1565:
203:
When the
Norwegian royal hird had developed into a formal court, hirdman became the title of the highest of its four ranks, those magnates who were allowed to sit in the royal council (the closest feudal equivalent of a cabinet) and thus had a say in governmental and other important matters.
191:
It is used as a title, originally, even in Norse mythology, for informal companions or retainers of the powerful, in the unruly old (often still pagan) times especially as companions in arms, later more refined like courtiers, a development not unlike that of the
158:(1299–1319) the Norse titles were dropped entirely in favor of continental titles. Emphasis was put on the Norwegian king's hird as a community of equals, a chivalresque corporation of warriors in which, technically, the king was the first among equals.
145:
was read or recited. The upper levels of the hird were a recruitment ground for numerous royal officials, and most external officials were also incorporated into the hird. Somewhere during the reign of
84:, it is a medieval term – the sagas were primarily written down in the 12th century using the language of their own time. There is some uncertainty as to what the term replaced, although the term
1594:
103:(1204–1263) the Norwegian hird was no longer exclusively focused on the military function, and had acquired several subdivisions on continental patterns, with
131:, who received only half pay and served as a sort of intelligence service, and were not allowed to sit at the king's table for supper, apart from
68:'marriage', both of which can mean "body of men" or more directly linked to the term for hearthguard, or men of one's own home and hearth.
273:'body of followers' is also used in modern literature; it was even adopted by powerful Romans in the late empire, by such Latin names as
475:
1522:
1540:
353:
328:
42:. Over time, it came to mean not only the nucleus ('Guards') of the royal army but also a more formal royal court household.
249:, but seems to mean 'warrior' in the Danish literature. However they were undoubtedly some form of standing mercenary force.
1589:
621:
583:
1545:
753:
1535:
803:
608:
468:
684:
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563:
716:
711:
295:
1568:
748:
655:
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626:
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588:
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903:
793:
783:
778:
598:
578:
535:
111:, literally "candle-men", which were ceremonially required to hold candles at hird ceremonies),
1305:
738:
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660:
555:
315:
603:
493:
428:
20:
100:
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8:
1530:
743:
446:
435:
397:
913:
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181:
689:
540:
515:
349:
167:
1112:
484:
185:
93:
346:
Alfred's Wars
Sources and Interpretations of Anglo-Saxon Warfare in the Viking Age
721:
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643:
613:
497:
411:
1395:
1179:
843:
530:
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1077:
943:
672:
631:
373:
1256:
139:
day, when the entire hird was assembled and sections of their law code, the
848:
838:
821:
638:
422:
291:
1330:
1288:
1211:
1124:
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112:
58:
31:
1507:
1295:
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1226:
1216:
1201:
1169:
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1037:
987:
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545:
440:
416:
379:
155:
64:'household, family, retinue, court' or perhaps the old German cognate
1502:
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1420:
1325:
1221:
1184:
1174:
1134:
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888:
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831:
816:
403:
151:
147:
141:
132:
51:
39:
16:
Informal retinue of personal armed companions in
Scandinavian history
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330:
Anglo-Saxon
Military Institutions on the Eve of the Norman Conquest
218:
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35:
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1231:
1196:
1191:
1149:
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883:
726:
197:
193:
81:
374:
Realencyclopädie der
Klassischen Altertumswissenschaft: Hird
1455:
1102:
77:
245:
is an ambiguous term which is thought to mean 'sailor' in
188:), literally for a member of a Hird 'household, family'.
92:
is used in Danish sources for the warrior following of
150:
the older laws of the Hird were incorporated into the
384:
Konge og gode menn i norsk riksstyring ca. 1150-1319
269:
For this
Germanic tradition the German generic term
348:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydel press. p. 155.
127:, literally "table-men"). In addition there were
1595:Military units and formations of the Middle Ages
1581:
30:(also named "Håndgangne Menn" in Norwegian), in
310:See for instance, 'hirð' in Cleasby-Vigfusson,
180:) is a word in Scandinavian languages (notably
469:
500:origin primarily identified as speakers of
476:
462:
333:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 16–17.
