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years to eliminate the isolated
Gongsun Zan, de Crespigny suggests that it was not due to indecisiveness that Yuan Shao did not take advantage of Cao Cao's temporal weaknesses, but that Yuan Shao might not have had the men to spare for such ventures. From such a perspective, Yuan Shao, faced with the ever-growing threat of his former ally Cao Cao, concentrated his force in a direct approach to Cao Cao's headquarters in hope that such a strike would overwhelm his enemy. Though he was outwitted and defeated by Cao Cao, Yuan Shao's decisions might not have been so foolish as numerous traditional historians and commentators have said.
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1008:) Ju Shou had reservations about concentrating all of the main army at Yangwu, and suggested leaving a garrison at Yan Ford as a precaution in case the attack on Guandu did not go well. Yuan Shao ignored the suggestion again. Ju Shou, in despair, tried to excuse himself by claiming to be ill, but Yuan Shao became annoyed at him and would not grant him leave. Instead, he divested Ju Shou's men and divided them under the commands of
1270:. Though Cao Cao eventually withdrew, Yuan Tan came to resent Yuan Shang even more during course of the battle, which led to open warfare between the brothers. Yuan Tan eventually allied with to Cao Cao against Yuan Shang, but Cao Cao accused him of violating some terms of the alliance and killed him in battle. On the other hand, Yuan Shang suffered defeats at the hands of Cao Cao and fled north to join his second brother
946:'s advice, Cao Cao led a battalion toward Yan Ford as a feint to trick Yuan Shao into believing that Cao Cao would attack his camp on the other side of the river. Yuan Shao split off his troops from Liyang to counter Cao Cao's attack, leaving Yan Liang without any support at Boma. Cao Cao then struck eastward to lift the siege on Boma. In the ensuing battle, Yan Liang was killed by
1231:
forces seized the opportunity to launch the full attack on Yuan's army. Yuan Shao's numerous armies were destroyed and much of his supplies were captured by Cao Cao. Yuan Shao himself fled north across the Yellow River with only about 800 cavalry, which was what was left of his army. Order was restored only when Yuan Shao reached the camp of his general Jiang Yiqu (
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items, 600 of Cao Cao's elite cavalry that had been lying in ambush attacked them. Yuan Shao's commander Wen Chou was killed and Liu Bei fled. Having lost two of their generals in these relatively minor skirmishes prior to the primary conflict at Guandu resulted in a crushing blow to the morale of Yuan Shao's army.
1384:, and tactics over Yuan Shao. It was the issue about logistics that prompted Cao Cao to abandon the defence at the Yellow River. By luring Yuan Shao far south into Guandu, Cao Cao had forcibly extended Yuan Shao's supply lines and was thus able to pounce on his logistical disadvantage to gain a decisive victory.
1076:, behind the earthen embankments that both sides made. Both sides harassed each other with engines of war. Yuan Shao had erected siege-ramps and high platforms which allowed his men to rain arrows onto Cao Cao's forces. In response, Cao Cao's men had to carry their shields above their heads, and retaliated with
1330:
The
Nationalists followed traditional Chinese historiography in that they judged the battle in terms of personalities, rather than the situations and the tactics involved. For example, Cao Cao was seen as capable, decisive, and far-sighted, while Yuan Shao was derided as mediocre, slow, arrogant, and
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and Liu Bei led 6,000 horsemen in pursuit. Cao Cao anticipated the attack and prepared a distraction tactic. He ordered his troops to discard their steeds, weapons and other valuables along the way. Yuan Shao's forces broke their ranks to grab the valuables lying ahead. Just as they were claiming the
1391:
is skeptical of the traditional viewpoint and questions Yuan Shao's supposed advantage over Cao Cao. De
Crespigny argues that Yuan Shao's hold on his nominal territories were not as secure as Cao Cao, who had aggressively campaigned to stabilize his surroundings. Taking note that Yuan Shao took ten
1265:
was furious with the succession and fought with his younger brother. This resulted in internal conflict within Yuan Shao's forces. Yuan Shao's pool of talented advisors and generals were also divided into two factions by the conflict – one supported Yuan Shang and the other supported Yuan Tan. Cao
1112:
were willing to be the first to retreat. The first to retreat reveals that his strength is exhausted. You, Duke, with one-tenth of the enemy's force you have held the ground you marked, and gripping him by the throat, have not let him advance for already half a year. In this situation his strength
