Battle of the Trench

1478:`Uqbah and others said that it was in the year 4 AH. The reason why the Confederates came was that a group of the leaders of the Banu Nadir, whom the Messenger of Allah had expelled from Al-Madinah to Khaybar, including Sallam bin Abu Al-Huqayq, Sallam bin Mishkam, and Kinanah bin Ar-Rabi`, went to Makkah where they met with the leaders of Quraysh and incited them to make war against the Prophet. They promised that they would give them help and support, and Quraysh agreed to that. Then they went to the Ghatafan tribe with the same call, and they responded too. The Quraysh came out with their company of men from various tribes and their followers, under the leadership of Abu Sufyan Sakhr bin Harb. The Ghatafan were led by `Uyaynah bin Hisn bin Badr. In all, they numbered nearly ten thousand. When the Messenger of Allah heard that they had set out, he commanded the Muslims to dig a ditch (Khandaq) around Al-Madinah from the east. This was on the advice of Salman Al-Farisi, may Allah be pleased with him. So the Muslims did this, working hard, and the Messenger of Allah worked with them, carrying the earth away and digging, in the process of which there occurred many miracles and clear signs. The idolators came and made camp to the north of Al-Madinah, near Uhud, and some of them camped on the high ground overlooking Al-Madinah, as Allah says: 1369:

they were brought out to him in batches. Among them was the enemy of Allah Huyayy b. Akhtab and Ka`b b. Asad their chief. There were 600 or 700 in all, though some put the figure as high as 800 or 900. As they were being taken out in batches to the Apostle they asked Ka`b what he thought would be done with them. He replied, 'Will you never understand? Don't you see that the summoner never stops and those who are taken away do not return? By Allah it is death!' This went on until the Apostle made an end of them. Huyayy was brought out wearing a flowered robe in which he had made holes about the size of the finger-tips in every part so that it should not be taken from him as spoil, with his hands bound to his neck by a rope. When he saw the Apostle he said, 'By God, I do not blame myself for opposing you, but he who forsakes God will be forsaken.' Then he went to the men and said, 'God's command is right. A book and a decree, and massacre have been written against the Sons of Israel.' Then he sat down and his head was struck off.

1480:(When they came upon you from above you and from below you,) The Messenger of Allah came out with the believers, who numbered nearly three thousand, or it was said that they numbered seven hundred. They had their backs towards (the mountain of) Sal` and were facing the enemy, and the ditch, in which there was no water, was between the two groups, preventing the cavalry and infantry from reaching them. The women and children were in the strongholds of Al-Madinah. Banu Qurayzah, who were a group among the Jews, had a fortress in the southeast of Al-Madinah, and they had made a treaty with the Prophet and were under his protection. They numbered nearly eight hundred fighters. Huyay bin Akhtab An-Nadari went to them and kept trying to persuade them until they broke the treaty and went over to the side of the Confederates against the Messenger of Allah. The crisis deepened and things got worse... 1579:'Abdullah b. Zubair reported on the Day of the Battle of the Trench: I and Umar b. Abu Salama was with women folk in the fort of Hassan (b. Thabit). He at one time leaned for me and I cast a glance and at another time I leaned for him and he would see and I recognized my father as he rode on his horse with his arms towards the tribe of Quraizah. 'Abdullah b. 'Urwa reported from Abdullah b. Zubair: I made a mention of that to my father, whereupon he said: My son, did you see me (on that occasion)? He said: Yes. Thereupon he said: By Allah, Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) addressed me saying: I would sacrifice for thee, my father and my mother. 1084:

unprepared to deal with the trenches dug by the Muslims. The Confederates tried to attack with horsemen in hopes of forcing a passage, but the Medinans were rigidly entrenched, preventing such a crossing. Both of the armies gathered on either side of the trench and spent two or three weeks exchanging insults in prose and verse, backed up with arrows fired from a comfortable distance. According to Rodinson, there were three dead among the attackers and five among the defenders. On the other hand, the harvest had been gathered and the besiegers had some trouble finding food for their horses, which proved of no use to them in the attack.

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Muhammad on those terms. Before Muhammad began the order of drafting the agreement, he consulted the Medinan leaders. They sharply rejected the terms of the agreement, protesting Medina had never sunk to such levels of ignominy. The negotiations were broken off. While the Ghatafan did not retreat they had compromised themselves by entering into negotiations with Medina, and the Confederacy's internal dissension had thereby been increased.

357: 1393:'By Allah,' she said,' that is me.' I said to her 'You poor soul, what is to happen to you?' She said: "I must be killed." "Why?" I asked her. "For something I did," she answered. She went away and was beheaded for her acts. By Allah,('Ã'isha adds) I shall never forget her cheerfulness and her great laugh when she knew that she was to be killed.' 1315:

sheltered from such winds. The enemy’s tents were torn up, their fires were extinguished, the sand and rain beat in their faces and they were terrified by the portents against them. They had already well nigh fallen out among themselves. During the night the Confederate armies withdrew, and by morning the ground was cleared of all enemy forces.

917:. Muhammad's side initially had the upper hand, but then the tables turned, and he fled to Medina. Thinking that this was enough to deter Muhammad, the Quraysh did not pursue him to finish him off. Nevertheless, Muhammad attacked their trade caravans again, making them determined to take over Medina, in part due to the encouragement of the 1342:, as an arbitrator to pronounce judgment upon them. Sa'ad, who later died of his wounds from the battle, decreed the sentence, in which some of the men fighters shall be killed and some of their women and children enslaved. Muhammad approved of this decision, and the next day the sentence was carried out. 1299:

to the Qurayza, signaling a united invasion of Medina. The Qurayza, however, demanded hostages as a guarantee that the Confederacy would not desert them. The Confederacy, considering that the Qurayza might give the hostage to Muhammad, refused. Messages were repeatedly sent back and forth between the

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Next Nuaym went to Abu Sufyan, the Confederate leader, warning him that the Qurayza had defected to Muhammad. He stated that the tribe intended to ask the Confederacy for hostages, ostensibly in return for cooperation, but really to hand over to Muhammad. Thus the Confederacy should not give a single

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33:20 They ˹still˺ think that the enemy alliance has not ˹yet˺ withdrawn. And if the allies were to come ˹again˺, the hypocrites would wish to be away in the desert among nomadic Arabs, ˹only˺ asking for news about you ˹believers˺. And if the hypocrites were in your midst, they would hardly take part

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promptly informed Muhammad. Such suspicions were reinforced by the movement of enemy troops towards the strongholds of the Qurayza. Muhammad became anxious about their conduct, and realised the grave potential danger the Qurayza posed. Because of his pact with the Qurayza, he had not bothered to make

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The failure of the siege marked the beginning of Muhammad's undoubted ascendency in the city of Medina. The Meccans had exerted their utmost strength to dislodge Muhammad from Medina, and this defeat caused them to lose their trade with Syria and much of their prestige with it. Watt conjectures that

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contradiction to Arab and Jewish laws of the time, and was seen as a sign of weakness. Others see the punishment as a response to what was perceived as an act of treason by the Qurayza since they betrayed their joint defense pact with Muhammad by giving aid and comfort to the enemies of the Muslims.

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Scholars argue that Muhammad had already decided upon this judgment before the Qurayza's surrender and that Sa'ad was putting his allegiance to the Muslim community above that to his tribe. One reason cited by some for such punishment is that Muhammad's previous clemency towards defeated foes was in

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A lot of scholars have however cast doubt on ibn Ishaq's account and there is no reliable hadith about the exact number of people killed leading some to argue only prominent ones were executed. A number of individuals were spared when various Muslims intervened on their behalf. Several accounts note

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in Medina including Muhammad contributed to digging the massive trench in six days. The ditch was dug on the northern side only, as the rest of Medina was surrounded by rocky mountains and trees, impenetrable to large armies (especially cavalry). The digging of the ditch coincided with a near-famine

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Abdullah bin Abu Aufa reported: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) at one time when he confronted the enemy, and was waiting for the sun to set, stood up and said, "O people! Do not long for encountering the enemy and supplicate to Allah to grant you security. But when you face the enemy, show patience and

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The Bedouins, the Ghatafan, and other Confederates from Najd had already been compromised by Muhammad's negotiations. They had taken part in the expedition in hopes of plunder, rather than for personal reasons. They lost hope as chances of success dwindled, uninterested in continuing the siege. The

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33:19 ˹They are˺ totally unwilling to assist you. When danger comes, you see them staring at you with their eyes rolling like someone in the throes of death. But once the danger is over, they slash you with razor-sharp tongues, ravenous for ˹worldly˺ gains. Such people have not ˹truly˺ believed, so

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The Muslims found themselves in greater difficulties by day. Food was running short, and nights were colder. The lack of sleep made matters worse. So tense was the situation that, for the first time, the canonical daily prayers were neglected by the Muslim community. Only at night, when the attacks

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Nuaym then came up with an efficient stratagem. He first went to the Banu Qurayza and warned them about the intentions of the rest of the Confederacy. If the siege fails, he said, the Confederacy will not be afraid to abandon the Jews, leaving them at the mercy of Muhammad. The Qurayza should thus

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Then they surrendered, and the Apostle confined them in Medina in the quarter of d. al-Harith, a woman of B. al-Najjar. Then the Apostle went out to the market of Medina (which is still its market today) and dug trenches in it. Then he sent for them and struck off their heads in those trenches as

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The crisis showed Muhammad that many of his men had reached the limits of their endurance. He sent word to Ghatafan, trying to pay for their defection and offering them a third of Medina's date harvest if they withdrew. Although the Ghatafan demanded half, they eventually agreed to negotiate with

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Immediately after hearing the rumors about the Qurayza, Muhammad had sent 100 men to the inner city for its protection. Later he sent 300 horsemen (cavalry was not needed at the trench) as well to protect the city. The loud voices, in which the troops prayed every night, created the illusion of a

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assisted with this Muslims' effort by digging the trench and lending them their tools. When the Quraysh approached, they were unfamiliar with this tactic and struggled to get beyond the trench. As the siege gradually dragged on, Muhammad used the time to negotiate secretly with the Banu Ghatafan,

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On the day of Al-Khandaq (Battle of the Trench) the medial arm vein of Sa'd bin Mu'ad was injured and the Prophet pitched a tent in the mosque to look after him. There was another tent for Banu Ghaffar in the mosque and the blood started flowing from Sa'd's tent to the tent of Bani Ghaffar. They

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Allah tells us of the blessings and favors He bestowed upon His believing servants when He diverted their enemies and defeated them in the year when they gathered together and plotted. That was the year of Al-Khandaq, in Shawwal of the year 5 AH according to the well-known correct view. Musa bin

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to bring him details of the recent developments. He advised the men to openly declare their findings, should they find the Banu Qurayza to be kind, so as to increase the morale of the Muslim fighters. However, he warned against spreading the news of a possible breach of the pact on the Qurayza's

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The Confederate army made several other attempts to cross the trench during the night but repeatedly failed. Although the confederates could have deployed their infantry over the whole length of the trench, they were unwilling to engage the Muslims at the close-quarter as the former regarded the

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Both the fighters got lost in the dust as the duel became intense. Finally, the soldiers heard screams which hinted at decisive blows, but it was unclear which of the two was successful. The slogan, 'Allahu Akbar' (God is the greatest) from the dust confirmed Ali's victory. The Confederates were

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The provisions of the Confederate armies were running out. Horses and camels were dying of hunger and wounds. For days the weather had been exceptionally cold and wet. Violent winds blew out the campfires, taking away from the Confederate army their source of heat. The Muslim camp, however, was

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The siege of Medina began in January 627 and lasted for 20 nights. Adding in the six days of trench-building, the entire operation lasted 27 days and was contained within a single month (5 Shawwal-1 Dhu al-Qi'dah). Since sieges were uncommon in Arabian warfare, the arriving Confederates were

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33:13 And ˹remember˺ when a group of them said, “O people of Yathrib! There is no point in you staying ˹here˺, so retreat!” Another group of them asked the Prophet’s permission ˹to leave˺, saying, “Our homes are vulnerable,” while ˹in fact˺ they were not vulnerable. They only wished to

993:, with 700 men led by Sufyan ibn Abd Shams. In total, the strength of the Confederate armies, though not agreed upon by scholars, is estimated to have included around 10,000 men and six hundred horsemen. In December 626 the army, which was led by Abu Sufyan, marched on Medina. 1138:

Huyayy eventually managed to enter and persuade them that the Muslims would surely be overwhelmed. The sight of the vast Confederate armies, surging over the land with soldiers and horses as far as the eye could see, swung the Qurayza opinion in the favor of the Confederacy.

