503:. While earlier sources do not specify who dealt the king his blows, Snorri makes Thorir Hund responsible for the latter, using the spear that had killed his nephew and set the fallout between the king and Thorir in motion. During the Battle of Stiklestad, King Olaf almost killed Thorir Hund with a war hammer. However, Torstein Knarresmed managed to get between them and gave Olaf a wound right above his left knee. Shortly later Thorir Hund thrust his spear into the king's stomach before Kálfr Árnason struck the king in the throat with his sword. Torstein Knarresmed was subsequently killed by a blow in the back but was revenged later that same day by one of Thorir's men. The king's body was carried away and buried secretly in the sandy banks of the
29:
782:
720:
2501:
477:
728:
520:
659: – could not have had much time to assemble a large force. When alerted to Olaf's presence, they must have responded swiftly, considering that they met Olaf relatively far up the valley. Therefore, their action points more toward a small, hastily-arranged rally of men rather than the elaborate logistics that would have been needed to assemble a 10,000-man-strong army.
627:, Olaf was only surrounded by his most loyal followers. Neither can one expect that recruitment was especially ample in Sweden or through the sparsely-populated valleys through which Olaf travelled. Thus, Olaf's army was probably of a rather rag-tag character, an impression accentuated by tales of how local robber groups would join it as Olaf made his way down
760:, about King Olaf's standard-bearer at the battle. Foleson was able to plant the banner before he died, and it remained standing throughout the battle, even after the king fell. It was kept erect and replaced by the local populace for centuries, and a memorial stands at the site today. The most famous line of the poem,
679:
Thus, the late King's martyr status was accentuated, helping to incite common folk into revolting against the hardships enforced by the succeeding Danish rule. Propaganda proclaiming the heroic nature of Olaf's last stand made for great nation-building material in the immature
Norwegian state, where
671:
readings all but unusable, and the location of the battle site highly uncertain. On
Stiklestad, the soil is deep soil with some clay, and georadar was used in 2008, showing traces of large buildings, but not much to indicate a battlefield. As is the case with most battles mentioned in the sagas, the
666:
was a prime example) were notable largely by their absence on either side. Also, the battlefield of a hotly-contested battle between nearly 20,000 men should have produced rich archeological findings to that effect; at
Stiklestad however, these are sparse, though this is common in Norway. The rocky
268:
in 1100. Those are the only contemporary sources that mention the death of the king. After the king's canonization it was felt that the saint could not have died in such circumstances. The story of the Battle of
Stiklestad as most know it gradually developed during the two centuries following the
675:
Olaf's role in
Norwegian history had only just begun at his death. While nobles and rich farmers had expected their position to improve with the removal of the aggressive Olaf, the opposite happened. The rule of Cnut's mistress and their infant son Svein was exceedingly harsh on the people. The
687:
Olaf was a rather stubborn and rash ruler. Modern historians generally agree that Olaf was inclined to violence and brutality. Ironically, he became Norway's patron saint. His canonization was performed only a year after his death by the bishop of
Nidaros. The cult of Olaf not only unified the
684:, as reflected in the description of an ill-fated 'blooded red sun', which was interpreted as a certain omen of bad things to come. However, the solar eclipse took place at about 2:00 p.m. on August 31 that year contrary to the traditional date of the battle on July 29.
562:
behind the high altar. This reliquary took the form of a miniature church, common to medieval reliquaries containing the entire body of a saint, but was unique in that it is said to have had dragon heads at the apex of the gables similar to those still seen on
Norwegian
631:. The recruitment of robber gangs and other scofflaws was likely no surprise to the polytheistic heathens that opposed Olaf's attempts to forcibly convert them by murdering and torturing regional Jarls and Kings to terrorize them into accepting Christianity.
