1420:
1059:
287:
278:
108:
885:
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in the book of 1957 estimated it to be 50,000–60,000. The historian and archaeologist, medieval warfare expert
Kirpchinikov, in the book of 1966 argues that the maximum strength of the army of six regiments on Kulikovo Field could not exceed 36,000. Archaeologist Dvurechensky, an employee of the "Kulikovo field" museum, in his report of 2014 determined the number of the Russian army as 6,000–7,000 warriors. Close assessments are given by modern Russian historians Penskoy and Bulychev. The main impetus for reducing the estimates of the strength of the army was the analysis of demography and mobilization potential. It was noted that even a much larger and more densely populated Russia of the 16th century rarely could expose 30,000–40,000 soldiers at a time. It was also noted that the timeframe for mobilization (about two weeks) was too small to mobilize a huge army of unskilled militiamen (even apart from the fact that this approach was completely contrary to all the military traditions of that time). Attempts to reduce the size of the army are criticized by some authors.
860:, which estimates them to 150–200,000. This number is completely unreliable, as such masses of people simply could not physically fit on the field; even the number of 100,000 seems overestimated. Late literature sources determine the number of Russian troops at 300,000 or even 400,000 armoured soldiers only. Thus, there is no exact data on the number of the army of Dmitry. It can only be said that by the standards of that time, it was a very large army, and even in the 15th century the Moscow princes could not assemble an equally powerful force, which led to fantastic stories about hundreds of thousands of warriors. The definition of the real size of medieval armies based on chronicles is a difficult task.
768:". Dmitry agreed to pay tribute, but only in the amount provided for by his previous contract with Mamai. In Kolomna, Dmitry received updated information about the Mamai itinerary and about the approaching forces of Jogaila. So, after reviewing the army, on August 20 he moved west along the Oka River, crossed it at the town of Lopasnya on August 24–25 and moved south towards Mamai. On September 6, the Russian army reached the Don River, where it was reorganized, taking into account the units that joined during the movement from Kolomna. At the council, it was decided to cross the Don before the enemies could combine their forces, although this step cut off the path to retreat in case of defeat.
1037:: "both of these people do not fight to stand in large detachments, but in their usual way they rush to throw missiles, strike and then retreat backwards". An expert on medieval warfare, Kirpichnikov assumed that the armies on the Kulikovo field fought by several separate consolidated units, that tried to keep the battle order. As soon as this order was disrupted, the survivors from the unit fled and a new detachment was put in their place. Gradually, more and more units were drawn into the battle. As described in the "Expanded Chronicle Tale": "And a corpse fell on a corpse, a Tatar body fell on a Christian body; then here, it was possible to see how a
151:
1011:
131:
46:
121:
1225:, which almost certainly did not happen. They also contradict each other on some fundamentals such as Donskoy's role during the battle. According to the "Narration", Donskoy fought on horseback with his clothes, was wounded and left the field of battle, and was found unconscious under a tree after the battle; according to the "Chronicle Tale", Donskoy switched clothes with a boyar, fought in the frontline until the end of combat, and did not sustain even a scratch. The style of the Slavonic sources also differs significantly: the
1588:, who had found spearheads, poleaxes and crosses on the field. Spears and arrows dug out by the locals are also mentioned in the worksheets of the Tula Provincial Academic Archival Commission. Many artifacts were collected by noble families that owned Kulikovo, such as the Oltufyevs, the Safonovs, the Nechayevs and the Chebyshevs, whose rich collections were still remembered by local citizens in the 1920–1930s. Their estates were situated around the village of Monastyrschina, close to the site of the battle, but during the
247:
1029:
approximately corresponds to 10.35 am. According to one of the later sources, the Tatars met the first blow of the
Russian cavalry on foot, exposing the spears in two rows, which gave rise to stories about the "hired Genovese infantry." Russian sources, even the earliest ones, unanimously tell us that after the clash of the main forces, a cruel melee began, which lasted a long time and in which the "innumerable multitude of people" perished on both sides. The medieval German historian
1727:
309:
298:
202:
141:
972:
multiple lines, and probably, the location of the regiments did not match their names (there is no evidence that the regiments of the Left and Right Hand disposed in line with the Large
Regiment). The terrain did not allow for a broad front; probably, the units entered into battle gradually. The army's flanks were protected by ravines with dense thickets which excluded any chance for a surprise flank attack of a Horde. The Ambush regiment under the command of
1630:
230:
999:
1102:. He captured and burned down Moscow, forcing Dmitri to accept him as sovereign. However, the victory at Kulikovo was an early sign of the decline of Mongol power. In the century that followed, Moscow's power rose, solidifying control over the other Russian principalities. Russian vassalage to the Golden Horde officially ended in 1480, a century after the battle, following the defeat of the Horde's invasion at the
923:
743:
1552:, Secretary of the Department of Russian and Slavic Archaeology of the Imperial Russian Archaeological Society. Historian Stepan Nechayev noted in his writings that during their agricultural operations, local peasants discovered old weapons, crosses, chainmail, and used to find human bones before; some of those finds were purchased by him, and their descriptions appeared on the pages of
1079:
Moscow–Ryazan
Treaties of 1381 and 1402). Prince Dmitry of Moscow began to prepare for reprisal, but Prince Oleg of Ryazan fled (according to the Nikon Chronicle, "to Lithuania") and the Ryazan boyars received Moscow governors. Soon Prince Oleg returned to power, but he was forced to accept Prince Dmitry as his sovereign ("older brother") and to sign a treaty of peace.
800:" from all over North-Eastern Rus', but all this data is doubtful. There are mentioned even 70 fallen Ryazan boyars, although according to all other sources the Duchy of Ryazan was the forced ally of Tatars. According to the Russian historian Gorskii, the list of princes and commanders (according to which one can estimate the composition of the army), cited in
1569:
museum. After visiting the field and the village of
Monastyrschina, Tikhomirov noted that "swords, axes, arrows, spears, crosses, coins and other similar things" that were of value were frequently found there and owned by private persons. Numerous fragments of weapons, crosses and armour were also noted by the famous 19th-century Tula historian
935:
based on an unknown earlier source, or whether it reflects a retrospective attempt to describe the battle based on tactics and practices of the 16th century. Due to the absence of other sources, the course of the battle according to "The Tale" was adopted as a basis for subsequent reconstructions of the battle.