1358:
to illustrate the concept. In all of these battles, he wrote, "...the contestants were unequal in strength, and the weaker one yielding a step at first, pinned down the stronger one through delayed action and defeated him." Mao's words attracted some attention to the battle, and many papers were
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urged Yuan Shao to send reinforcements to Wuchao to save the supplies, on which the fate of the campaign hinged. Guo Tu, however, advocated the opposite: attack Cao Cao's base at Guandu with the hope that Cao Cao will abandon the raid on Wuchao. Yuan Shao used Guo Tu's idea and sent Zhang He and
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Meanwhile, at Guandu, Yuan Shao's army led by Zhang He and Gao Lan failed to break through the enemy lines. Affected by the news of the defeat in Wuchao and rumors of Guo Tu making slanderous remarks about them, Zhang He and Gao Lan surrendered to Cao Hong and destroyed their weapons. Cao Cao's
990:
Despite having won the preliminary battles, Cao Cao was still outnumbered. He abandoned the forward bases along the Yellow River in preparation for a determined defence at Guandu. Cao Cao also ordered his officials in charge of his lands in his absence to govern with lenience, so as to minimise
769:
warned that Cao Cao would become a threat to their lord in his ambition to dominate China. They advised Yuan Shao to attack Cao Cao when the latter was still building up his forces, but Yuan Shao ignored their advice as Cao Cao was still nominally an ally. Tension between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao
1117:
Cao Cao followed this advice and held fast to his ground. In the ninth month, Xun Yu pointed out that Yuan Shao had been storing supplies at a depot in the village of Gushi (故市; southwest of present-day Yanjin County, Henan), guarded by Han Meng. Cao Cao sent out small cavalry units led by
1226:
By dawn, Wuchao had turned into an inferno and the morale of Yuan Shao's army plummeted sharply due to the loss of food supplies. Cao Cao also cut off the noses of the dead, mixed them with noses and lips of oxen and horses, and showed them to Yuan Shao's men, as a form of intimidation.
893:) Tian Feng, who had urged Yuan Shao to attack Cao Cao while he was away, advised against such a campaign, reasoning that they had lost their chance and must wait. Yuan Shao ignored Tian Feng's repeated remonstrations and imprisoned him under charges of demoralizing the army.
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that destroyed the archer platforms. Yuan Shao also tried to tunnel under Cao Cao's fort, but Cao Cao had a large ditch dug within his lines to block the tunnels. Subsequently, neither side could overcome each other as Cao Cao and Yuan Shao became locked in a stalemate.
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and Xun You in charge of his main camp at Guandu. Cao Cao's army disguised itself as a reinforcement unit from Yuan Shao and attacked Wuchao. Chunyu Qiong's initial defences were overrun, and he retreated to hold his forts, which Cao Cao attacked and set on fire.
1375:
The historian Carl Leban attributes Cao Cao's victory to one single strategic decision — the defender's choice of location. Leban asserts that Cao Cao chose Guandu as the place to make his stand because of his superior understanding of the relation between
1152:
away from Guandu near Gushi, and placed him in charge of guarding the supplies there. Yuan Shao's advisor Ju Shou argued that Wuchao, being their important supply depot, was too lightly guarded and insisted that Yuan Shao should send the general Jiang Qi
718:. Cao Cao's decisive victory against Yuan Shao's numerically superior forces marked the turning point in their war. The victory was also the point at which Cao Cao became the dominant power in northern China, leading to the establishment of the state of
884:) of Xu Province. Cao Cao, in an unexpected move, left his northern front exposed to Yuan Shao and turned east to retake Xu Province. Yuan Shao tried to use the opportunity to start a campaign south, but was daunted by Yu Jin, the defender of Yan Ford.
1002:'s bastion of 700 men at Juancheng and missed an opportunity to attack Cao Cao's eastern flank, exactly as Cheng Yu's predicted earlier when he guessed that Yuan Shao would ignore a position with so few men. Yuan Shao's Attendant Officer (
1063:
suggested that Yuan Shao should maintain the front at Guandu but at the same time send men to circle around and capture the emperor in Xu. Yuan Shao accepted neither plan, saying he preferred to capture the emperor with a direct advance.
