236:
1162:. Worcester resembled Sedan in much more than outward form. Both were fought by "nations in arms", by citizen soldiers who had their hearts in the struggle, and could be trusted not only to fight their hardest but to march their best. Only with such troops would a general dare to place a deep river between the two halves of his army or to send away detachments beforehand to reap the fruits of victory, in certain anticipation of winning the victory with the remainder. The result was, in brief, one of those rare victories in which a pursuit is superfluous.
947:
822:
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upon, and had the other course, that of marching on London via
Lichfield, been taken the battle would have been fought three days earlier with the same result. Worcester itself had no particular claim to being loyal to the King. Throughout the First Civil War it had taken the pragmatic position of declaring loyalty to whichever side had been in occupation. The epithet 'Faithful City' arose out of a cynical (and unsuccessful) claim at the
1983:
1049:
1130:, the Speaker of the House of Commons, has become famous: "The dimensions of this mercy are above my thoughts. It is, for aught I know, a crowning mercy". Hence, Cromwell thought the victory was the greatest of all the favours, or mercies, given to him by God. The expression "crowning mercy" is frequently linked to the battle as it heralded the end of the English Civil War by completely destroying the last major Royalist army.
41:
243:
986:, his first victory, in 1642) failed against stubborn resistance by the Royalists (many of whom were Scottish Highlanders) commanded by Colonel Keith. By force of arms and numbers, the Royalist army was pushed backward by the New Model Army with Cromwell on the eastern bank of the Severn and Fleetwood on the western sweeping in a semicircle four miles (6 km) long up toward Worcester.
1007:. The Royalist cavalry under the command of David Leslie that was gathered on Pitchcroft meadow on the northern side of the city did not receive orders to aid the sorties and Leslie chose not to do so under his own initiative. Cromwell seeing the difficulty that his east flank was under rushed back over the Severn pontoon bridge with three brigades of troops to reinforce the flank.
765:. The London trained-bands turned out for field service no fewer than 14,000 strong. Every suspected Royalist was closely watched, and the magazines of arms in the country-houses of the gentry were for the most part removed into the strong places. On his part Cromwell had quietly made his preparations.
881:
Charles arrived at
Worcester on 22 August and spent five days in resting the troops, preparing for further operations, and gathering and arming the few recruits who came in. The delay was to prove fatal; it was a necessity of the case foreseen and accepted when the march to Worcester had been decided
877:
Presbyterians not less so, and, in basing himself on
Gloucester and Worcester as his father had done on Oxford, Charles II hoped, naturally, to deal with the Independent faction minority of the English people more effectually than Charles I had earlier dealt with the majority of the people of England
853:
on or just after 25 August and that
Cromwell, Harrison, Lambert and Fleetwood would all take part in it but the scene and the date of the denouement were changed by the Royalists' movements. Shortly after leaving Warrington the young king had resolved to abandon the direct march on London and to make
1141:
gave the militia a rousing farewell sermon "when their wives and children should ask them where they had been and what news, they should say they had been at
Worcester, where England's sorrows began, and where they were happily ended", referring to the first clash of the Royalist and Parliamentarian
994:
tower, realised that an opportunity existed to attack the now-exposed eastern flank of the
Parliamentary army. As the defenders on the Western side of the city retreated in good order into the city (although during this manoeuvre Keith was captured and Montgomery was badly wounded), Charles ordered
1183:
The people in the neighborhood appeared so ignorant and careless at
Worcester that I was provoked and asked "And do Englishmen so soon forget the ground where liberty was fought for? Tell your neighbors and your children that this is holy ground, much holier than that on which your churches stand.