1419:
1921:
Reconstructions of the battle traditionally draw a breakthrough of the Tatars on the left flank of the
Russian troops, but there is no direct indication of such a course of events in the medieval sources. The description that the battle line of the Russian army was broken and the regiment of the Left
1236:
The two German chroniclers were not eyewitnesses, but in all likelihood received their information from
Lithuanian informants, who had their own biases. According to Ostrowski (1998, 2000), the German chronicles were generally earlier and more accurate than the Kulikovo cycle sources, and showed that
1078:
Upon learning of Mamai's defeat, Prince
Jogaila turned his army back to Lithuania. People of the Ryazan Land attacked separate detachments coming from the battlefield, plundered them and taken prisoners (the question of the return of prisoners remained actual for twenty years, it was mentioned in the
971:
The
Russian army was organized into six "regiments" - a Patrol, a Forward, two regiments of "Right" and "Left Hand," a Large regiment and an Ambush regiment. In turn, each of the regiments was divided into smaller tactical units – "banners" (a total of about 23). On the field the army was arranged in
867:
Estimates of the forces of the Tatars in
Russian sources are equally unreliable, they only show an overwhelming numerical superiority. So, in one variant of "The Tale" the number of Russian troops was boldly given at 1,320,000 but the Tatar army was named "innumerable". There were no medieval sources
863:
Estimates of the number of the Russian army by historians gradually departed from the hundreds of thousands of soldiers described in the chronicles and medieval literature. Military historian General Maslovsky in the work of 1881 estimated it to be 100,000–150,000. The historian of military art Razin
1543:
The first searches for traces of the battle were done by amateurs in the 18th and 19th centuries by asking for items from peasants who ploughed the land, and frequently reported having discovered fragments of "weapons, baptismal crosses, icons, medallions and other items" that were allegedly related
1094:
khan. Mamai again fled to Caffa and was killed there. The war with Moscow had led Mamai's Horde to a complete crash. With one stroke Tokhtamysh received full power, thus eliminating the 20-year split of the Golden Horde. According to historian Gorsky, it was Tokhtamysh who received the most concrete
984:
Mikhail Brenok as the head of the Large Regiment under the great banner. He also exchanged with the boyar horses and gave him a coat and a helmet, so the Grand Prince could fight like an ordinary boyar, remaining unrecognized. The battle opened with a single combat between two champions. The Russian
759:
In August 1380 Prince Dmitri learned of the approaching army of Mamai. It is alleged that Oleg Ryazansky sent a message to him. The interpretations of such an act are different. Some believe that he did this because he was not a supporter of Mamai, while others believe that he expected to intimidate
729:
was defeated by Mamai in 1378 (and his capital was burnt), he had no strength to resist Mamai, and Ryazan's relationship with Moscow had long been hostile. Therefore, in the campaign of 1380 Oleg took the side of Mamai, although this fact is sometimes challenged. Mamai camped his army on the bank of
1559:
In 1825, it was reported by a famous Russian adventurer that the "precious things" from the field, once numerous, were "scattered across Russia" and formed private collections, such as those of Nechayev, Countess Bobrinskaya and other noble persons. The fate of these collections is not always clear
1041:
pursued a Tatar, and a Tatar pursued a Rusyn." The tightness of the field did not allow the Tatars to realize their mobility and use their tactics of flanking. Nevertheless, in a fierce battle, the Tatars began to gradually overcome. They broke through to the banner of the Large Regiment, threw it
683:
The open conflict between Dmitry and Mamai began in 1374, the exact reasons are unknown. It is believed that the illegitimacy of the puppet khans of Mamai was by that time too obvious, and he demanded more and more money, as he lost the war for the throne of the Golden Horde. In the following years
1607:
The 2008 book by Dvurechensky et al. presents a catalogue of findings in the Kulikovo field. According to the compilers, the following items of weapons belonging to the time of the battle: four spearheads (and two fragments), a tip of a javelin, two fragments of axe blades, a fragment of an armour
1592:
most of their collections were lost and only a significant part of the Nechayevs’ collection survived the revolutionary period, whereas the extensive use of agricultural machinery in the field contributed to a loss of remaining artefacts. Several antiquities, however, were found and transferred to
1245:
The Battle of Kulikovo gave rise to an unprecedentedly large stratum of medieval Rus' literature; no other historical event has received such wide coverage. Russian historians singled out a body of "literary works of the Kulikovo cycle", or "Kulikovo cycle" for short. The most important works are:
1208:
and "Narration") probably derived from a common source. Scholars usually consider the "Narration" to be the youngest version of this Slavonic primary source, and the least reliable, but even scholars who claim it has some historical elements have openly admitted that it has its flaws. For example,
1045:
At that time, the cavalry of the ambush regiment launched a surprise counterstrike on the Horde's flank, which led to the collapse of the Horde's line. People and horses, tired from a long battle, could not resist the blow of fresh forces. After the Horde was routed, the Russians chased the Tatars
679:
also failed and so the jarliq returned to Dmitry. According to the results of the truce with Lithuania in 1372, the Grand Duchy of Vladimir was now recognized as the hereditary possession of the Moscow princes. In 1375 the Prince of Tver once again received a jarliq for the Grand Duchy from Mamai.
515:
Although the victory did not end Mongol domination over Russia, it is traditionally regarded as the turning point at which Mongol influence began to wane and Moscow's power began to rise. The battle would allow Moscow to strengthen its claims of ascendancy over the other Russian principalities, in
1866:
A detailed account of the location and actions of the Ambush Regiment is contained only in "The Tale of the Rout of Mamai", but with an important note that the words of a spectator and participant wrote it. In addition, the formation and command structure of this regiment is described in credible
1568:
pointed to the fact that in their time iron objects were often collected, melted down by peasants and used for their purposes. One such cases occurred recently, in 2009, when a Persian blade dug out from the field was discovered in the house of a local family and transferred to the Kulikovo field
1069:
The losses in the battle were great. A third of the commanders of 23 "banners" were killed in action. Grand Prince Dmitry himself survived, although wounded and fainted from exhaustion. His entire escort died or scattered and he was hardly found among the corpses. For six days the victorious army
1028:
After the fights of the advanced detachments, the main forces of both armies clashed. According to the "Expanded Chronicle Tale" it happened "at the sixth hour of the day" (the daylight was divided into twelve hours, the duration of which changed throughout the year). "The sixth hour of the day"
934:
The early sources contain few details about the course of the battle. "The Tale of the Rout of Mamai", which dates back to the 16th century, gives a complete picture detailing the alignment of forces and the events on the field and adds many colourful details. It is unknown whether "The Tale" is
1880:
The episode with disguise appears only in "The Tale of the Rout of Mamai", but already in the "Expanded Tale" it is said about how Dmitry drove off to the Patrol Regiment and took part in the attack in the first line. Then he returned to his place in the Large Regiment and his retinue tried to
1522:
came up with what he believed was the exact location of the battle and his hypothesis was accepted. Studies of old soils in the 20th century showed that the left bank of Nepryadva near its influx in the Don was covered with dense forests, while on the right there was a wooded steppe with vast
989:
and the Horde's champion was Temir-Murza (also Chelubey or Cheli-bey, also Tovrul or Chrysotovrul). During the first pass of the contest, each champion killed the other with his spear and both fell to the ground. Thus, it remained unclear whose victory was predicted by the duel's outcome.
599:(descendant of Genghis Khan), and as such his grip on power was tenuous, as there were true Genghisids with claims to mastery. Therefore, he had to constantly fight for supreme power and at the same time struggle against separatism. While there was a war of succession in the declining
1526:
The historian Azbelev (2016) subjected this localization to sharp criticism. Trying to prove that 400,000 people were involved in the battle on both sides, he assumed that the real battlefield was not at the mouth, but at the source of Nepryadva since the Old Russian word
1907:
According to "The Tale of the Rout of Mamai" it happened "at the third hour", but this information is doubtful. Chronicle data are more reliable, and, in addition, "The Tale" mentions earlier that the formation of regiments continued until "the sixth hour of the day"
665:
was only 9 years old) did not accept this. They used equally armed force and bribes to various Khans and as a result, in 1365, forced the princes of Nizhny Novgorod to give up claims to the Grand Duchy of Vladimir finally. In 1368, the conflict between Moscow and
3161:Двуреченский О. В., Егоров В. Л., Наумов А. Н. Реликвии Донского побоища. Находки на Куликовом поле / авт.-сост. О. В. Двуреченский. М.: Квадрига, 2008. 88 с. (Реликвии ратных полей / Гос. ист. музей, Военно-ист. и природный музей-заповедник "Куликово поле").
1742:
The traditional Slavophile Russian point of view sees the battle as the first step in the liberation of the Russian lands from the Golden Horde dependency. However, approximately half of the old Kievan Rus' at this time were controlled by the Grand Duchy of
804:
and the sources derived from it, is completely untrustworthy. However, he identified two chronicles with a sufficiently high level of reliability. According to his reconstruction, detachments from most of North-Eastern Russia, part of the Princes of the
680:
Then Dmitri with a strong army (larger than it was in the Kulikovo battle) quickly moved to Tver and forced it to capitulate. Mikhail recognized himself as the "little brother" of the prince of Moscow and ensured to participate in wars with the Tatars.