1170:, defected over to Cao Cao. He understood Cao Cao's shortage of supplies and alerted Cao Cao to Yuan Shao's exploitable weakness at Wuchao. Cao Cao's generals were suspicious of this piece of intelligence, but his advisors Xun You and
1194:
Cao Cao ignored pleas to split off his force to deal with the reinforcements and readied his men to fight to the death. The raid on Wuchao was a great success, inflicting over a thousand casualties. Yuan Shao's officers Lü Weihuang
1058:
At Yangwu, several war plans were presented to Yuan Shao. Ju Shou observed that Cao Cao's men were running out of grain, and thus it would be proper to enter a war of attrition, denying Cao Cao a decisive battle. Another advisor,
804:
and lay on the road leading to the capital city Xu. Cao Cao recognized its strategic importance and in the autumn of 199, he stationed troops there and prepared fortifications. Other deployments along the frontline included
1363:
terms. The Maoist interpretation, while taking note of Yuan Shao's serious errors of judgement, advocates that the strong enemy will make fateful errors, while the weaker opponent need only to await their appearance. The
1240:
Some of Yuan Shao's men could not cross the Yellow River in time and were captured by Cao Cao, including Ju Shou. Some of these men had feigned surrender so they could escape later, thus Cao Cao had these men
1290:
in 207, but
Gongsun killed them instead and sent their heads to Cao Cao. By then, most of northern China was unified under Cao Cao's control, and Cao Cao could begin to turn his attention to the south.
1132:) to attack this position. They succeeded, routing Han Meng, disrupting Yuan Shao's supply lines, and burning his grain carts. Yuan Shao was forced to call for relief supplies in response to this raid.
1316:, remarked that while Yuan Shao was generous, elegant and able, he was also obstinate, self-satisfied, and seldom heeded reasonable advice. These negative attributes were the cause of his defeat.
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Throughout the ages, Cao Cao's impressive victory at Guandu, the climactic event of his life, has drawn analysis by both historical commentators and militarists hoping to imitate his success.
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observed that Liu Bei could not have too much control over his new men given by Yuan Shao. So Cao Cao sent Cao Ren to deal with the rebellion. Cao Ren succeeded, killing the rebel leader
1257:
Cao Cao's victory at the Battle of Guandu was a decisive one and marked the turn of the tide in his struggle for power with Yuan Shao. Yuan Shao died in June of 202 and his youngest son
887:
When Cao Cao returned to Guandu after his victory over Liu Bei, who sought refuge under Yuan Shao afterwards, Yuan Shao decided to renew the campaign against Cao Cao. The aide-de-camp (
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interpretation portrays Yuan Shao as the representative of the great landlord-official class, and Cao Cao as of the middle and small landlord class. The battle was thus a product of
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Before long, Cao Cao's army began to run short of supplies and Cao Cao was in a dilemma on whether to retreat in order to lure Yuan Shao deeper into his territory.
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escorting large reserves of food supplies. Yuan Shao ordered Chunyu to escort the supplies to Wuchao (烏巢; in present-day Yanjin County, Henan), a place 40
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Yuan Shao reorganized his forces and sent Liu Bei with an army to support the rebellions against Cao Cao in
Yinjiang (㶏疆; southwest of present-day
305:
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The inevitability of military conflict between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao had become apparent by 196. Yuan Shao held control of the lands north of the
1457:
that the sources he have seen wrote that Cao killed either 70000 or 80000 of Yuan's troops (裴松之注：“诸书皆云公坑绍众八万，或云七万。”) Pei
Songzhi's annotation in
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will be exhausted and there must arise some crisis. This is the time for employing unexpected stratagems; you may not miss this opportunity.
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1551:"To Establish Peace: being the Chronicle of the Later Han dynasty for the years 189 to 220 AD as recorded in Chapters 59 to 69 of the
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1088:, the defender of the capital Xu, sent Cao Cao a letter dissuading him from retreat. He wrote, drawing historical examples from the
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urged Cao Cao to put Xu You's plan to action. Thus at night, Cao Cao led 5,000 infantry and cavalry to attack Wuchao after leaving
1159:) to serve as a perimeter guard to Chunyu Qiong and cut off any potential raids. Yuan Shao, again, did not heed Ju Shou's advice.
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to lead his main army to attack Cao Cao's main camp at Guandu, while only sending a small cavalry unit to reinforce Wuchao.
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has changed course over the centuries and the places depicted are no longer at the same locations relative to the river.
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Cao Cao decided to abandon the fort and evacuate its occupants to the south. Taking advantage of the situation,
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In the eighth month, Yuan Shao's army slowly advanced southward from Yangwu and engaged Cao Cao's men in
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have picked up on this battle and made their own interpretations, in various degrees of objectivity.
