marius's lieutenants, succeeded in persuading the Germanic Marsi tribe to become friends and allies of Rome; they detached themselves from the Germanic confederation and went back to Germania. In 102 BC the Teutones and Ambrones moved into
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By the conditions of the surrender three hundred of their married women were to be handed over to the Romans. When the Teuton matrons heard of this stipulation they first begged the consul that they might be set apart to minister in the temples of
734:, which they intended to plunder. It took several days for their entire wagon train to clear the area but, once they were out of sight, Gaius Marius followed, dogging them and waiting for an opportune moment to strike.
452:. On their way south they defeated several other Germanic tribes, but also Celtic and Germano-Celtic tribes. A number of these defeated tribes joined their migration. In 113 BC the Cimbri-Teutones confederation, led by
502:, was sent to take care of the renewed Germanic threat. Silanus marched his army north along the Rhodanus River in order to confront the migrating Germanic tribes. He met the Cimbri approximately 100 miles north of
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veteran gladiator and explained to the barbarian that if he still lusted for blood he could try and slay the trained fighter for it was beneath Marius's station as a consul to reduce himself to a common brawler.
428:. Local lore associates the name of the mountain, Mont St. Victoire, with the Roman victory at the battle of Aquae Sextiae, but Frédéric Mistral and other scholars have debunked this theory.
549:, overwhelmed and overran Caepio's legions with massively overwhelming numbers. Caepio's routed men crashed into Mallius's troops, which led to both armies being pinned against the River
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Marius was biding his time waiting for the barbarians to make a mistake. He was presented with a chance to take on part of the tribal horde when they entered the area of Aquae Sextiae.
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the Romans released a barrage of missiles, killing many barbarians and repulsing the rest. Still the Romans did not come out and the tribal coalition decided to move on south toward
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just outside Tolosa, and despite the huge number of tribesmen, the Romans routed them. Unfortunately for the Romans, a few days later they were ambushed while marching on
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Upon hearing the news, Rome went wild with relief. Finally one of their generals had defeated the Germans. Gaius Marius, as an act of gratitude, was again elected consul
604:) to keep the Cimbri out of Italy, which Marius may have expected to have been little more than garrison duty – while he marched against the Teutones and Ambrones.
770:, Claudius Marcellus, with 3,000 troops some distance away and ordered him to remain undetected until a determined time when he would appear at the enemy rear.
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profitable victory, raised an army of some thirty thousand Romans and forty thousand Italian allies and auxiliaries. He established a base around the town of
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536:, was authorized to use eight legions in an effort to end the Germanic threat once and for all. While the Romans were busy getting their army together the
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There were surviving warriors, women and children who were to be sold into slavery. Roman historians recorded that 300 of the captured women committed
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and annihilated by the numerically dominant Cimbrian warriors. The battle was considered the greatest Roman defeat since the slaughter suffered at the
487:, took place, in which the invaders, to everyone's surprise, completely overwhelmed the Legions and inflicted a devastating loss on Carbo and his men.
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836:, with his legate Manius Aquillius as his colleague. The Senate also voted for a three-day thanksgiving; the people voted him two days more.
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The entire tribal coalition numbered c. 250,000 people, one might assume c. 150,000 were women and children leaving c. 100,000 warriors.
517:, one of the consuls of 107, was sent to Gaul at the head of another large army. He first fought the Cimbri and their Gallic allies the
506:, a battle was fought and the Romans suffered another humiliating defeat. The Germanic tribes then moved to the lands north and east of
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After the Noreia victory, the Cimbri and Teutones moved westward towards Gaul. A few years later, in 109 BC, they moved along the River
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as they attempted to advance through the Alps into Italy. Some of the surviving captives are reported to have been among the rebelling
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572:, at the head of another large army. The Germanic tribes never materialized, having marched west into Hispania, so Marius subdued the
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To the Romans, the presence of the Germanic tribes in Gaul posed a serious threat to the stability in the area and to their prestige.
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with a report to Rome. It said that 37,000 superbly trained Romans had succeeded in defeating Teutons in two engagements.
