886:
842:
32:
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wing opposing him was reinforced. However, the Swedes were able to move ships from their reserves to support their right wing with a counterattack which managed to lead the
Russian left wing into disorder. Meanwhile, an increasingly strong southwesterly wind forced the Russian center deeper between converging Swedish lines. The strong winds also made it difficult for the Russians to aim their guns, a problem affecting the Swedish ships much less, as the Russian ships acted as a wavebreaker in front of them.
838:, the Swedes were able to release more ships from their reserves to bolster the Swedish left wing led by Lieutenant Colonel Hjelmstierna. Half of Hjelmstierna's ships were sent to the rear of the Russian fleet through a narrow passage between Legma and Kutsalö which in turn forced the Russian right wing to deploy accordingly. However, movement to the back of the line was read as a signal to withdraw by the Russian left wing which started its retreat leaving the Russian center to face the Swedes alone.
150:
850:
from both sides and several
Russian ships started drifting into the Swedish battle line. Other Russian ships caught fire or were intentionally set on fire, while a few were beached to avoid sinking. At 20:00 Naussau-Siegen ordered the Russian fleet to withdraw and to destroy drifting Russian ships in order to keep them from being captured. Strong winds made the withdrawal difficult and several ships failed to escape. A few Russian ships ignored the order to withdraw and instead
263:
210:
252:
243:
696:
224:
802:, three floating batteries, 26 galleys, six schooners, four cutters, 77 gun sloops and 121 lightly armed boats. The Russian fleet carried around 900 cannons compared to 450 Swedish cannons and had clear superiority in both number of ships and men. The Russian coastal fleet was eager to attack, especially on 9 July, the anniversary of
849:
By the evening it had become apparent that the Swedes were victorious even though the
Russian center, consisting of their galleys and largest ships, continued to fight despite unfavorable winds and battle damage. At this time the Swedes were able to fire at the Russian ships from the front as well as
830:
At 08:00 on 9 July the
Russian flagship signaled the attack. By 09:30 the first ships had reached firing distance in the western flank but soon after fighting spread throughout the battle lines. The Swedish right wing under Lieutenant Colonel Törning met with increasing resistance as the Russian left
876:
The battle of
Svensksund is the biggest naval battle ever fought in the Baltic Sea: 500 ships (including supply ships and other ships not involved in combat), over 30,000 men and several thousand cannons. At Svensksund, the Swedes boasted that they destroyed 40 percent of the Russian coastal fleet.
821:
On the morning of 9 July Gustav III suddenly named
Lieutenant-Colonel Cronstedt as his flag-captain after relieving Colonel George de Frese from his duties. The reason for this sudden change was likely that de Frese had been in favor of withdrawing from Svensksund to a more favorable location while
900:
Surviving
Russian ships gathered at Frederikshamn where the badly depleted fleet was being rebuilt while the Swedish coastal fleet stayed at Svensksund. The Swedes later sent a squadron of 25 gun sloops closer to Frederikshamn but they were turned back on 5 August by the rebuilt Russian coastal
908:
on 14 August 1790. Neither side gained any territory, however all provisions in the peace treaty of Nystad from 1721 that formally infringed upon
Swedish sovereignty were cancelled. After the war the Russians started a massive fortification programme on the eastern, Russian, side of the
723:
after the escape from Vyborg. Gustav made the decision to lead the fight personally and divided his forces into four brigades under lieutenant-colonels Carl Olof
Cronstedt, Claes Hjelmstjerna, Victor von Stedingk, and Jakob Törning. Von Stedingk was to lead the center consisting of two
326:
consisted of roughly 275 ships of various sizes with a total of over 14,000 men present, of these close to 13,000 were combat personnel with 206 ships while 1,200 men and 69 ships were on transport, hospital and other various civilian duties. There were a total of about 1,300 Swedish
854:. Fighting did not end until 22:00. The wind calmed down during the night and several Russian ships tried to escape under the cover of darkness but Swedish gun sloops and yawls were sent to hunt them down, and this fighting continued until 09:00 on the morning of 10 July 1790.
350:
had roughly the same numbers as the
Swedish, 274 ships or 200 although with heavier tonnage. There were about 18,500 men in total present with between 850 and 1,000 heavy cannons and almost as many swivel guns, resulting in around 1,600 or more artillery pieces in
393:, another Russian historian finds the number of 10,000 Russian casualties, presented by some Swedish historians, as a realistic alternative of these a little over 6,000 were captured and 350 wounded, additionally 50–80 or more ships were lost.
76:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
647:, to attack Russia in 1788. The war was also initiated to distract domestic attention from political problems and for Gustav III to be able to fulfill his role as a successful and powerful monarch.
861:, five minor vessels and 300 men; others place the number of dead and wounded Swedes to around 600. Among the Russian ships that were lost were 10 "archipelago frigates" (sail/oar hybrids) and
425:
1321:
62:
869:(schooners), 16 galleys, four gun prams and floating batteries, seven bomb vessels, five gun sloops and several other small vessels. Along with 21 other ships the Swedes captured the
776:
while Hjelmstierna's left wing had 30 gun sloops and 14 gun yawls supported by 12 gun sloops and yawls from Cronstedt's brigade. The rest of Cronstedt's brigade, consisting of the
1561:
378:
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418:
785:, one galley and 36 gun sloops and yawls, was to remain in reserve and guard against a possible Russian flanking maneuver. Artillery batteries were constructed on the
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885:
494:
1517:
990:"En rysk historikers skildring av slaget vid Svensksund 1790. Kesar Ordin. Sjöhistoriska Samfundet. (translated to Swedish from Russian). pp. 15–25"
79:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
382:
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of Kråkskär (between the center and right wings) and Sandskär (between the center and left wings). On 8 July the preparations were completed.
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The Swedes suffered 171 dead and 122 seriously wounded in the action or 600–700 men in total applying the lightly wounded to the number. One
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in the Baltic. Since its formation in 1756, it had been something of an elite force within the Swedish armed forces. However, after the
1371:
719:, King Gustav made a decision to make a stand there. The Swedish coastal fleet was reinforced by 40 ships under Lieutenant-Colonel
1581:
1504:
514:
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Svensksund 1790–1940. Sveriges Flotta & Sjöhistoriska Samfundet. Förening för sjövärn och sjöfart, Stockholm. pp. 91–141
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The Russians lost at least 7,400 of 14,000 men; 1,400 dead, wounded and 6,000 captured, compared with Swedish losses of one
1479:
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683:(1788) (a tactical tie but a strategic failure for the Swedes) Gustav lost the initiative and tensions in Sweden rose. The
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since Nassau-Siegen was expecting a clear victory, having numerical superiority in ships, artillery as well as in men.
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814:, chose to commit his whole force from the south. This was done to prevent the Swedes from escaping to the shelter of
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estimates the Russian casualties to at least 9,000 men, but probably more considering the fact that captured Russian
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who put the casualties to 7,369 men while another writer (Poselt) puts them as high as 14,648 men. Swedish historian
100:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Swedish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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806:'s proclamation as Empress of Russia. Recognizing the failure to decisively defeat the Swedish archipelago fleet a
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Gustav's main aim was to recapture some of the territory in Finland that had been lost to the Russians in the
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The Russian losses are unknown but were significant. A lower estimation was made by Russian naval historian
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The war was intended to be short and to be won by the assault on St Petersburg, conducted by the navy and
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675:("fleet of the army") was a separate branch of the armed forces designed for coastal operations and
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44:
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Jan Glete, "Kriget till sjöss 1788–90" in Artéus (1992), pp. 162–64 for total strength and losses.
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654:. In 1788, he launched a surprise attack against the Russian fleet. The plan was to attack
615:. The battle is the biggest Swedish naval victory and the largest naval battle ever in the
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1021:Фрагмент Главы XII. Шведско-русская война 1788–1790 гг. Штенцель. "История войны на море
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fleet. The Swedes withdrew back to Svensksund but the Russians did not give chase.
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Circumstances in the 1780s, including the war between the Russian Empire and the
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This defeat encouraged Russia to negotiate with Sweden, eventually signing the
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failed, and the Swedish Navy along with King Gustav himself, was caught in the
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on 3 July, though with heavy losses to the deep-sea navy. After retreating to
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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The Russian coastal fleet consisted of nine archipelago frigates, 13
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The battle as depicted by Swedish painter Johan Tietrich Schoultz
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Battle of Svensksund, as depicted in Nordischer Kriegsschauplaz
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Cronstedt had advocated fighting the Russians at Svensksund.