571:
period, Olaf's body was removed from this reliquary, which was melted down for coinage by order of the Dano-Norwegian king. His remains were reburied somewhere in
Nidaros Cathedral – exactly where is still today an unsolved mystery. Queen
699: – the eternal king of Norway, wielded a unifying power no foreign monarch could hope to undo. Cnut, most distracted by the task of administering England, managed to rule Norway for five years after the battle through his viceroy son
810:) is an outdoor theatre performance played every end of July in Stiklestad. In July 1954, the owner of the farm at Stiklestad gave permission for the performance of a play based on the battle on his property. The play was written by
306:
and various descendants of Harald
Fairhair would spend the next century interlocked in feuds over power. As well as power politics, religion also played a part in these conflicts, as two of the descendants of Harald Fairhair,
747:
is a monument in the
Stiklestad National Cultural Center. It was erected in 1807 in memory of the Battle of Stiklestad. The memorial is one of the oldest preserved public monuments in Norway.
247:), was also present at the battle. Harald was only fifteen when the battle of Stiklestad took place. He became King of Norway in 1047, until his death in a failed invasion of England at the
680:
the warrior ethic of the Vikings and their gods and goddesses were still highly revered. According to Snorri, even nature lent a hand, as the day of the battle coincided with a nearly-full
487:
According to Snorri, Olaf received three severe wounds – in the knee, in the neck, and while leaning against a large stone the final mortal spear thrust up under his
707:(dubbed 'the Good') laid claim to the Norwegian throne, Cnut had to yield. Thus, a century of prosperity and expansion followed, lasting until the kingdom again descended into the
637:
reports that Anund Jacob could not raise support of an invasion of Norway among the Swedes and could only provide Olaf with a smaller force made out of his personal soldiers.
1111:
940:
2518:
983:
254:
The authenticity of the battle as a historical event is subject to question. Contemporary sources say the king was murdered. According to the
491:
shirt and into his belly. According to saga sources, Thorir was among those who gave Olaf his lethal wounds, together with Kálfr Árnason and
1411:
876:
1005:
1380:
2458:
2476:
558:
was built in Trondheim on the site of his original burial place. Olaf's body was moved to this church and enshrined in a silver
2562:
352:
Olav Haraldsson's success in becoming King of Norway was helped by the Danes being kept occupied with the ongoing fighting in
1355:
1341:
1313:
1299:
1285:
1245:
1050:
551:) was erected on top of the stone against which St Olaf died. The stone is supposedly still inside the altar of the church.
655:
On the other hand, the opposition – basically lower nobles and grand farmers under the influence of King
1259:
1231:
1217:
1201:
2557:
1557:
1372:
1519:
775:
457:, a man who previously served Olaf. The farmer army consisted of one hundred hundred according to Snorri, which in
2572:
386:), drowned, and Olaf prepared a military expedition to reclaim the throne. Olaf was supported by the Swedish king
2582:
2481:
1689:
1115:
2471:
1739:
1544:
1404:
1327:
424:, a farm in the lower part of the valley. This was where the Battle of Stiklestad took place, as described by
1066:
937:
676:
church especially – a traditional ally of Olaf – came under greater pressure.
1620:
533:
and the hair and nails had grown since he was buried. The coffin was then moved to St. Clement's Church in
467:(Forward! Forward! Men of Christ, men of the cross, men of the king!), while that of the opposing army was
361:
688:
country, it also fulfilled the conversion of the nation, something for which the king had fought so hard.
28:
2486:
1499:
390:
who wanted to weaken Cnut's power and provided Olaf with 400 men and guides that could lead Olaf through
292:
2577:
1652:
1647:
851:
620:
makes for epic reading, its grandeur most likely must be put down to the writer's taste for the grand.
341:). In 1015, Olaf Haraldsson, representing the descendants of Harald Fairhair, returned from one of his
2504:
1684:
1591:
1584:
1562:
1397:
1026:
856:
573:
248:
269:
death of King Olaf. Since he was sainted, Olaf must have fallen in a major battle for Christianity.