320:
326:
38:of personal armed companions, hirdmen or
1541:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
343:
290:
1582:
457:
337:
300:. Vol. 1. The MacMillan Company.
483:
391:Norge blir en stat : 1130-1319
231:
34:history, was originally an informal
57:, (meaning Herd) again from either
13:
366:
166:For people with this surname, see
14:
1606:
1564:
1563:
76:While the term is often used in
1546:Christianization of Scandinavia
297:History of the Norwegian People
1536:Christianization of the Franks
609:Continental Germanic mythology
304:
284:
263:
154:law code. During the reign of
1:
327:Hollister, C. Warren (1962).
256:
312:Icelandic-English Dictionary
45:
7:
1551:Christianization of Iceland
207:
10:
1611:
1590:Military history of Norway
165:
161:
71:
18:
1559:
1521:
802:
764:
554:
508:
491:
789:North Germanic languages
774:Germanic parent language
224:
794:West Germanic languages
784:East Germanic languages
779:Proto-Germanic language
599:Proto-Germanic folklore
536:Romano-Germanic culture
344:Lavelle, Ryan (2010).
604:Anglo-Saxon mythology
494:Ethnolinguistic group
21:Hird (disambiguation)
50:The term comes from
19:For other uses, see
1531:Gothic Christianity
436:Sagas of Icelanders
277:or the more common
914:Germani cisrhenani
622:Funerary practices
526:Pre-Roman Iron Age
502:Germanic languages
1577:
1576:
749:Gothic and Vandal
541:Germanic Iron Age
516:Nordic Bronze Age
498:Northern European
355:978-1-84383-569-1
168:Hirdman (surname)
1602:
1567:
1566:
1523:Christianization
1113:Ripuarian Franks
485:Germanic peoples
478:
471:
464:
455:
454:
429:Óláfs saga helga
398:Konungs Skuggsjá
360:
359:
341:
335:
334:
324:
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308:
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288:
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267:
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99:By the reign of
94:Canute the Great
1610:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1603:
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1600:
1599:
1580:
1579:
1578:
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1555:
1517:
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760:
722:Gothic alphabet
614:Norse mythology
550:
504:
487:
482:
447:Fornmanna Sögur
369:
367:Further reading
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1180:Thracian Goths
1177:
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531:Roman Iron Age
528:
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394:
393:, Bergen 1974.
387:
386:, Bergen 1972.
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1155:Crimean Goths
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1118:Salian Franks
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561:
559:
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556:Early culture
553:
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389:Helle, Knut:
388:
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371:
370:
357:
351:
347:
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332:
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293:
292:Gjerset, Knut
287:
280:
276:
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266:
262:
248:
244:
240:
234:
230:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
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196:or the Roman
195:
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69:
67:
63:
60:
56:
53:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