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768:. Törning had the command of the right wing consisting of 39
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1442:] (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: K. J. Gummerus Osakeyhtiö.
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Second Battle of Svensksund / Rochensalm / Ruotsinsalmi
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fleet a devastating defeat that brought an end to the
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65:
a machine-translated version of the Swedish article.
1562:Naval battles of the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
1043:Alm, Mikael (2003). "Teaterkungen på slagfältet".
939:was sunk in the battle. She was found in 1948 off
834:After no Russian ships were seen approaching from
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1510:Overview of the 1790 Swedish-Russian sea battles
1032:Slaget vid Svensksund, Peter Englund. Essä, 2015
433:
370:and one gun slope exploded, totalling six ships.
1108:"Kriget mot Ryssland och slaget vid Svensksund"
1102:
1100:
953:
94:accompanying your translation by providing an
56:Click for important translation instructions.
43:expand this article with text translated from
1416:Ericsson Wolke, Lars & Martin Hårdstedt,
1337:
1136:"Pennan & Svärdet – Pennan & Svärdet"
921:. The forts later grew into the port city of
687:on 24 August 1789 ended in a Swedish defeat.
635:, and the moving of a portion of the Russian
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623:in terms of the number of vessels involved.
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412:
16:Naval battle – Russo-Swedish War 1788–1790
1079:"The Swedish-Russian sea battles of 1790"
1047:(in Swedish). Lund: Historiska Media: 71.
658:and land a force to assault the capital,
1342:. London: Guild Publishing. p. 68.
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389:reportedly estimated 12,000 themselves.
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1485:The Swedish-Russian Sea Battles of 1790
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917:, Fort Elisabeth and the land fortress
303:50–80 ships sunk, destroyed or captured
106:{{Translated|sv|Slaget vid Svensksund}}
19:For the 1789 battle of Svensksund, see
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1025:
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407:
977:
889:Trophies from the battle taken into
301:10,000 killed, wounded and captured
25:
1420:Medströms förlag, Stockholm. 2009.
1252:Sjöhistoriskasamfundet – Svensksund
1232:"1790 Slaget vid Svensksund (Fi12)"
1042:
711:. It managed to escape through the
13:
1045:Svenska Krig och Krigiska Svenskar
331:present, of which around 860 were
14:
1593:
1480:The Sea Battle at Svensksund 1790
1457:
1338:Haythornwaite, Philip J. (1990).
808:year earlier at the same location
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810:, the Russian commander, Prince
621:largest naval battles in history
599:outside the present day city of
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1167:. Dorling Kindersley Limited.
1036:
913:, building the sea fortresses
798:s, two mortar ships, four gun
703:In 1790 an attempt to assault
366:and one gun yawl sank and one
104:You may also add the template
1:
1390:
1368:National Board of Antiquities
852:kept fighting until they sank
752:) archipelago frigates, brig
643:, prompted the Swedish king,
626:
613:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
1440:Sea safeguarding our country
880:
873:, Nassau-Siegen's flagship.
7:
699:Second Battle of Svensksund
603:on 9 and 10 July 1790. The
573:Second Battle of Svensksund
296:600–700 killed and wounded
166:9–10 July 1790 (28–29 June
142:Russo-Swedish War (1788–90)
10:
1598:
1500:The wreck of Saint Nikolai
1495:Ruotsinsalmi from the east
1490:The Swedish Navy 1788–1809
1340:The Napoleonic Source Book
893:in Stockholm, painting by
766:cannon or mortar longboats
690:
685:First Battle of Svensksund
68:Machine translation, like
21:First Battle of Svensksund
18:
1505:Description of the battle
1403:Probus, Stockholm. 1992.
825:
619:. It qualifies among the
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298:6 ships sunk or destroyed
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45:the corresponding article
1434:Mattila, Tapani (1983).
1401:Gustav III:s ryska krig.
946:
812:Charles of Nassau-Siegen
183:, south-eastern Finland)
1475:History of Russian Navy
1257:10 January 2017 at the
607:naval forces dealt the
115:For more guidance, see
1577:History of Kymenlaakso
1324:12 August 2010 at the
897:
846:
700:
580:
236:Commanders and leaders
1533:60.43333°N 26.95833°E
1469:14 April 2012 at the
1464:Vyborg and Rochensalm
1328:Retrieved 6 July 2015
1319:Historik – Svensksund
1261:Retrieved 6 July 2015
1161:Grant, R. G. (2010).
