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540: – smaller and faster than ships of the line and primarily intended for raiding, reconnaissance and messaging. He was tasked with harassing the French, protecting British merchant shipping, and ensuring the safety of the British outpost and naval base at Gibraltar. By late July the ships of the British fleet were low on supplies and in urgent need of maintenance after their prolonged period at sea, during which some ships had been damaged by enemy action. The fleet retired to Gibraltar, arriving on 4
1010:. The battle had no effect on the French plans to invade Britain. The two French ships which escaped from the battle eventually reached Rochefort. The five French ships in Cadiz were blockaded by Boscawen's second-in-command, Admiral Brodrick. They were instructed to head for French Atlantic ports if they were able to break this blockade, with a view to reinforcing the fleet in Brest. But by the time they evaded Brodrick during a winter storm in January 1760, the French Atlantic Fleet had been destroyed at the
754:
742:. The British ships proved to be faster, and were slightly favoured by variable winds, allowing them to gradually overhaul the French by the afternoon of 18 August. Boscawen repeatedly signalled to his ships to "Make more speed". Several of the British ships were hampered by their newly warped sails splitting, or their newly fitted spars breaking loose, as they were overstrained by crews eager to catch the French. At 1:00 pm the French ships hoisted their
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624:, firing her guns to indicate that the enemy had been sighted, took the British by surprise. There was a scramble to get under way. Most captains and many crew were ashore; some, including Boscawen, were dining several miles away. Most ships sailed without their captains, some under the command of junior officers. Their seniors followed on as best they could – the flagship,
556:. While this refurbishment was under way, fresh orders arrived, alerting Boscawen to the likelihood that the French Mediterranean Fleet would attempt to join up with their Atlantic Fleet, probably at Brest, and instructing him to prevent it. He ordered the first two of his frigates to be ready for sea to patrol to the east, where the Mediterranean narrowed to the bottleneck of the
471:. However, at the best of times the French struggled to crew their full fleet with experienced mariners; landsmen could be used, but even a small deficiency in ship handling translated into a marked handicap in combat. Three years into the war, thousands of French seamen were held as prisoners by the British; many more were engaged in speculative, and occasionally lucrative,
750:, but had a small number of lighter guns mounted in their sterns, able to fire to their rears. It was not possible to effectively fire ahead of such ships. The French were thus able to fire at the British as they grew closer, while the British were unable to offer much reply. The French attempted to disable the British ships' sails and rigging, but with little effect.
452:, who imposed a coordinated strategy. It consisted of a naval and colonial effort to expel the French from North America and ruin their maritime trade, while dispersing their efforts between fighting Prussia in Europe and attempting to defend the wide range of French overseas possessions. By early 1759 this was beginning to bear fruit.
382:, undergoing a major refit. It left port amidst great confusion, most ships not having their refurbishments completed, with many delayed and sailing in a second squadron. Aware that he was pursued, La Clue altered his plan and changed course; half his ships failed to follow him in the dark, but the British did.
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formation, with their flagship in the centre. Boscawen claimed he wished his leading, and therefore his fastest, ships to engage the first French ships they encountered; then, as the next
British ship arrived, bypass this fight to attack the next French ship in line. Any bypassed French ships could,
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August. It consisted of twelve ships of the line and three frigates. La Clue intended to pass the Strait of
Gibraltar by night, in order to keep the British in ignorance of his absence from the Mediterranean. He anticipated this might scatter his fleet, and he had ordered his ships to rendezvous off
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Eight of the fifteen ships in the French fleet continued on to Cádiz. It is not clear if this was because they did not observe the flagship's change of course, because they did not understand its implications, or because they felt their freshly opened orders took precedence. At dawn on 18 August La
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The
British caught up with the French on 18 August and fierce fighting ensued, during which several ships were badly damaged and one French ship was captured. The British, who greatly outnumbered the remaining six French ships, pursued them through the moonlit night of 18–19 August, during which a
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and await the anticipated appearance of the rest of the fleet. At about 6:00 am a group of large ships came into view and La Clue remained stationary, believing them to be the missing component of his fleet. It was only when the topsails of the nine ships of the second
British squadron, the
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and masts, so as to avoid collisions and to allow groups of ships to maintain contact. Wishing to be as inconspicuous as possible, the French ships probably did not follow this practice. The French ships had all been issued with sealed orders, which they were to open on passing the Strait of
435:
By the beginning of 1759 neither alliance had the advantage, in either the land or sea campaigns, and both were having serious problems financing the war. In 1759 more than 60 per cent of French revenue went to service its debt, causing numerous shortages. The French Navy in particular was
839:
As the sun set, the six surviving French ships continued to flee to the north west, with those
British ships not slowed by battle damage close behind them. There was sufficient moonlight to allow the British ships to keep in touch, although the two fastest French ships,
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631:, sailed with three captains and the admiral on board – and sorted themselves out as circumstances allowed. Many officers and men were left ashore. Several ships were barely seaworthy. The process of fitting, or "bending", sails to the
695:
suggests it is possible that La Clue – who had been ordered to avoid battle at all costs – knowing the entire fleet was relatively close and not wishing to advertise his manoeuvre to the
British, omitted to do this.