849:Anglo-Saxons
839:Adrabaecampi
822:Bucinobantes
564:Architecture
445:
439:
427:
423:Heimskringla
421:
415:
412:Kings' sagas
402:
396:
390:
383:
372:
345:
339:
329:
322:
311:
306:
296:
286:
278:
274:
271:Gefolgschaft
270:
265:
242:
238:
233:
202:
190:
177:
173:
172:
140:
128:
125:skutilsveinr
124:
116:
109:kertilsveinr
108:
98:
89:
85:
75:
65:
61:
54:
49:
32:Scandinavian
27:
25:
1289:Nahanarvali
1212:Hilleviones
1125:Frisiavones
993:Cananefates
983:Burgundians
894:Banochaemae
744:Anglo-Saxon
695:Anglo-Saxon
661:Anglo-Saxon
644:Anglo-Saxon
627:Anglo-Saxon
380:Helle, Knut
316:online copy
247:Anglo-Saxon
113:men-at-arms
82:law codices
78:Norse sagas
59:Old English
1584:Categories
1508:Vinoviloth
1296:Marcomanni
1279:Helveconae
1257:Heaðobards
1227:Istvaeones
1217:Ingaevones
1202:Hermunduri
1170:Ostrogoths
1160:Greuthungi
1038:Chattuarii
864:Angrivarii
859:Ampsivarii
827:Lentienses
656:Literature
546:Viking Age
441:Egils Saga
417:Fagrskinna
275:bucellarii
257:References
40:housecarls
1503:Vidivarii
1498:Victohali
1488:Vangiones
1421:Thuringii
1326:Nuithones
1222:Irminones
1185:Visigoths
1175:Thervingi
1135:Gambrivii
1088:Dulgubnii
1083:Dauciones
1033:Chasuarii
973:Brondings
899:Bastarnae
889:Baiuvarii
869:Armalausi
832:Raetovari
766:Languages
734:Symbology
594:Folklore
589:Festivals
404:Hirdskraa
279:comitatus
237:The name
182:Norwegian
152:Hirdskraa
148:Magnus VI
142:Hirdskraa
133:Christmas
52:Old Norse
46:Etymology
1569:Category
1476:Hasdingi
1461:Usipetes
1441:Tubantes
1426:Toxandri
1406:Tencteri
1381:Suarines
1366:Sicambri
1361:Semnones
1341:Reudigni
1311:Mattiaci
1301:Marsacii
1252:Lombards
1242:Lacringi
1237:Juthungi
1068:Corconti
1053:Cherusci
1028:Charudes
1008:Chaedini
978:Bructeri
963:Bateinoi
934:Eburones
929:Condrusi
924:Caeroesi
919:Atuatuci
854:Ambrones
817:Brisgavi
812:Alemanni
690:Paganism
579:Clothing
574:Calendar
521:Germania
294:(1915).
243:lithsmen
219:Druzhina
214:Thingmen
208:See also
176:(plural
135:day and
117:hirdmenn
101:Håkon IV
1493:Varisci
1481:Silingi
1471:Vandals
1446:Tulingi
1436:Triboci
1431:Treveri
1411:Teutons
1401:Taifals
1376:Sitones
1316:Nemetes
1274:Helisii
1247:Lemovii
1165:Gutones
1098:Firaesi
1093:Favonae
1073:Cugerni
1063:Cobandi
1018:Chamavi
1013:Chaemae
1003:Casuari
998:Caritni
968:Betasii
939:Paemani
874:Auiones
739:Warfare
717:Scripts
685:Numbers
509:History
186:Swedish
178:Hirdmen
174:Hirdman
162:Hirdman
156:Håkon V
121:knights
105:squires
72:History
62:hir(e)d
36:retinue
1513:Warini
1466:Vagoth
1451:Tungri
1416:Thelir
1396:Swedes
1391:Sunici
1356:Saxons
1351:Rugini
1284:Manimi
1269:Diduni
1207:Heruli
1145:Gepids
1130:Frisii
1108:Franks
1058:Cimbri
1048:Chauci
1043:Chatti
956:Nervii
951:Morini
909:Belgae
904:Batavi
879:Avarpi
844:Angles
804:Groups
754:Viking
700:Gothic
678:Gothic
584:Family
410:Norse
352:
137:Easter
129:gestir
119:) and
66:heirat
1386:Suebi
1371:Sciri
1346:Rugii
1336:Quadi
1321:Njars
1306:Marsi
1264:Lugii
1232:Jutes
1197:Harii
1192:Gutes
1150:Goths
1140:Geats
1078:Danes
1023:Chali
944:Segni
884:Baemi
727:Runes
712:Rings
705:Norse
673:Names
666:Norse
649:Norse
632:Norse
225:Notes
198:comes
194:thegn
1456:Ubii
1103:Fosi
988:Buri
401:and
350:ISBN
184:and
86:hlid
80:and
55:hirð
28:hird
26:The
1331:Osi
639:Law
569:Art
496:of
241:or
239:lið
90:lið
88:or
1586::
444:,
438::
426:,
420:,
414::
382::
314:,
200:.
96:.
616:)
477:e
470:t
463:v
450:.
432:.
407:.
358:.
281:.
170:.
123:(
115:(
107:(
23:.
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