2592:
1724:
1709:
1524:
1509:
781:
593:
2587:
1839:
1729:
1719:
1714:
1534:
1514:
1471:
708:
694:
529:
The year after the battle, his grave and coffin were opened and according to Snorri the body was
2241:
1674:
1669:
1596:
1491:
667:
soil is not as well-suited to battlefield archaeology as continental or English soil. It makes
589:
568:
324:
1539:
1429:
958:
277:
During the 9th century, Norway was divided between several local kings controlling their own
265:
256:
227:
880:
1630:
1601:
1504:
1089:
800:
791:
663:
662:
Those who could have mobilized a large-scale army, the local nobles of Trøndelag (of which
440:
150:
915:
814:
and has been staged every year since 1954. Annually, people travel to Stiklestad to watch
320:
8:
2567:
2466:
1679:
1377:
652:, hoping to win acceptance for his claim to the throne amongst the farmers of Trøndelag.
492:
1849:
1701:
1640:
1529:
1461:
1437:
1095:
704:
454:
291:) managed, mainly due to the military superiority gained by his marriage alliance with
223:
201:
193:
142:
1137:
1625:
1476:
1451:
1351:
1337:
1323:
1309:
1295:
1281:
1255:
1241:
1227:
1213:
1197:
1046:
786:
648:, is to this day an unsolved mystery. Perhaps he was making a last-ditch attempt for
577:
555:
542:
480:
377:
213:
134:
114:
100:
The "Farmer Army" composed of Rival jarls, chieftains, villagers and others loyal to
2048:
1420:
1043:
From Viking stronghold to Christian kingdom: state formation in Norway, c. 900–1350
984:"Archaeologists in Norway find the church and altar of Viking king Olaf Haraldsson"
934:
425:
346:
146:
118:
1657:
1635:
1579:
1549:
1433:
1384:
944:
700:
332:
312:
308:
282:
238:
130:
811:
766:('The symbol stands, even when the man falls'), is inscribed on the memorial in
2331:
2115:
1779:
1466:
645:
597:
371:
365:
357:
261:
126:
101:
894:
461:
means 14,400, and not 10,000. He states that the battle cry of Olaf's men was
345:
trips and was immediately elected as King of Norway. In June 1016, he won the
299:, to subjugate these mini–kingdoms, and he created a unified Norwegian state.
2551:
2533:
2520:
2090:
2053:
2013:
1879:
1608:
1567:
841:
831:
681:
585:
488:
458:
303:
2192:
1784:
1774:
1757:
1574:
1206:
1190:
615:
564:
431:
316:
231:
641:
2266:
2224:
2147:
2060:
1928:
1918:
1829:
1613:
836:
819:
450:
402:
According to saga sources, Olaf traveled with his 3,600 man army through
387:
154:
93:
1099:
719:
500:
2443:
2231:
2214:
2162:
2152:
2137:
2105:
2095:
1973:
1923:
1799:
1794:
1762:
1481:
1348:
Kristningsprosessens og herskermaktens ikonografi i nordisk middelalder
1172:
523:
421:
54:
2438:
2433:
2423:
2356:
2261:
2157:
2120:
2110:
2070:
2023:
2018:
1968:
1908:
1834:
1824:
1804:
1767:
1752:
751:
624:
559:
538:
537:. Among the bishops that Olaf had brought with him from England, was
534:
530:
508:
476:
417:
1278:
Olavslegenden og den Latinske Historieskrivning i 1100-tallets Norge
644:, rather than to try to rally his relatives and political allies of
541:
and it was he that initiated the beatification of Olaf on 3 August.
2411:
2396:
2376:
2361:
2341:
2316:
2301:
2296:
2276:
2246:
2236:
2187:
2177:
2172:
2003:
1988:
1963:
1943:
1913:
1903:
1898:
1869:
1864:
1854:
1789:
1747:
1456:
1389:
767:
741:) at Verdal was established by a parliamentary resolution in 1995.
727:
672:
sizes of the battling armies are probably impossible to determine.