674:
used the help of Lithuania, and in addition, in 1371 Mamai gave him a jarliq to the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. But the Moscow troops simply did not let the new "Grand Prince" enter Vladimir, despite the presence of the Tatar ambassador. The
1881:
dissuade him from such reckless behaviour. But he refused and again fought in the front ranks and his armor was damaged in many places. This behaviour was not something exceptional for the rulers of that time. Dmitry Donskoy's grandson
707:
Mamai continued attempts to reaffirm his control over the tributary lands of the Golden Horde. In 1378, he sent forces led by the warlord Murza Begich to ensure Prince Dmitri's obedience, but this army suffered a crushing defeat at the
1548:, who had a personal interest in the history of the battle. A large number of antiquities were discovered in the 19th century and their relatively large number led to the publication of the first catalogue of Kulikovo artefacts by
1042:
down and killed Boyar Brenok. The regiment of the "Left Hand" was also overturned and some "Moscow recruits" fell into a panic. It seemed that the rout of the Russian army was close and the Tatars put all their forces into action.
1058:
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and was ready to unite the entire Horde under his rule. In 1380, despite the threat from Tokhtamysh, Mamai chose to personally lead his army against the forces of Moscow. In preparation for the invasion, he allied with Prince
390:
286:
277:
107:
2180:
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1898:, p. 238 lists 6 arguments in favour of this. In "Zadonschina" Peresvet does not fight in a duel, but in the thick of the battle, and not as a monk, but as a noble boyar in a gold-plated armour.
2488:Масловский Д.М. Из истории военного искусства России: Опыт критического разбора похода Дмитрия Донского 1380 г. до Куликовской битвы включительно // Военный сборник. СПб., 1881. № 8. Отд. 1.
2138:, p. 208, It strengthened the claims of the rulers of Moscow to ascendancy over the other Russian principalities. But it marked only the beginning of the end of Mongol rule over Russia.
395:
1381:
narrative were replaced by the idea that the Rus' soldiers fought "for the Rus’ Land and the Christian faith"; yet the Christian elements in it pale in comparison to its military and
1098:
Prince Dmitri, who became known as Donskoy (of the Don) after the battle, did not manage to become fully independent from the Golden Horde, however. In 1382, Khan Tokhtamysh launched
884:
1229:
is a rather chivalric and militaristic story with only superficial religious elements, while the "Narration" is a very Christian religious retelling of the events narrated in the
1396:, while over a hundred copies of the "Narration" have survived, indicating the greater popularity of these later versions, which systemically rewrote various episodes from the
2189:, p. 25, Two years later... the Russians were actually under harsher Mongol control... Despite this, Dmitri had laid important groundwork for Moscow's future dominance.
3048:– интервью с руководителем отряда Верхне-Донской археологической экспедиции Государственный исторический музей Олегом Двуреченским. Журнал «Нескучный Сад» № 4 (15) 15.08.05
405:
1523:
openings. On one of them, between the rivers Nepryadva and Smolka, the place of the battle was finally localized by a team of archaeologists led by Dvurechensky in 2005.
943:
On 7 September, Prince Dmitri was told that Mamai's army was approaching. On the morning of 8 September, in a thick fog, the army crossed the Don River. According to the
980:(brother-in-law of the Grand Prince) was hidden behind the line of Russian troops in an oak grove. The Grand Prince himself went to the front lines, leaving his trusted
1392:, is "a highly religious depiction of the battle, replete with constant prayers, miracles, and religious symbolism". As of 2022, there were 6 known manuscripts of the
2104:, p. 53, Certainly Kulikovo did not free the Russian principalities... The victory at Kulikovo, however, greatly increased the prestige of the ruler of Moscow.
1189:
1775:, sees in Mamai a representative of economic and political interests from outside, particularly Western Europe, which in the battle were represented by numerous
1153:(see below). Some Turkic words, phrases and steppe terminology are found in this source, which has led some scholars to propose the original text was written in
1531:
had also designated the place where the river flows from the lake. As early as the beginning of the 20th century, it was believed that Nepryadva derived from
3804:
817:
and from the Principality of Tver (except for Kashin, who became independent under the treaty of 1375). The probability of the presence of a detachment from
1180:
535:
363:
3597:
3809:
1601:
1573:, who suggested building a museum for these artefacts. Some of the finds are known to have been sent as gifts to government officials and members of the
1565:
776:
The earliest chronicle tales do not provide details on the composition of the Russian army. Among the dead in the battle there are named only Princes of
1894:
This episode appears only in "The Tale of the Rout of Mamai" and there are serious suspicions that this is the product of literary fiction. The book of
959:
value. The army came to the "clean field" near Nepryadva mouth and assumed a battle formation. After some time, Tatars appeared and began to form their
2543:
1139:
A common Slavonic source for the earliest three "literary works of the Kulikovo cycle", the oldest of which was probably the "Chronicle Tale" and the
1885:
in one of the battles with the Tatars was surrounded and taken prisoner after a brutal melee, although armour saved his life, like his grandfather.
1597:
1204:
Each of the literary works of the Kulikovo cycle contains at least some historical errors or fictions. The earliest three works ("Chronicle Tale",
760:
Dmitry – in the past, none of the Russian princes dared to meet in battle with the Khan himself. Nevertheless, Dmitry quickly assembled an army in
3137:
1746:
Some historians within the Eastern Orthodox tradition view the battle as a stand-off between the Christian Rus and non-Christians of the steppe.
3755:
3723:
3700:
2168:
1570:
2115:
1764:
Other historians believe that the meaning of the battle is overstated, viewing it as nothing more than a simple regional conflict within the
1532:
2618:
1584:
While preparing his work "Parishes and Churches of the Tula Diocese" (1895), editor Pavel Malitsky received reports from inhabitants of the
2620:"Духъ южны" и "осьмый час" в "Сказании о Мамаевом побоище" (К вопросу о восприятии победы над "погаными" в памятниках "куликовского цикла")
400:
3799:
2497:Разин, Е. А. История военного искусства в 3 т. Т. 2 : История военного искусства VI–XVI вв. – СПб. : Полигон, 1999. – 656 с. –
1454:, later known for his works on the Napoleonic Wars, in 1850 wrote the monumental painting "The Battle of the Kulikovo Field" by order of
2533:// Воинские традиции в археологическом контексте. От позднего латена до позднего средневековья. – Тула: Куликово поле, 2014. c. 124–129
1022:
676:
3742:
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sources. No sources from the Tatar side are available; if they had been written, they were probably destroyed a few years later when
692:
in 1377. In the same year "Mamai's tatars" defeated the army of Nizhny Novgorod with an auxiliary detachment left by Dmitry at the
356:
1694:
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1666:
658:
417:
1510:
Medieval sources do not give a precise description of the site of the battle, but they mention a large clear field beyond the
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1411:, nobody is said to be fighting "for the Rus' Land", but only "for the Christian faith and Grand Prince Dmitrii Ivanovich".
3747:
1673:
1600:. Most recent descriptions of Kulikovo weaponry and other artefacts have been presented in publications by Vasily Putsko,
1647:
349:
3629:
3084:
1404:
829:, whose rulers have long rivalled their Grand Princes. Also, the presence of small detachments from the borderlands of
313:
1787:, "Russians went to the Kulikovo field as citizens of various principalities and returned as a united Russian nation".
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Works on relics from Kulikovo were published in the 1920s and 1930s by local lore specialists Vladimir Narcissov and
1325:
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saw the battle as critical for the history of Eastern Europe in stopping another invasion from Asia, similar to the
1680:
3045:
1754:
437:
3473:
951:, who was considered a patron Saint of Russia. According to the chronology adopted in Russia it was the year 6888
3007:
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3177:М. В. Фехнер Находки на Куликовом поле // Куликово поле: Материалы и исследования. Труды ГИМ. М., 1990. Вып. 73
1662:
1651:
1616:, firearms), date back to the 16th–18th centuries and cannot in any way relate to the Kulikovo battle of 1380.