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describes
Boscawen as perhaps the most successful naval commander of the 18th century, "when inconclusive battles at sea were normal." The battle was one of a series of British victories in 1759 which caused the year to be known as an
1021:, said "I was afraid of invasion till now." Boscawen's violation of Portuguese neutrality was fully supported by his government, which placated the Portuguese by persuading them that it was an inadvertent result of Boscawen's
1005:
The French had 500 men killed, wounded or captured; against 56 British fatalities and 196 wounded. La Clue, seriously wounded, was carried ashore before the
British arrived and survived; five years later he was promoted to
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off as she had been run ashore with some force in order to prevent this. So they evacuated those left of the crew and set fire to her; several hours later, around midnight, the fire reached her magazine and she exploded.
787:
was attacked by five
British ships, fighting on for five hours and seriously delaying the British pursuit before surrendering after being battered into a wreck and having more than a third of her crew killed or wounded.
444:, a former chief of police. Meanwhile, Britain's war effort up to early 1757 had been a failure, with setbacks in Europe, North America, India and at sea. From June it came under the control of the assertive new
635:
of the large warships of the time was a complicated one, and most
British ships were forced to do this as they got under way, in the dark, undermanned and with few officers. Some were also fitting spars or even
681:. Knowing they had been observed by the British, La Clue changed his plan. Instead of heading for Cádiz, where he feared he could be easily blockaded by the British, he decided to sail more westerly, to clear
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order. Three years later, the Spanish and French governments used this breach of neutrality as one of their pretexts for declaring war on and invading Portugal. Boscawen, his captains and their crews were
374:. Boscawen was under orders to prevent a French breakout into the Atlantic, and to pursue and fight the French if they did. During the evening of 17 August the French fleet successfully passed through the
886:. Portugal was neutral and it would be illegal for Boscawen to attack him there. There was also a small Portuguese fort overlooking the anchorage and La Clue may have hoped this would be some deterrent.
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News of this disaster was passed back to Paris, where after deliberation it was decided to reinforce Bompart's force with the Mediterranean Fleet. Orders to sail reached its commander, Admiral
278:
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691:, light her stern lantern, turn to port (left, or westward) and reduce her speed. Normally, such actions would be accompanied by firing a cannon to draw attention. The naval historian
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passed three French ships, receiving a broadside from each; Boscawen ordered that there be no return fire, instead having his crew lie down, to minimise casualties. By 4:00 pm
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of about 25,000 men; they were more than 9,000 short of this. The British had 40 ships of the line in home waters, and a further 15 in their Mediterranean Fleet, which was based in
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careers; and the unhealthy conditions, onerous onboard discipline and poor wages, paid late, were a strong disincentive to service. The transports also required at least a
432:. France supported Austria and Russia in a land campaign against Prussia, and launched what it saw as its main effort in a maritime and colonial offensive against Britain.
1468:
370:
La Clue was attempting to evade Boscawen and bring the French Mediterranean Fleet into the Atlantic, avoiding battle if possible; he was then under orders to sail for the
459:, planned a direct invasion of Britain, which, if successful, would have decided the war in their favour. An army of 17,000 was collected at Vannes, in the south east of
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he believed, be safely left to Brodrick's squadron. However, only his own flagship adopted this approach, and only four of the seven French ships were engaged.