668:
640:
In fact, why Olaf chose to travel through the politically-hostile
2428:
2416:
2406:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2346:
2336:
2311:
2251:
2209:
2182:
2100:
2033:
2028:
2008:
1998:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1933:
1874:
1859:
1809:
1367:
649:
504:
391:
353:
328:
296:
2448:
2401:
2386:
2351:
2326:
2291:
2286:
2219:
2204:
2142:
2080:
2065:
2043:
1993:
1983:
1978:
1891:
1886:
1844:
1814:
1158:
771:
628:
596:
of Denmark, which he gave to her and which she in turn gave to
519:
407:
403:
342:
209:
58:
691:
While divisive in life, in death Olaf became –
208:) in 1030 is one of the most famous battles in the history of
2321:
2306:
2281:
2271:
2256:
2199:
2167:
2132:
2127:
2085:
2075:
1958:
1819:
1662:
846:
496:
1045:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, Univ. of Copenhagen.
264:
wrote in 1070 that Olaf was killed in an ambush, and so did
2391:
2038:
962:
656:
601:
581:
278:
85:
580:, asked for the one known remaining relic of St. Olaf, an
416:), about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of the city of
327:
of Lade took control over Norway, being supported by the
1368:
Stiklestad National Cultural Center Official Website
315:
attempted to convert the then heathen Norwegians to
302:This alliance came apart after Harald's death. The
1067:"Dead Man Converting | Christian History Magazine"
957:
612:While Snorri's description of the battles in the
2549:
1373:Stiklestad, the history, the play and the museum
33:The Death of Olaf II at the Battle of Stiklestad
1240:(Norwegian Council for Cultural Affairs, 1997)
742:
736:
632:
613:
468:
464:Fram, fram, kristsmenn, krossmenn, konungsmenn!
462:
444:
429:
411:
381:
369:
336:
286:
242:
217:
818:at what is now the largest outdoor theatre in
1405:
805:
761:
755:
546:
406:and crossed the mountains into the valley of
774:. It is also on the inscription wall in the
260:of 1030, Olaf was killed by his own people.
1436:origin primarily identified as speakers of
1210:From Viking Stronghold to Christian Kingdom
1093:Historia de antiquitate regum Norwagiensium
692:
376:). In the year of 1029 the last Lade jarl,
1412:
1398:
986:. Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning
948:(Norrøn Mytologi / Norrøn Tid © Idar Lind)
360:made an alliance with the Lades, and Olaf
1224:St Olav of Norway: King, saint and enigma
135:
780:
726:
718:
703:. However, when Olaf's illegitimate son
518:
475:
222:) was killed. During the pontificate of
2477:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
439:At Stiklestad, Olaf met an army led by
2550:
1028:Hybrid Solar Eclipse of 1030 August 31
1393:
1040:
763:Merket det stend, um mannen han stupa
735:Stiklestad National Cultural Center (
576:of Norway and Sweden, the consort of
1419:
1114:. Destination Viking. Archived from
356:. In the year 1028, the Danish king
1196:(Princeton University Press. 2014)
1112:"Stiklestad Nasjonale Kultursenter"
785:Pål Christian Eggen (above) played
13:
1265:
951:
567:. In the 16th century, during the
281:. By the end of the century, King
14:
2604:
1361:
877:"Slaget 29. juli (Slaget i 1030)"
738:Stiklestad Nasjonale Kultursenter
436:, written about 200 years later.
2500:
2499:
1280:(Museum Tusculanum Press, 2000)
1212:(Museum Tusculanum Press. 2010)
1184:
1030:(Heliophysics Science Division)
776:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
27:
16:1030 battle in Trøndelag, Norway
2482:Christianization of Scandinavia
1166:
1152:
1130:
1104:
1083:
1059:
711:over the issue of succession.'
588:in a medieval reliquary in the
2472:Christianization of the Franks
1545:Continental Germanic mythology
1304:Hjardar, Kim and Vike, Vegard
1254:(Yale University Press. 2012)
1034:
1020:
998:
976:
927:
909:
887:
879:(in Norwegian). Archived from
869:
473:(Forward! Forward! Farmers!).
420:. Olaf and his men arrived at
1:
2563:Battles involving the Vikings
1252:The Conversion of Scandinavia
862:
607:
272:
514:
338:Sveinn Haraldsson Tjúguskegg
7:
2487:Christianization of Iceland
1318:Langslet, Lars Roar (1995)
1071:Christian History Institute
897:. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
825:
349:against the jarls of Lade.