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steadfastness; and keep it in mind that Jannah lies under the shade of the swords." Then he invoked Allah, saying, "O Allah, Revealer of the Book, Disperser of the clouds, Defeater of the Confederates, put our enemy to rout and help us in over-powering them". .

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latter as superior in hand-to-hand fighting. As the Muslim army was well dug-in behind the embankment made from the earth which had been taken from the ditch and prepared to bombard attackers with stones and arrows, any attack could cause great casualties.

1025:) were both suggested. Ultimately, the outnumbered Muslims opted to engage in a defensive battle by digging deep trenches to act as a barrier along the northern front. The tactic of a defensive trench was introduced by Salman the Persian. Every capable 1333:

by the Muslims. After a 25-day siege of their neighborhood, the Banu Qurayza unconditionally surrendered. When the Banu Qurayza tribe surrendered, the Muslim army seized their stronghold and their possessions for their acts. On the request of the

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The final army that defended the city from the invasion consisted of 3,000 men, and included all inhabitants of Medina over the age of 14, except the Banu Qurayza (the Qurayza did supply the Muslims with some instruments for digging the trench).

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who was carrying water from the wells of Badr. Muhammad ordered his followers to close all the wells with sand except one for him and the Muslims, forcing the Quraysh to fight over the water and leading to the Quraysh's defeat.

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The reinforcements camped near Badr, behind a hill not visible from Muhammad's position. After the caravan had escaped, some of them withdrew, but others remained. Muhammad became aware of their presence after he captured their

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accepted the challenge, and was sent by Muhammad to fight. As Ali went to fight Amr ibn Abd Wudd, Muhammad said about Ali, "He is the embodiment of all Faith who is going to an encounter with the embodiment of all Unbelief."

1428:. Muhammad offered to free and marry her and according to some sources she accepted his proposal, while according to others she rejected it and remained Muhammad's companion. She is said to have later become a Muslim. 1597:

The incident also is mentioned in the historical works by writers of the third and fourth century of the Muslim era. These include the traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad, and quotes attributed to him (the

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33:22 When the believers saw the enemy alliance, they said, “This is what Allah and His Messenger had promised us. The promise of Allah and His Messenger has come true.” And this only increased them in faith and

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in four days, warning him of the Confederate armies that were to arrive in a week. Muhammad gathered the Medinans to discuss the best strategy of overcoming the enemy. Meeting the enemy in the open (which led to

866:. At first he encountered no serious opposition from the people there, and their response to him was simply indifference, until he began to attack their beliefs, causing tension. A few years later, he moved to 1186:

Muhammad attempted to hide his knowledge of the activities of Banu Qurayza; however, rumors soon spread of a massive assault on the city of Medina from Qurayza's side which severely demoralized the Medinans.

1266:, an Arab leader who was well-respected by the entire confederacy, but who had, unknown to them, secretly converted to Islam. Muhammad asked him to end the siege by creating discord amongst Confederates. 754:

On the other hand, Muhammad, having learned of the impending Quraysh advance, took the advice of Salman the Persian to have his followers make a deep trench to impede their movement. The Jewish tribe of

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According to Ibn Ishaq's biography of Muhammad, one woman who had thrown a millstone from the battlements during the siege and killed one of the Muslim besiegers, was also beheaded along with the men.

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33:10 ˹Remember˺ when they came at you from east and west, when your eyes grew wild ˹in horror˺ and your hearts jumped into your throats, and you entertained ˹conflicting˺ thoughts about Allah.

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33:16 Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ “Fleeing will not benefit you if you ˹try to˺ escape a natural or violent death. ˹If it is not your time,˺ you will only be allowed enjoyment for a little while.”

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Muhammad established his military headquarters at the hillock of Sala' and the army was arrayed there; this position would give the Muslims an advantage if the enemy crossed the trench.

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33:18 Allah knows well those among you who discourage ˹others from fighting˺, saying ˹secretly˺ to their brothers, “Stay with us,” and who themselves hardly take part in fighting.

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in Medina. Women and children were moved to the inner city. The Medinans harvested all their crops early, so the Confederate armies would have to rely on their own food reserves.

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33:17 Ask ˹them, O Prophet˺, “Who can put you out of Allah’s reach if He intends to harm you or show you mercy?” They can never find any protector or helper besides Allah.

700:. The battle, which took place in 627 and lasted around two weeks, was lightly fought, with the Muslims reported to have suffered five to six casualties and the Quraysh three. 2917: 1120:

The Confederates attempted several simultaneous attacks, in particular by trying to persuade the Banu Qurayza to attack the Muslims from the south. From the Confederates,

1307:, informing him of Qurayza's response. Huyayy was taken aback, and Abu Sufyan branded him as a "traitor". Fearing for his life, Huyayy fled to the Qurayza's strongholds. 3918: 400: 970:

by paying them half of their harvest. This contingent, the second-largest, added a strength of about 2,000 men and 300 horsemen led by Unaina bin Hasan Fazari. The

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The spoils of battle, including the enslaved women and children of the tribe, were divided up among the Muslims that had participated in the siege and among the

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that the Banu Kilab, a clan of Arab clients of the Banu Qurayza, were also killed though this is not accepted by the majority of traditional Islamic historians.

1389:, one of Muhammad's wives, is cited as describing the woman as laughing and chatting with her during the massacre, down to the moment her name was called out: 723:, decided to occupy his city base, Medina. Realizing that they had little military capability as they were only merchants, they negotiated vigorously with the 241: 1536:

On the day of Al-Ahzab (i.e. clans) the Prophet said, (After this battle) we will go to attack them (i.e. the infidels) and they will not come to attack us."

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forced to withdraw in a state of panic and confusion. According to Shia sources, Ali allowed Amr's entourage to retreat; Ali never pursued a fleeing enemy.

3941: 731:, whom Muhammad had previously expelled from Medina, were also part of this effort, to the extent that they offered the Bedouins half of their crops in 1208:

33:12 And ˹remember˺ when the hypocrites and those with sickness in their hearts said, “Allah and His Messenger have promised us nothing but delusion!”

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The whole was a battle of wits in which Muslims had the best of it; without cost to themselves they weakened the enemy and increased the dissension.

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So far the Banu Qurayza had tried their best to remain neutral, and were very hesitant about joining the Confederates since they had earlier made a

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The leaders found that the pact indeed had been renounced and tried in vain to convince the Qurayza to revert by reminding them of the fate of the

978:, the Nadir secured 700 men, though this force would likely have been much larger had not some of its leaders been sympathetic towards Islam. The 3911: 1515:

shouted, "O occupants of the tent! What is coming from you to us?" They found that Sa'd's wound was bleeding profusely and Sa'd died in his tent.

815:; meaning "that which has been dug"). Salman the Persian advised Muhammad to dig a trench around the city. The battle is also referred to as the 393: 1229:

33:21 Indeed, in the Messenger of Allah you have an excellent example for whoever has hope in Allah and the Last Day, and remembers Allah often.

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written some 120 to 130 years after Muhammad's death. Although the original work is lost, portions of it survive in the recensions of

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Wanting to regain their honour after the defeat at Badr and tired of Muhammad's attacks on their caravans, the Quraysh sent an army, and a

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33:14 Had their city been sacked from all sides and they had been asked to abandon faith, they would have done so with little hesitation.

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The Sahih al-Bukhari collection also mentions that after the battle, Muslims were to carry out offensive attacks against their enemies:

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demand Confederate leaders as hostages in return for cooperation. This advice touched upon the fears the Qurayza had already harbored.

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33:15 They had already pledged to Allah earlier never to turn their backs ˹in retreat˺. And a pledge to Allah must be answered for.

901:. Abu Sufyan, who was leading the caravan, got wind of Muhammad's plan and sent messengers on a swift journey to Medina for help. 1549:

Muhammad in order to stop the attacks called for a counter-attack against the idolaters, He asserted to his followers before:

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sowing distrust among his opponents. After about two weeks, the weather deteriorated and the invading party withdrew.

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to persuade them to take part. In the end, they reportedly managed to gather a confederate force of 10,000 men (

3184: 1785: 1657: 1473:, and his commentary on this verse mentions the reason and event of the Battle, his commentary is as follows: 1000:, Meccans from the south (along the coast), and the others from the east. At the same time, horsemen from the 6379: 5923: 506: 6231: 5111: 1147:

defensive preparations along the Muslims' border with the tribe. The Qurayza also possessed weaponry: 1,500

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Ibn Sa'd, 1(1), 147 VII(2), 113f, Baladhuri, Tarikh Tabari, 1 2960, Muqaddasi, Muthir, 25f; Ibn Hisham, 311

1627: 1560: 1128:, the leader of the exiled tribe Banu Nadir, returned to Medina seeking their support against the Muslims. 521: 1441:

the Meccans at this point began to contemplate that conversion to Islam would be the most prudent option.

1174:". Because the people of Adal and Qarah had betrayed the Muslims and killed them at the opportune moment, 1095:

attempted to thrust through the trench and managed to effect a crossing, occupying a marshy area near the

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Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)

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in particular, and that each clan of the Aws was also charged with killing a group of Qurayza men.

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literature), which provide further information on Muhammad's life. The earliest surviving written

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Kister, Meir Jacob (1986). "The massacre of the Banū Qurayẓa: a re-examination of a tradition".