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Plan of the battle of Aquae Sextiae (Caesarː A History Of The Art Of War Among The Romans Down To The End, 1892).
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In 104 BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones seemed to be heading for Italy. The Romans sent the senior consul of 104,
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due to climate changes. They supposedly journeyed to the south-east and were soon joined by their neighbours the
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people. Unable to hold back these new, powerful invaders on their own, the Taurisci appealed to Rome for help.
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1481:. Translated by Fremantle, W. H.; et al. Letter to Ageruchia. Christian Literature Publishing
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destroyed the Romans hope of finishing off the Cimbri and the Germanic threat continued to exist.
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warriors in reserve so his real forces would not be overwhelmed by the tribesmen's numbers.
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The Teutones and Ambrones, led by King Teutobod, had crossed the
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The following year, in July 101 BC, Marius and the proconsul
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St Jerome (1893) . Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (eds.).
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1678:(1st ed.). Pretoria: University of South Africa.
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1711:(DLitt et Phil thesis). University of South Africa
1634:. Vol. Parallel Lives. Loeb Classical Library
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1770:Gaius Marius: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Saviour
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1904:Military history of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
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179:c. 32,000–40,000 (six legions + auxiliaries)
1623:. Translated by Lendering, Jona. Livius.org.
360:The migrations of the Cimbri and the Teutons
187:c. 32,000–40,000 (six legions + auxiliaries)
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392:) took place in 102 BC. After a string of
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702:Learn how and when to remove this message
195:c. 30,000 (the warriors of the Ambrones)
1894:Battles involving early Germanic peoples
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718:river, east of where it entered the
640:adding citations to reliable sources
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464:. The invaders then moved on to the
1705:Gaius Marius: A Political Biography
1675:Gaius Marius: a political biography
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1571:McCullough, Colleen (2013-12-17).
866:describes the battle in her novel
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1824:Evans, Richard John (2005).
1702:Evans, Richard John (1995).
1672:Evans, Richard John (1994).
847:, ending the German threat.
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1889:Battles of the Cimbrian War
1657:. New York: PublicAffairs.
843:defeated the Cimbri at the
472:, home to the Roman-allied
200:The Battle of Aquae Sextiae
184:The Battle of Aquae Sextiae
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1767:Hyden, Marc (2017-06-30).
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1607:. Loeb Classical Library
1604:Epitome of Roman History
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872:, the first book in her
841:Quintus Lutatius Catulus
598:Quintus Lutatius Catulus
534:Quintus Servilius Caepio
479:The Senate commissioned
1788:Telford, Lynda (2014).
1479:New Advent Encyclopedia
966:Strauss, Barry (2009).
515:Lucius Cassius Longinus
510:in south-western Gaul.
386:Battle of Aquae Sextiae
22:Battle of Aquae Sextiae
999:Clerc, Michel (1905).
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543:Gnaeus Mallius Maximus
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234:Location within France
146:Commanders and leaders
1724:Carter, John (1996).
1653:Duncan, Mike (2017).
1574:The First Man in Rome
869:The First Man in Rome
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500:Marcus Junius Silanus
481:Gnaeus Papirius Carbo
456:the Cimbric king and
412:finally defeated the
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1730:The Classical Review
636:improve this article
408:), the Romans under
231:class=notpageimage|
97:43.52806°N 5.45194°E
1742:10.1093/cr/46.2.313
850:The inhabitants of
845:battle of Vercellae
527:Battle of Burdigala
402:Battle of Burdigala
93: /
46:John Harris Valda:
34:Roman–Germanic Wars
1700:Also available as
1628:Plutarch (1920) .
1463:, p. 1.38.17.
1437:Against the Pagans
1402:, pp. 139–40.
1308:Against the Pagans
1171:, pp. 125–30.
944:, pp. 140–41.
864:Colleen McCullough
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590:Gallia Transalpina
498:. Another consul,
396:defeats (see: the
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265:Show map of Europe
237:Show map of France
1884:100s BC conflicts
1801:978-1-78303-048-4
1794:. Pen and Sword.