244:Haraldr Haraldsson harðráði
10:
2609:
1334:Jakten på Olav den hellige
1290:Moseng, Ole Georg, et al.
852:Legendary Saga of St. Olaf
237:His younger half-brother,
2495:
2457:
1738:
1700:
1490:
1444:
1427:
1336:(Spartacus forlag, Oslo)
920:Norsk biografisk leksikon
857:Separate Saga of St. Olaf
731:Olavsstøtta at Olavhaugen
714:
574:Josephine of Leuchtenberg
554:One hundred years later,
397:
249:Battle of Stamford Bridge
173:
160:
108:
77:
37:
26:
21:
2558:Battles involving Norway
1725:North Germanic languages
1710:Germanic parent language
1292:Norsk historie: 750–1537
938:Heimskringla Kongesagaer
1730:West Germanic languages
1720:East Germanic languages
1715:Proto-Germanic language
1535:Proto-Germanic folklore
1472:Romano-Germanic culture
1378:The Saint Olav Festival
1346:Hoftun, Oddgeir (2008)
1332:Morten, Øystein (2013)
1238:Olaf Viking & Saint
1176:(Store norske leksikon)
1162:(Store norske leksikon)
709:Civil war era in Norway
695:Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae
633:
614:
469:
445:
430:
412:
382:
370:
337:
287:
243:
218:
212:. In this battle, King
205:
2583:11th century in Norway
1041:Bagge, Sverre (2010).
1006:"Stiklestad kirkested"
806:
796:
787:King Olaf II of Norway
762:
756:
743:
737:
732:
724:
693:
590:Danish National Museum
569:Protestant Reformation
547:
526:
484:
470:Fram, fram, búandmenn!
463:
197:
109:Commanders and leaders
2534:63.79667°N 11.56667°E
1540:Anglo-Saxon mythology
1430:Ethnolinguistic group
1350:(Oslo: Solum Forlag)
1276:Ekrem, Inger; et al.
1174:Spelet om Heilag Olav
959:Store norske leksikon
807:Spelet om Heilag Olav
784:
730:
722:
522:
507:south of the city of
479:
266:Florence of Worcester
257:Anglo Saxon Chronicle
228:Roman Catholic Church
174:Casualties and losses
2573:History of Trøndelag
1118:on September 5, 2017
1090:Theodoricus Monachus
816:The Saint Olaf Drama
801:The Saint Olav Drama
792:The Saint Olav Drama
723:Memorial in Stalheim
664:Einar Thambarskelfir
598:St. Olaf's Cathedral
362:had to go into exile
319:. In the year 1000,
198:Slaget på Stiklestad
190:Battle of Stiklestad
45:29 July 1030 (trad.)
22:Battle of Stiklestad
2530: /
2467:Gothic Christianity
493:Torstein Knarresmed
428:in his famous work
293:Hákon Grjótgarðsson
69:Farmer Army victory
2539:63.79667; 11.56667
1850:Germani cisrhenani
1558:Funerary practices
1462:Pre-Roman Iron Age
1438:Germanic languages
1383:2017-09-05 at the
1322:(Oslo: Gyldendal)
1308:(Spartacus. 2011)
1294:(Aschehoug. 1999)
943:2013-06-15 at the
797:
733:
725:
527:
485:
224:Pope Alexander III
84:Olaf Haraldsson's
2578:Conflicts in 1030
2513:
2512:
1685:Gothic and Vandal
1477:Germanic Iron Age
1452:Nordic Bronze Age
1434:Northern European
1356:978-82-560-1619-8
1342:978-82-430-0565-5
1314:978-82-430-0475-7
1300:978-82-518-3739-2
1286:978-87-7289-616-8
1246:978-82-7876-004-8
1236:Myklebus, Morten
1194:Cross and Scepter
1052:978-87-635-0791-2
556:Nidaros Cathedral
548:Stiklestad kyrkje
543:Stiklestad Church
453:from Bjarkøy and
383:Hákon Sigurðarson
378:Haakon Sigurdsson
325:Eiríkr Hákonarson
321:Sveinn Hákonarson
214:Olaf II of Norway
186:
185:
115:Olaf II of Norway
73:
72:
2600:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2503:
2502:
2459:Christianization
2049:Ripuarian Franks
1421:Germanic peoples
1414:
1407:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1320:Olav den hellige
1250:Winroth, Anders
1222:Henriksen, Vera
1178:
1170:
1164:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1108:
1102:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1008:. Kulturminnesøk
1002:
996:
995:
993:
991:
980:
974:
973:
971:
970:
955:
949:
935:Snorre Sturluson
931:
925:
924:
913:
907:
906:
904:
902:
891:
885:
884:
873:
809:
765:
759:
746:
740:
698:
636:
619:
604:in August 1862.