1365:
1313:
1210:
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1010:
947:, after that the bridges were destroyed. The day of 8 September was very special, as it was the feast of the
2556:
1090:. He assembled a new army, but now he did not have a "legitimate khan" and his nobles defected to his rival
1738:
The historical evaluation of the battle has many theories as to its significance in the course of history:
1486:
764:. There he was visited by the ambassadors of Mamai. They demanded an increased tribute, "as under the Khan
592:
2526:
792:", along with a figure of 253,000 fallen in the battle, gives dozens of dead princes, boyars, "Lithuanian
1750:
2177:, p. 21, Moscow's strength, especially relative to other Russian principalities, continued to grow.
1082:
Mukhammad-Bulek, Mamai's figurehead Khan, was killed in battle. Mamai escaped to the Genoese stronghold
3794:
1792:
1443:
1424:
1388:. On the other hand, the "Narration of the Battle with Mamai", which has been largely derived from the
531:
546:
was growing in power and was often challenging its neighbours over territory, including clashing with
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Byzantium and the Rise of Russia: A Study of Byzantino–Russian Relations in the Fourteenth Century
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1430:
The paintings on the theme of the battle were created by many Russian and Soviet artists such as
1218:
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470:
186:
154:
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1687:
684:
the Tatars raided Dmitry's allies and the Moscow troops made a campaign against Tatars over the
1099:
645:
Simultaneously with the beginning of the Great Troubles in the Horde in 1359, Prince of Moscow
612:
608:
543:
442:
222:
112:
20:
1779:
mercenaries, while the Moscow army stood in support of the rightful ruler of the Golden Horde
821:
is quite high (although in the early Novgorod chronicles, such information is not available).
595:
in 1361 and after his mysterious death in 1370, Muhammad Bolak was enthroned. Mamai was not a
150:
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and other borrowings, and do not rule out that the source was originally written in Slavonic.
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1612:, and several arrowheads. Many weapons found in the vicinity of the Kulikovo field (such as
120:
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130:
8:
2546:// Военное дело Золотой Орды: проблемы и перспективы изучения. Казань, 2011, стр. 157–161
2062:, p. 208, The Russian armies, led by Grand Prince Dmitrii of Moscow, son of Ivan II.
1882:
1841:
1222:
850:
635:
1544:
to Kulikovo. It is known that at the time some of the finds were collected by economist
3717:
3694:
3580:
The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus
3460:
3412:
2330:
1577:; in 1839 and 1843, the head of a mace and the blade of a sword were gifted to Emperor
1561:
1511:
1401:
1169:
1124:
986:
890:
781:
731:
671:
1407:, Alexander Peresvet pronouncing a prayer before going into battle, and unlike in the
3674:
3666:
3646:
3625:
3587:
3560:
3539:
3503:
3482:
3464:
3452:
3416:
3377:
3352:
3331:
3310:
3289:
3268:
3238:
3215:
3162:
3026:
2498:
2469:
2368:
2341:
2260:
2206:
2155:
1731:
1589:
1335:, or "Oration Concerning the Life and Passing of Grand Prince Dmitrii Ivanovich", or
1087:
973:
876:
of Lithuania, were late to the battle and the number of their troops can be ignored.
869:
846:
793:
726:
646:
642:
for their legitimate right to the throne and allied with the Grand Prince of Moscow.
631:
290:
234:
3235:
The Battle of Kulikovo in the Testimonies of Contemporaries and Memory of Posterity)
1466:
The site of the battle is commemorated by a memorial church, built from a design by
3444:
3404:
3393:"Text and Textology: Salmina's Dating of the Chronicle Tales about Dmitrii Donskoi"
1832:
1812:
1776:
1574:
1467:
1439:
1237:
the battle did take place on the Don River, but was not as significant as claimed.
1119:
Only five primary sources about the battle have survived into modern times: one in
899:
780:(which by that time were in strong submission to Moscow), noble Moscow boyars, and
697:
554:
from Ryazan, and the prince of Ryazan was killed after several years in captivity.
525:
461:
317:
3448:
1790:
The battle is perhaps the earliest example of the Russian tactic of deception, or
716:, seized power in the eastern part of the Golden Horde. He enjoyed the support of
3640:
3624:] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Русско-Балтийский информационный центр БЛИЦ.
3554:
3533:
3518:
3497:
3367:
3346:
3325:
3304:
3283:
3264:
3109:
2530:
2463:
2362:
2200:
2149:
1758:
1545:
1431:
1374:
1158:
1128:
1120:
960:
944:
856:
The first data on the total number of troops collected by Dmitry appeared in the
818:
814:
654:
144:
3432:
3059:
1400:
to make them more religious. For example, the "Narration" adds an invocation of
1922:
Hand was cut off appears only in the work of the historian of the 18th century
1553:
1519:
1478:
1447:
1435:
1063:
1018:
1014:
662:
566:
493:
489:
373:
281:
75:
37:
2425:
3788:
3770:
3757:
3574:
3456:
3433:"A Tatar interpretation of the battle of Kulikovo Field, 1380: Rustam Nabiev"
1549:
1030:
164:
2513:Кирпичников А.Н. Военное дело на Руси в XIII–XV вв. – Л.: Наука, 1966, с. 16
516:
which it would ultimately become the centre of a centralized Russian state.
1765:
1726:
1482:
1474:
1451:
1359:
1307:
1141:
789:
747:
600:
588:
575:
562:
539:
485:
210:
51:
3408:
1311:, or "The Battle beyond the Don", a famous epic based on or influenced by
626:
and in 1368–1372 made three campaigns against Moscow. After the death of
140:
3252:
3186:
1784:
1772:
1585:
501:
497:
251:
79:
263:(arrived too late to aid Mamai; retreated at the news of Mamai's defeat)
2719:
1780:
1654: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1609:
1091:
956:
952:
713:
174:
3392:
1560:
and not all of them have been preserved to this day; General Governor
813:
were represented in the army of Dmitry, but there were no troops from
3214:] (in Russian). Moscow: Edition of the Russian Imperial Library.
2465:
Conflict, Bargaining, and Kinship Networks in Medieval Eastern Europe
1923:
1515:
1154:
1062:
An exhausted Dmitri having his wounds cared for after the battle. By
838:
685:
584:
558:
217:
3140:[History of the study of relics of the Battle of Kulikovo].
2524:Масштабы Донского побоища по данным палеографии и военной археологии
1629:
1149:("Narration of the Battle with Mamai") was largely derived from the
622:
continued its expansion. It competed with Moscow for supremacy over
2731:
1806:
1613:
1382:
1214:
1162:
1083:
894:
825:
could be represented by the troops of the appanage Principality of
806:
797:
765:
627:
3231:Куликовская битва в свидетельствах современников и памяти потомков
2574:
2256:
A Companion to Russian Studies: An Introduction to Russian History
1423:
A USSR postage stamp from 1980 featuring imagery of the battle by
1333:
Slovo o zhitii i prestavlenii velikogo kniazia Dmitriia Ivanovicha
2598:
1494:
998:
873:
842:
761:
722:
689:
639:
570:
551:
341:
190:
841:
is "not excluded". Probably, the army of Dmitri was enforced by
2707:
2523:
1490:
1200:
Two Bolgar manuscripts from the end of the 17th or 18th century
1038:
977:
834:
826:
701:
650:
505:
239:
170:
159:
2695:
2050:, p. 6, Russians, with Grand Prince Dmitry at the centre.
926:
3285:
Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present
2683:
2659:
2393:
1385:
1132:
1003:
981:
830:
742:
717:
580:
481:
302:
206:
2309:
2219:
2085:
2083:
910:
The duel between Peresvet and Chelubey on the Kulikovo Field
3499:
Russia and Central Asia: Coexistence, Conquest, Convergence
3237:] (in Russian). Moscow: Квадрига. pp. 384, illus.
