1064:"The young leader of the invasion's advance guard was jubilant. The operation could not have been more successful. The route to Srinagar lay open before the Pathans, 135 miles of paved, undefended road, a promenade without danger they could complete before daybreak... The young man was quickly disabused of his dream. The strategists who had conceived this invasion had made one fatal miscalculation. When Sairab Khan wanted to set his force on the road to Srinagar, he discovered it had disappeared. There was not a single Pathan around his vehicles. They had faded into the night. Their crusade to deliver their Moslem brothers of Kashmir had begun with a nocturnal excursion to the Hindu bazaar of Muzaffarabad."
943:"The Khyber Agency and its adjacent tribal areas, located on the border with Afghanistan, contributed the maximum number of fighters to 'liberate' Kashmir from kafirs (infidels). The Pathan tribesmen, considered as 'the most troublesome and feared population on the sub-continent', were primarily motivated by the lure of women, money and land and the excitement of combat, which always had a great appeal for the fearless tribes. Added to this was the promise of a heavenly kingdom for those who fought to uphold the religious duty of jihad against a repressive 'infidel regime'. The ulema (Islamic scholars) in the North-West Frontier Province issued fatwas (religious decrees) for waging jihad in Kashmir."
39:
400:
379:
366:
132:
256:
239:
232:
223:
1023:
979:, crossed the border into Kashmir with 4,000 Pashtun tribesmen aimed to take Muzaffarabad. The invasion route saw a group of footmen who were experienced with the area cross in columns from Dub Gali, however the bulk of the invasion from the frontier tribesmen crossed via the longer route through Lohar Gali in armoured vehicles and lorries. The invasion caught the Kashmiri defenders by surprise, as they had not anticipated the tribal invasion. The Kashmiri defenders also suffered from mutiny and mass desertion by its
352:
214:
196:
185:
174:
152:
1038:"They plundered the state armoury, set entire markets on fire and looted their goods, they shot everyone who couldn't recite the kalima - the Arabic-language Muslim declaration of faith. Many non-Muslim women were enslaved, while many others jumped in the river to escape capture."Muslim women would sometimes offer us food but the Pathans were reluctant to accept, thinking it may be poisoned. They would instead capture those people's goats and sheep, slaughter them and roast the meat on fire."
954:
329:
205:
317:
163:
119:
959:
915:, called a meeting with numerous Kashmiri and Pakistani political and military leaders. According to Indian military sources, the Pakistani army planned an operation called "Operation Gulmarg" as an armed intervention in Kashmir without the consent of the government. As per this Operation, 20 tribal units called
983:
personnel. Brigader
Ranijer Singh, overall commander of the front, dispatched the D, E, and F companies of the Second Battalion as reinforcements to defend Domel.Major Hira Lal Atal commanded a mountain artillery battery to provide artillery support. Additional reinforcements from Srinagar were sent
1196:
2017-10-22. Retrieved 2023-12-02. "Around 2,000 tribesmen stormed
Muzaffarabad that morning and easily scattered the Kashmir state army deployed there. Military historians estimate it was just 500-strong at the time and had also suffered defections by Muslim soldiers. Flushed with victory, the
1184:. Accessed 3 Dec. 2023. "The young leader of the invasion's advance guard was jubilant. The operation could not have been more successful. The route to Srinagar lay open before the Pathans, 135 miles of paved, undefended road, a promenade without danger they could complete before daybreak."
1047:
Upon the capture of
Muzaffarabad by the Pashtun tribesmen, who were jubilant over their victory and preparing to advance on Srinagar, had begun to exterminate and slaughter the non-Muslim population in Muzaffarabad.