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at the hands of Muhammad. The findings of the leaders were signaled to Muhammad in a metaphor: "

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This article is about the event in early Islamic history. For the type of modern warfare, see

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Al Bidayah wa Nihayah(The Beginning of The End): Part Seven, Chapter: The Battle of Yarmouk

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of Sala. 'Amr challenged the Muslims to a duel. According to Shia sources, in response,

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News of the Qurayzah's supposed renunciation of the pact with Muhammad leaked out, and

1044:, the Muslims adopted the tactic of using trenches from the Persians, possibly via the 787:, that was dug by Muslims in preparation for the battle as an act of defense. The word 736: 697: 476: 297: 282: 45: 7471: 6663: 6648: 6584: 6043: 5769: 5354: 5253: 5031: 5011: 5004: 4070: 3840: 3829: 3810: 3782: 3754: 3735: 3714: 3693: 3669: 3648: 3626: 3605: 3583: 3569: 3551: 3530: 3479: 3451: 3429: 3391: 3357: 3336: 3314: 3293: 3272: 3222: 3201: 3180: 3153: 3125: 3104: 3097: 3078: 3057: 3046: 3030: 3005: 2977: 2892: 2165: 1781: 1662: 1618: 1470: 1345:

The men – numbering between 400 and 900 – were bound and placed under the custody of

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with Muhammad. When Huyayy approached them, their leader refused to allow him entry.

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in 527 by this tactic. The adopting is reflected in the Arabic word for this battle,

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to mediate their tribal conflicts, the latter from which his great-grandmother came.

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and much of their prestige. Whereas for Muhammad, he was then reportedly visited by

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Following the retreat of the Confederate army, the Banu Qurayza neighborhoods were

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man a hostage. Nuaym repeated the same message to other tribes in the Confederacy.

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33:11 Then and there the believers were put to the test, and were violently shaken.

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The Quraysh veterans grew impatient with the deadlock. A group of militants led by

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New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam

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believes the metaphor means the Qurayza were thought to be about to do the same.

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of various origins including significant portions of Quraysh Immigrants and Banu

4979: 2024: 1239: 959:, who fielded 4,000-foot soldiers, 300 horsemen, and 1,000–1,500 men on camels. 840: 7096: 7064: 7024: 6891: 6882: 6653: 6638: 6577: 6294: 6214: 6155: 5824: 5672: 5450: 5189: 5162: 5138: 4973: 4957: 4810: 4769: 4741: 4708: 4635: 4552: 4540: 4518: 4502: 4343: 3292:. Ancient Warfare and Civilization. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. 3092: 1191:

stopped due to darkness, could they resume their regular worship. According to

1022: 1018: 914: 894: 886: 885:, causing armed conflict between them. After Muhammad made a large booty after 764: 720: 481: 451: 33: 6468: 1486: 7546: 7091: 6803: 6726: 6703: 6148: 5558: 5514: 5455: 5421: 5345: 5244: 5178: 4820: 4789: 4524: 4472: 3879: 3575: 3565: 3507: 2974:

Shaja'ah Zubayr ibn al-Awwam Radhiyallahu anh (bravery of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam

1414: 967: 906: 245: 182: 126: 113: 5876: 5482: 4650: 2973: 7557: 7187: 6944: 6530: 6463: 6129: 6086: 5778: 5759: 5754: 5543: 5499: 4994: 4579: 4492: 4246: 4161: 4144: 4036: 3963: 3731:

Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr

3683: 3597: 3493: 3443: 3168: 3099:

Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing

1572: 1041: 875: 756: 223: 186: 5682: 5200: 4546: 3880:

A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims;The Battle of the Trench

3622:

The Generalship of Muhammad: Battles and Campaigns of the Prophet of Allah

1311:

two confederate armies were marked by recriminations and mutual distrust.

74: 7377: 7170: 6925: 6867: 6856: 6490: 6450: 6391: 6257: 6246: 6242: 5784: 5697: 5692: 4280: 2107: 1295:

Nuaym's stratagem worked. After consulting, the Confederate leaders sent

975: 744: 5073: 4875: 4302: 3236:

Heck, Gene W. (2003). "Arabia Without Spices: An Alternate Hypothesis".

1420:

As part of his share of the spoils, Muhammad selected one of the women,

1242: 600: 378: 6906: 6786: 6690: 6681: 6265: 5912: 5865: 5749: 5430: 5183: 4256: 3289:

In God's Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire

3268:

In God's Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire

3257: 2954: 2941: 2913: 2157: 1631: 1623: 1564: 1466: 1397: 990: 986: 971: 956: 937: 918: 843: 728: 253: 249: 233: 227: 7202: 4962: 4923: 4263: 4086: 2491: 7465: 7455: 7143: 6595: 6406: 6332: 6178: 5966: 5835: 5536: 5520: 4865: 4512: 4200: 4149: 4013: 3885: 1635: 1613: 1410: 1192: 1045: 979: 898: 826: 196: 7160: 3407:"On Arabs of the Banū Kilāb executed together with the Banū Qurayza" 3406: 3249: 2884:

The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah

2686: 2642: 1364:

Ibn Ishaq describes the killing of the Banu Qurayza men as follows:

48:. For the battle of the Second Messenian War (7th century BCE), see 7367: 7207: 7192: 6481: 6163: 6003: 5992: 5985: 5774: 5622: 5601: 5229: 5123: 5048: 4723: 4388: 4350: 4156: 1455: 1335: 1021:), and waiting for them inside the city (a lesson learned from the 1013: 951:

The bulk of the Confederate armies were gathered by the Quraysh of

890: 871: 859: 846:

to denote the confederacy of non-believers and Jews against Islam.

740: 708: 414: 273: 190: 2658: 2290: 1585: 1542: 881:

In Medina, Muhammad became fond of raiding and plundering Quraysh

7433: 7228: 6732: 6545: 6502: 6431: 6426: 6363: 6298: 6284: 6186: 5841: 5830: 5629: 5592: 5322: 5266: 5172: 4783: 4755: 4608: 4566: 4482: 4419: 4370: 4291: 3465: 3074:

Islam and the Infidels: The Politics of Jihad, Da'wah, and Hijrah

1525: 1421: 1175: 1125: 1096: 945: 732: 724: 696:

by digging a trench around their settlement at the suggestion of

689: 685: 309: 237: 1224:

Allah has rendered their deeds void. And that is easy for Allah.

948:, traveled to swear allegiance with Safwam ibn Umayya at Mecca. 7476: 7351: 7223: 7138: 7057: 6999: 6815: 6809: 6515: 6341: 6326: 6123: 6075: 6012: 5980: 5893: 5803: 5738: 5634: 5382: 5363: 5258: 5224: 4869: 4838: 4815: 4686: 4594: 4486: 4358: 4194: 4137: 4117: 4059: 4046: 4031: 3753:(Nachdr ed.). Philadelphia: Jewish Publ. Soc. of America. 3499:

A Life of Mahomet and History of Islam to the Era of the Hegira

3475: 2972:] (in Indonesian and Arabic). Pustaka Ibnu Katsir. p. 1604: 1375: 1155: 1026: 997: 996:

In accordance with the plan, the armies began marching towards

952: 867: 780: 693: 105: 6223:(The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and 3310:

Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity

2158:"Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume I (A-B): [Fasc. 1-22]" 1338:, who were allied to the Qurayza, Muhammad chose one of them, 7397: 7052: 7029: 7007: 6797: 6791: 6761: 6443: 6345: 6168: 6141: 6117: 6027: 5898: 5810: 5582: 5531: 5494: 5400: 5118: 5101: 4830: 4773: 4745: 4668: 4654: 4639: 4615: 4589: 4556: 4534: 4506: 4430: 4400: 4393: 4384: 4375: 4224: 4182: 3977: 3928: 3710:

A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East

3387:

Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History

3048:

States, Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making Boundaries

1459: 1386: 1354: 1148: 863: 855: 704: 2586: 2512: 2510: 2389: 2387: 2070: 7197: 7121: 6752: 6535: 6208: 5997: 5887: 5871: 5416: 5128: 4834: 4793: 4664: 4619: 4476: 4325: 4229: 3602:

Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making

2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 1143: 963: 862:

first preached his new religion, Islam, in his hometown of

200: 2576: 2574: 2311: 2309: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1612:(biographies of Muhammad and quotes attributed to him) is 7387: 6781: 6563: 3967: 2507: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2384: 2321: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2025:"Muhammad | Biography, History, & Facts | Britannica" 1853: 1851: 1849: 1836: 1834: 1821: 1819: 1806: 1804: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 2522: 2440: 2372: 2360: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2135: 2005: 1502:

The event is referenced in the Sunni, Hadith collection

1195:, the situation became serious and fear was everywhere. 889:

during a holy month when bloodshed was forbidden by the

2702: 2630: 2598: 2571: 2399: 2333: 2306: 2197: 2185: 1974: 1938: 1715: 921:, whom Muhammad had previously expelled from the city. 36:. For the battle of the Greek War of Independence, see 6058:('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') 3550:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 2942:

Ibn Kathir, Abu al-Fiḍā ‘Imād Ad-Din Ismā‘īl ibn ‘Umar

2714: 2559: 2547: 2423: 2350: 2348: 2221: 2060: 2058: 2043: 1962: 1950: 1926: 1916: 1914: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1846: 1831: 1816: 1801: 1736: 1151:, 2,000 lances, 300 suits of armour, and 500 shields. 2777: 2765: 2738: 2411: 2240: 763:

The battle caused the Meccans to lose their trade to

6756:(literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage) 2674: 1703: 1691: 1679: 1262:

At about that point, Muhammad received a visit from

1159:

part, so as to avoid any panic within Muslim ranks.