550:
472:
466:
448:
446:Hárekr ór Þjóttu
435:
426:Snorri Sturluson
415:
385:
375:
347:Battle of Nesjar
340:
290:
288:Haraldr Hárfagri
246:
230:declared Olaf a
221:
219:Óláfr Haraldsson
137:
123:
39:
38:
31:
19:
18:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2593:Harald Hardrada
2548:
2547:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2491:
2453:
1734:
1696:
1658:Gothic alphabet
1550:Norse mythology
1486:
1440:
1423:
1418:
1385:Wayback Machine
1364:
1306:Vikinger i krig
1268:
1266:Further reading
1187:
1182:
1181:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1140:. stiklestad.no
1136:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1003:
999:
989:
987:
982:
981:
977:
968:
966:
956:
952:
945:Wayback Machine
932:
928:
922:
916:"Kalv Arnesson"
914:
910:
900:
898:
893:
892:
888:
875:
874:
870:
865:
828:
778:memorial site.
717:
610:
517:
441:Hárek of Tjøtta
400:
333:Sweyn Forkbeard
313:Olaf Tryggvason
309:Haakon the Good
283:Harald Fairhair
275:
239:Harald Hardrada
153:
151:Hárek of Tjøtta
149:
145:
131:Harald Hardrada
129:
125:
119:
61:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2606:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2588:1030 in Europe
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2116:Thracian Goths
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1467:Roman Iron Age
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1362:External links
1360:
1359:
1358:
1344:
1330:
1316:
1302:
1288:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1260:978-0300205534
1248:
1234:
1232:978-8251820554
1220:
1218:978-8763507912
1204:
1202:978-0691161501
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1165:
1151:
1129:
1103:
1082:
1058:
1051:
1033:
1019:
997:
975:
965:(in Norwegian)
950:
926:
923:(in Norwegian)
908:
886:
883:on 2009-04-08.
867:
866:
864:
861:
860:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
827:
824:
750:In 1901, poet
716:
713:
646:Eastern Norway
609:
606:
565:stave churches
516:
513:
399:
396:
358:Cnut the Great
274:
271:
262:Adam of Bremen
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
158:
157:
140:
127:Dagr Hringsson
111:
110:
106:
105:
102:Cnut the Great
98:
97:
96:
80:
79:
75:
74:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
53:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2605:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2506:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:Crimean Goths
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2054:Salian Franks
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1492:Early culture
1489:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1226:(TANO. 1985)
1225:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1207:Bagge, Sverre
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1191:Bagge, Sverre
1189:
1188:
1185:Other sources
1177:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1139:
1138:"Olavshaugen"
1133:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1007:
1001:
985:
979:
964:
960:
954:
947:
946:
942:
939:
936:
930:
921:
917:
912:
896:
890:
882:
878:
872:
868:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
832:Olavsfestival
830:
829:
823:
821:
817:
813:
808:
803:
802:
794:
793:
788:
783:
779:
777:
773:
769:
764:
758:
754:wrote a poem
753:
748:
745:
739:
729:
721:
712:
710:
706:
702:
697:
696:
689:
685:
683:
682:solar eclipse
677:
673:
670:
665:
660:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
638:
635:
630:
626:
621:
618:
617:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
566:
561:
557:
552:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
525:
521:
512:
510:
506:
505:Nidelva River
502:
498:
494:
490:
482:
478:
474:
471:
465:
460:
459:long hundreds
456:
455:Kálfr Árnason
452:
447:
442:
437:
434:
433:
427:
423:
419:
414:
409:
405:
395:
394:into Norway.