446:
1030:
The
Pashtun tribesmen in Muzaffarabad spent three days looting and pillaging the town, killing non-Muslims and enslaving non-Muslim women. Gohar Rahman, a Pashtun tribesmen and veteran of
868:, chose to remain independent of both India and Pakistan. Hari Singh was an unpopular ruler, with the majority of his population being Muslim, while he was a Hindu. In the
1528:
919:
would invade
Kashmir in numerous areas. Each lashkar would be composed of 1,000 tribal irregulars trained by the Pakistani army. Ten would be sent to aid the rebels in
625:
439:
432:
1543:
1340:"Prem Shankar Jha. <italic>Kashmir, 1947: Rival Versions of History</italic>. New York: Oxford University Press. 1996. Pp. xii, 151. $ 15.95"
990:
within the
Muzaffarabad were only around 500 strong and were unable to repel the tribal invasion, and so the town quickly fell, opening up the route to
733:
728:
1094:
requested assistance from the Indian government, however they would only agree to aid the
Maharaja if he acceded to India. On the 26th of October,
743:
1180:
Iqbal, Khuram, and Umair Pervez Khan. “Why the First
Kashmir Insurrection Failed.” Pakistan Horizon, vol. 70, no. 3, 2017, pp. 103–16. JSTOR,
1583:
706:
618:
582:
577:
1558:
1578:
588:
738:
723:
679:
509:
1548:
611:
1568:
718:
1439:
1397:
1294:
1257:
1010:, their ultimate objective. After the victory, the terrorists were invited at dinner by Muhammad Aslam Khan Swati, a Khan of
748:
1090:. The lashkars continued their advance to Uri and Baramulla, with some reaching the outskirts of Srinagar. On the same day,
1588:
551:
531:
499:
1111:
654:
1095:
857:
760:
136:
71:
1131:
770:
635:
1006:
Upon the fall of
Muzaffarabad, the Pashtun tribesmen remained in the town for 3 days before preparing to move onto
684:
573:
456:
44:
30:
1593:
986:
797:
789:
156:
1481:"Impact of Ownership Structure and Firm Size on the Operational Risk Management of Islamic Banks in Pakistan"
1573:
976:
321:
1563:
38:
1538:
912:
664:
659:
226:
1478:
696:
1553:
370:
340:
788:
was fought between
Pakistani-backed Pashtun tribesmen and pro-Pakistani Kashmiri rebels, and the
701:
1049:
991:
972:
932:
888:
869:
765:
167:
1533:
881:
521:
283:
1479:
ADNAN; Dr. MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM KHAN; Dr. MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM KHAN; SYED IMRAN KHAN (2021-11-06).
1219:
1102:
on 26 October 1947 and Indian troops were transported by air to Srinagar by the next day.
899:
and other rebels escaped to Pakistan, seeking Pakistani intervention and to acquire arms.
892:
479:
293:
242:
178:
1207:
8:
1116:
1083:
1069:
896:
873:
865:
829:
556:
526:
255:
238:
231:
222:
1053:
821:
1502:
1435:
1393:
1355:
1290:
1253:
1022:
880:
began defying the Maharaja first by political means, before arming themselves into a
877:
568:
1492:
1427:
1385:
1347:
1282:
1245:
1215:
1136:
1011:
908:
669:
648:
541:
494:
246:
948:
Khuram Iqbal, Umair Pervez Khan, Why the First Kashmir Insurrection Failed, p. 108
424:
546:
504:
489:
484:
189:
1458:
1193:
833:
825:
1522:
1506:
1377:
1359:
1274:
953:
920:
357:
259:
1389:
1351:
1286:
1419:
1339:
1239:
1126:
1121:
1087:
1031:
928:
845:
801:
793:
603:
328:
204:
100:
92:
67:
1497:
1480:
1431:
1249:
278:
1315:
1181:
1091:
861:
674:
1160:
Defected from the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces to the Pakistani side
995:
1007:
841:
817:
308:
272:
124:
96:
1141:
980:
333:
303:
1057:
958:
916:
336:
298:
288:
935:
had high morale and were motivated by the prospects of a holy
1459:"Partition 70 years on: When tribal warriors invaded Kashmir"
1099:
936:
924:
837:
813:
796:
on 22 October 1947. The battle saw the swift defeat of the
891:, as Hari Singh sent State forces under the command of
984:
although they did not reach Muzaffarabad in time. The
1281:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 101–148,
1042:
454:
824:and the displacement of 10-20 million people. The
939:and the riches and treasures they could receive.
1520:
1197:tribesmen got down to wanton looting and arson."
1088:Provisional Government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
43:Pashtun tribesmen heading to battle in Kashmir,
1529:Battles of the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948
887:In August 1947, mass unrest broke out in the
707:1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown
619:
440:
16:Battle of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948
1194:https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41662588
633:
1384:, London: Routledge India, pp. 47–70,
1544:Massacres in Pakistan-administered Kashmir
626:
612:
447:
433:
37:
1496:
1056:state in reference to the killing of the
1272:
1034:who took part in the invasion stated,
1021:
1017:
952:
404:Jammu and Kashmir Mountain Train Battery
1418:Zutshi, Chitralekha, ed. (2017-08-31).
1214:, Oxford University Press, 2018-02-06,
1212:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
851:
1521:
1417:
1375:
1077:
1453:
1451:
1424:The Forgotten War in Kashmir: 1947–48
1237:
607:
428:
1584:20th-century mass murder in Pakistan
1371:
1369:
1220:10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.35191
1182:http://www.jstor.org/stable/44988340
902:
1559:Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir
1026:Pashtun tribesmen in Kashmir, 1947.
13:
1579:Violence against women in Pakistan
1448:
14:
1605:
1485:Journal of Business & Tourism
1366:
1132:Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts
1014:and leading figure of this war.
