145:
853:
164:
154:
188:
119:
1117:
179:
100:
1095:
1060:
109:
136:
1135:
1159:
206:
173:
1147:
1056:
while other historians suggest 2,500 killed and 900 captured. Estimates of French and Breton losses vary from "less than a thousand", to "about 500", or "a handful". As other significant
English forces in Normandy had been eliminated before the battle, the whole region quickly fell to the victorious French. Caen was captured on 12 June, and Cherbourg, the last English-held fortress in Normandy, fell on 12 August.
197:
916:
986:
972:
944:
888:
874:
860:
1000:
902:
958:
930:
39:
1026:. Now totalling somewhat less than 4,000 men, of whom 2,900 were archers, the English assembled in two main "battles" across the road to Carentan, with their backs to the stream. Although they did not have time to construct the usual defence works of sharpened stakes, Kyriell was confident since he outnumbered Clermont, and was unaware of Richemont's proximity.
1034:
to open fire; since the guns were out of effective bowshot range, the
English archers were unable to respond, and left their positions in an attempt to capture them. It was now around 7:00 pm; Richemont and his 1,200 cavalry arrived from the south, crossing the Aure and threatening the English flank.
1082:
Most significantly, the noise of their firing alerted
Richemont to the fact that a battle was taking place and its rough location, so causing his appearance on the field. It was fortunate for Clermont this was so; one of his captains wrote shortly afterwards that if Richemont had not arrived when he
1079:, their impact is difficult to judge, since contemporary accounts are unclear. Arguably the arrival of the Breton cavalry on the English flank was the decisive factor, since it forced them to leave their prepared defensive position, although the French guns also played a role in making that happen.
1042:
With many of his men busy dragging the captured guns back to their lines, Kyriell shifted forces to the left to face the new threat, while
Clermont responded by renewing his attack. The English were caught in the open by the Breton cavalry, then enveloped by French troops under Clermont and Brézé.
1055:
Kyriell's army had effectively ceased to exist, with the vast majority either killed or taken prisoner. Contemporary French records claim 3,744 bodies were buried, although this seems to have included casualties from both sides. The same sources suggest another 1,200 to 1,400 were taken prisoner,
1046:
Contemporary chronicles suggest that despite protestations from their commanders, after the battle French infantrymen massacred about 500 captured
English archers. Their corpses were later buried in a nearby field, later dubbed "The English Tomb".
1471:
Je crois que Dieu nous amena monsieur le connétable, car s'il ne fust venu à l'heure et par la manière qu'il y vint, je doubte que entre nous n'en fusions jamais sortis sans dommage irréparable, car ils estoient de la moitié plus que nous
1029:
Pausing to assess the situation, in the early afternoon
Clermont ordered his dismounted men at arms to attack the English position. These assaults were repulsed, as were two French cavalry probes of their flanks. He then instructed his two
1043:
Attacked from both sides, they were split into small groups and suffered heavy casualties. The vast majority were either killed or captured, including
Kyriell, although Sir Matthew Gough and a small party escaped to Bayeux.
767:, a relatively unknown commander who would be comprehensively out manoeuvred by his French opponents. Lack of money and supplies hampered recruiting and lowered morale; in January 1450 the troops
1075:
Prior to 1450, artillery had previously been confined to siege warfare, and
Formigny is arguably the first battle in which cannon played a role on the battlefield. Unlike the better known
640:
1094:
267:
1126:
694:
had been used in siege warfare since the early 14th century, Formigny is thought to be the first major
European engagement where it was present on the battlefield.
645:
374:
1022:
On 15 April, the
English sighted Clermont, and the armies took up positions facing each other on the Carentan-Bayeux road, near a small tributary of the
1652:
1158:
260:
1116:
846:
force of 2,000, split between 1,200 cavalry and 800 infantry. Having made contact, Clermont urged him to move on Formigny as soon as possible.
709:
to reorganise and reinvigorate his armies. In contrast, the English were divided by the internal struggle for power that eventually led to the
1721:
1701:
1013:
852:
253:
1706:
367:
691:
1711:
779:
1417:
716:
As a result, the French were in a much stronger position when they broke the truce in June 1449. By August, they had taken
386:
360:
341:
326:
316:
291:
296:
529:
1640:
1604:
1585:
1497:
598:
336:
1517:
144:
630:
713:
in 1455. The inability to agree a coherent strategy left their forces in Normandy scattered and dangerously weak.
1134:
721:
425:
826:, the local French commander, refused to give battle, so Kyriell instead marched for Bayeux. He stopped near
835:
430:
352:
301:
178:
148:
556:
1146:
1083:
did, Clermont's army would have suffered "irreparable damage" due to the English numerical superiority.