675: 651: 627: 2345: 2209: 2123: 2055: 1911: 1882: 1863: 1318: 1300:parties, but each held to its position stubbornly. 974:also agreed to join, led by Tuleha Asadi. From the 3926: 3828: 3172: 3096: 3045: 2965:Sahabat-Sahabat Rasulullah vol 1: Zubair bin Awwam 2726: 1454:The main contemporary source of the battle is the 989:, with 400 men led by Hars ibn Auf Murri, and the 897:to intercept a large trade caravan returning from 3751:The Jews of Arab lands: a history and source book 3121:The Life of Muhammad Al-Waqidi's Kitab Al-Maghazi 1349:, while the women and children were placed under 1198:Quran describes the situation in surah Al-Ahzab: 982:, who had a pact with Muhammad, refused to join. 7544: 6366:, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration') 4954:Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo 3448:Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources 2970:Companion of the Prophet vol 1: Zubair bin Awwam 2755: 2753: 2479: 2936:(English ed.). Azhar University of Egypt. 1413:(who had hitherto depended on the help of the 1290: 915:confrontation with Muhammad took place at Uhud 3912: 3428:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. 3043: 2750: 810: 394: 4026:(wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph 3689:Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century 3044:Buchanan, Allen E.; Moore, Margaret (2003). 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1057: 834: 820: 792: 682:conflict between the Muslims and the Quraysh 356: 3166: 2912: 2327: 1780:. Cambridge University press. p. 119. 962:The Banu Nadir began rousing the nomads of 6384:A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: 5698:ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim 5500:Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad) 4878:(Joshua, companion and successor of Moses) 3919: 3905: 2940: 2466: 2464: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 1592: 1444: 1004:left to warn Medina of the invading army. 401: 387: 73: 4245: 3727: 3018: 2880: 2851: 2616: 2592: 2378: 2366: 2141: 2117: 2076: 2011: 1986: 1980: 1730: 408: 40:. For the battle in 217 BCE mentioned in 3748: 3661: 3639: 3544:Peterson, Daniel C. (26 February 2007). 3543: 3238:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3214: 2997: 2961: 2857: 2821: 2815: 2708: 2696: 2664: 2636: 2624: 2516: 2393: 2315: 2296: 2152: 2150: 1944: 1840: 1810: 1697: 604:Site of the Battle of the Trench, Medina 599: 3706: 3618: 3564: 3514:. Karachi: Pakistan Historical Society. 3464: 3383: 3306: 3285: 3264: 3218:The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad 3146:Gabriel, Richard A. (22 October 2014). 3145: 2931: 2845: 2839: 2809: 2744: 2720: 2652: 2497: 2461: 2434: 2284: 2259: 2064: 1968: 1956: 1932: 1905: 1857: 1709: 1048:Arabs who saw their king killed at the 870:after successful negotiations with the 688:took the offensive and advanced on the 14: 7545: 5208:(Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr) 5094:Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura) 4898: 3682: 3596: 3518: 3506: 3404: 3370: 3117: 3091: 2783: 2771: 2692: 2680: 2648: 2620: 2553: 2417: 2339: 2162:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume I (A-B) 2113: 1999: 739:estimates less than 7,500), including 727:to get them to join the campaign. The 6976: 6564:Events, incidents, occasions or times 6562: 5951: 5287: 4943:Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos 4897: 4671:)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)') 4452: 3952: 3939: 3900: 3442: 3421: 3373:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 3349: 3193: 3149:Muhammad: Islam's First Great General 3124:. Taylor & Francis. p. 349. 3070: 3029:. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Brill. 2934:Jurisprudence of Muhammad's Biography 2833: 2827: 2803: 2565: 2541: 2501: 2455: 2234: 2147: 2129: 2049: 382: 6895:('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') 5374:People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin 3875:Al-Ahzab (the Confederates) Invasion 3823: 3795: 3767: 3492: 3327: 3235: 3215:Hazleton, Lesley (4 February 2014). 2906: 2759: 2732: 2668: 2604: 2580: 2485: 2405: 2354: 2300: 2253: 2215: 2203: 2191: 1920: 1893: 1876: 1825: 1761: 1685: 257: 208: 3001:The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad 2887:. Translated by Guillaume, Alfred. 2082: 2017: 1908:, The Battle of the Ditch (Trench). 1773: 1632:the history of Muhammad's campaigns 1571:The event is also mentioned in the 1469:mentions this incident in his book 1181: 835: 821: 811: 793: 665: 641: 617: 24: 2932:Al-Buti, M. Sa'id Ramadan (1988). 2874: 1249: 1078: 1012:The men from Banu Khuza'a reached 924: 25: 7584: 6920:('Before the rising of the Sun') 3863: 3662:Rodinson, Maxime (2 March 2021). 3522:Muhammad and the Origins of Islam 1007: 703:The Quraysh, tired of seeing the 7087:Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles 5523:(Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) 3502:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 3478:: Islamic Publications Limited. 3152:. University of Oklahoma Press. 1319:Aftermath: Siege Of Banu Qurayza 944:, along with other leaders from 355: 348: 27:Failed siege of Medina in 627 CE 6729:(The Sacred or Forbidden Month) 6134:('Sanctuary (which is) Secure') 5490:Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog 4164:', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter') 3831:Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman 3625:. University Press of Florida. 3571:In the Footsteps of the Prophet 2869: 2794: 1774:Gil, Moshe (27 February 1997). 1435: 1115: 940:met with the Quraysh of Mecca. 887:capturing the caravan at Nakhla 779:The battle is named after the " 79:Map of the Battle of the Trench 6033:Salsabīl (A river in Paradise) 5926:at the time of Abraham and Lot 5390:(People of Sodom and Gomorrah) 5057:(King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd)) 4549:(Joachim the father of Maryam) 3953: 3940: 3713:. Cambridge University Press. 3390:. Cambridge University Press. 3353:Islamic Imperialism: A History 3333:Muhammad, Seal of the Prophets 3197:The Life and Times of Muhammad 3194:Glubb, Sir John Bagot (2001). 3019:Buhl, F.; Welch, A.T. (1993). 3004:. Cambridge University Press. 2998:Brockopp, Jonathan E. (2010). 1767: 1658:Islamic military jurisprudence 1575:Hadith collection as follows: 1424:, for himself and took her as 13: 1: 5952: 3734:. Columbia University Press. 3728:Spellberg, Denise A. (1994). 1673: 849: 692:, who defended themselves in 92: 6825:(The Afternoon or the Night) 6723:12 months: Four holy months 6275:('Place-of-Landing Blessed') 5868:(s) or People of the Injil) 5206:Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel 4735:names and titles of Muhammad 4453: 3980:found in the Quran, such as 3749:Stillman, Norman A. (2010). 3707:Sharkey, Heather J. (2017). 3668:. New York Review of Books. 3307:Inamdar, Subhash C. (2001). 1064:), which is a borrowing via 369:Location within Saudi Arabia 7: 6594:(Flood of the Great Dam of 4915:Adam's immediate relatives 3647:. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. 3519:Peters, Francis E. (1994). 3286:Hoyland, Robert G. (2017). 3271:. Oxford University Press. 3265:Hoyland, Robert G. (2015). 1648:List of battles of Muhammad 1641: 1506:, it mentions the death of 1291:Collapse of the Confederacy 676: 652: 628: 590:Military career of Muhammad 38:Battle of the Trench (1821) 10: 7589: 6801:('Remembrance', including 6447:(literally 'The Barrier') 5475:('Companions of the Wood') 5364:Companions of the Elephant 5313:People of the Burnt Garden 5288: 4677:('Companion of the Whale') 4273:('The Trustworthy Spirit') 3645:Muhammad: Prophet of Islam 3054:Cambridge University Press 1630:. Another early source is 1465:The Sunni Muslim Mufassir 1378:as executioners, Umar and 1322: 985:Other tribes included the 928: 719:despite his defeat at the 658:Battle of the Confederates 587: 232:Other Arab tribes such as 222:the Jewish/Arab tribes of 31: 7553:Campaigns led by Muhammad 7530: 7489: 7417: 7340: 7301: 7250: 7216: 7180: 7153: 7075: 7068:('Mother of the Book(s)') 6983: 6977: 6972: 6938: 6772: 6743: 6712: 6694:(The Sabbath or Saturday) 6672: 6620: 6616: 6569: 6558: 6419: 6308: 6255: 6195: 6040: 5988:, literally 'The Garden') 5958: 5947: 5877:Qissis (Christian priest) 5793: 5729: 5656: 5580: 5411: 5298: 5294: 5283: 5215: 5151: 5082: 5021: 4908: 4904: 4893: 4852: 4803: 4706: 4465: 4461: 4448: 4411: 4368: 4323: 4175: 4106: 4004: 3997: 3993: 3959: 3948: 3935: 3927:People and things in the 3356:. Yale University Press. 2962:al-Misri, Mahmud (2015). 2914:adh-Dhahabī, Shams ad-Dīn 1497: 1058: 966:. The Nadir enlisted the 585: 422: 343: 330: 315: 266: 171: 104:Surrounding perimeter of 83: 72: 64: 59: 5924:Mesopotamian polytheists 5872:Ruhban (Christian monks) 5746:(People of the Verandah) 5623:People of Sabaʾ or Sheba 5426:(literally 'The Romans') 5346:Companions of Noah's Ark 5263:Rahmah the wife of Ayyub 5192:(Korah, cousin of Moses) 5112:Magicians of the Pharaoh 5014:(Muhammad's adopted son) 4306:(Angel of Death, Azrael) 4090:(fish or whale) of Jonah 3870:The Battle Of The Trench 3547:Muhammad, Prophet of God 3471:The Meaning of the Quran 3466:Maududi, Sayyid Abul Ala 3405:Lecker, Michael (1995). 3384:Lapidus, Ira M. (2012). 1449: 1415:Muslims native to Medina 1325:Invasion of Banu Qurayza 929:Not to be confused with 160:invasion of Banu Qurayza 50:Battle of the Great Foss 7407:Forbidden fruit of Adam 6877:('Decline of the Sun') 6765:(The Lesser Pilgrimage) 6495:Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn 5920:at the time of Muhammad 5894:Ahbār (Jewish scholars) 5351:Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm 5247:the companion of Joshua 4081:(female ant) of Solomon 3837:Oxford University Press 3807:Oxford University Press 3779:Oxford University Press 3580:Oxford University Press 3422:Lewis, Bernard (2002). 3329:Khan, Muhammad Zafrulla 3200:. Cooper Square Press. 2927:– via Wikisource. 2889:Oxford University Press 2328:Glasse & Smith 2003 2164:, Brill, 26 June 1998, 1619:Life of God's Messenger 1593:Biographical literature 1445:Islamic primary sources 1276:William Montgomery Watt 931:Confederate States Army 774: 326:7,500 (Watt’s Estimate) 155:Confederates Withdrawal 7019:(Scroll(s) of Abraham) 7011:(The Book of Muhammad) 6521:Cave of Seven Sleepers 6344:, literally 'Place of 6232:Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah 5608:Companions of the Rass 5509:Companions of Muhammad 5355:Companions of the Cave 4290:Angel of the Trumpet ( 3619:Rodgers, Russ (2012). 3350:Karsh, Efraim (2013). 3313:. Psychosocial Press. 