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south of the capital. Although Cao Cao was concerned about such developments in his rear, his cousin
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and had his nose cut off. Almost all of Yuan Shao's food supplies at Wuchao were burnt.
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and routing Liu Bei. Yuan Shao also tried to cut off Cao Cao from the west by sending
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chances of chaos within the civilian community that could affect his army's morale.
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A map of the battle. It shows the movements during the battles of
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Variously recorded as Han Xun (韓荀) or Han Ruo (韓若). Leban, p. 364
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was made his successor shortly thereafter. His oldest son
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Imperial warlord : a biography of Cao Cao 155–220 AD
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crossed the Yellow River and besieged Cao Cao's fort at
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Battle between warlords Cao Cao and Yuan Shao (200)
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1494:, I, pp. 197–98. Cited in Leban, p. 377
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173:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
82:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1679:200s conflicts
1676:
1671:
1666:
1620:
1619:
1615:Zizhi Tongjian
1607:
1596:
1590:
1577:
1553:Zizhi Tongjian
1544:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1463:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1370:class conflict
1313:Zizhi Tongjian
1296:
1293:
1254:
1251:
1137:
1136:Raid on Wuchao
1134:
1074:trench warfare
1069:
1066:
963:
960:
926:Battle of Boma
913:
910:
868:after killing
841:Mengjin County
790:Zhongmu County
779:
776:
731:
728:
724:Three Kingdoms
698:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
682:
676:
675:
669:
668:
667:Transcriptions
660:
659:
652:
646:
645:
638:
632:
631:
628:
627:
618:
617:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
588:
585:
584:
577:
576:
569:
562:
554:
545:
544:
542:
541:
537:Three Kingdoms
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
462:
457:
452:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
343:
338:
336:Liang Province
333:
331:Yellow Turbans
327:
324:
323:
311:
310:
303:
296:
288:
280:
279:
276:
272:
271:
267:
266:
263:
259:
258:
254:
253:
170:
118:
117:
113:
112:
107:
101:
100:
96:
95:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
76:Zhongmu County
73:
71:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1696:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1574:0-7315-2526-4
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1518:
1512:Leban, p. 380
1509:
1503:Leban, p. 379
1500:
1493:
1488:
1482:Leban, p. 378
1479:
1477:
1467:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1444:Leban. p. 366
1441:
1435:Leban, p. 365
1432:
1423:
1417:Leban, p. 360
1414:
1408:Leban, p. 342
1405:
1401:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1201:), Han Juzi (
1192:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1001:
997:
992:
985:
981:
977:
973:
972:Dahuting Tomb
968:
959:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
931:
927:
918:
909:
907:
903:
899:
894:
885:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
823:at Yan Ford,
822:
818:
808:
803:
799:
798:Yanjin County
795:
791:
785:
775:
773:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:, namely the
737:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
695:
683:
681:
677:
674:
670:
665:
661:
653:
651:
647:
639:
637:
633:
629:
624:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
586:
575:
570:
568:
563:
561:
556:
555:
552:
539:
538:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
352:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
325:
320:
309:
304:
302:
297:
295:
290:
289:
286:
277:
274:
273:
268:
264:
261:
260:
255:
252:
248:
243:
238:
234:
232:
226:
222:
220:
214:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
186:
181:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
119:
114:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
97:
89:
86:
85:
81:
77:
72:
69:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
1621:
1618:, Volume 63.
1613:
1599:
1581:
1568:, Canberra.