457:
1716:
1632:
561:
509:
139:
618:
504:
1696:
1691:
823:
655:
1577:
795:
613:
182:
566:
489:
321:
830:
on 14 April, closely followed by 3,000 men from Carentan under Clermont. On the same day, the
534:
1068:
702:
672:
635:
524:
494:
311:
277:
30:
539:
1538:
La bataille de Formigny, d'après les documents contemporains, étude accompagnée d'une carte
1108:
1036:
608:
420:
157:
331:
8:
1076:
831:
775:
650:
467:
410:
306:
163:
484:
815:
764:
676:
551:
472:
462:
122:
683:. A decisive French victory that destroyed the last significant English field army in
442:
45:
La Cronicque du temps de Tres Chrestien Roy Charles, septisme de ce nom, roy de France
1636:
1600:
1581:
1493:
1413:
710:
680:
576:
499:
452:
415:
405:
153:
112:
103:
782:, English commander in Normandy. He did so by taking them from English garrisons in
187:
118:
818:. It fell on 27 March after a short siege, and Kyriell continued onto French-held
205:
172:
99:
706:
586:
581:
514:
1059:
814:, whose possession allowed the French to isolate Cherbourg from the rest of the
1104:
810:
Rather than immediately relieving Caen as originally planned, Kyriell attacked
571:
519:
447:
167:
108:
245:
1685:
1667:
1654:
1574:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: Volume 1
843:
799:
791:
200:
191:
135:
382:
1164:
The chapel that Clermont had constructed in 1486 to commemorate the victory
1023:
759:
During the winter of 1449, the English assembled an expeditionary force in
717:
733:
839:
760:
822:, which he reached on 12 April. Despite a number of small skirmishes,
1616:
The Global Chronology of Conflict: Volume One: ca. 3000 BCE – 1499 CE
1619:
1035:
Encouraged by the presence of the king's most influential advisor,
1031:
827:
819:
811:
768:
745:
741:
729:
687:, it paved the way for the capture of their remaining strongholds.
684:
72:
68:
749:
725:
783:
196:
1565:
France: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present
737:
787:
778:, where they were reinforced by another 1,800 collected by
753:
38:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1518:"'Vile guns': how artillery ended the Hundred Years' War"
1333:
1490:
Conquest : the English kingdom of France, 1417–1450
1367:
1365:
1312:
1236:
1234:
1232:
774:
On 15 March 1450, Kyriell and some 2,500 men landed in
1302:
1300:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1258:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1412:. Vol. II. Louviers: Ysec Éditions. p. 64.
1377:
1362:
1246:
671:, fought on 15 April 1450, was a major battle of the
1229:
1205:
1297:
1270:
1217:
771:an official sent to negotiate with them over pay.
1683:
1597:The Wars Of The Roses: England's First Civil War
1540:(in French). Paris: Émile Bouillon. p. 88.
275:
1017:Key locations; Normandy campaign 1449 to 1450
368:
261:
1515:
1327:
375:
361:
268:
254:
1506:
1264:
1058:
1039:, Clermont's forces stood their ground.
1562:
1544:
1433:
1252:
1211:
1684:
1626:
1613:
1571:
1553:
1487:
1457:
1445:
1383:
1371:
1353:15 Avril 1450, la bataille de Formigny
1339:
1291:
1240:
1223:
728:, and by October had occupied much of
1629:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
1594:
1535:
1395:
1306:
1191:Contemporary accounts claimed 8 dead
780:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset
356:
249:
16:1450 battle of the Hundred Years' War
1407:
1101:Bataille de Formigny, 18 avril 1450
705:used the time afforded by the 1444
297:Second War of Scottish Independence
13:
1547:The Fall of English France 1449–53
1345:
1182:3,000 French, 1,200 Breton cavalry
1140:Monument to the Battle of Formigny
752:in January 1450, before investing
14:
1733:
1702:Battles of the Hundred Years' War
1410:Châteaux forts de Basse-Normandie
915:
1707:History of Calvados (department)
1614:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010).
1157:
1152:A Memorial marks the Battlefield
1145:
1133:
1115:
1093:
998:
985:
984:
971:
970:
956:
943:
942:
928:
914:
900:
887:
886:
873:
872:
859:
858:
851:
240:Vast majority killed or captured
204:
195:
186:
177:
171:
162:
152:
143:
134:
117:
107:
98:
37:
1556:Batailles françaises 1ère série
1463:
1401:
1389:
999:
763:to relieve Caen. It was led by
237:500 to 1,000 killed or wounded
1185:
1176:
901:
732:. Cutting north and east, the
599:Normandy campaign of 1449–1450
47:by Jean Chartier, c. 1470–1479
1:
1722:Hundred Years' War, 1415–1453
1198:
957:
697:
388:Lancastrian phase (1415–1453)
224:
218:
1712:Military history of Normandy
1563:Roberts, William J. (2004).