393:
389:
384:
379:
374:
373:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
304:jarls of Lade
300:
298:
294:
289:
284:
280:
270:
267:
263:
259:
258:
252:
250:
245:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
220:
215:
211:
207:
206:Stiklarstaðir
203:
199:
195:
191:
181:
178:
177:
172:
168:
165:
164:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:Kálfr Árnason
141:
138:
132:
128:
124:
122:
116:
113:
112:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:
89:
87:
82:
81:
76:
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
41:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
2515:
1785:Anglo-Saxons
1775:Adrabaecampi
1758:Bucinobantes
1500:Architecture
1347:
1333:
1319:
1305:
1291:
1277:
1271:In Norwegian
1270:
1269:
1251:
1237:
1223:
1209:
1193:
1173:
1168:
1159:
1154:
1144:September 1,
1142:. Retrieved
1132:
1122:September 1,
1120:. Retrieved
1116:the original
1106:
1092:
1085:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:
1061:
1042:
1036:
1027:
1022:
1012:September 1,
1010:. Retrieved
1000:
990:September 1,
988:. Retrieved
978:
967:. Retrieved
963:"Stiklestad"
953:
933:
929:
919:
911:
901:September 1,
899:. Retrieved
889:
881:the original
871:
815:
812:Olav Gullvåg
799:
798:
790:
757:Tord Foleson
749:
734:
690:
686:
678:
674:
661:
654:
639:
634:Heimskringla
622:
616:Heimskringla
611:
594:Frederik VII
592:, from King
553:
528:
486:
443:(Old Norse:
438:
432:Heimskringla
410:(Old Norse:
401:
380:(Old Norse:
368:(Old Norse:
351:
335:(Old Norse:
317:Christianity
301:
285:(Old Norse:
276:
255:
253:
236:
189:
187:
120:
88:and allies.
83:
78:Belligerents
2537: /
2225:Nahanarvali
2148:Hilleviones
2061:Frisiavones
1929:Cananefates
1919:Burgundians
1830:Banochaemae
1680:Anglo-Saxon
1631:Anglo-Saxon
1597:Anglo-Saxon
1580:Anglo-Saxon
1563:Anglo-Saxon
895:"A.D. 1030"
837:Olavinlinna
820:Scandinavia
744:Olavsstøtta
481:King Olaf's
451:Thorir Hund
388:Anund Jacob
366:Kievan Rus'
155:Thorir Hund
147:Þórir hundr
94:auxiliaries
2568:Stiklestad
2552:Categories
2525:11°34′00″E
2522:63°47′48″N
2444:Vinoviloth
2232:Marcomanni
2215:Helveconae
2193:Heaðobards
2163:Istvaeones
2153:Ingaevones
2138:Hermunduri
2106:Ostrogoths
2096:Greuthungi
1974:Chattuarii
1800:Angrivarii
1795:Ampsivarii
1763:Lentienses
1592:Literature
1482:Viking Age
1328:8205230390
1076:2023-07-26
969:2011-07-03
863:References
608:Evaluation
524:Saint Olaf
422:Stiklestad
273:Background
169:ca. 14,400
55:Stiklestad
2439:Vidivarii
2434:Victohali
2424:Vangiones
2357:Thuringii
2262:Nuithones
2158:Irminones
2121:Visigoths
2111:Thervingi
2071:Gambrivii
2024:Dulgubnii
2019:Dauciones
1969:Chasuarii
1909:Brondings
1835:Bastarnae
1825:Baiuvarii
1805:Armalausi
1768:Raetovari
1702:Languages
1670:Symbology
1530:Folklore
1525:Festivals
1160:Per Sivle
752:Per Sivle
642:Trøndelag
625:Gardarike
560:reliquary
539:Grimketel
535:Trondheim
531:incorrupt
515:Aftermath
509:Trondheim
418:Trondheim
372:Garðaríki
251:in 1066.