1154:
Cromwell's plan of battle divided his army into three parts, each part having a specific target: Colonel Robert
Lilburne from Lancashire and Major Mercer with the Worcestershire horse were to secure Bewdley Bridge on the enemy's line of retreat. Lambert and Fleetwood were to force their way across
1039:
The defences of the city were stormed from three different directions as darkness came on, regulars and militia fighting with equal gallantry. Most of the few thousands of the
Royalists who escaped during the night were easily captured by Lilburne and Mercer, or by the militia which watched every
1070:
About 3,000 men were killed during the battle and a further 10,000 were taken prisoner at
Worcester or soon afterwards. The Earl of Derby was executed, while the other English prisoners were conscripted into the New Model Army and sent to Ireland. Around 8,000 Scottish prisoners were deported to
989:
The Royalists contested every hedgerow around Powick meadows. This stubborn resistance on the west bank of the Severn north of the Teme was becoming a serious problem for the Parliamentarians, so Cromwell led Parliamentary reinforcements from the eastern side of the town over the Severn pontoon
925:
and Worcester. Fleetwood followed Lambert with reinforcements and orders to advance north towards the Teme. This western envelopment severed the Royalists' lines of communications to Wales and the western counties of England. The Royalists were now only 16,000 strong with no hope of significant
675:
forming an additional obstacle to the south-west of Worcester. Cromwell divided his army into two main sections, divided by the Severn, in order to attack from both the east and south-west. There was fierce fighting at river crossing points and two dangerous sorties by the Royalists against the
1010:
Although they were pushed back, the Parliamentarians under Lambert were too numerous and experienced to be defeated by such a move. For an hour, the Parliamentarians retreated before the unexpected attack. However, following their reinforcement by Cromwell's three brigades, they reversed the
813:, which Harrison reached on 15 August, a few hours in front of Charles's advanced guard. Lambert too, slipping round the left flank of the enemy, joined Harrison, and the English fell back (16 August), slowly and without letting themselves be drawn into a fight, along the London road.
733:
would encourage English Presbyterians to support him against the English Independent faction which had grown in power over the last few years. The Royalist army was kept well in hand, no excesses were allowed, and in a week the Royalists covered 150 miles in marked contrast to the
1011:
situation and drove the Royalists back toward the city. The Royalist retreat turned into a rout in which Parliamentarian and Royalist forces intermingled and skirmished up to and into the city. The Royalist position became untenable when the Essex militia stormed and captured
1142:
Armies at the Battle of Powick Bridge on 23 September 1642, almost exactly nine years before. Prior to the battle King Charles II contracted the Worcester Clothiers Company to outfit his army with uniforms but was unable to pay the £453.3s bill. In June 2008
878:
who had supported the Parliamentary cause. However the pure Royalism which now ruled in the invading army could not alter the fact that it was a foreign, Scottish, army, and it was not merely an Independent faction but all England that united against it.
973:
The assault started on the morning of 3 September and initially the initiative lay with the Parliamentarians. Fleetwood forced the passage of the Teme over the pontoon bridges against Royalists under the command of Major General Montgomery. Colonel
970:, the western suburb of Worcester. While Lambert commanded the eastern flank of the army which would advance and encircle the eastern walls of Worcester, Cromwell would lead the attack on the southern ramparts of the city.
1178:
visited Fort Royal Hill at the battlefield at Worcester. John Adams wrote that he was "deeply moved" but disappointed at the locals' lack of knowledge of the battle, and gave the townspeople an "impromptu lecture",
1022:
Once in the city, Charles II removed his armour and found a fresh mount; he attempted to rally his troops but it was to no avail. A desperate Royalist cavalry charge down Sidbury Street and High Street, led by the
394:
926:
reinforcements and disheartened by the apathy with which they had been received in districts formerly all their own. Cromwell, for the only time in his military career, had a two-to-one numerical superiority.
933:
to be constructed, one over the Severn and the other over the Teme, close to their confluence. The delay allowed Cromwell to launch his attack on 3 September, one year to the day since his victory at the
1031:
amongst others, allowed King Charles to escape the city by St Martin's Gate. This cavalry force was composed of the few Midland English Royalists who had rallied to Charles II, and largely consisted of
1040:
road in Yorkshire and Lancashire. Even the country people brought in scores of prisoners, for the Royalist officers and men alike, stunned by the suddenness of the disaster, offered no resistance.
291:
785:
picking the best of the county mounted-troops to add to his own regulars. On 9 August, Charles was at Kendal, Lambert hovering in his rear, and Harrison marching swiftly to bar his way at the
1995:
387:
2178:
Cromwelliana. A chronological detail of events in which Oliver Cromwell was engaged; from the year 1642 to his death 1658: with a continuation of other transactions, to the restoration
873:, was now with Charles, and it was hoped that he would induce his fellow Presbyterians to take arms. The military quality of the Welsh border Royalists was well proved, that of the
1957:
1133:
The Parliamentary militia were sent home within a week. Cromwell, who had ridiculed "such stuff" six months ago, knew them better now. "Your new raised forces", he wrote to the
380:
284:
277:
2233:
490:
680:
to the east of the city, the Parliamentarians entered Worcester and organised Royalist resistance collapsed. Charles II was able to escape capture.