2562:
2236:
2234:
667:
623:
3642:
The Battle of Kulikovo Refought: "The First National Feat"
2963:
2961:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2647:
2635:
2116:"The Battle of Kulikovo: When the Russian Nation Was Born"
2005:
1993:
1730:
The memorial column on the Kulikovo field was designed by
1002:"The Field of Kulikovo" (1890s). A large-scale hand-drawn
3263:]. Эксклюзивная классика (revised ed.). Moscow:
2990:
2988:
2899:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2080:
587:
of Berdi Beg, soon took power in the western part of the
3586:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–15.
3025:(5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 236.
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2760:
2758:
2544:О численности войска Дмитрия Ивановича на Куликовом поле
2443:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2231:
1983:
1981:
1968:
1966:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1046:
for over 50 kilometres (31 mi), until they reached
534:
in the 13th century, the numerous principalities became
3060:"Место сражения на Куликовом поле по летописным данным"
2958:
2934:
2911:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2789:
2770:
2461:
2426:"К вопросу о составе русского войска на Куликовом поле"
1796:, and it is taught as such at Russian military schools.
1240:
16:
Battle between Russian principalities and Mongol forces
2985:
2843:
2743:
2586:
1489:, was named in honour of the Russian victory over the
1253:, or "Chronicle Tale", passed down in two redactions:
1135:
burnt down the archives of the Golden Horde in Sarai.
2946:
2818:
2801:
2755:
2405:
2381:
2070:
2068:
2017:
1978:
1963:
1940:
1329:, also known as "Narration of the Battle with Mamai".
475:
3228:
2973:
2876:
2864:
2737:
2725:
2671:
2580:
1895:
1868:
1221:
in 1380, and that Dmitry Donskoy had a meeting with
3046:Где была Куликовская битва. В поисках Куликова поля
1846:'Mamai's carnage'; furthermore in Russian:
1593:museums in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
1114:
1100:
another campaign against the Principality of Moscow
603:, new political powers were appearing, such as the
2329:
2065:
868:from the Tatar side. Mamai's allies, Grand Prince
784:. The latter, according to some sources, was from
653:(law pronouncement) transferred the throne of the
2455:
2360:
2202:The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life
2029:
1281:, or "Expanded Chronicle Tale", preserved in the
1213:in 1380 resided in Moscow rather than Kyiv, that
3786:
3475:The Rise and Demise of the Myth of the Rus' Land
3376:] (in Russian). Moscow: Наука. p. 214.
661:. But the Moscow elite (in 1359, the new Prince
492:. The battle took place on 8 September 1380, at
3664:. Saint Petersburg: ООО "Издательство Полигон".
2113:
2332:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
1259:, or "Short Chronicle Tale", preserved in the
484:, a powerful Mongol military commander of the
3138:"История изучения реликвий Куликовской битвы"
2252:
1317:. The earliest manuscript dates to the 1470s.
508:) and was won by Dmitry, who became known as
357:
50:"The Battle of Kulikovo" (1849). Painting by
3805:Battles involving the Principality of Moscow
3707:
3684:
3516:
3481:. Leeds: Arc Humanities Press. p. 116.
2713:
2701:
2689:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2399:
2011:
1999:
1095:political benefit from the defeat of Mamai.
3302:
2417:
2354:
2154:. Cambridge University Press. p. 226.
2089:
1852:
1176:(originally in Latin, translated to German)
550:. Thus, in 1300, Moscow seized the city of
3810:14th century in the Principality of Moscow
3722:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3699:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3348:Kulikovo 1380: The Battle that Made Russia
3229:Amel'kin, Andrei; Seleznev, Yuri (2011).
2259:. Cambridge University Press. p. 86.
2147:
1500:
1023:Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
927:https://ru.wikipedia.org/Файл:Peresvet.jpg
649:died and the new Khan of the Horde by his
638:began to struggle with their step-brother
364:
350:
3431:Halperin, Charles J. (17 February 2016).
3157:
3155:
3132:
3130:
2253:Auty, Robert; Obolensky, Dimitri (1981).
1714:Learn how and when to remove this message
788:(rather from Bryansk). The poetic story "
734:, waiting for the arrival of his allies.
488:, and Russian forces led by Grand Prince
3471:
3430:
3390:
3344:
3205:
3020:
2994:
2967:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2858:
2837:
2812:
2795:
2783:
2764:
2047:
2023:
1957:
1725:
1418:
1209:the "Narration" mistakenly claimed that
1057:
1009:
997:
883:
741:
3638:
3615:
3365:
3323:
3281:
3251:
3180:
3057:
2905:
2870:
2749:
2677:
2604:
2592:
2568:
2449:
2423:
2411:
2387:
2315:
2303:
2291:
2279:
2240:
2225:
2205:. Transaction Publishers. p. 185.
2135:
2101:
2059:
1987:
1972:
1909:
3787:
3573:
3495:
3152:
3127:
2979:
2893:
2557:Куликовская битва по летописным данным
2327:
2186:
1538:
209:, controlling the western part of the
3659:
3556:A History of Russia Volume 1: To 1917
3527:] (in Russian). Leningrad: Наука.
2625:Герменевтика древнерусской литературы
1783:. According to the Russian historian
1761:in the 8th century in Western Europe.
345:
3662:История военного искусства VI–XVI вв
3622:Literary Works of the Kulikovo Cycle
3552:
3531:
3039:
2246:
2198:
2174:
2074:
2035:
1652:adding citations to reliable sources
1623:
1241:Literary works of the Kulikovo cycle
1006:by I.G. Blinov (ink, tempera, gold).
2468:. Lexington Books. pp. 19–21.
480:) was fought between the forces of
13:
3800:Battles involving the Golden Horde
3327:The Formation of Muscovy 1300–1613
3067:Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики
2433:Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики
2364:The Formation of Muscovy 1300–1613
2328:Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004).
1363:is based on the literary model of
371:
14:
3826:
3731:
3681:(Военно-историческая библиотека).
3397:Slavonic and East European Review
2148:Meyendorff, John (24 June 2010).
1326:The Tale of the Battle with Mamai
1033:describe this battle in his book
746:Dmitri captures a warrior of the
512:("of the Don") after the battle.
3603:from the original on 6 June 2011
3023:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
2462:Christian Raffensperger (2018).
1628:
1279:Prostrannaia letopisnaia povest’
1115:Primary sources about the battle
921:
696:. The Tatars then began to raid
677:campaigns of the Lithuanian army
307:
296:
285:
276:
245:
228:
200:
149:
139:
129:
119:
106:
44:
3525:Battle of Kulikovo (in Russian)
3502:. University of Toronto Press.
3212:The history of the Russian Army
3199:
3171:
3102:
3077:
3051:
3014:
3000:
2610:
2549:
2536:
2516:
2507:
2491:
2482:
2321:
2192:
2141:
2107:
1915:
1901:
1888:
1874:
1860:
1639:needs additional citations for
1619:
802:"The Tale of the Rout of Mamai"
3517:Kirpichnikov, Anatoly (1980).
3309:. Cambridge University Press.
2114:Timofeychev, A. (2017-07-19).
1825:
1461:
1373:), the latter had elements of
1347:Life of St. Sergii of Radonezh
1321:Skazanie o Mamaevom poboishche
1147:Skazanie o Mamaevom poboishche
336:30,000–100,000–200,000–300,000
1:
3472:Halperin, Charles J. (2022).
3449:10.1080/00905992.2015.1063594
3391:Halperin, Charles J. (2001).
2118:. Russia Beyond the Headlines
1933:
1350:
1340:
1337:Encomium to Dmitrii Ivanovich
1298:
1288:
1272:
1264:
1211:Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev
1104:great stand on the Ugra River
993:
583:, who was the son-in-law and
519:
333:30,000–50/60,000 –150,000 men
291:Vladimir Andreyevich the Bold
3685:Karantsevich, V. L. (2004).