234:in 1164.
202:Old Norse
194:Norwegian
182:ca. 4,600
179:ca. 4,200
166:ca. 6,600
2505:Category
2412:Hasdingi
2397:Usipetes
2377:Tubantes
2362:Toxandri
2342:Tencteri
2317:Suarines
2302:Sicambri
2297:Semnones
2277:Reudigni
2247:Mattiaci
2237:Marsacii
2188:Lombards
2178:Lacringi
2173:Juthungi
2004:Corconti
1989:Cherusci
1964:Charudes
1944:Chaedini
1914:Bructeri
1899:Bateinoi
1870:Eburones
1865:Condrusi
1860:Caeroesi
1855:Atuatuci
1790:Ambrones
1753:Brisgavi
1748:Alemanni
1626:Paganism
1515:Clothing
1510:Calendar
1457:Germania
1381:Archived
1100:27712037
941:Archived
842:Ólavsøka
826:See also
795:in 2014.
768:Stalheim
669:georadar
501:Sunnmøre
413:Veradalr
161:Strength
92:Swedish
50:Location
2429:Varisci
2417:Silingi
2407:Vandals
2382:Tulingi
2372:Triboci
2367:Treveri
2347:Teutons
2337:Taifals
2312:Sitones
2252:Nemetes
2210:Helisii
2183:Lemovii
2101:Gutones
2034:Firaesi
2029:Favonae
2009:Cugerni
1999:Cobandi
1954:Chamavi
1949:Chaemae
1939:Casuari
1934:Caritni
1904:Betasii
1875:Paemani
1810:Auiones
1675:Warfare
1653:Scripts
1621:Numbers
1445:History
650:Nidaros
578:Oscar I
392:Dalarna
354:England
297:Nidaros
133: (
121:†
2449:Warini
2402:Vagoth
2387:Tungri
2352:Thelir
2332:Swedes
2327:Sunici
2292:Saxons
2287:Rugini
2220:Manimi
2205:Diduni
2143:Heruli
2081:Gepids
2066:Frisii
2044:Franks
1994:Cimbri
1984:Chauci
1979:Chatti
1892:Nervii
1887:Morini
1845:Belgae
1840:Batavi
1815:Avarpi
1780:Angles
1740:Groups
1690:Viking
1636:Gothic
1614:Gothic
1520:Family
1354:
1340:
1326:
1312:
1298:
1284:
1258:
1244:
1230:
1216:
1200:
1098:
1049:
772:Norway
715:Legacy
705:Magnus
629:Verdal
586:radius
408:Verdal
404:Sweden
398:Battle
343:Viking
329:Danish
226:, the
210:Norway
117:
66:Result
59:Norway
2322:Suebi
2307:Sciri
2282:Rugii
2272:Quadi
2257:Njars
2242:Marsi
2200:Lugii
2168:Jutes
2133:Harii
2128:Gutes
2086:Goths
2076:Geats
2014:Danes
1959:Chali
1880:Segni
1820:Baemi
1663:Runes
1648:Rings
1641:Norse
1609:Names
1602:Norse
1585:Norse
1568:Norse
1096:JSTOR
847:Olsok
701:Svein
497:Rovde
495:from
331:King
279:fiefs
232:saint
2392:Ubii
2039:Fosi
1924:Buri
1352:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1256:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1198:ISBN
1146:2017
1124:2017
1047:ISBN
1014:2017
992:2017
903:2017
657:Cnut
602:Oslo
582:ulna
489:mail
483:fall
323:and
311:and
188:The
86:hird
42:Date
2267:Osi
1575:Law
1505:Art
1432:of
789:in
623:In
600:in
584:or
499:in
449:),
364:in
295:of
136:WIA
2554::
1069:.
961:.
918:,
822:.
770:,
511:.
204::
200:;
196::
57:,
1552:)
1413:e
1406:t
1399:v
1148:.
1126:.
1079:.
1055:.
1016:.
994:.
972:.
905:.
804:(
545:(
241:(
216:(
192:(
139:)
104:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