1552:
1538:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1386:
1374:
1333:
1329:
1321:Nationalists
1318:
1311:
1304:Song dynasty
1301:
1298:
1288:Gongsun Kang
1256:
1247:Emperor Xian
1243:buried alive
1239:
1229:
1225:
1193:
1181:
1161:
1149:
1142:Chunyu Qiong
1139:
1116:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1057:
1048:
1024:
1018:
1014:Chunyu Qiong
993:
989:
974:of the late
952:
933:
895:
886:
859:
802:Yellow River
787:
760:
752:Emperor Xian
736:Yellow River
733:
703:
701:
680:Hanyu Pinyin
606:
535:
511:Ba (215-216)
501:Xiaoyao Ford
417:
388:Yan Province
262:About 40,000
230:
218:
175:Chunyu Qiong
99:Belligerents
51:Yellow River
1643: /
1631:114°37′13″E
1023:), just 20
866:Xu Province
491:Yi Province
383:Xu Province
168:Xiahou Yuan
1658:Categories
1628:34°54′26″N
1610:Sima Guang
1529:References
1378:topography
1336:Mao Zedong
1325:Communists
1308:Sima Guang
1306:historian
1259:Yuan Shang
906:Xun County
837:Xiahou Dun
819:, Henan),
817:Hua County
782:See also:
730:Background
592:Dushi Ford
516:Ruxu (217)
496:Ruxu (213)
148:Zhang Liao
1535:Chen Shou
1459:Sanguozhi
1455:Sanguozhi
1382:logistics
1253:Aftermath
980:Zhengzhou
936:Yan Liang
767:Tian Feng
712:Yuan Shao
468:Tong Pass
393:Jiangdong
368:Xiangyang
358:Yangcheng
213:Yan Liang
189:Tian Feng
172:Yuan Shao
110:Yuan Shao
1558:Archived
1549:(1996).
1461:, vol.01
1284:Liaodong
1263:Yuan Tan
1184:Zhang He
1176:Cao Hong
1168:Shen Pei
1124:Shi Huan
1120:Xu Huang
1039:Han Meng
1000:Cheng Yu
955:Wen Chou
898:Chen Lin
870:Che Zhou
855:Yuan Tan
833:Shandong
825:Cheng Yu
726:period.
612:Cangting
602:Yan Ford
526:Fancheng
521:Hanzhong
484:Yangping
480:Qi Mtns.
455:Jiangxia
413:Yuan Shu
373:Chang'an
351:Xingyang
265:~110,000
257:Strength
247:Yuan Tan
237:Zhang He
225:Wen Chou
209:Shen Pei
160:Xu Huang
136:Cheng Yu
124:Cao Hong
70:Location
47:Yan Ford
1684:Cao Cao
1366:Marxist
1272:Yuan Xi
1221:Yue Jin
1189:Gao Lan
1031:Cao Ren
1021:Xuchang
948:Guan Yu
944:Xun You
862:Liu Bei
845:Zang Ba
835:), and
807:Liu Yan
778:Prelude
772:Luoyang
763:Ju Shou
746:at the
722:in the
720:Cao Wei
708:Cao Cao
476:Lucheng
472:Jicheng
378:Fengqiu
363:Jieqiao
278:~80,000
251:Liu Bei
231:†
219:†
199:Ju Shou
156:Yue Jin
144:Guan Yu
140:Xun You
128:Guo Jia
121:Cao Cao
105:Cao Cao
1588:
1572:
1361:Maoist
1354:, and
1276:Wuhuan
1172:Jia Xu
1164:Xu You
1086:Xun Yu
1061:Xu You
1035:Liu Pi
1010:Guo Tu
821:Yu Jin
607:Guandu
436:Liyang
428:Xiakou
423:Bowang
418:Guandu
408:Yijing
275:~8,000
239:
227:
215:
201:
191:
185:Guo Tu
177:
164:Yu Jin
152:Xu Chu
132:Xun Yu
87:Result
1396:Notes
1146:Hebei
1110:Xiang
1053:Xinmi
984:Henan
794:Henan
744:Lü Bu
740:Hebei
460:Chibi
444:Nanpi
403:Xiapi
80:Henan
1586:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1323:and
1302:The
1122:and
1108:nor
1100:and
1012:and
940:Boma
928:and
765:and
710:and
702:The
656:官渡之战
642:官渡之戰
597:Boma
62:Date
45:and
43:Boma
1664:200
1234:蔣義渠
1210:眭元進
1204:韓莒子
1198:呂威璜
1106:Liu
1102:Han
1098:Chu
1660::
1612:.
1602:.
1537:.
1475:^
1380:,
1350:,
1346:,
1342:,
1216:趙叡
1156:蔣奇
1150:li
1129:史渙
1092::
1049:li
1044:韓猛
1026:li
1016:.
1005:從事
982:,
890:參軍
881:刺史
875:車冑
850:青州
831:,
812:劉延
792:,
774:.
756:Xu
482:*
478:*
474:*
470:*
446:*
442:*
440:Ye
438:*
78:,
1606:.
1594:.
1576:.
1543:.
1195:(
1153:(
1126:(
1041:(
872:(
809:(
573:e
566:t
559:v
540:→
486:)
466:(
450:)
434:(
353:)
349:(
307:e
300:t
293:v
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