3618:Памятники Куликовского цикла
3144:(in Russian). Archived from
2738:Amel'kin & Seleznev 2011
2726:Amel'kin & Seleznev 2011
2616:
2581:Amel'kin & Seleznev 2011
1896:Amel'kin & Seleznev 2011
1869:Amel'kin & Seleznev 2011
1518:River. In the 19th century,
1487:Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh
1257:Kratkaia letopisnaia povest’
1073:
966:
725:of Lithuania. Ryazan Prince
688:in 1376 and seized the city
7:
3324:Crummey, Robert O. (2014).
3306:A Concise History of Russia
3206:Егоршина, Петрова (2023).
2559://Исторический формат, 2016
1800:
1771:Another Russian historian,
1757:in the 5th century and the
1505:
1366:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
1314:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
1174:Chronik des Landes Preussen
938:
754:
712:. Meanwhile, another khan,
526:Golden Horde § Decline
476:
418:Muscovite–Volga Bulgars war
10:
3831:
3748:History of Kulikovo Battle
3303:Bushkovitch, Paul (2011).
3282:Borrero, Mauricio (2009).
3110:"Searches and discoveries"
3087:[ESBE/Nepryadva].
3021:Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003).
3008:"Куликово поле: 12 картин"
2617:Рудаков, Владимир (1998).
2607:, pp. 57, 80–83, 231.
2361:Robert O. Crummey (2014).
1514:and near the mouth of the
963:against the "Christians".
737:
557:After the killing of Khan
542:. During this period, the
523:
282:Dmitry Ivanovich of Moscow
18:
3708:Podhorodecki, L. (2008).
3535:A Brief History of Russia
3496:Keller, Shoshana (2020).
2367:. Routledge. p. 52.
2336:. Facts On File. p.
1912:, pp. 215–216, 218).
1847:
1836:
1284:Novgorod Fourth Chronicle
1109:
949:Nativity of the Theotokos
920:
915:
908:
879:
771:
710:Battle of the Vozha River
630:in 1377, his eldest sons
465:
381:
327:
270:
135:Principality of Yaroslavl
125:Principality of Beloozero
99:
58:
43:
35:
30:
3617:
3616:Rybakov, Boris (1998).
3553:Moss, Walter G. (2003).
3519:
3368:
3230:
3207:
3058:Azbelev, Sergey (2016).
2619:
1818:
1581:by a Kulikovo nobleman.
1481:, discovered in 1980 by
1371:Lay of the Host of Igor’
811:Upper Oka Principalities
620:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
605:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
401:Lithuanian–Muscovite War
181:Upper Oka Principalities
155:Principality of Starodub
3687:100 знаменитых сражений
3538:. Infobase Publishing.
3366:Gorskii, Anton (2000).
3345:Galeotti, Mark (2019).
3288:. Infobase Publishing.
2424:Gorskii, Anton (2001).
1501:Archaeological searches
1405:baptising the Rus' Land
1219:grand duke of Lithuania
858:Expanded Chronicle Tale
845:'s rebellious brothers
655:Grand Duchy of Vladimir
532:Mongol invasion of Rus'
3743:The Battle of Kulikovo
3660:Razin, Ye. A. (1999).
3639:Parppei, Kati (2017).
3532:Kort, Michael (2008).
1857:'Don carnage'.
1735:
1604:and other historians.
1450:. The French painter
1427:
1414:
1339:("Expanded Redaction"
1217:(died 1377) was still
1070:stood "on the bones".
1066:
1053:
1025:
1007:
903:
751:
670:began. Prince of Tver
613:Principality of Ryazan
609:Principality of Moscow
544:principality of Moscow
271:Commanders and leaders
223:Principality of Ryazan
185:Lithuanian princes of
165:Principality of Kashin
160:Principality of Mologa
145:Principality of Rostov
21:Dmitry Donskoy (opera)
3771:53.65250°N 38.65350°E
3409:10.1353/see.2001.0046
3208:История русской армии
2318:, pp. 90, 92–93.
2228:, pp. 28–29, 44.
1729:
1608:plate, a fragment of
1422:
1294:Sofia First Chronicle
1161:, but these could be
1061:
1048:Krasivaya Mecha River
1021:, miniature from the
1013:
1001:
887:
823:Grand Duchy of Ryazan
809:Land and part of the
745:
694:Battle on Pyana River
3437:Nationalities Papers
3374:Moscow and the Horde
2571:, pp. 277, 308.
2199:Benz, Ernst (2008).
1663:"Battle of Kulikovo"
1648:improve this article
3767: /
2728:, pp. 248–249.
2716:, pp. 100–104.
1539:Searches for traces
1402:Volodimer I of Kiev
1251:Letopisnaia povest’
1223:Sergius of Radonezh
1194:, preserved as the
955:, which also had a
235:Genoese mercenaries
19:For the opera, see
3776:53.65250; 38.65350
3710:Kulikowe Pole 1380
3351:. Bloomsbury USA.
3261:For Rus' to Russia
3191:From Rus to Russia
3148:on 4 January 2019.
2908:, pp. ix, 20.
2704:, pp. 99–100.
2529:2022-10-10 at the
2522:Двуреченский О.В.
1749:Russian historian
1736:
1562:Alexander Balashov
1428:
1170:Johann von Posilge
1125:Middle High German
1067:
1026:
1008:
987:Alexander Peresvet
904:
782:Alexander Peresvet
752:
591:. Mamai enthroned
569:had arisen there.
477:Kulikovskaya bitva
458:Battle of Kulikovo
31:Battle of Kulikovo
3795:Conflicts in 1380
3652:978-90-04-33794-7
3593:978-0-521-86403-9
3566:978-0-85728-752-6
3545:978-1-4381-0829-2
3520:Куликовская битва
3509:978-1-4875-9434-3
3358:978-1-4728-3121-7
3337:978-1-317-87200-9
3316:978-1-139-50444-7
3295:978-0-8160-7475-4
3274:978-5-17-153845-3
3244:978-5-91791-074-1
3221:978-5-699-42397-2
3167:978-5-904162-01-6
3089:ru.wikisource.org
2714:Kirpichnikov 1980
2702:Kirpichnikov 1980
2692:, pp. 94–99.
2690:Kirpichnikov 1980
2668:, pp. 89–92.
2666:Kirpichnikov 1980
2654:Kirpichnikov 1980
2642:Kirpichnikov 1980
2475:978-1-4985-6853-1
2452:, pp. 51–52.
2402:, pp. 37–43.
2400:Kirpichnikov 1980
2374:978-1-317-87200-9
2347:978-0-8160-4671-3
2306:, pp. 86–89.
2294:, pp. 90–92.
2282:, pp. 83–85.
2243:, pp. 80–82.
2212:978-0-202-36575-6
2161:978-0-521-13533-7
2012:Karantsevich 2004
2000:Podhorodecki 2008
1856:
1845:
1755:Battle of Châlons
1732:Alexander Brullov
1724:
1723:
1716:
1698:
1602:Oleg Dvurechensky
1566:Dmitri Tikhomirov
1179:The chronicle of
1168:The chronicle of
974:Vladimir the Bold
932:
931:
872:and Grand Prince
870:Oleg II of Ryazan
851:Dmitri of Bryansk
847:Andrei of Polotsk
657:to the Prince of
636:Dmitri of Bryansk
632:Andrei of Polotsk
474:
466:Куликовская битва
451:
450:
391:Shishevsky Forest
340:
339:
264:
95:
94:
3822:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3738:The Zadonshchina
3727:
3721:
3713:
3704:
3698:
3690:
3665:
3656:
3635:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3602:
3585:
3570:
3559:. Anthem Press.