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and head into the North Atlantic. However, the French navy did not have an effective system of night signalling. So at about midnight La Clue had his flagship,
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Meanwhile, Boscawen had pressed on in his 90-gun flagship, determined to engage the largest ship in the French fleet, La Clue's flagship, the 80-gun
738:. Boscawen ordered his ships to maintain formation, to avoid his fastest ships reaching and engaging the French squadron individually and being
1038:
445:
852:, slipped away into the Atlantic during the night. The naval historian Nicholas Tracey suggests La Clue sailed an incorrect course, failed to
1508:
A ship's "colours", a national flag or battle ensign, are hauled down from her mast, or "struck", to indicate that the ship has surrendered.
2701:
Middleton, Richard (1988). "Naval Administration in the Age of Pitt and Anson, 1755–1763". In Black, Jeremy & Woodfine, Philip (eds.).
610:. The French were aware they had been spotted, and realising by now that the British fleet was in Gibraltar, anticipated a prompt pursuit.
1018:
603:. During the late evening of 17 August the French passed through the strait, but were observed shortly afterwards by the British frigate
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Portuguese waters near Lagos, but Boscawen violated that neutrality, capturing a further two French ships and destroying the other two.
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295:
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outside of cannon range and selected several ships to attack the French "without any regard to the laws of neutrality." The British
403:
106:
437:
2737:
Monaque, RĂ©mi (2017). "Le Bailli Pierre-AndrĂ© De Suffren: A Precursor of Nelson". In Harding, Richard; Guimerá, AgustĂn (eds.).
486:, the largest warships of the time: 30 serving abroad and 43 in home waters. The latter were split between the Atlantic port of
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overstretched and suffered from the lack of a coherent doctrine, exacerbated by the inexperience verging on incompetence of the
925:, firing a broadside from short range and demanding her surrender. The French, who had been in the process of abandoning ship,
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in England, participated in the engagement on the British side. He included an account of the battle in his autobiography,
666:
1030:
in Britain. After completing their interrupted refits, several of Boscawen's victorious ships were transferred to Admiral
778:; they were evenly matched, each being equipped with 74 heavy guns, 37 on each side. By this time the French had formed a
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878:, none of which had yet been engaged. Despairing of escape, he led the remnants of his fleet to a small river west of
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and opened fire at long range. Ships of the line had most of their guns mounted in their sides, to allow them to fire
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threw large amounts of loose material overboard. Despite these difficulties, by 11:00 pm, within three hours of
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further two French ships made their escape. On 19 August the remnants of the French fleet attempted to shelter in
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1034:'s fleet off Brest, and five were with Hawke when he destroyed the Brest fleet in Quiberon Bay in November.
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1075:, who was later to gain fame as an admiral leading a French fleet in the Indian Ocean. A young slave named
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378:, but was sighted by a British ship shortly after it entered the Atlantic. The British fleet was in nearby
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stragglers under Brodrick, were sighted farther back that it was realised all these ships were British.
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took command of the British fleet in the Mediterranean. As well as 15 ships of the line he also had 12
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860:. The badly wounded La Clue now had command only over his flagship and three other ships of the line,
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during the 18th century turned into open warfare in 1754 and 1755. In 1756 what became known as the
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Portugal 1715–1808: Joanine, Pombaline and Rococo Portugal as Seen by British Diplomats and Traders
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had so many casks on one of her gun decks as to be unable to operate that deck's guns; the crew of
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combined. After great difficulties in preparing them for sea, nine French ships of the line, under
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Kinkel, Sarah (2013). "Disorder, Discipline, and Naval Reform in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Britain".
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in their topmasts. Ships were cluttered with material for their refits and with unstowed stores.