888:
844:
698:
515:Pardakoski–Kärnakoski
291:Casualties and losses
117:Knowledge:Translation
88:copyright attribution
933:The Russian frigate
247:Gustav III of Sweden
1529: /
1436:Meri maamme turvana
1273:, pp. 213–214.
1221:, pp. 212–213.
1197:, pp. 209–210.
1063:, pp. 210–211.
804:Catherine the Great
721:Carl Olof Cronstedt
256:Carl Olof Cronstedt
1538:60.43333; 26.95833
1002:on 10 January 2017
898:
847:
816:Svartholm fortress
701:
677:amphibious warfare
96:interlanguage link
1557:Conflicts in 1790
1426:978-91-7329-030-2
1085:on 20 August 2016
713:"Viborg gauntlet"
681:Battle of Hogland
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1399:Artéus, Gunnar,
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1374:on 2 August 2015
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668:skärgårdsflottan
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41:You can help
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1514:
1439:
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1431:(in Finnish)
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1414:(in Swedish)
1400:
1397:(in Swedish)
1376:. Retrieved
1372:the original
1367:
1358:
1339:
1333:
1314:
1305:
1298:Mattila 1983
1283:Mattila 1983
1278:
1271:Mattila 1983
1266:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1226:
1219:Mattila 1983
1214:
1207:Mattila 1983
1202:
1195:Mattila 1983
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1163:
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1140:the original
1115:. Retrieved
1111:
1087:. Retrieved
1083:the original
1061:Mattila 1983
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1004:. Retrieved
997:the original
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637:Baltic Fleet
630:
593:naval battle
581:Ruotsinsalmi
572:
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559:
525:Fredrikshamn
505:Baltischport
490:Svensksund I
374:
355:
343:
322:The Swedish
319:
201:Belligerents
140:Part of the
129:
92:edit summary
83:
50:
42:
1536: /
465:Porrassalmi
438:(1788–1790)
391:Kesar Ordin
333:swivel guns
1551:Categories
1524:26°57′30″E
1521:60°26′00″N
1391:References
919:Kyminlinna
915:Fort Slava
911:Kymi river
891:Storkyrkan
770:gun sloops
738:) and two
736:Starkotter
717:Svensksund
645:Gustav III
627:Background
617:Baltic Sea
589:Rochensalm
555:Vyborg Bay
550:Björkösund
535:Savitaipal
368:bomb ketch
364:gun sloops
284:18,500 men
279:14,000 men
47:in Swedish
1112:SO-rummet
881:Aftermath
774:gun yawls
764:, and 11
754:Alexander
732:Styrbjörn
656:Kronstadt
641:Black Sea
540:Kronstadt
480:Parkumäki
470:Uttismalm
281:275 ships
110:talk page
1467:Archived
1378:22 April
1322:Archived
1255:Archived
871:Catarina
787:skerries
750:Ingeborg
591:) was a
545:Uransari
510:Valkeala
475:Kaipiais
460:Kvistrum
387:officers
335:and 450
274:Strength
175:Location
86:provide
772:and 22
758:galleys
746:Torborg
727:hemmema
691:Prelude
639:to the
609:Russian
605:Swedish
585:Russian
577:Finnish
455:Kilduin
450:Hogland
108:to the
90:in the
49:.
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1424:
1407:
1346:
1237:6 July
1180:6 July
1171:
1146:6 July
1117:6 July
1089:6 July
1006:6 July
867:xebecs
863:xebecs
826:Battle
783:Norden
779:turuma
760:, two
705:Vyborg
530:Keltis
495:Kalmar
362:, two
351:total.
230:Russia
227:
216:Sweden
213:
189:Result
1567:Kotka
1438:[
1000:(PDF)
993:(PDF)
947:Notes
941:Kotka
923:Kotka
859:udema
800:prams
795:xebec
756:, 15
741:udema
601:Kotka
520:Reval
500:Elgsö
485:Öland
360:Udema
311:Notes
181:Kotka
70:DeepL
1444:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1380:2015
1344:ISBN
1239:2015
1182:2015
1169:ISBN
1148:2015
1119:2015
1091:2015
1008:2015
748:and
734:and
571:The
346:The
168:O.S.
163:Date
84:must
82:You
63:View
1473:in
72:or
1553::
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