837:
in seven days, and thence, marching 20 miles a day in extreme heat with the country people carrying their arms and equipment, the regulars entered
1664:
The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: Autobiography, continued. Diary. Essays and controversial papers of the Revolution
88:
1126:
found transport to take him to safety in France. In announcing the Worcester victory of the day earlier, Cromwell's 4 September despatch to
721:
in a race to London. He hoped to rally not merely the old faithful Royalists, but also the overwhelming numerical strength of the English
2208:
790:
2004:
1965:
1884:
1232:
2218:
404:
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from 1853, depicting a fleeing Royalist after the Battle of Worcester being hidden within the trunk of a tree by a young Puritan woman
749:
However the Royalists were mistaken in supposing that the enemy was unaware. Everything had been foreseen both by Cromwell and by the
921:
Massey was severely wounded and he and his men were forced to retreat northwards along the west bank of the Severn towards the river
1155:
the Teme and attack St John's, the western suburb of Worcester. Cromwell himself and the main army were to attack the town itself.
1137:, "did perform singular good service, for which they deserve a very high estimation and acknowledgement". The New England preacher
955:
170:
1003:
and attacked the Parliamentary lines at Perry Wood. The south-eastern one through Sidbury Gate was led by Charles II and attacked
2238:
1033:
1024:
256:
187:
183:
235:
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2213:
1623:
1000:
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on 25 August and as affairs turned out Cromwell merely shifted the area of his concentration two marches to the south-west, to
2137:
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on a small hill to the south-east of Worcester overlooking the Sidbury gate), turning the Royalist guns to fire on Worcester.
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1935:
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to attack the Parliamentary forces east of the city. The north-eastern sortie through St Martin's Gate was commanded by the
735:
667:
The Royalists took up defensive positions in and around the city of Worcester. The area of the battle was bisected by the
962:, 17 miles (27 km) north of Worcester and on the enemy's line of retreat. Fleetwood was to force his way across the
556:
345:
301:
32:
2051:
1740:
2026:
1873:
1852:
1707:
1680:
1775:
905:. Lilburne entirely routed a Lancashire detachment of the enemy on their way to join the main Royalist army at the
902:
179:
693:
The King was aided by Scottish allies and was attempting to regain the throne that had been lost when his father
897:
Cromwell, the lord general, had during his march south thrown out successively two flying columns under Colonel
1210:
1058:
717:
would allow the main Scottish Royalist army which was south of the Forth to steal the march on the Roundhead
195:
1633:
520:
475:
2125:
1833:
The statesmen of the commonwealth of England: with a treatise on the popular progress in English history
2228:
1204:
979:
730:
645:
1106:, inscribed with part of Cromwell's post-victory despatch: "IT IS FOR AUGHT I KNOW A CROWNING MERCY".
778:
702:
578:
573:
568:
510:
465:
422:
2223:
1945:
1143:
975:
750:
544:
539:
527:
470:
1091:. Around 1,200 "Scotch prisoners" were taken to London; many died from disease and starvation at
1798:
1199:
1146:
paid off the 357-year-old debt (less the interest, which would have amounted to around £47,500.)
983:
967:
935:
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1817:
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2157:
1114:
included various incidents, including one of his hiding from a Parliamentarian patrol in an
858:
valley, where his father had found the most constant and the most numerous adherents in the
757:. The latter had called out the greater part of the militia on 7 August. Lieutenant-General
1755:
1111:
1063:
906:
738:
ill-fated expedition of 1648. On 8 August the troops were given a well-earned rest between
694:
583:
515:
505:
460:
350:
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and other makeshift prison camps. Parliamentary casualties numbered in the low hundreds.
8:
1004:
991:
782:
534:
146:
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1821:
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883:
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on 19 August, at which date Lambert, Harrison and the north-western militia were about
641:
480:
440:
82:
946:
2112:
1931:
1869:
1848:
1703:
1676:
1088:
1084:
914:
862:, and which had been the centre of gravity of the English Royalist movement of 1648.