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Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766
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out of the harbour and were heading for the Atlantic. Several ships were left behind, under
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August. There they began the difficult process of scraping the bottoms of the ships free of
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the island. They arrived the day after the French governor surrendered to the British on 1
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fired repeatedly into her and then boarded her. She was also firmly beached and so, like
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The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African
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571:. This island's immense sugar production was supposed to exceed that of all the British
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British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates
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Hearing the news of the victory, the notoriously nervous British prime minister, the
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567:. In February, 4,000 British soldiers landed on the French West Indian possession of
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467:. In its final form the French plan required these transports to be escorted by the
64:
The British Royal Navy defeats the French Mediterranean Fleet at the Battle of Lagos
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Naval Leadership in the Atlantic World: The Age of Reform and Revolution, 1700–1850
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was fired on by the Portuguese forts during this operation. The last French ship,
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Clue could see only six other ships. He ordered them to rally on the flagship and
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fled or surrendered and she was towed out, little damaged, to the British fleet;
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2957:, which contains an account of the battle as witnessed by the author aboard HMS
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The Battle of Quiberon Bay, 1759: Hawke and the Defeat of the French Invasion
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Earlier in the year, an aspect of the British strategy had played out in the
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The three captured French ships went on to serve in the British navy as HMS
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had nearly 200 men killed or wounded, with La Clue among the latter; while
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A History of the French Navy : From Its Beginnings to the Present Day
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s stern, where the French could do little to fire back, and after an hour
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The Age of the Ship of the Line: The British and French Navies, 1650–1815
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The seven French ships sailed at the speed of their slowest member, the
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In response to the British successes, the ministers of the French king,
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describes the Battle of Lagos as a "definitive" victory. The historian
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The British Navy and the Use of Naval Power in the Eighteenth Century
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Gibraltar; these instructed them that the fleet was to rendezvous at
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Three ships from Brodrick's rear squadron were sent in after the
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This article is about the 1759 battle. For the 1693 battle, see
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Imperial Island: A History of Britain and Its Empire, 1660–1837
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The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815
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560:, to give warning if the French were to attempt to break out.
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Naval battles of the Seven Years' War involving Great Britain
830:, also badly damaged, fled. Boscawen transferred his flag to
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Ships sailing at night usually displayed lanterns from their
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on 18 August and to the east of the small Portuguese port of
2506:
The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to Present
2741:. London: University of Westminster Press. pp. 85–92.
2705:. Leicester: Leicester University Press. pp. 109–127.
2548:. Colección Támesis (A ed.). London: Tamesis. p.
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The number after each ship indicates number of guns it was
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Ships which became separated at night and sailed to Cadiz:
2844:(in French). Paris: Libraire Commissionaire de la Marine.
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Chaline, Oliver (2011). "Quiberon Bay, 20 novembre 1759".
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The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
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had one of her three masts shot away, together with the
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2525:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books.
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at 2:45 pm, but her crew refused to surrender.
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2920:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Seaforth Publishing.
2720:La Bataille navale des Cardinaux: 20 novembre 1759
2685:The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783
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2662:1759: the Year Britain Became Master of the World
807:to open fire and a short, sharp fight developed.
367:, after which the battle is named, on 19 August.
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463:, and nearly 100 transports were assembled near
347:took place between a British fleet commanded by
1531:was a different, later ship with the same name.
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856:Cape St. Vincent, and became trapped against a
658:appearing, eight British ships of the line had
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2823:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword.
446:secretary of state for the southern department
594:, at the end of July, and it left Toulon on 5
506:. In total these ships required an aggregate
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1362:80 (flag) – run aground and burnt 19 August
997:also struck her colours and was towed out.
2763:. Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell.
494:, with a small number at two ports on the
279:
265:
2863:. Philadelphia: L. R. Hamersly & Co.
2700:
2590:The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea
1623:
986:manoeuvred so as to be able to fire into
490:(22 ships) and the Mediterranean port of
420:broke out across Europe, pitting France,
400:Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)
27:1759 naval battle of the Seven Years' War
2915:
2841:Batailles navales de la France, Volume 1
2802:The Seven Years' War in Europe 1756–1763
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772:engaged the rearmost French ship, the
2879:(2009). "The Battle of Lagos, 1759".
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2469:. Basingstoke, Hampshire: MacMillan.
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1079:, who would later become a prominent
404:Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
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1376:74 – run aground and burnt 19 August
913:, the Portuguese opened fire and he
2860:A Military Dictionary and Gazetteer
2594:. London: Oxford University Press.
24:
1092:
25:
3005:
2936:
2688:. London: Sampson, Low, Marston.
964:sailing towards them the crew of
929:. The British were unable to tow
355:over two days in 1759 during the
2942:
2838:Troude, Onesime-Joachim (1867).
2571:. London: Macdonald and Jane's.
2508:. London: Sampson Low, Marston.
548:, repairing and replacing their
408:The endemic ill feeling between
359:. They fought south west of the
205:
193:
172:
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57:
2881:The Journal of Military History
2722:(in French). Paris: Economica.