3549:
3528:
3513:
3492:
3480:
3468:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3387:
3362:
3341:
3320:
3299:
3278:
3257:От Руси к России
3248:
3225:
3193:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3169:
3159:
3150:
3149:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2841:
2835:
2816:
2810:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2768:
2762:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2553:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2430:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2335:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2090:Bushkovitch 2011
2087:
2078:
2072:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1955:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1813:Russo-Kazan Wars
1719:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1656:
1632:
1624:
1468:Aleksey Shchusev
1444:Alexander Bubnov
1440:Mikhail Nesterov
1425:Alexander Bubnov
1352:
1342:
1300:
1290:
1274:
1269:Simeon Chronicle
1266:
1261:Rogozh Chronicle
1193:
1181:Detmar of Lübeck
925:
924:
906:
905:
900:Viktor Vasnetsov
796:" and "Novgorod
698:Nizhniy Novgorod
490:Dmitry of Moscow
479:
469:
467:
376:
366:
359:
352:
343:
342:
322:
312:
311:
310:
301:
300:
299:
289:
280:
262:
250:
249:
248:
233:
232:
231:
205:
204:
203:
153:
143:
133:
123:
110:
66:8 September 1380
60:
59:
48:
28:
27:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3785:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3734:
3715:
3714:
3692:
3691:
3653:
3632:
3619:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3583:
3567:
3546:
3521:
3510:
3489:
3478:
3421:
3419:
3384:
3370:
3359:
3338:
3317:
3296:
3275:
3245:
3232:
3222:
3209:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3160:
3153:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3094:
3092:
3085:"ЭСБЕ/Непрядва"
3083:
3082:
3078:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3019:
3015:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2993:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2844:
2836:
2819:
2811:
2802:
2798:, pp. 7–8.
2794:
2790:
2786:, pp. 6–8.
2782:
2771:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2531:Wayback Machine
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2121:
2119:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1861:
1848:Донское побоище
1837:Мамаево побоище
1830:
1826:
1821:
1803:
1759:Battle of Tours
1751:Sergey Solovyov
1720:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1657:
1655:
1645:
1633:
1622:
1575:Imperial family
1546:Vasily Lyovshin
1541:
1508:
1503:
1464:
1432:Orest Kiprensky
1417:
1377:, which in the
1375:Slavic paganism
1369:(also known as
1243:
1196:Ratshandschrift
1183:
1121:Church Slavonic
1117:
1112:
1076:
1056:
996:
969:
961:order of battle
945:Nikon Chronicle
941:
922:
882:
819:Veliky Novgorod
815:Nizhny Novgorod
774:
757:
750:(17th century).
740:
659:Nizhny Novgorod
618:Meanwhile, the
528:
522:
454:
453:
452:
447:
377:
372:
370:
318:
308:
306:
305:
297:
295:
284:
256:
246:
244:
229:
227:
201:
199:
91:Russian victory
83:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3828:
3818:
3817:
3815:1380 in Europe
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3733:
3732:External links
3730:
3729:
3728:
3705:
3682:
3673:(VI–XVI вв.).
3657:
3651:
3636:
3631:5-8678-9-033-3
3630:
3613:
3592:
3575:Plokhy, Serhii
3571:
3565:
3550:
3544:
3529:
3514:
3508:
3493:
3487:
3469:
3428:
3403:(2): 248–263.
3388:
3382:
3363:
3357:
3342:
3336:
3321:
3315:
3300:
3294:
3279:
3273:
3249:
3243:
3226:
3220:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3179:
3170:
3151:
3126:
3101:
3076:
3050:
3038:
3031:
3013:
2999:
2984:
2972:
2970:, p. 255.
2957:
2945:
2943:, p. 254.
2933:
2931:, p. 256.
2910:
2898:
2875:
2863:
2842:
2817:
2800:
2788:
2769:
2754:
2752:, p. 100.
2742:
2740:, p. 246.
2730:
2718:
2706:
2694:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2627:(in Russian).
2609:
2597:
2595:, p. 205.
2585:
2573:
2561:
2548:
2535:
2515:
2506:
2490:
2481:
2474:
2454:
2442:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2373:
2353:
2346:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2265:
2245:
2230:
2218:
2211:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2160:
2140:
2128:
2106:
2094:
2079:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2016:
2014:, p. 139.
2004:
2002:, p. 106.
1992:
1990:, p. 264.
1977:
1975:, p. 208.
1962:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1914:
1900:
1887:
1873:
1871:, p. 235)
1859:
1831:Also known in
1823:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1809:, Russian monk
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1788:
1769:
1762:
1747:
1744:
1722:
1721:
1636:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1598:Vadim Ashurkov
1554:Vestnik Evropy
1540:
1537:
1520:Stepan Nechaev
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1479:2869 Nepryadva
1463:
1460:
1448:Mikhail Avilov
1436:Vasily Sazonov
1416:
1413:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1330:
1318:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1276:
1242:
1239:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1177:
1166:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1075:
1072:
1064:Vasily Sazonov
1055:
1052:
1019:Kulikovo Field
1017:on the way to
1015:Dmitry Donskoy
995:
992:
968:
965:
940:
937:
930:
929:
918:
917:
913:
912:
898:, painting by
881:
878:
773:
770:
756:
753:
739:
736:
567:Great Troubles
565:in 1359, the
530:Following the
521:
518:
494:Kulikovo Field
449:
448:
446:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
409:
408:
398:
393:
388:
382:
379:
378:
374:Great Troubles
369:
368:
361:
354:
346:
338:
337:
334:
330:
329:
325:
324:
314:Muhammad Bolak
293:
273:
272:
268:
267:
266:
265:
255:
254:
242:
237:
225:
220:
196:
195:
194:
183:
177:
167:
162:
157:
147:
137:
127:
102:
101:
97:
96:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
76:Kulikovo Field
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
41:
40:
38:Great Troubles
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3827:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3783:
3780:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3719:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3688:
3683:
3680:
3679:5-89173-038-3
3676:
3672:
3671:5-89173-040-5
3668:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3614:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3488:9781802700565
3484:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3383:5-02-010202-4
3379:
3375:
3371:
3369:Москва и Орда
3364:
3360:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:. Routledge.
3329:
3328:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3204:
3203:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3115:
3114:en.kulpole.ru
3111:
3105:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3042:
3034:
3032:3-540-00238-3
3028:
3024:
3017:
3009:
3003:
2997:, p. 13.
2996:
2995:Halperin 2022
2991:
2989:
2982:, p. 71.
2981:
2976:
2969:
2968:Halperin 2001
2964:
2962:
2954:
2953:Halperin 2016
2949:
2942:
2941:Halperin 2001
2937:
2930:
2929:Halperin 2001
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2907:
2902:
2896:, p. 70.
2895:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2872:
2867:
2861:, p. 14.
2860:
2859:Halperin 2022
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2839:
2838:Halperin 2016
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2813:Halperin 2016
2809:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2796:Halperin 2016
2792:
2785:
2784:Halperin 2016
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2765:Halperin 2016
2761:
2759:
2751:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2698:
2691:
2686:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2662:
2656:, p. 51.
2655:
2650:
2644:, p. 88.
2643:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2583:, p. 60.
2582:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2558:
2555:Азбелев С.Н.
2552:
2545:
2542:Пенской В.В.
2539:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2510:
2504:
2503:5-89173-040-5
2500:
2494:
2485:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2414:, p. 18.
2413:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2390:, p. 97.
2389:
2384:
2376:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2268:
2266:0-521-28038-9
2262:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2227:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2092:, p. 23.
2091:
2086:
2084:
2077:, p. 21.
2076:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2048:Galeotti 2019
2044:
2038:, p. 82.
2037:
2032:
2026:, p. 19.
2025:
2024:Егоршина 2023
2020:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1960:, p. 10.