758:
617:
549:
495:
427:
162:
833:
with the least efficient regiments to carry on the war in Scotland, had reached the
2126:"Fort Royal Hill, where liberty was fought for (modern picture of the earth works)"
2081:
1903:
1865:
The Last Highlander: Scotland's Most Notorious Clan Chief, Rebel & Double Agent
1175:
1127:
1115:
1028:
821:
739:
485:
323:
2106:
913:. Early on 28 August, Lambert's brigade made a surprise crossing of the Severn at
1723:
1686:
1159:
1134:
1123:
1012:
950:
Oliver Cromwell at the Battle of Worcester, 17th century painting, artist unknown
918:
898:
874:
766:
709:, where royal support was strongest. Charles, however, insisted on making war in
653:
598:
563:
355:
333:
269:
158:
1756:"Cromwell at the Battle of Worcester, 1651 Etching and engraving on chine collé"
725:
to his standard. He calculated that his alliance with the Scottish Presbyterian
676:
eastern Parliamentary force were beaten back. Following the storming of a major
2181:
1840:
1458:
1456:
1119:
1092:
959:
930:
718:
49:
2034:
2202:
2116:
2008:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 420–421.
1999:
1989:
1053:
889:
866:
806:
450:
191:
103:
90:
1453:
1239:
929:
On 30 August Cromwell delayed the start of the battle to give time for two
830:
722:
668:
417:
1690:
1431:
1429:
1950:
The Civil War in Worcestershire 1642–1646 and the Scotch invasion of 1651
1138:
1080:
1072:
838:
714:
1781:
1414:
1908:
Historical memorials relating to the Independents or Congregationalists
1426:
1171:
963:
870:
834:
810:
798:
726:
672:
2052:"BBC – Hereford and Worcester Features – Battle of Worcester pictures"
1918:
Memoirs of the Court of Charles the Second and the Boscobel Narratives
1098:
990:
bridge to aid Fleetwood. Charles II, from his vantage point on top of
954:
Cromwell took his measures deliberately. Lilburne from Lancashire and
40:
1242:. The same point had been made by the British military historian Sir
846:
842:
794:
649:
1048:
850:
802:
706:
698:
657:
142:
1988:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1700:
Worcestershire Under Arms: an English county during the Civil Wars
845:. It seemed probable that a great battle would take place between
769:
passed into his hands on 2 August and he brought back his army to
2088:
Historic Environment and Archaeology Service (25 December 2012).
1184:
All England should come in pilgrimage to this hill, once a year".
1076:
1016:
762:
677:
1402:
996:
855:
786:
743:
1333:
402:
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with a cavalry corps to harass the invaders. Major-General
1835:. Vol. 4. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans.
1558:
1441:
1390:
1910:. Vol. 3. Congregational Union of England and Wales.
1885:"Set – Charles II's escape after the Battle of Worcester"
1745:
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1374:
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1311:
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emerged for a moment from his retirement to organize the
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took place on 3 September 1651 in and around the city of
1546:
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1507:
1497:
1495:
1468:
1673:
Cromwell's Crowning Mercy The battle of Worcester 1651
1613:
1611:
1609:
1369:
1298:
713:. He calculated that Cromwell's campaign north of the
1594:
1570:
1357:
1158:
This plan was executed, and was the prototype of the
773:
by 5 August. Thence he dispatched Lieutenant-General
1777:
Familiar Short Sayings of Great Men: Oliver Cromwell
1582:
1492:
1928:
Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660
1606:
1524:
1522:
1345:
1286:
978:initial attempts to cross the Powick Bridge (where
2076:Great Britain History Civil War, 1642–1649 Sources
1276:
1274:
761:began to draw together the midland contingents at
644:and was the last major battle of the 1642 to 1651
299:
2200:
1952:. Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent and Company.
1915:Grammont, Count (1846). Sir Walter Scott (ed.).
1753:
1519:
1321:
1265:
1122:. He reached the south coast of England, and at
901:to deal with the Lancashire Royalists under the
797:levies, and the best of these as well as of the
1799:"Scottish Regiments at the Battle of Worcester"
1271:
1534:
1231:According to C.F. Atkinson, the author of the
1238:article on the Civil War, and German critic,
958:with the Worcestershire horse were to secure
388:
285:
1662:Adams, John; Adams, Charles Francis (1851).
2234:Registered historic battlefields in England
1944:
1447:
1396:
1339:
2111:. Vol. 3. Leipzig: K. R. Vogelsberg.
2080:Edited copies of primary sources from the
2027:"Battle of Worcester Society Tribute Page"
1956:
1661:
1645:
1363:
1102:Plaque near the site of the Sidbury Gate,
406:Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
395:
381:
292:
278:
16:1651 final battle of the English Civil War
1816:
1738:
1716:
1629:
1600:
1462:
1435:
1420:
1408:
869:, formerly the Parliamentary governor of
1993:
1914:
1780:. Boston: Ticknor and Co. Archived from
1617:
1474:
1384:
1315:
1097:
1047:
945:
888:
820:
1902:
1564:
2201:
2012:The Third Scottish Invasion of England
1861:
1839:
1830:
1576:
1552:
1292:
688:
2138:"Map of the Battle of Worcester 1651"
1925:
1697:
1670:
1588:
1513:
1501:
1486:
1351:
1327:
816:
376:
273:
1796:
1773:
1528:
1280:
886:for compensation from the new king.