2486:Les cahiers du Pays de Guérande
1534:
1521:which featured in the painting
1511:
1502:
1052:(Latin for "year of wonders").
592:Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran
438:secretary of state for the navy
353:Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran
212:Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran
822:of both remaining masts. With
249:2 ships of the line destroyed
13:
1:
2611:The English Historical Review
393:
2540:Francis, Alan David (1985).
1551:
1491:Notes, citations and sources
1000:
899:The French ship of the line
889:
766:At 2:30 pm the British
251:3 ships of the line captured
7:
2800:Szabo, Franz A. J. (2007).
2447:. London: Faber and Faber.
10:
3010:
2804:. Harlow, Essex: Longman.
2521:Dull, Jonathan R. (2009).
2432:
1097:
909:As Boscawen approached in
758:The British flagship, HMS
517:
397:
29:
2819:Tracey, Nicholas (2010).
2638:Longmate, Norman (1993).
2586:Kemp, Peter, ed. (1976).
1334:
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351:and a French fleet under
305:
247:1,000 killed and wounded
238:
217:
186:
149:
74:
56:
48:
43:
2857:Wilhelm, Thomas (1881).
1879:, pp. 748–749, 754.
1495:
1390:64 – captured 19 August
1354:74 – captured 18 August
1071:as a junior officer was
482:The French possessed 73
297:Invasion Campaign (1759)
1383:74 – captured 19 August
1073:Pierre André de Suffren
2916:Winfield, Rif (2007).
2718:le Moing, Guy (2003).
2567:Jenkins, E.H. (1973).
1524:The Fighting Temeraire
1012:Battle of Quiberon Bay
957:set alight and seeing
906:
763:
720:
617:
529:
244:252 killed and wounded
187:Commanders and leaders
32:Battle of Lagos (1693)
2502:Clowes, William Laird
897:
826:unable to manoeuvre,
756:
712:
616:
579:, were despatched to
546:barnacles and seaweed
525:
398:Further information:
239:Casualties and losses
232:12 ships of the line
223:15 ships of the line
2680:Mahan, Alfred Thayer
2294:, pp. 373, 385.
927:struck their colours
803:was close enough to
620:The approach of the
599:the Spanish port of
448:(foreign minister),
442:Nicolas René Berryer
428:against Britain and
2785:. London: Penguin.
2664:. London: Vintage.
2642:. London: Grafton.
2414:, pp. 372–373.
2258:, pp. 136–137.
2071:, pp. 251–252.
1984:, pp. 756–757.
1948:, pp. 754–755.
1891:, pp. 753–754.
1867:, pp. 751–753.
1813:, pp. 314–315.
1698:, pp. 232–233.
1614:, pp. 211–212.
1067:. Serving on board
715:The Battle of Lagos
558:Strait of Gibraltar
376:Strait of Gibraltar
118: /
18:Battle of Lagos Bay
2893:10.1353/jmh.0.0366
2757:Monod, Paul Kléber
2623:10.1093/ehr/cet273
2617:(535): 1451–1482.
2366:, pp. 86, 88.
2318:, p. 191–192.
1008:lieutenant-general
976:, was attacked by
907:
764:
740:defeated in detail
721:
618:
577:Maximin de Bompart
530:
2979:Conflicts in 1759
2951:at Wikisource of
2947:Works related to
2467:The Causes of War
2463:Blainey, Geoffrey
2110:, pp. 86–87.
1566:, pp. 17–18.
1414:Ships of the line
1344:Ships of the line
1104:Ships of the line
1019:Duke of Newcastle
484:ships of the line
338:
337:
255:
254:
145:
144:
82:18–19 August 1759
16:(Redirected from
3001:
2974:1759 in Portugal
2946:
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2018:
2012:
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1991:
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1973:
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1961:
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1509:
1506:
1436:
1374:
1043:Geoffrey Blainey
992:
683:Cape St. Vincent
597:
586:
543:
479:of skilled men.
418:Seven Years' War
357:Seven Years' War
300:
298:
291:
290:Seven Years' War
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61:
51:Seven Years' War
41:
40:
21:
3009:
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3004:
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2998:
2994:Lagos, Portugal
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2358:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2306:, p. 1451.