1488:Barker, Juliet R. V (2012).
1063:The Battle of Formigny from
1050:
929:
631:Gascon campaign of 1450–1453
337:Armagnac–Burgundian conflict
302:War of the Breton Succession
7:
10:
1738:
1633:Greenwood Publishing Group
1516:Chiaventone, Fred (2019).
1481:
1065:Les Vigiles de Charles VII
1572:Rogers, Clifford (2010).
1554:PĂ©rini, Hardy de (1894).
1086:
805:
396:
287:
231:
212:
128:
92:
84:French and Breton victory
51:
36:
28:
23:
1627:Wagner, John A. (2006).
1549:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1169:
1578:Oxford University Press
1545:Nicolle, David (2012).
1536:Joret, Charles (1903).
1511:. Boydell & Brewer.
530:Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier
1595:Royle, Trevor (2010).
1567:. Infobase Publishing.
1507:Bradbury, Jim (1992).
1408:Guy, Le Hallé (2015).
1072:
129:Commanders and leaders
43:Illumination adorning
1062:
703:Charles VII of France
312:War of the Two Peters
232:Casualties and losses
1359:(juillet-août 2000).
1123:Bataille de Formigny
1109:Palace of Versailles
1014:class=notpageimage|
1664: /
1492:. Harvard Univ Pr.
1342:, pp. 127–128.
1125:, oil on canvas by
1103:, oil on canvas by
1077:Battle of Castillon
836:Arthur de Richemont
832:Constable of France
322:Despenser's Crusade
307:Castilian Civil War
149:Arthur de Richemont
140:Charles de Clermont
1509:The Medieval Siege
1127:Rémy-Eugène Julien
1073:
1069:Martial d'Auvergne
816:Cotentin peninsula
765:Sir Thomas Kyriell
744:in December, then
736:brothers captured
673:Hundred Years' War
669:Battle of Formigny
384:Hundred Years' War
279:Hundred Years' War
123:Kingdom of England
31:Hundred Years' War
24:Battle of Formigny
1717:Conflicts in 1450
1351:Georges Bernage,
711:Wars of the Roses
664:
663:
350:
349:
342:Lancastrian phase
332:Glyndŵr rebellion
244:
243:
113:Duchy of Brittany
104:Kingdom of France
88:
87:
1729:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1668:49.333°N 0.900°W
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1646:
1623:
1610:
1591:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1512:
1503:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1419:978-284673-215-4
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1360:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1328:Chiaventone 2019
1325:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1289:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1119:
1097:
1002:
1001:
988:
987:
974:
973:
960:
959:
946:
945:
932:
931:
918:
917:
904:
903:
890:
889:
876:
875:
862:
861:
855:
391:
389:
377:
370:
363:
354:
353:
327:1383–1385 Crisis
282:
280:
270:
263:
256:
247:
246:
226:
220:
208:
199:
190:
181:
175:
166:
156:
147:
138:
121:
111:
102:
53:
52:
41:
21:
20:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1697:1450s in France
1692:1450 in England
1682:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1607:
1588:
1526:
1524:
1500:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1363:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1313:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1153:
1150:
1141:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1098:
1089:
1053:
1037:Pierre de Brézé
1020:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1003:
995:
994:
993:
989:
981:
980:
979:
975:
967:
966:
965:
961:
953:
952:
951:
947:
939:
938:
937:
933:
925:
924:
923:
919:
911:
910:
909:
905:
897:
896:
895:
891:
883:
882:
881:
877:
869:
868:
867:
863:
808:
707:Treaty of Tours
700:
665:
660:
505:Meung-sur-Loire
431:2nd La Rochelle
392:
387:
385:
383:
381:
351:
346:
292:Edwardian phase
283:
278:
276:
274:
194:
185:
176:
158:Pierre de Brézé
151:
142:
106:
76:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1735:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1673:49.333; -0.900
1648:
1647:
1642:978-0313327360
1641:
1624:
1611:
1606:978-0349117904
1605:
1592:
1587:978-0195334036
1586:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1513:
1504:
1499:978-0674065604
1498:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1462:
1460:, p. 396.
1450:
1448:, p. 340.
1438:
1426:
1418:
1400:
1388:
1386:, p. 144.
1376:
1374:, p. 128.
1361:
1344:
1332:
1311:
1309:, p. 192.
1296:
1269:
1267:, p. 176.
1257:
1255:, p. 206.
1245:
1243:, p. 127.
1228:
1216:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1184:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1105:Prosper Lafaye
1099:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1052:
1049:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1004:
997:
996:
991:
990:
983:
982:
977:
976:
969:
968:
963:
962:
955:
954:
949:
948:
941:
940:
935:
934:
927:
926:
921:
920:
913:
912:
907:
906:
899:
898:
893:
892:
885:
884:
879:
878:
871:
870:
865:
864:
857:
856:
850:
849:
848:
807:
804:
802:respectively.