927:, while another ten would invade
1043:Mass killing of Hindus and Sikhs
957:
398:
377:
364:
350:
327:
315:
254:
237:
230:
221:
212:
203:
194:
183:
172:
161:
150:
130:
117:
1549:Massacres committed by Pakistan
1472:
1411:
1208:"Nehru, Jawaharlal (1889–1964)"
1112:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
836:were given three choices; join
458:Indo-Pakistani war of 1947-1948
45:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948
31:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948
1569:Massacres of Hindus in Kashmir
1344:The American Historical Review
1332:
1308:
1266:
1231:
1200:
1187:
1174:
1154:
987:Jammu and Kashmir State Forces
820:in August 1947, would see the
798:Jammu and Kashmir State Forces
790:Jammu and Kashmir State Forces
371:Jammu and Kashmir State Forces
341:Jammu and Kashmir State Forces
218:Khan Muhammad Aslam Khan Swati
1:
1279:War and Peace in Modern India
1167:
1376:Rahman, Tariq (2022-04-21),
1320:wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org
1238:Ankit, Rakesh (2016-06-17).
1001:
977:Muslim League National Guard
322:Muslim League National Guard
243:Colonel Narain Singh Sambyal
7:
1589:October 1947 events in Asia
1105:
966:
962:Muzaffarabad in present-day
10:
1610:
1273:Raghavan, Srinath (2010),
931:. The Pashtun force under
913:Prime Minister of Pakistan
807:
235:Colonel Sultan Ahmed Khan
1378:"The Kashmir War 1947–48"
872:, Muslim leaders such as
856:In the princely state of
812:Upon the independence of
697:Bangladesh Liberation War
645:
466:
410:
265:
209:Subedar Major Babar Khan
142:
110:
50:
36:
28:
23:
1147:
637:Indo-Pakistani conflicts
227:Brigadier Rajinder Singh
1390:10.4324/9781003254645-3
1316:"The Knowledge Library"
1287:10.1057/9780230277519_5
923:and were to advance to
702:1959 Canberra shootdown
474:Gilgit-Baltistan Sector
273:Pashtun tribal militias
1075:
1040:
1027:
963:
951:
786:Battle of Muzaffarabad
143:Commanders and leaders
24:Battle of Muzaffarabad
1594:Crime in Azad Kashmir
1498:10.34260/jbt.v4i1.102
1432:10.1017/9781316855607
1352:10.1086/ahr/103.1.270
1250:10.4324/9781315623184
1062:
1036:
1025:
1018:Looting and pillaging
971:On October 21, 1947,
956:
941:
895:. By September 1947,
563:Agreements-Resolution
190:Major Tufail Mohammad
99:, becomes capital of
1241:The Kashmir Conflict
893:Henry Lawrence Scott
882:full-scale rebellion
852:Situation in Kashmir
828:that were once in a
804:by these tribesmen.
157:Maj. Gen. Akbar Khan
1574:Slavery in Pakistan
1275:"Kashmir 1947–1948"
1117:Battle of Rawalakot
1084:Sardar Ibrahim Khan
1078:Political aftermath
1070:Freedom at Midnight
907:On September 12th,
897:Sardar Ibrahim Khan
874:Sardar Ibrahim Khan
866:Maharaja of Kashmir
830:Subsidiary alliance
800:and the capture of
309:Yusufzai militiamen
279:Swati tribe militia
260:Major Hira Lal Atal
1564:Massacres of Sikhs
1054:Dominique Lapierre
1028:
964:
822:Partition of India
304:Mohmand militiamen
1539:Massacres in 1947
1441:978-1-107-18197-7
1399:978-1-003-25464-5
1296:978-1-349-58988-3
1259:978-1-317-22525-6
1096:Jammu and Kashmir
1060:in Muzaffarabad,
903:Operation Gulmarg
878:Abdul Qayyum Khan
858:Jammu and Kashmir
779:
778:
713:Border skirmishes
601:
600:
596:
595:
569:Karachi Agreement
423:
422:
383:Second Battalion
299:Afridi militiamen
289:Mehsud militiamen
200:Major Nasir Khan
179:Major Zaman Kiani
137:Jammu and Kashmir
106:
105:
82:Pakistani victory
72:Jammu and Kashmir
1601:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1204:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1161:
1158:
1137:Kashmir conflict
1073:
1012:Garhi Habibullah
975:, leader of the
961:
949:
909:Liaquat Ali Khan
680:2001–02 standoff
670:Siachen conflict
649:Kashmir conflict
640:
638:
628:
621:
614:
605:
604:
574:UNSC Resolutions
522:Poonch Rebellion
469:
468:
461:
459:
449:
442:
435:
426:
425:
403:
402:
401:
382:
381:
380:
369:
368:
367:
356:
354:
353:
332:
331:
320:
319:
318:
284:Wazir militiamen
258:
251:
241:
234:
225:
217:
216:
215:
208:
207:
199:
198:
197:
188:
187:
186:
177:
176:
175:
166:
165:
164:
155:
154:
153:
135:
134:
133:
123:
121:
120:
58:October 22, 1947
52:
51:
41:
21:
20:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1554:Looting in Asia
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1382:Pakistan's Wars
1374:
1367:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1222:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1108:
1098:was acceded to
1082:On October 24,
1080:
1074:
1068:
1045:
1020:
1004:
969:
950:
947:
905:
889:Poonch district
870:Poonch district
854:
826:Princely states
810:
792:in the town of
782:
781:
780:
775:
691:Other conflicts
641:
636:
634:
632:
602:
597:
532:Tribal invasion
462:
457:
455:
453:
399:
397:
378:
376:
365:
363:
351:
349:
326:
316:
314:
294:Turi militiamen
253:
247:
236:
229:
213:
211:
202:
201:
195:
193:
192:
184:
182:
181:
173:
171:
170:
162:
160:
159:
151:
149:
131:
129:
118:
116:
88:
74:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1607:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1513:
1512:
1491:(1): 209–217.