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
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2254:
2250:
2242:
2238:
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2172:
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2090:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2042:
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2013:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1956:
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1944:
1940:
1932:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
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1773:
1765:
1748:
1740:
1729:
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1706:
1702:
1694:
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1529:J. M. W. Turner
1516:
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1226:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1187:Princess Louisa
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1093:Order of battle
1077:Olaudah Equiano
1049:annus mirabilis
1003:
990:
905:
892:
762:
719:
717:
707:
702:
667:Thomas Brodrick
595:
584:
573:Leeward Islands
541:
534:Edward Boscawen
528:
527:Edward Boscawen
520:
406:
396:
349:Edward Boscawen
345:Battle of Lagos
341:
340:
339:
334:
301:
296:
294:
289:
287:
285:
250:
248:
233:
228:
226:
224:
206:
204:
200:Edward Boscawen
194:
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173:
171:
158:
156:
141:British victory
126:
124:
120:
117:
112:
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66:
62:
44:Battle of Lagos
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28:
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2938:
2937:External links
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:978-1844157006
2926:
2913:
2887:(3): 745–765.
2873:
2854:
2835:
2830:978-1848841161
2829:
2816:
2811:978-0582292727
2810:
2797:
2791:
2779:Rodger, N.A.M.
2775:
2770:978-1405134446
2769:
2753:
2748:978-1911534082
2747:
2734:
2729:978-2717845037
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2671:978-0099526391
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2649:978-0586208465
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2578:978-0356041964
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2559:978-0729301909
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2532:978-1848325494
2531:
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2475:
2459:
2454:978-0571205653
2453:
2441:Anderson, Fred
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2426:, p. 250.
2416:
2404:
2402:, p. 212.
2392:
2390:, p. 756.
2380:
2378:, p. 416.
2368:
2356:
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2330:, p. 167.
2320:
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2272:
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2260:
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2224:
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2197:
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2141:
2139:, p. 148.
2129:
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2100:
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2088:
2086:, p. 760.
2073:
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2059:, p. 757.
2040:
2038:, p. 373.
2019:
2017:, p. 251.
1998:
1986:
1974:
1972:, p. 753.
1962:
1960:, p. 755.
1950:
1938:
1936:, p. 117.
1917:
1915:, p. 131.
1905:
1903:, p. 754.
1893:
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1855:, p. 751.
1845:
1843:, p. 750.
1830:
1828:, p. 249.
1815:
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1786:
1784:, p. 749.
1771:
1769:, p. 116.
1746:
1744:, p. 747.
1727:
1725:, p. 248.
1712:
1700:
1688:
1686:, p. 236.
1676:
1674:, p. 232.
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1624:Middleton 1988
1616:
1604:
1602:, p. 148.
1592:
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1285:Tartar's Prize
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1037:The historian
1002:
999:
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891:
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757:
744:battle ensigns
718:by Thomas Luny
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2396:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2354:, p. 96.
2353:
2352:Winfield 2007
2348:
2342:, p. 70.
2341:
2340:Winfield 2007
2336:
2329:
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2293:
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2240:
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2232:Longmate 1993
2228:
2222:, p. 83.
2221:
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2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1996:, p. 56.
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1811:Anderson 2001
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1757:
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1743:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1710:, p. 24.
1709:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1662:, p. 11.
1661:
1660:le Moing 2003
1656:
1649:
1648:le Moing 2003
1644:
1638:, p. 18.
1637:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1612:Anderson 2001
1608:
1601:
1596:
1590:, p. 17.
1589:
1584:
1578:, p. 65.
1577:
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1411:
1406:
1405:74 – escaped
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414:Great Britain
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361:Gulf of Cádiz
358:
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350:
346:
331:
330:Bishops Court
328:
326:
325:Carrickfergus
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
304:
299:
292:
282:
277:
275:
270:
268:
263:
262:
259:
246:
243:
242:
237:
231:
222:
221:
216:
213:
203:
201:
191:
190:
185:
181:
169:
166:
165:Great Britain
154:
153:
148:
140:
137:
136:
131:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
85:
81:
78:
77:
73:
70:
69:Richard Paton
65:
60:
55:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2958:
2952:
2917:
2884:
2880:
2859:
2840:
2820:
2801:
2782:
2760:
2738:
2719:
2702:
2684:
2661:
2639:
2614:
2610:
2589:
2568:
2543:
2522:
2505:
2485:
2466:
2444:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2364:Monaque 2017
2359:
2347:
2335:
2323:
2316:Blainey 1988
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2256:Francis 1985
2251:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2173:
2144:
2137:Wilhelm 1881
2132:
2108:Monaque 2017
2103:
2091:
2064:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1913:Jenkins 1973
1908:
1896:
1884:
1872:
1860:
1848:
1806:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1650:, p. 9.