3118:Faizer, Rizwi (2013). 3026:Encyclopaedia of Islam 2473:Encyclopaedia of Islam 2470:Watt, "Kurayza, Banu" 1590: 1569: 1547: 1530: 1495: 1395: 1371: 1280: 1247: 817:Battle of Confederates 684:, where this time the 605: 267:Commanders and leaders 7260:(literally 'lamps'): 7173:statue) of Israelites 7106:(Casket of Shekhinah) 6608:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah 6455:(Black Stone) & 6235:('The Blessed Place') 5703:Daughters of Muhammad 5693:Household of Muhammad 5669:Household of Abraham 5517:(literally 'Helpers') 4972:Disciples (including 4632:the son of Zechariah) 4221:(Honourable Scribes) 4209:Bearers of the Throne 3450:. Allen & Unwin. 3071:Bukay, David (2017). 2142:Buhl & Welch 1993 2118:Buhl & Welch 1993 2077:Buhl & Welch 1993 2012:Buhl & Welch 1993 1731:Buhl & Welch 1993 1577: 1551: 1534: 1512: 1475: 1391: 1376:Muhammad's companions 1366: 1347:Muhammad ibn Maslamah 1268: 1200: 632:), also known as the 603: 588:Further information: 331:Casualties and losses 7040:(Scroll(s) of Moses) 6918:Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams 6635:('the Confederates') 6623:military expeditions 6398:The Prophet's Mosque 6356:('The Sacred Grove') 6152:(Station of Abraham) 5967:Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah 5643:('Companions of the 5442:(Sodom and Gomorrah) 5434:(Children of Israel) 5129:Moses' sister-in-law 5108:, who adopted Moses) 5051:, Qatafir or Qittin) 5030:Brothers (including 4776:He who spoke to God) 4099:(she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ 4071:sleepers of the cave 4039:) of the Abyssinians 3425:The Arabs in History 2918:"Siyar A'lam Nubala" 2623:, pp. 222–224; 2619:, pp. 461–464; 2116:, pp. 211–214; 1303:Abu Sufyan summoned 1297:Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl 1154:Muhammad sent three 1093:Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl 893:convention, he sent 610:Battle of the Trench 507:1st Daumat al-Jandal 366:class=notpageimage| 287:'Ubadah ibn al-Samit 242:Huyyay ibn Auf Murri 60:Battle of the Trench 6659:Expedition of Tabuk 6603:Farewell Pilgrimage 6353:Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām 6272:Munzalanm-Mubārakan 6091:Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām 6066:Iram of the Pillars 5369:People of al-Ukhdūd 5321:(Companions of the 4780:Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh 4047:Domesticated donkey 4017:(cow) of Israelites 3851:(An abridgement of 3179:. Rowman Altamira. 2607:, pp. 272–274. 2595:, pp. 461–464. 2583:, pp. 170–176. 2544:, pp. 224–226. 2504:, pp. 221–223. 2458:, pp. 221–223. 2408:, pp. 177–179. 1764:, pp. 167–174. 1669:of Shapur in Arabic 1411:emigrees from Mecca 1403:History of Damascus 1380:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam 1050:Battle of Thannuris 680:), was part of the 653:Ma’rakah al-Khandaq 123: / 7568:Muhammad in Medina 7114:Trumpet of Israfil 6860:('The Late-Night') 6727:Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām 6473:(Cave of the Bull) 6458:Al-Hijr of Isma'il 6370:Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām 6062:Iram dhāt al-ʿImād 6047:(excluding Madyan) 5970:('The Holy Land') 5918:Meccan polytheists 5856:People of the Book 5714:Household of Salih 5689:Household of Moses 5637:(people of Ṣāliḥ) 5338:Disciples of Jesus 5310:People of Paradise 5102:Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim 4991:People of Solomon 4951:People of Abraham 4931:Believer of Ya-Sin 4899:People of Prophets 4597:(Jethro, Reuel or 4404:('Rebellious one') 4128:Beast of the Earth 3857:Muhammad at Medina 3802:Muhammad at Medina 3692:. Dumbarton Oaks. 2881:Ibn Ishaq (1955). 2830:, Slavery and Rape 2287:, pp. 137–145 2206:, p. 121-122. 2194:, p. 120-121. 2079:, p. 364-369. 2029:www.britannica.com 2002:, pp. 368–370 1828:, p. 166-167. 1653:Muslim–Quraysh War 1359:converted to Islam 1351:Abdullah ibn Salam 1089:‘Amr ibn ‘Abd Wudd 936:Early in 627, the 698:Salman the Persian 629:Ghazwat al-Khandaq 606: 547:3rd Wadi al-Qurra' 298:Amr ibn Abd al-Wud 283:Salman the Persian 178:Muslims including 67:Muslim–Quraysh War 46:Battle of Leontion 7573:Islam and Judaism 7540: 7539: 7526: 7525: 7499:(Water or fluid) 7485: 7484: 7472:Sidrat al-Muntahā 7316:(Garlic or wheat) 7246: 7245: 7242: 7241: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6910:('The Afternoon') 6901:('The Afternoon') 6831:('The Mornings') 6664:Conquest of Mecca 6649:Battle of Khaybar 6585:Event of Mubahala 6581:(Night of Decree) 6554: 6553: 6509:Bilād ar-Rāfidayn 6452:Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad 6415: 6414: 6407:Salat (Synagogue) 6360:Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā 6211:Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan 6044:Arabian Peninsula 6019:Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn 5943: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5673:Brothers of Yūsuf 5544:Children of Ayyub 5537:Wife of Abu Lahab 5495:People of Fir'aun 5486:(People of Jonah) 5460:People of Shuaib 5446:People of Ibrahim 5379:People of Yathrib 5279: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5254:Nebuchadnezzar II 5147: 5146: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4848: 4847: 4717:and Strong Will') 4444: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4319: 4318: 4259:(Gabriel, chief) 4171: 4170: 3853:Muhammad at Mecca 3774:Muhammad at Mecca 3760:978-0-8276-0198-7 3741:978-0-231-07999-0 3720:978-0-521-76937-2 3699:978-0-88402-214-5 3675:978-1-68137-493-2 3632:978-0-8130-3766-0 3611:978-0-8147-7564-6 3589:978-0-19-530880-8 3557:978-0-8028-0754-0 3435:978-0-19-280310-8 3397:978-0-521-51441-5 3363:978-0-300-20133-8 3320:978-1-887841-28-3 3299:978-0-19-061857-5 3278:978-0-19-991636-8 3228:978-1-59463-230-3 3207:978-0-8154-1176-5 3159:978-0-8061-8250-6 3084:978-1-351-51150-6 3036:978-90-04-09419-2 3011:978-1-139-82838-3 2907:Secondary sources 2568:, pp. 227f.. 2519:, pp. 123f.. 2396:, pp. 209f.. 2342:, pp. 78–79. 2256:, pp. 34–37. 2237:, pp. 215f.. 2171:978-90-04-08114-7 2090:"Aws and Khazraj" 1663:Wall of the Arabs 1541:Sahih al-Bukhari 1487:Tafsir Ibn Kathir 1471:Tafsir ibn Kathir 1426:part of his booty 1305:Huyayy ibn Akhtab 1122:Huyayy ibn Akhtab 1101:Ali ibn Abi Talib 942:Huyayy ibn Akhtab 674: 650: 634:Battle of Khandaq 626: 597: 596: 377: 376: 279:Ali Ibn Abi Talib 167: 166: 127:24.483°N 39.583°E 44:by Polybius, see 18:Battle of Khandaq 16:(Redirected from 7580: 7426:Plants of Sheba 7338: 7337: 7181:Of Noah's people 7151: 7150: 7119: 7118: 7110:Throne of Bilqis 7103:Tābūt as-Sakīnah 7044:Tablets of Stone 6974: 6973: 6957:First Pilgrimage 6773:Times for prayer 6716:Islamic calendar 6644:Battle of Hunayn 6618: 6617: 6560: 6559: 6499:Bayt al-Muqaddas 6038: 6037: 5949: 5948: 5708:Muhammad's wives 5683:Progeny of Imran 5565:Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj 5467:People of Madyan 5409: 5408: 5398: 5397: 5296: 5295: 5285: 5284: 5019: 5018: 4985:Zechariah's wife 4969:People of Jesus 4958:Ishmael's mother 4906: 4905: 4895: 4894: 4704: 4703: 4645:Isrāʾīl (Israel) 4630:John the Baptist 4463: 4462: 4450: 4449: 4243: 4242: 4237:Munkar and Nakir 4002: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3950: 3949: 3937: 3936: 3921: 3914: 3907: 3898: 3897: 3850: 3834: 3825:Watt, William M. 3820: 3797:Watt, William M. 3792: 3769:Watt, William M. 3764: 3745: 3724: 3703: 3679: 3658: 3641:Rodinson, Maxime 3636: 3615: 3593: 3561: 3540: 3515: 3503: 3489: 3461: 3439: 3418: 3401: 3380: 3367: 3346: 3324: 3303: 3282: 3261: 3232: 3211: 3190: 3178: 3163: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3114: 3103:. Darwin Press. 3102: 3088: 3067: 3051: 3040: 3015: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2958: 2952: 2937: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2902: 2863: 2860:, pp. 125–7 2798: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2695:, pp. 95f; 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2662: 2656: 2655:, pp. 166f. 2651:, pp. 93f; 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2556:, pp. 221f. 2551: 2545: 2539: 2520: 2514: 2505: 2500:, pp. 64f; 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2468: 2459: 2453: 2438: 2432: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2304: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2257: 2251: 2238: 2232: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2154: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2053: 2052:, p. 35–36. 2047: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1880: 1874: 1861: 1855: 1844: 1838: 1829: 1823: 1814: 1808: 1799: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1734: 1728: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1688:, p. 35–36. 1683: 1588: 1567: 1561:Riyad as-Salihin 1545: 1528: 1522:Sahih al-Bukhari 1504:Sahih al-Bukhari 1493: 1340:Sa'ad ibn Mu'adh 1278: 1245: 1182:Crisis in Medina 1063: 1062: 838: 837: 824: 823: 814: 813: 796: 795: 713:raid and plunder 679: 677:Ghazwat al-Ahzab 669: 667: 655: 645: 643: 631: 621: 619: 442:Dhu al-'Ushairah 417: 403: 396: 389: 380: 379: 359: 358: 352: 306: 256:, and more (see 138: 137: 135: 134: 133: 128: 124: 121: 120: 119: 116: 94: 85: 84: 77: 57: 56: 21: 7588: 7587: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7536: 7522: 7481: 7419: 7413: 7336: 7297: 7252: 7238: 7212: 7176: 7149: 7123: 7122:Mentioned idols 7117: 7079: 7077: 7071: 7016:Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm 6979: 6960: 6951:Laylat al-Mabit 6934: 6886:('The Evening') 6875:Dulūk ash-Shams 6843:('The Morning') 6837:('The Morning') 6774: 6768: 6739: 6714: 6708: 6697:Days of battles 6668: 6622: 6612: 6573:Incident of Ifk 6565: 6550: 6541:Palestine River 6411: 6380:Masjid al-Dirar 6310: 6304: 6251: 6199: 6191: 6046: 6042: 6036: 5973:'Blessed' Land' 5954: 5931: 5795: 5789: 5770:Umayyad Dynasty 5731: 5717: 5678:Lot's daughters 5662: 5661:('People of the 5660: 5652: 5604:(people of Hud) 5590: 5576: 5568:(Gog and Magog) 5451:People of Ilyas 5404: 5402: 5396: 5329:Jesus' apostles 5306:Aṣḥāb al-Jannah 5290: 5271: 5217: 5211: 5175:of Moses' time) 5143: 5119:Wise, pious man 5106:Wife of Pharaoh 5098:Imraʾat Firʿawn 5085:Aaron and Moses 5084: 5078: 5034:(Benjamin) and 5023: 5017: 4935:Family of Noah 4900: 4881: 4844: 4799: 4770:Mūsā Kalīmullāh 4716: 4714: 4712: 4702: 4628:ibn Zakariyyā ( 4457: 4436: 4407: 4364: 4315: 4277:Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus 4267:('The Spirit') 4241: 4219:Kirāman Kātibīn 4214:Harut and Marut 4191:Angels of Hell 4167: 4102: 3989: 3955: 3944: 3931: 3925: 3866: 3847: 3817: 3789: 3761: 3742: 3721: 3700: 3676: 3655: 3633: 3612: 3590: 3558: 3537: 3486: 3458: 3436: 3398: 3364: 3343: 3321: 3300: 3279: 3250:10.2307/3217750 3229: 3208: 3187: 3167:Glasse, Cyril; 3160: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3111: 3085: 3064: 3037: 3012: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2922: 2920: 2909: 2899: 2877: 2875:Primary sources 2872: 2867: 2866: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2774:, pp. 6–7. 