1471:
1447:
1440:
1410:
1398:
1365:
1331:
1307:
1295:
1265:
1258:
1230:
1199:
1186:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1079:
1076:
1066:
1044:
1041:
1019:
1016:
1003:
1000:
973:Khurshid Anwar
968:
965:
945:
933:Khurshid Anwar
904:
901:
853:
850:
834:British Empire
809:
806:
777:
776:
774:
773:
768:
763:
752:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
710:
709:
704:
699:
688:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
655:War of 1947–48
646:
643:
642:
631:
630:
623:
616:
608:
599:
598:
594:
593:
592:
591:
586:
580:
571:
560:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
516:Kashmir Sector
513:
512:
510:Duck and Bison
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
467:
464:
463:
452:
451:
444:
437:
429:
421:
420:
417:
413:
412:
408:
407:
406:
405:
395:
394:
393:
390:
387:
360:
312:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
268:
267:
266:Units involved
263:
262:
219:
168:Khurshid Anwar
145:
144:
140:
139:
127:
113:
112:
108:
107:
104:
103:
90:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
66:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1606:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:. Routledge.
1243:
1242:
1234:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:declared the
1085:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Larry Collins
1039:
1035:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
993:
989:
988:
982:
978:
974:
960:
955:
944:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
900:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
756:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
715:
714:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
693:
692:
686:
685:2008 standoff
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
651:
650:
644:
639:
629:
624:
622:
617:
615:
610:
609:
606:
590:
587:
584:
581:
579:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
565:
564:
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348:
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346:Supported by:
343:
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40:
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1534:Muzaffarabad
1516:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1463:. Retrieved
1461:. 2017-10-22
1423:
1413:
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1381:
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1319:
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1300:, retrieved
1278:
1268:
1240:
1233:
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1211:
1202:
1189:
1176:
1156:
1127:Muzaffarabad
1122:Azad Kashmir
1081:
1063:
1046:
1037:
1032:World War II
1029:
1005:
985:
970:
942:
929:Muzaffarabad
906:
886:
855:
844:, or remain
811:
802:Muzaffarabad
794:Muzaffarabad
785:
783:
771:J&K 2019
766:Balakot 2019
754:
753:
712:
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690:
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537:Muzaffarabad
536:
515:
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344:
325:
313:
271:
248:
148:
111:Belligerents
101:Azad Kashmir
93:Muzaffarabad
68:Muzaffarabad
29:Part of the
846:Independent
665:War of 1971
660:War of 1965
95:annexed by
87:Territorial
1523:Categories
1465:2023-12-02
1405:2023-12-24
1325:2023-12-02
1302:2023-12-02
1225:2023-12-02
1168:References
1092:Hari Singh
862:Hari Singh
675:Kargil War
1507:2521-0548
1420:"Kashmir"
1360:1937-5239
1002:Aftermath
996:Baramulla
832:with the
557:Shalateng
527:Rawalakot
392:F Company
389:E Company
386:D Company
337:Mutineers
1346:. 1998.
1106:See also
1072:, p. 351
1067:—
1008:Srinagar
967:Invasion
946:—
917:lashkars
842:Pakistan
818:Pakistan
761:LoC 2016
589:Acession
411:Strength
125:Pakistan
97:Pakistan
63:Location
1142:Kashmir
840:, join
808:Prelude
755:Strikes
744:2020–21
734:2016–18
729:2014–15
339:of the
249:†
89:changes
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981:Muslim
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542:Bagdam
495:Thorgo
490:Skardu
480:Gilgit
355:
334:Muslim
245:
122:
79:Result
1148:Notes
1100:India
937:jihad
925:Jammu
838:India
814:India
547:Pandu
505:Eraze
485:Tsari
416:4,000
1503:ISSN
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