1643:
1636:Chaline 2011
1631:
1619:
1607:
1600:Jenkins 1973
1595:
1588:Chaline 2011
1583:
1571:
1559:
1536:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1504:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1398:74 – escaped
1393:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1364:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1084:
1081:abolitionist
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1048:
1039:Sarah Kinkel
1036:
1032:Edward Hawke
1016:
1004:
994:
987:
983:
978:
973:
969:
965:
960:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
936:
930:
922:
918:
910:
908:
901:
874:
868:
862:
848:
841:
838:
832:
827:
823:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
790:
784:
774:
768:
765:
759:
733:
731:
722:
714:
686:
671:
664:Vice-Admiral
655:
650:
643:
627:
621:
619:
606:
589:
562:
532:In May 1759
531:
481:
473:privateering
465:Quiberon Bay
454:
450:William Pitt
434:
407:
384:
369:
344:
342:
320:Quiberon Bay
314:
225:10 frigates
150:Belligerents
122:36.3°N 7.3°W
63:
49:Part of the
36:
2877:Willis, Sam
2424:McLynn 2008
2412:Troude 1867
2400:Clowes 1898
2388:Willis 2009
2304:Kinkel 2013
2292:Troude 1867
2280:Tracey 2010
2268:Willis 2009
2208:Tracey 2010
2193:McLynn 2008
2178:Rodger 2004
2166:Willis 2009
2149:McLynn 2008
2125:Willis 2009
2096:Tracey 2010
2084:Willis 2009
2069:McLynn 2008
2057:Willis 2009
2036:Troude 1867
2015:McLynn 2008
1994:Tracey 2010
1982:Willis 2009
1970:Willis 2009
1958:Willis 2009
1946:Willis 2009
1934:Tracey 2010
1901:Willis 2009
1889:Willis 2009
1877:Willis 2009
1865:Willis 2009
1853:Willis 2009
1841:Willis 2009
1826:McLynn 2008
1799:Rodger 2004
1782:Willis 2009
1767:Tracey 2010
1742:Willis 2009
1723:McLynn 2008
1708:Tracey 2010
1696:McLynn 2008
1684:McLynn 2008
1672:McLynn 2008
1576:McLynn 2008
1431: [
1369: [
565:West Indies
469:French navy
372:West Indies
229:2 fireships
125: /
2968:Categories
2949:Chapter IV
2601:0192820842
2514:1084577790
2376:Mahan 1890
2328:Monod 2009
1564:Szabo 2007
1366:Redoutable
1326:Salamander
955:Redoutable
939:Redoutable
902:Redoutable
863:Redoutable
780:line ahead
748:broadsides
693:Sam Willis
569:Guadeloupe
508:complement
394:Background
343:The naval
234:3 frigates
127:36.3; -7.3
102:, Portugal
2909:162390731
2901:0899-3718
2850:757299734
2711:572510434
2694:782063369
2494:0765-3565
2244:Kemp 1976
2220:Dull 2009
1552:Citations
1544:to carry.
1519:Temeraire
1483:Gracieuse
1456:Oriflamme
1442:Fantasque
1395:Souverain
1380:Téméraire
1313:Fireships
1299:Favourite
1278:Sheerness
1264:Gibraltar
1222:Ambuscade
1166:St Albans
1152:Swiftsure
1145:Conqueror
1113:90 (flag)
1065:Temeraire
1001:Aftermath
995:Téméraire
988:Téméraire
974:Téméraire
921:attacked
890:Off Lagos
869:Téméraire
858:lee shore
843:Souverain
735:Souverain
656:Gibraltar
622:Gibraltar
607:Gibraltar
512:Gibraltar
504:Rochefort
380:Gibraltar
227:2 sloops
96:Gibraltar
2781:(2004).
2759:(2009).
2682:(1890).
2660:(2008).
2631:24473894
2504:(1898).
2465:(1988).
2443:(2001).