2770: 2766: 2758: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2667:, p. 213; 2663: 2659: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2627:, p. 141f. 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2523: 2515: 2508: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2469: 2462: 2454: 2441: 2437:, pp. 64f. 2433: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2357:, pp. 36f. 2353: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2307: 2299:, p. 209; 2295: 2291: 2283: 2260: 2252: 2241: 2233: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2156: 2155: 2148: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2056: 2048: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1892: 1883: 1875: 1864: 1856: 1847: 1839: 1832: 1824: 1817: 1809: 1802: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1772: 1768: 1760: 1737: 1729: 1716: 1708: 1704: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1665:, known as the 1644: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1568: 1558: 1546: 1540: 1529: 1519: 1508:Sa'd ibn Mu'adh 1500: 1494: 1484: 1479: 1452: 1447: 1438: 1327: 1321: 1293: 1279: 1274: 1264:Nuaym ibn Masud 1252: 1250:Muslim response 1246: 1238: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1184: 1156:leading Muslims 1118: 1081: 1079:Siege of Medina 1019:victory at Badr 1010: 934: 927: 925:The Confederate 852: 777: 598: 593: 592: 581: 418: 409: 407: 373: 372: 371: 370: 368: 362: 361: 360: 325: 308: 302: 296: 285: 281: 277: 152: 131: 129: 125: 122: 117: 114: 112: 110: 109: 108: 91:31 March 627 – 78: 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7586: 7576: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7563:620s conflicts 7560: 7555: 7538: 7537: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7511:(River or sea) 7506: 7493: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7459: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7437: 7423: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7401: 7391: 7381: 7371: 7361: 7355: 7344: 7342: 7335: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7267: 7256: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7163: 7157: 7155: 7148: 7147: 7131: 7127: 7125: 7116: 7115: 7112: 7107: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7083: 7081: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7061: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7020: 7012: 7003: 6989: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6970: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6954: 6947: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6902: 6887: 6872: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6851:('The Night') 6846: 6845: 6844: 6838: 6826: 6807:('Praising'), 6778: 6776: 6775:or remembrance 6770: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6757: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6720: 6718: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6686: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6654:Battle of Uhud 6651: 6646: 6641: 6639:Battle of Badr 6636: 6626: 6624: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6599: 6587: 6582: 6578:Laylat al-Qadr 6574: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6556: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6542: 6539: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6505: 6496: 6493: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6470:Ghār ath-Thawr 6466: 6461: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6382: 6377: 6367: 6357: 6335: 6330: 6323: 6314: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6293:('Township of 6288: 6278: 6277: 6276: 6262: 6260: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6221:Al-Wādil-Ayman 6215:Valley of Tuwa 6203: 6201: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6156:Safa and Marwa 6153: 6145: 6135: 6126: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6093: 6084: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6050: 6048: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6021: 6016: 6006: 6004:Door of Hittah 6001: 5989: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5921: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5896: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5839: 5827: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5807: 5804:Ahl al-Dhimmah 5799: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5781: 5772: 5767: 5765:Iranian people 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5666: 5664: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5632: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5610: 5605: 5598: 5596: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5518: 5505:Aṣḥāb Muḥammad 5497: 5492: 5487: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5473:Aṣḥāb al-Aykah 5470: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5435: 5427: 5419: 5412: 5406: 5395: 5394: 5393:Nation of Noah 5391: 5385: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5348: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5326: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5302: 5300: 5292: 5291: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5248: 5245:Caleb or Kaleb 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5176: 5166: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5095: 5088: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5058: 5052: 5039: 5027: 5025: 5016: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5002: 5000:Queen of Sheba 4997: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4963:Isaac's mother 4960: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4933: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4912: 4910: 4902: 4901: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4876:Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn 4873: 4863: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4828: 4818: 4813: 4807: 4805: 4804:Debatable ones 4801: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4787: 4786:Friend of God) 4777: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4759: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4731: 4720: 4718: 4713:('Those of the 4701: 4700: 4690: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4672: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4633: 4623: 4612: 4602: 4592: 4587: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4560: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4500: 4490: 4480: 4469: 4467: 4459: 4458: 4446: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4427: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4397: 4381: 4379: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4340: 4332: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4307: 4299: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4274: 4271:Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn 4253: 4251: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4205: 4204: 4197: 4188: 4186: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4153: 4141: 4131: 4121: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4091: 4082: 4073: 4063: 4050: 4040: 4027: 4018: 4008: 4006: 3999: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3946: 3945: 3933: 3932: 3924: 3923: 3916: 3909: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3891:(غزوة الاحزاب) 3883: 3877: 3872: 3865: 3864:External links 3862: 3861: 3860: 3845: 3821: 3815: 3793: 3787: 3765: 3759: 3746: 3740: 3725: 3719: 3704: 3698: 3680: 3674: 3659: 3653: 3637: 3631: 3616: 3610: 3594: 3588: 3566:Ramadan, Tariq 3562: 3556: 3541: 3535: 3516: 3508:Nomani, Shibli 3504: 3490: 3484: 3462: 3456: 3440: 3434: 3419: 3402: 3396: 3381: 3368: 3362: 3347: 3341: 3325: 3319: 3304: 3298: 3283: 3277: 3262: 3233: 3227: 3212: 3206: 3191: 3185: 3164: 3158: 3143: 3130: 3115: 3109: 3089: 3083: 3068: 3062: 3041: 3035: 3016: 3010: 2995: 2982: 2959: 2938: 2929: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2897: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2861: 2855: 2852:Spellberg 1994 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2788: 2786:, p. 132. 2776: 2764: 2749: 2737: 2725: 2723:, p. 146. 2713: 2711:, p. 213. 2701: 2699:, p. 213. 2685: 2673: 2671:, p. 277. 2657: 2641: 2639:, p. 213. 2629: 2617:Ibn Ishaq 1955 2609: 2597: 2593:Ibn Ishaq 1955 2585: 2570: 2558: 2546: 2521: 2506: 2490: 2478: 2460: 2439: 2422: 2420:, p. 382. 2410: 2398: 2383: 2381:, p. 450. 2379:Ibn Ishaq 1955 2371: 2369:, p. 454. 2367:Ibn Ishaq 1955 2359: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2318:, p. 209. 2305: 2303:, p. 258. 2289: 2258: 2239: 2220: 2218:, p. 122. 2208: 2196: 2184: 2170: 2146: 2144:, p. 369. 2134: 2122: 2120:, p. 369. 2106: 2081: 2069: 2054: 2042: 2016: 2014:, p. 364. 2004: 1985: 1981:Spellberg 1994 1973: 1971:, p. 145. 1961: 1959:, p. 136. 1949: 1947:, p. 209. 1937: 1935:, p. 143. 1925: 1923:, p. 166. 1910: 1898: 1896:, p. 168. 1881: 1879:, p. 169. 1862: 1860:, p. 148. 1845: 1843:, p. 259. 1830: 1815: 1813:, p. 208. 1800: 1786: 1766: 1735: 1733:, p. 370. 