699:
696:
662:
661:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
627:
626:
622:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
595:
594:
590:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
548:
547:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
481:
480:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
458:La Brossinière
455:
450:
445:
439:
438:
434:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
402:
401:
397:
394:
393:
380:
379:
372:
365:
357:
348:
347:
345:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
317:Caroline phase
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
288:
285:
284:
273:
272:
265:
258:
250:
242:
241:
238:
234:
233:
229:
228:
227:4,000 to 4,300
222:
215:
214:
210:
209:
168:Thomas Kyriell
160:
131:
130:
126:
125:
115:
95:
94:
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
67:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1734:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1558:. Flammarion.
1557:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1436:, p. 37.
1435:
1430:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1398:, p. 17.
1397:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1294:, p. 54.
1293:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1266:
1265:Bradbury 1992
1261:
1254:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1226:, p. 34.
1225:
1220:
1214:, p. 38.
1213:
1208:
1204:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1015:
854:
847:
845:
841:
838:, arrived in
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
803:
801:
800:Henry Norbury
797:
793:
792:Matthew Gough
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:Pont-L'EvĂŞque
719:
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201:Henry Norbury
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192:Matthew Gough
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59:15 April 1450
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1525:. Retrieved
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1434:Nicolle 2012
1429:
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1253:Roberts 2004
1248:
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1212:Nicolle 2012
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790:, under Sir
786:, Caen, and
773:
758:
740:in October,
718:Pont-Audemer
715:
701:
689:
668:
666:
656:2nd Bordeaux
641:1st Bordeaux
603:
93:Belligerents
44:
29:Part of the
18:
1671: /
1458:Barker 2012
1446:Tucker 2010
1384:PĂ©rini 1894
1372:Wagner 2006
1340:Wagner 2006
1292:Rogers 2010
1241:Wagner 2006
1224:Wagner 2006
796:Robert Vere
636:Blanquefort
183:Robert Vere
1686:Categories
1599:. Abacus.
1396:Joret 1903
1307:Royle 2010
1199:References
761:Portsmouth
698:Background
535:La Charité
1527:16 August
1472:n'estions
1357:Moyen Ă‚ge
1051:Aftermath
1032:culverins
922:Cherbourg
776:Cherbourg
692:artillery
690:Although
651:Castillon
646:Martignas
625:1450–1453
619:Cherbourg
593:1449–1450
557:St. Denis
546:1435–1444
540:Compiègne
510:Beaugency
479:1428–1430
473:Montargis
468:St. James
437:1421–1428
411:Agincourt
400:1415–1420
1620:ABC-CLIO
1522:The Past
1355:, Revue
1107:, 1837,
992:Harfleur
978:Honfleur
950:Saint-LĂ´
894:Formigny
880:Valognes
866:Carentan
840:Saint-LĂ´
828:Formigny
824:Clermont
820:Carentan
812:Valognes
798:and Sir
746:Honfleur
742:Harfleur
730:Normandy
685:Normandy
675:between
609:2nd Caen
604:Formigny
577:Pontoise
552:Gerberoy
490:Herrings
463:Verneuil
421:1st Caen
406:Harfleur
213:Strength
75:, France
73:Normandy
69:Formigny
64:Location
1656:49°20′N
1482:Sources
1474: »
1469:«
1006:Lisieux
842:with a
769:lynched
750:Fresnoy
726:Lisieux
677:England
614:Falaise
500:Jargeau
485:Orléans
453:Cravant
416:Valmont
1659:0°54′W
1639:
1603:
1584:
1496:
1416:
1087:Images
1071:, 1484
908:Bayeux
844:Breton
806:Battle
794:, Sir
784:Bayeux
734:Bureau
681:France
587:Dieppe
582:Tartas
567:Calais
221:4,200
203:
170:
81:Result
1170:Notes
964:Rouen
738:Rouen
572:Creil
562:Paris
525:Paris
520:Reims
515:Patay
495:Loire
448:Meaux
443:Baugé
426:Rouen
1637:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1529:2023
1494:ISBN
1414:ISBN
1024:Aure
936:Caen
788:Vire
754:Caen
748:and
724:and
679:and
667:The
56:Date
1067:by
1688::
1635:.
1631:.
1618:.
1580:.
1576:.
1520:.
1364:^
1314:^
1299:^
1272:^
1231:^
834:,
756:.
720:,
225:c.
219:c.
71:,
1645:.
1622:.
1609:.
1590:.
1531:.
1502:.
1424:.
1422:.
1330:.
376:e
369:t
362:v
269:e
262:t
255:v
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