1959:
1958:Halperin 2016
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1843:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1728:
1718:
1715:
1707:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665: –
1664:
1660:
1659:Find sources:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1637:This section
1635:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:and educator
1563:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1550:Ivan Sakharov
1547:
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1024:
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985:champion was
983:
979:
975:
964:
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957:numerological
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593:Abdullah Khan
590:
586:
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169:Princes from
168:
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3621:
3605:. Retrieved
3579:
3555:
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3474:
3440:
3436:
3420:. Retrieved
3400:
3396:
3373:
3347:
3326:
3305:
3284:
3260:
3256:
3253:Gumilev, Lev
3234:
3211:
3200:Bibliography
3190:
3182:
3173:
3146:the original
3141:
3117:. Retrieved
3113:
3104:
3093:. Retrieved
3091:(in Russian)
3088:
3079:
3073:(65): 17–29.
3070:
3066:
3053:
3041:
3022:
3016:
3002:
2975:
2955:, p. 6.
2948:
2936:
2906:Parppei 2017
2901:
2873:, p. 5.
2871:Rybakov 1998
2866:
2840:, p. 7.
2815:, p. 8.
2791:
2767:, p. 4.
2750:Gorskii 2000
2745:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2680:, p. 9.
2678:Rybakov 1998
2673:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2628:
2624:
2612:
2605:Parppei 2017
2600:
2593:Parppei 2017
2588:
2576:
2569:Rybakov 1998
2564:
2551:
2538:
2518:
2509:
2493:
2484:
2464:
2457:
2450:Rybakov 1998
2445:
2436:
2432:
2419:
2412:Rybakov 1998
2407:
2395:
2388:Gorskii 2000
2383:
2363:
2356:
2331:
2323:
2316:Gorskii 2000
2311:
2304:Gorskii 2000
2299:
2292:Gorskii 2000
2287:
2280:Gorskii 2000
2275:
2255:
2248:
2241:Gorskii 2000
2226:Gorskii 2000
2221:
2201:
2194:
2182:
2170:
2150:
2143:
2136:Borrero 2009
2131:
2120:. Retrieved
2109:
2102:Crummey 2014
2097:
2060:Borrero 2009
2055:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1995:
1988:Gumilev 2023
1973:Borrero 2009
1917:
1910:Rybakov 1998
1903:
1890:
1876:
1867:chronicles (
1862:
1827:
1791:
1781:Tuqtamış xan
1766:Golden Horde
1737:
1710:
1701:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1658:
1646:Please help
1641:verification
1638:
1620:Perspectives
1606:
1595:
1583:
1571:Ivan Afremov
1558:
1542:
1535:(Volosovo).
1528:
1525:
1509:
1475:minor planet
1472:
1465:
1452:Adolphe Yvon
1429:
1409:Zadonshchina
1408:
1398:Zadonshchina
1397:
1394:Zadonshchina
1393:
1390:Zadonshchina
1389:
1379:Zadonshchina
1378:
1370:
1364:
1360:Zadonshchina
1358:
1356:
1346:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:Zadonshchina
1306:
1292:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1235:
1231:Zadonshchina
1230:
1227:Zadonshchina
1226:
1206:Zadonshchina
1205:
1203:
1195:
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1151:Zadonshchina
1150:
1146:
1145:, while the
1142:Zadonshchina
1140:
1118:
1097:
1081:
1077:
1068:
1044:
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942:
933:
909:
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866:
862:
857:
855:
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790:Zadonshchina
775:
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748:Golden Horde
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601:Golden Horde
589:Golden Horde
574:
563:Golden Horde
556:
540:Golden Horde
529:
514:
509:
486:Golden Horde
457:
455:
432:
406:Trosna River
319:
211:Golden Horde
198:
111:
105:
100:Belligerents
52:Adolphe Yvon
36:Part of the
3774: /
3443:(1): 4–19.
3187:Lev Gumilev
2980:Plokhy 2006
2894:Plokhy 2006
2187:Keller 2020
1785:Lev Gumilev
1773:Lev Gumilev
1586:Tula Oblast
1533:Lake Volovo
1485:astronomer
1462:Dedications
1343:1449–1470s)
1291:1480s) and
1184: [
976:and Dmitry
502:Tula Oblast
438:Kalka River
428:Vozha River
423:Pyana River
396:Pyana River
386:Blue Waters
252:Circassians
218:mercenaries
80:Tula Oblast
3789:Categories
3762:38°39.21′E
3759:53°39.15′N
3689:. Kharkiv.
3142:kulpole.ru
3095:2023-05-22
2631:: 135–157.
2122:2020-01-29
1934:References
1793:maskirovka
1743:Lithuania.
1674:newspapers
1610:chain mail
1579:Nicholas I
1456:Nicholas I
1357:While the
1267:1450) and
1127:, and two
1092:Tokhtamysh
994:Main clash
953:Anno Mundi
714:Tokhtamysh
611:, and the
524:See also:
520:Background
175:Dorogobuzh
3718:cite book
3712:. Warsaw.
3695:cite book
3645:. Brill.
3465:129150302
3457:0090-5992
3417:247621602
3255:(2023) .
2175:Kort 2008
2075:Kort 2008
2036:Moss 2003
1924:Tatischev
1883:Vasily II
1614:bardiches
1590:Civil War
1516:Nepryadva
1512:Don River
1383:chivalric
1163:loanwords
1155:Old Tatar
1123:, two in
1074:Aftermath
967:Beginning
839:Meshchera
798:posadniks
786:Lithuania
778:Beloozero
732:Don River
718:Tamerlane
686:Oka River
597:Genghisid
585:beylerbey
559:Berdi Beg
498:Don River
496:near the
471:romanized
260:Lithuania
216:European
3607:27 April
3598:Archived
3577:(2006).
2527:Archived
1807:Oslyabya
1801:See also
1734:in 1848.
1704:May 2023
1506:Location
1215:Algirdas
1035:Vandalia
939:Approach
916:Painting
895:Chelubey
891:Peresvet
889:Duel of
807:Smolensk
766:Jani Beg
755:Campaign
628:Algirdas
433:Kulikovo
413:Sary-Aka
328:Strength
193:in exile
179:Part of
71:Location
1855:
1844:
1833:Russian
1777:Genoese
1688:scholar
1495:Mongols
874:Jogaila
843:Jogaila
762:Kolomna
738:Prelude
723:Jogaila
690:Bolghar
672:Mikhail
647:Ivan II
640:Jogaila
571:Warlord
561:of the
552:Kolomna
538:of the
536:vassals
510:Donskoy
473::
462:Russian
320:†
191:Bryansk
187:Polotsk
3677:
3669:
3649:
3628:
3590:
3563:
3542:
3506:
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3463:
3455:
3422:17 May
3415:
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2439:: 1–9.
2371:
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1483:Soviet
1301:1480s)
1275:1490s)
1159:Bolgar
1129:Bolgar
1110:Legacy
1088:Crimea
978:Bobrok
902:(1914)
880:Battle
835:Yelets
827:Pronsk
772:Forces
702:Ryazan
663:Dmitry
651:jarliq
607:, the
576:temnik
548:Ryazan
506:Russia
443:Moscow
316:
240:Cumans
171:Vyazma
113:Moscow
88:Result
3620:[
3601:(PDF)
3584:(PDF)
3523:[
3479:(PDF)
3461:S2CID
3413:S2CID
3372:[
3259:[
3233:[
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3119:2 May
3063:(PDF)
2429:(PDF)
1819:Notes
1695:JSTOR
1681:books
1529:ust'e
1386:ethos
1353:1418)
1323:, or
1192:]
1133:Timur
1084:Caffa
1039:Rusyn
1004:lubok
982:boyar
893:with
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581:Mamai
500:(now
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303:Mamai
207:Mamai
78:(now
3724:link
3701:link
3675:ISBN
3667:ISBN
3647:ISBN
3626:ISBN
3609:2010
3588:ISBN
3561:ISBN
3540:ISBN
3504:ISBN
3483:ISBN
3453:ISSN
3424:2023
3378:ISBN
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3332:ISBN
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3216:ISBN
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2207:ISBN
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1853:lit.
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849:and
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700:and
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634:and
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