1714: 1702: 1690: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1643: 1640: 1594: 1591: 1581: 1556: 1538: 1517: 1510:, as follows: 1499: 1496: 1482: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1400:writes in his 1323:Main article: 1320: 1317: 1292: 1289: 1272: 1251: 1248: 1240:Surah Al-Ahzab 1236: 1183: 1180: 1172:Adal and Qarah 1117: 1114: 1080: 1077: 1023:defeat at Uhud 1009: 1008:Muslim defence 1006: 926: 923: 895:troops to Badr 883:trade caravans 851: 848: 841:Surah Al-Ahzab 829:uses the term 803:Middle Persian 776: 773: 721:Battle of Uhud 717:trade caravans 595: 594: 586: 583: 582: 580: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 497:Badr al-Maw'id 494: 489: 487:Hamra' al-Asad 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 423: 420: 419: 406: 405: 398: 391: 383: 375: 374: 364: 363: 354: 353: 347: 346: 345: 344: 341: 340: 337: 333: 332: 328: 327: 322: 318: 317: 313: 312: 289: 269: 268: 264: 263: 262: 261: 230: 220: 219:tribe of Mecca 205: 204: 203: 193: 174: 173: 169: 168: 165: 164: 163: 162: 156: 151: 150: 146: 144: 140: 139: 132:24.483; 39.583 103: 101: 97: 96: 89: 81: 80: 70: 69: 62: 61: 34:Trench warfare 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7585: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7534: 7529: 7518: 7515: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7418:Bushes, trees 7416: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7375: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7154:Of Israelites 7152: 7145: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124:(cult images) 7120: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7100: 7098: 7097:Staff of Musa 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7074: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6971: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6928: 6927: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6784: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6713:Months of the 6711: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6591:Sayl al-ʿArim 6588: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6561: 6557: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512:(Mesopotamia) 6511: 6510: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6408: 6405: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6374:Sacred Mosque 6371: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6307: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6254: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6210: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6200:or Tīh Desert 6198: 6194: 6188: 6185: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6149:Maqām Ibrāhīm 6146: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5946: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5900: 5899:Rabbani/Rabbi 5897: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5728: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5659: 5655: 5646: 5642: 5641:Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr 5639: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5456:People of Nuh 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5399: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5319:Aṣḥāb as-Sabt 5317: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5282: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5235:Bal'am/Balaam 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218:not specified 5214: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5020: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4980:Mary's mother 4978: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4939:Father Lamech 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4892: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4764:(Son of Mary) 4763: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4689:son of Jacob) 4688: 4684: 4681: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4611:son of David) 4610: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4392:(the (chief) 4391: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4174: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4124:Dābbat al-Arḍ 4122: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4069:(dog) of the 4068: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3958: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3922: 3917: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3846:0-19-881078-4 3842: 3838: 3833: 3832: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3816:0-19-577307-1 3812: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3788:0-19-577278-4 3784: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3684:Shahid, Irfan 3681: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3654:1-86064-827-4 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3604:. NYU Press. 3603: 3599: 3598:Reeves, Minou 3595: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3536:0-7914-1875-8 3532: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3512:Sirat al-Nabi 3509: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3494:Muir, William 3491: 3487: 3485:1-56744-134-3 3481: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3457:0-04-297042-3 3453: 3449: 3445: 3444:Lings, Martin 3441: 3437: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3342:0-7100-0610-1 3338: 3335:. Routledge. 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3170: 3169:Smith, Huston 3165: 3161: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3144: 3133: 3131:9781136921148 3127: 3123: 3122: 3116: 3112: 3110:0-87850-127-4 3106: 3101: 3100: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3077:. Routledge. 3076: 3075: 3069: 3065: 3063:0-521-52575-6 3059: 3055: 3052:. Cambridge: 3050: 3049: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2996: 2985: 2983:9789791294386 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2900: 2898:0-19-636033-1 2894: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2859: 2858:Peterson 2007 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2824:, p. 235 2823: 2822:Hazleton 2014 2820: 2818:, p. 213 2817: 2816:Rodinson 2021 2814: 2812:, p. 152 2811: 2808: 2806:, p. 252 2805: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2780: 2773: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2747:, p. 73. 2746: 2741: 2735:, p. 96. 2734: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2710: 2709:Rodinson 2002 2705: 2698: 2697:Rodinson 2002 2694: 2689: 2683:, p. 69. 2682: 2677: 2670: 2666: 2665:Rodinson 2021 2661: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2638: 2637:Rodinson 2021 2633: 2626: 2625:Stillman 2010 2622: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2567: 2562: 2555: 2550: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2518: 2517:Peterson 2007 2513: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2487: 2482: 2475: 2474: 2467: 2465: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2419: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2395: 2394:Rodinson 2002 2390: 2388: 2380: 2375: 2368: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2341: 2336: 2330:, p. 81. 2329: 2324: 2317: 2316:Rodinson 2002 2312: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2297:Rodinson 2002 2293: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2217: 2212: 2205: 2200: 2193: 2188: 2173: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2151: 2143: 2138: 2132:, p. 14. 2131: 2126: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2095: 2094:www.brown.edu 2091: 2085: 2078: 2073: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2051: 2046: 2031:. 24 May 2023 2030: 2026: 2020: 2013: 2008: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1983:, p. 45. 1982: 1977: 1970: 1965: 1958: 1953: 1946: 1945:Rodinson 2021 1941: 1934: 1929: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1907: 1902: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1842: 1841:Hazleton 2014 1837: 1835: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1812: 1811:Rodinson 2002 1807: 1805: 1789: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1770: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1712:, p. 42. 1711: 1706: 1699: 1698:Brockopp 2010 1694: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1587: 1584:Sahih Muslim 1580: 1576: 1574: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1555: 1550: 1544: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1442: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1370: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1326: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1298: 1288: 1284: 1277: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1255:large force. 1244: 1241: 1235: 1231: 1227:in the fight. 1204: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1188: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1040:According to 1038: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1005: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 988: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 968:Banu Ghatafan 965: 960: 958: 954: 949: 947: 943: 939: 932: 922: 920: 916: 911: 908: 907:water carrier 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 847: 845: 842: 832: 828: 818: 808: 804: 800: 790: 786: 782: 772: 770: 766: 761: 758: 752: 750: 746: 742: 741:Banu Ghatafan 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 672: 663: 659: 654: 648: 639: 635: 630: 624: 615: 611: 602: 591: 584: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 502:Dhat ar-Riqa' 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 467:Banu Qaynuqa' 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 424: 421: 416: 412: 404: 399: 397: 392: 390: 385: 384: 381: 367: 351: 342: 338: 335: 334: 329: 323: 320: 319: 314: 311: 307: 305: 299: 295: 294: 290: 288: 284: 280: 276: 275: 271: 270: 265: 259: 255: 251: 247: 246:Banu Ghatafan 243: 239: 235: 231: 229: 225: 221: 218: 214: 213: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 192: 188: 184: 181: 180: 179: 176: 175: 170: 161: 157: 154: 153: 148: 147: 145: 142: 141: 136: 107: 102: 99: 98: 90: 87: 86: 82: 76: 71: 68: 63: 58: 55: 51: 47: 43: 42:the histories 39: 35: 30: 19: 7532: 7516: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7461: 7451: 7439: 7429: 7403:In Paradise 7393: 7383: 7373: 7363: 7357: 7347: 7331: 7328:(Plant stem) 7325: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7302:Plant matter 7289: 7283: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7257: 7166: 7137: 7133: 7101: 7065:Umm al-Kitāb 7063: 7050: 7037:Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā 7035: 7022: 7014: 7005: 6992: 6949: 6945:Ghadir Khumm 6929:('The Dawn') 6923: 6917: 6904: 6898: 6889: 6880: 6874: 6871:('The Noon') 6865: 6854: 6848: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6780: 6759: 6750: 6700:Days of Hajj 6688: 6685:(The Friday) 6679: 6631: 6629: 6589: 6576: 6544:Paradise of 6531:Jordan River 6526:Dār an-Nadwa 6525: 6507: 6469: 6464:Cave of Hira 6456: 6451: 6441: 6388:Masjid Qubāʾ 6387: 6369: 6359: 6351: 6337: 6325: 6317: 6291:Qaryat Yūnus 6290: 6280: 6270: 6230: 6220: 6206: 6197:Sinai Region 6179:Dam of Sheba 6174: 6162: 6147: 6137: 6128: 6113: 6095: 6073: 6061: 6053: 6023: 6018: 6008: 5991: 5978: 5965: 5883: 5861: 5852:Ahl al-Kitāb 5851: 5829: 5825:Zoroastrians 5821: 5816:disbelievers 5809: 5802: 5760:Banu Qurayza 5755:Banu Qaynuqa 5744:Ahl as-Suffa 5743: 5657: 5640: 5612: 5581: 5564: 5549:Sons of Adam 5504: 5480: 5472: 5463: 5437: 5431:Banī Isrāʾīl 5429: 5422: 5387: 5350: 5333: 5318: 5305: 5250:Luqman's son 5097: 5061: 5054: 5044: 4948:Luqman's son 4919:Martyred son 4811:Dhūl-Qarnain 4761: 4751: 4715:Perseverance 4707: 4685:ibn Ya‘qūb ( 4675:Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt 4674: 4663:('He of the 4660: 4573:Dhabih Ullah 4429: 4424: 4418: 4399: 4387: 4369: 4357: 4349: 4342: 4335: 4324: 4303:Malakul-Mawt 4301: 4276: 4270: 4262: 4247: 4218: 4199: 4176: 4155: 4143: 4133: 4123: 4113: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4066: 4062:) of Solomon 4053: 4042: 4030: 4021: 4012: 3981: 3890: 3887: 3882:by Sayed Ali 3856: 3852: 3830: 3801: 3773: 3750: 3730: 3709: 3688: 3664: 3644: 3621: 3601: 3570: 3546: 3521: 3511: 3497: 3469: 3447: 3424: 3414: 3410: 3386: 3376: 3372: 3352: 3332: 3309: 3288: 3267: 3241: 3237: 3217: 3196: 3174: 3148: 3135:. Retrieved 3120: 3098: 3093:Donner, Fred 3073: 3047: 3024: 3000: 2987:. Retrieved 2969: 2964: 2953:– via 2947: 2933: 2921:. Retrieved 2883: 2870:Bibliography 2854:, p. 45 2848:, p. 51 2846:Lapidus 2012 2842:, p. 33 2840:Sharkey 2017 2836:, p. 15 2810:Rodgers 2012 2796: 2779: 2767: 2762:, p. xi 2745:Al-Buti 1988 2740: 2728: 2721:Ramadan 2007 2716: 2704: 2688: 2676: 2660: 2653:Inamdar 2001 2644: 2632: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2561: 2549: 2498:Maududi 1967 2493: 2481: 2471: 2435:Maududi 1967 2413: 2401: 2374: 2362: 2335: 2323: 2292: 2285:Ramadan 2007 2211: 2199: 2187: 2175:, retrieved 2161: 2137: 2125: 2109: 2097:. Retrieved 2093: 2084: 2072: 2065:Hoyland 2017 2045: 2033:. Retrieved 2028: 2019: 2007: 1976: 1969:Rodgers 2012 1964: 1957:Gabriel 2014 1952: 1940: 1933:Rodgers 2012 1928: 1906:Hoyland 2015 1901: 1858:Rodgers 2012 1791:. Retrieved 1776: 1769: 1710:Lapidus 2012 1705: 1700:, p. 9. 