1517:The HMS
1463:Frigates
1402:Guerrier
1351:Centaure
1215:Frigates
1208:Portland
1201:Guernsey
1173:Intrepid
1138:Culloden
1131:Warspite
984:Warspite
979:Warspite
884:Portugal
849:Guerrier
785:Centaure
775:Centaure
769:Culloden
726:heave to
638:stepping
538:frigates
461:Brittany
457:Louis XV
310:Le Havre
218:Strength
94:between
87:Location
2869:1872456
2433:Sources
1476:Chimère
1469:Minerve
1387:Modeste
1306:Gramont
1271:Glasgow
1236:Shannon
1229:Rainbow
1180:America
1098:Britain
1061:Modeste
1057:Centaur
966:Modeste
919:America
915:hove to
875:Modeste
854:weather
817:topsail
651:America
581:relieve
550:rigging
518:Prelude
500:Lorient
430:Prussia
422:Austria
388:neutral
110:36°18′N
2924:
2907:
2899:
2867:
2848:
2827:
2808:
2789:
2767:
2745:
2726:
2709:
2692:
2668:
2646:
2629:
2598:
2575:
2556:
2529:
2512:
2492:
2473:
2451:
1421:Triton
1335:France
1292:Sloops
1250:Thetis
1243:Active
1194:Jersey
1124:Newark
1117:Prince
970:Jersey
961:Jersey
943:Prince
941:. HMS
911:Newark
833:Newark
705:At sea
700:Battle
674:sterns
660:warped
644:Prince
596:
585:
542:
492:Toulon
426:Russia
410:France
180:France
177:
162:
138:Result
113:7°18′W
2959:Namur
2905:S2CID
2627:JSTOR
1542:rated
1496:Notes
1435:]
1373:]
1359:Océan
1319:Aetna
1159:Edgar
1110:Namur
1069:Océan
1028:fĂŞted
991:'
951:Océan
947:Océan
931:Océan
923:Océan
880:Lagos
828:Océan
824:Namur
820:yards
813:Namur
809:Océan
805:Océan
801:Namur
797:Namur
793:Océan
760:Namur
688:Océan
679:Cádiz
633:masts
628:Namur
601:Cadiz
587:May.
554:spars
488:Brest
477:cadre
365:Lagos
315:Lagos
100:Lagos
2922:ISBN
2897:ISSN
2865:OCLC
2846:OCLC
2825:ISBN
2806:ISBN
2787:ISBN
2765:ISBN
2743:ISBN
2724:ISBN
2707:OCLC
2690:OCLC
2666:ISBN
2644:ISBN
2596:ISBN
2573:ISBN
2554:ISBN
2527:ISBN
2510:OCLC
2490:ISSN
2471:ISBN
2449:ISBN
1449:Fier
1428:Lion
1257:Lyme
1063:and
959:HMS
953:and
872:and
846:and
649:HMS
642:HMS
626:HMS
605:HMS
502:and
424:and
412:and
402:and
98:and
79:Date
2889:doi
2619:doi
2615:128
2550:137
1527:by
1486:26
1459:50
1309:16
1302:16
1288:24
1281:24
1274:24
1267:24
1260:24
1253:32
1246:36
1239:36
1232:40
1225:40
1211:50
1204:50
1197:60
1190:60
1183:60
1176:60
1169:64
1162:64
1155:70
1148:70
1141:74
1134:74
1127:80
1120:90
882:in
67:by
2970::
2903:.
2895:.
2885:73
2883:.
2625:.
2613:.
2552:.
2200:^
2185:^
2156:^
2115:^
2076:^
2043:^
2022:^
2001:^
1920:^
1833:^
1818:^
1789:^
1774:^
1749:^
1730:^
1715:^
1479:26
1472:26
1465::
1452:50
1445:64
1438:64
1433:fr
1424:64
1416::
1371:fr
1346::
1329:8
1322:8
1294::
1217::
1089:.
1059:,
866:,
836:.
795:.
514:.
498::
440:,
2930:.
2911:.
2891::
2871:.
2852:.
2833:.
2814:.
2795:.
2773:.
2751:.
2732:.
2713:.
2696:.
2674:.
2652:.
2633:.
2621::
2604:.
2581:.
2562:.
2535:.
2516:.
2496:.
2479:.
2457:.
1626:.
1106::
293::
280:e
273:t
266:v
34:.
20:)
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