1780:978-1-5267-0235-7
1773:. Pen and Sword.
1664:978-1-5417-2403-7
1584:978-1-78185-791-5
1350:, pp. 136–7.
1273:, pp. 133–4.
1237:, pp. 132–3.
1213:, pp. 131–2.
1069:, pp. 45–51.
985:978-1-4165-3205-7
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579:Aquae Sextiae
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1722:Reviewed in
1713:. Retrieved
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1636:. Retrieved
1630:
1609:. Retrieved
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1511:Telford 2014
1506:
1499:Telford 2014
1494:
1483:. Retrieved
1478:
1475:"Letter 123"
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629:verification
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152:Gaius Marius
125:Belligerents
47:
29:Cimbrian War
27:Part of the
1621:"Periochae"
1535:Duncan 2017
1525:, note 113.
1461:Florus 1929
1449:Duncan 2017
1424:Florus 1929
1371:Frontinus,
1319:Frontinus,
1295:Florus 1929
1197:Frontinus,
1118:Duncan 2017
1103:Duncan 2017
942:Duncan 2017
930:Duncan 2017
913:Duncan 2017
833:in absentia
557:during the
100: /
1873:Categories
1810:1023222276
1715:2019-06-08
1638:2021-04-26
1611:2021-04-26
1547:Hyden 2017
1523:Evans 1995
1485:2021-04-27
1426:, 1.39.10.
1400:Hyden 2017
1388:Evans 2005
1373:Stratagems
1348:Hyden 2017
1321:Stratagems
1271:Hyden 2017
1235:Hyden 2017
1211:Hyden 2017
1199:Stratagems
1169:Hyden 2017
1142:Evans 1995
1079:Evans 1995
901:References
858:In fiction
662:newspapers
559:Punic Wars
432:Background
422:gladiators
404:, and the
85:43°31′41″N
1842:0065-1141
1836:: 37–56.
1750:0009-840X
1435:Orosius,
1414:, 21.1–2.
1362:, 20.4–6.
1306:Orosius,
1297:, 1.39.9.
1285:, 19.3–6.
1261:, 10.5–6.
1249:, 19.1–5.
1225:, 18.1–2.
954:Livy 2003
797:Aftermath
692:July 2021
523:Burdigala
462:Scordisci
446:North Sea
345:Vercellae
335:Tridentum
325:Burdigala
1850:24595395
1818:Articles
1726:"Marius"
1694:32852161
1375:, 2.4.6.
1323:, 2.9.1.
1201:, 4.7.5.
852:Massalia
732:Massilia
584:In 103,
492:Rhodanus
474:Taurisci
458:Teutobod
450:Teutones
438:Germanic
418:Ambrones
414:Teutones
169:Strength
157:Teutobod
140:Ambrones
88:5°27′7″E
66:Location
1561:, 21.3.
1335:, 20.3.
956:, 68.3.
878:series.
820:lictors
768:legates
716:Durance
676:scholar
608:Prelude
504:Arausio
470:Noricum
454:Boiorix
424:in the
330:Arausio
136:Teutons
70:Modern
1879:102 BC
1848:
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1758:711293
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1439:, 5.16
1310:, 5.16
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742:Battle
678:
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649:
525:. The
508:Tolosa
466:Danube
442:Cimbri
400:, the
320:Noreia
159:
113:Result
76:France
61:102 BC
1846:JSTOR
1754:JSTOR
1709:(PDF)
1647:Books
978:–22.
883:Notes
816:Venus
812:Ceres
720:Rhône
683:JSTOR
669:books
600:(the
586:Sulla
551:Rhône
394:Roman
1838:ISSN
1806:OCLC
1796:ISBN
1775:ISBN
1746:ISSN
1690:OCLC
1680:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1579:ISBN
980:ISBN
814:and
655:news
416:and
384:The
58:Date
32:and
1738:doi
638:by
1875::
1844:.
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1832:.
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378:W
368:L
299:e
292:t
285:v
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