1693: 1681: 1666: 1617: 1609: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1578: 1573:Sahih Muslim 1570: 1559: 1552: 1548: 1535: 1531: 1520: 1513: 1501: 1485: 1476: 1464: 1453: 1439: 1436:Implications 1430: 1419: 1408: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1384: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1344: 1328: 1313: 1309: 1302: 1294: 1285: 1281: 1269: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1232: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1189: 1185: 1171: 1168:Banu Qaynuqa 1161: 1153: 1141: 1137: 1130: 1119: 1116:Banu Qurayza 1110: 1106: 1086: 1082: 1072: 1053: 1042:Irfan Shahid 1039: 1035: 1032: 1011: 1002:Banu Khuza'a 995: 984: 961: 950: 935: 912: 903: 880: 876:Banu Khazraj 853: 831:confederates 830: 822:غزوة الاحزاب 816: 806: 801:form of the 788: 784: 778: 762: 757:Banu Qurayza 753: 711:continue to 702: 666:غزوة الاحزاب 657: 642:معركة الخندق 633: 609: 607: 517:Banu Qurayza 511: 303: 291: 272: 258:Confederates 224:Banu Qurayza 209:Confederates 207: 177: 172:Belligerents 95:14 April 627 65:Part of the 54: 29: 7378:Pomegranate 7278:(The Earth) 7171:golden calf 6744:Pilgrimages 6477:Hudaybiyyah 6392:Quba Mosque 6346:Prostration 6297:,' that is 6258:Mesopotamia 6247:Mount Tabor 6243:Mount Sinai 6225:Mount Sinai 6175:ʿArim Sabaʾ 5913:Polytheists 5663:Household') 5658:Ahl al-Bayt 5615:(People of 5613:Qawm Tubbaʿ 5559:Wife of Lut 5554:Wife of Nuh 5405:or families 5403:ethnicities 5124:Moses' wife 4607:ibn Dāwūd ( 4389:ash-Shayṭān 4281:Holy Spirit 4107:Non-related 3244:: 547–567. 3221:. Penguin. 2784:Donner 1998 2772:Reeves 2003 2693:Kister 1986 2681:Lecker 1995 2649:Kister 1986 2621:Peters 1994 2554:Peters 1994 2418:Nomani 1970 2340:Shahid 1995 2114:Peters 1994 2000:Nomani 1970 1353:, a former 1234:submission. 976:Banu Sulaym 745:Banu Sulaym 618:غزوة الخندق 532:Hudaybiyyah 527:Banu Lahyan 522:al-Muraysi' 130: / 7547:Categories 7272:(Planets) 7266:(The Moon) 7217:Of Quraysh 7092:Noah's Ark 6985:Holy books 6829:Al-Ghuduww 6823:Al-ʿAshiyy 6787:Invocation 6779:Times for 6630:Battle of 6621:Battles or 6213:(The Holy 6079:(formerly 6026:(Mainland 5836:Hypocrites 5783:People of 5750:Banu Nadir 5730:Implicitly 5572:Son of Nuh 5530:People of 5464:Ahl Madyan 5439:Muʾtafikāt 5359:Al-Raqaim? 5334:Ḥawāriyyūn 5216:Implied or 5161:(possibly 5091:Egyptians 5083:People of 5041:Egyptians 4862:(Jeremiah) 4762:Ibn Maryam 4515:(Ezekiel?) 4354:(Asmodeus) 4248:Muqarrabun 3984:(Generous) 3954:Non-humans 3942:Characters 3886:Battle of 3525:. Albany: 3186:0759101906 3137:6 November 3021:"Muḥammad" 2989:6 November 2955:Wikisource 2923:7 November 2834:Karsh 2013 2828:Bukay 2017 2804:Glubb 2001 2566:Lings 1983 2542:Lings 1983 2502:Lings 1983 2456:Lings 1983 2235:Lings 1983 2130:Karsh 2013 2050:Lewis 2002 1793:26 January 1787:0521599849 1674:References 1638:(d. 823). 1624:Ibn Hisham 1467:Ibn Kathir 1456:33rd Surah 1398:Ibn Asakir 1164:Banu Nadir 1126:Khaybarian 991:Banu Shuja 987:Banu Murra 972:Banu Assad 957:Abu Sufyan 938:Banu Nadir 919:Banu Nadir 850:Background 729:Banu Nadir 656:) and the 492:Banu Nadir 293:Abu Sufyan 254:Banu Shuja 250:Bani Assad 234:Banu Murra 228:Banu Nadir 211:including 7466:Date palm 7456:Palm tree 7444:Lote-tree 7420:or plants 7364:Qith-thāʾ 7292:(The Sun) 7290:Ash-Shams 7251:Celestial 7144:False god 7080:or beings 7078:of people 7060:of David) 7002:of Jesus) 6835:Al-Bukrah 6598:in Sheba) 6376:of Mecca) 6333:Monastery 6311:locations 6309:Religious 6266:Al-Jūdiyy 5959:Mentioned 5953:Locations 5866:Christian 5846:Believers 5831:Munāfiqūn 5794:Religious 5732:mentioned 5645:Stoneland 5521:Muhajirun 5299:Mentioned 5201:Abū Lahab 5196:As-Sāmirī 5186:(Goliath) 5152:Evil ones 5066:Zulaykhah 5022:People of 4909:Good ones 4709:Ulul-ʿAzm 4697:Zechariah 4693:Zakariyyā 4513:Dhūl-Kifl 4466:Mentioned 4312:(Michael) 4201:Zabāniyah 4178:Malāʾikah 4150:Honey bee 2760:Watt 1953 2733:Watt 1961 2669:Muir 1861 2605:Muir 1861 2581:Watt 1961 2486:Heck 2003 2406:Khan 1980 2355:Watt 1956 2301:Muir 1861 2254:Watt 1956 2216:Watt 1961 2204:Watt 1961 2192:Watt 1961 1921:Watt 1961 1894:Watt 1961 1877:Watt 1961 1826:Watt 1961 1762:Watt 1961 1686:Watt 1956 1636:al-Waqidi 1628:Al-Tabari 1614:Ibn Ishaq 1193:Ibn Ishaq 1046:Ghassanid 980:Banu Amir 955:, led by 797:) is the 749:Banu Asad 671:romanized 647:romanized 623:romanized 472:Dhu 'Amar 411:Campaigns 197:Muhajirun 183:The Ansar 149:Stalemate 7454:(Tender 7434:Tamarisk 7368:Cucumber 7286:(Stars) 7264:Al-Qamar 7229:Al-ʿUzzā 7076:Objects 6890:Qabl al- 6841:Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ 6704:Doomsday 6632:al-Aḥzāb 6322:(Church) 6055:Al-Aḥqāf 5993:Jahannam 5986:Paradise 5593:Bedouins 5388:Qawm Lūṭ 5230:Abu Bakr 5060:Wife of 5049:Potiphar 5032:Binyāmin 4752:Al-Masīḥ 4724:Muḥammad 4661:Dhūn-Nūn 4605:Sulaymān 4543:(Elijah) 4455:Prophets 4371:Shayāṭīn 4329:(Genies) 4157:Qaswarah 4138:Wild ass 4116:(Female 4114:ʿAnkabūt 4037:elephant 3827:(1961). 3799:(1956). 3771:(1953). 3686:(1995). 3665:Muhammad 3643:(2002). 3600:(2003). 3576:New York 3568:(2007). 3510:(1970). 3496:(1861). 3468:(1967). 3446:(1983). 3417:: 66–72. 3379:: 61–96. 3331:(1980). 3171:(2003). 3095:(1998). 2944:(2009). 2916:(2008). 2182:, p. 868 1642:See also 1582:— 1557:— 1539:— 1518:— 1483:— 1357:who had 1336:Banu Aus 1331:besieged 1273:— 1243:33:10-22 1237:— 1014:Muhammad 874:and the 872:Banu Aws 860:Muhammad 858:prophet 799:Arabised 725:Bedouins 709:Muhammad 707:prophet 415:Muhammad 316:Strength 274:Muhammad 100:Location 7519:(Drink) 7505:(River) 7490:Liquids 7322:(Shoot) 7310:(Onion) 7270:Kawākib 7258:Maṣābīḥ 7203:Yaghūth 6939:Implied 6899:Al-Aṣīl 6849:Al-Layl 6733:Ramaḍān 6682:Jumuʿah 6546:Shaddad 6438:Arabia 6432:Antakya 6427:Antioch 6420:Implied 6364:Al-Aqsa 6299:Nineveh 6285:Babylon 6130:Ḥaraman 6100:(Hegra) 6097:Al-Ḥijr 6087:ʿArafāt 6081:Yathrib 6076:Madīnah 5906:Sabians 5842:Muslims 5811:Kāfirūn 5779:Khazraj 5630:Quraysh 5401:Tribes, 5323:Sabbath 5267:Shaddad 5240:Barṣīṣā 5173:Pharaoh 5169:Firʿawn 4866:Ṣamūʾīl 4853:Implied 4784:Abraham 4756:Messiah 4609:Solomon 4595:Shuʿayb 4567:Ishmael 4563:Ismāʿīl 4527:(Eber?) 4521:(Aaron) 4483:Al-Yasa 4420:Ghilmān 4296:Raphael 4292:Isrāfīl 4055:hud-hud 4005:Related 3998:Animals 3529:Press. 3258:3217750 1667:Khandaq 1458:of the 1422:Rayhana 1387:'Ã'isha 1176:Maududi 1097:hillock 1070:Pahlavi 1066:Aramaic 1054:khandaq 946:Khaybar 856:Islamic 844:33:9-32 836:الاحزاب 825:). The 789:khandaq 785:khandaq 769:Gabriel 733:Khaybar 705:Islamic 690:Muslims 686:Quraysh 673:: 649:: 625:: 542:Khaybar 310:Tulayha 304:† 238:Khaybar 217:Quraysh 187:Khazraj 158:Muslim 118:39°35′E 115:24°29′N 7517:Sharāb 7477:Zaqqūm 7394:Zaytūn 7374:Rummān 7360:(Herb) 7352:Lentil 7341:Fruits 7334:(Seed) 7276:Al-Arḍ 7253:bodies 7224:Al-Lāt 7139:Ṭāghūt 7130:'Ansāb 7058:Psalms 7025:Tawrāt 7008:Qurʾān 7000:Gospel 6892:Ghurūb 6857:ʿIshāʾ 6816:Tasbīḥ 6810:Takbīr 6804:Taḥmīd 6596:Ma'rib 6516:Canaan 6503:'Ariha 6501:& 6342:Mosque 6338:Masjid 6327:Miḥrāb 6138:Kaʿbah 6132:Āminan 6124:Bakkah 6114:Makkah 6109:Ḥunayn 6041:In the 6013:Midian 6009:Madyan 5981:Jannah 5862:Naṣārā 5796:groups 5739:Amalek 5635:Thamūd 5423:Ar-Rūm 5383:Medina 5289:Groups 5259:Nimrod 5225:Abraha 5139:Sister 5134:Mother 5074:Mother 5036:Simeon 5024:Joseph 5005:Vizier 4995:Mother 4870:Samuel 4860:Irmiyā 4839:Gideon 4821:Maryam 4816:Luqmān 4733:Other 4687:Joseph 4636:Yaʿqūb 4547:ʿImrān 4487:Elisha 4425:Wildān 4412:Others 4376:Demons 4344:ʿIfrīt 4310:Mīkāil 4279:('The 4264:Ar-Rūḥ 4257:Jibrīl 4183:Angels 4118:spider 4078:namlah 4060:hoopoe 4014:baqara 3966:('The 3843: 3813: 3785: 3757: 3738: 3717: 3696: 3672: 3651: 3629: 3608: 3586: 3554: 3533: 3482: 3476:Lahore 3454: 3432: 3394: 3360: 3339: 3317: 3296: 3275: 3256: 3225: 3204: 3183: 3156: 3128: 3107: 3081: 3060: 3033: 3008: 2980: 2950: 2895: 2177:28 May 2168: 2099:27 May 2035:27 May 1784: 1605:hadith 1498:Hadith 1149:swords 1073:kandak 1027:Muslim 998:Medina 953:Makkah 868:Medina 827:Qur'an 807:kandag 794:خَندَق 783:", or 781:Trench 747:, and 715:their 694:Medina 662:Arabic 638:Arabic 614:Arabic 562:Hunayn 552:Mu'tah 512:Trench 477:Bahran 432:Safwan 427:Al-‘Īṣ 324:10,000 300: 143:Result 106:Medina 7533:Note: 7462:Nakhl 7452:Līnah 7398:Olive 7348:ʿAdas 7320:Shaṭʾ 7308:Baṣal 7284:Nujūm 7234:Manāt 7208:Yaʿūq 7193:Suwāʿ 7161:Baʿal 7056:(The 7053:Zabūr 7030:Torah 7028:(The 6998:(The 6995:Injīl 6978:Other 6883:Masāʾ 6798:Dhikr 6792:Ṣalāh 6782:Duʿāʾ 6762:Umrah 6538:River 6482:Ta'if 6444:Ḥijāz 6372:(The 6319:Bayʿa 6295:Jonah 6281:Bābil 6169:Sheba 6164:Sabaʾ 6142:Kaaba 6118:Mecca 6028:Egypt 5884:Yahūd 5822:Majūs 5617:Tubba 5588:Arabs 5583:Aʿrāb 5532:Mecca 5515:Anṣār 5483:Yūnus 5481:Qawm 5190:Qārūn 5184:Jālūt 5179:Hāmān 5163:Terah 5062:ʿAzīz 5055:Malik 5045:ʿAzīz 4974:Peter 4831:Ṭālūt 4774:Moses 4754:(The 4746:Jesus 4729:Aḥmad 4683:Yūsuf 4669:Whale 4655:Jonah 4651:Yūnus 4640:Jacob 4626:Yaḥyā 4616:Uzair 4599:Hobab 4590:Ṣāliḥ 4557:Isaac 4553:Isḥāq 4541:Ilyās 4535:Enoch 4531:Idrīs 4519:Hārūn 4507:David 4503:Dāwūd 4493:Ayyūb 4401:Mārid 4394:Devil 4385:Iblīs 4359:Qarīn 4351:Sakhr 4225:Raqib 4195:Mālik 4134:Ḥimār 4096:nāqat 4043:Ḥimār 4023:dhiʾb 3982:Karīm 3978:Allah 3974:Names 3964:Allāh 3929:Quran 3888:Ahzab 3254:JSTOR 2968:[ 2800:See: 1586:2416a 1491:33:10 1460:Quran 1450:Quran 1355:rabbi 1211:flee. 1068:from 891:Pagan 864:Mecca 839:) in 805:word 765:Syria 577:Ta'if 572:Autas 567:Tabuk 557:Mecca 537:Fidak 462:Sawiq 447:Abwa' 437:Buwat 336:5 – 6 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Battle of the Trench

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