705:, supported the plan of fighting in
2031:www.battleofworcestersociety.org.uk
1994:Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911). "
1847:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
1768:Production date 1760-1770 (ca) (ca)
13:
2209:Military history of Worcestershire
2018:
1882:
1719:"Prince will finally pay off debt"
1540:
1149:
917:, 6 miles below Worcester. In the
14:
2255:
2219:Battles of the English Civil Wars
1826:. Vol. 1. London: Macmillan.
893:Charles II of England, circa 1653
242:
1981:
1741:"Battle of Worcester – timeline"
241:
234:
39:
2194:Edited copies of primary source
2158:"The Battle of Worcester, 1651"
2156:Plant, David (20 August 2008).
1225:
2239:17th century in Worcestershire
2124:Kelsall, Andrew (7 May 2006).
1974:
701:. The commander of the Scots,
557:Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)
303:Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)
33:Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)
1:
2244:Scottish invasions of England
2214:History of Worcester, England
2105:Hoenig, Fritz August (1889).
1962:Worcestershire County Council
1823:A history of the British Army
1666:. Vol. 3. Little, Brown.
1654:
1211:The Proscribed Royalist, 1651
1059:The Proscribed Royalist, 1651
683:
52:
2184:for Machell Stace. pp.
2176:Stace, Machell, ed. (1810).
2094:Worcestershire County Counci
1253:
1043:
829:Cromwell meanwhile, leaving
809:militias were directed upon
656:defeated a largely Scottish
652:army of around 28,000 under
7:
2047:Battle of Worcester Society
1739:BBC staff (December 2003).
1702:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword.
1188:
10:
2260:
2087:
1465:, Cromwell intervenes (2).
1205:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1083:to work for landowners as
980:Prince Rupert of the Rhine
731:Solemn League and Covenant
646:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
2090:"The Battle of Worcester"
2070:Cary, Henry, ed. (1842).
1946:Willis-Bund, John William
1889:National Portrait Gallery
1792:– via Bartleby.com.
1717:BBC staff (9 June 2008).
1165:
941:
414:
311:
229:
214:
201:
152:
131:
65:
38:
30:
25:
1620:, 59. The Crowning Mercy
1218:
1144:Charles, Prince of Wales
528:Second English Civil War
2005:Encyclopædia Britannica
1926:Royle, Trevor (2006) .
1818:Fortescue, John William
1698:Atkin, Malcolm (2004).
1671:Atkin, Malcolm (1998).
1234:Encyclopædia Britannica
1200:Third English Civil War
984:Battle of Powick Bridge
729:and his signing of the
660:force of 16,000 led by
434:First English Civil War
123:Parliamentarian victory
1862:Fraser, Sarah (2012).
1754:British Museum staff.
1646:Adams & Adams 1851
1423:, Cromwell intervenes.
1244:John William Fortescue
1186:
1107:
1067:
951:
894:
826:
153:Commanders and leaders
2072:"Battle of Worcester"
1831:Foster, John (1840).
1675:. Sutton Publishing.
1438:, Charles intervenes.
1181:
1170:In early April 1786,
1101:
1087:, or else to work on
1051:
992:Worcester Cathedral's
949:
919:action which followed
892:
824:
662:Charles II of England
215:Casualties and losses
2100:on 25 December 2012.
1868:. HarperCollins UK.
1342:, pp. 233, 234.
1266:British Museum staff
1112:escape of Charles II
1085:indentured labourers
1064:John Everett Millais
907:Battle of Wigan Lane
257:class=notpageimage|
104:52.18861°N 2.22083°W
2078:. pp. 353–360.
1774:Bent, S.A. (1887).
1567:, pp. 409–410.
1489:, pp. 141–145.
1036:'s troop of horse.
689:Invasion of England
638:Battle of Worcester
147:Kingdom of Scotland
100: /
46:Battle of Worcester
26:Battle of Worcester
2037:on 20 October 2020
1797:Cone, Wm. (2003).
1555:, pp. 98–128.
1516:, pp. 126–28.
1195:Siege of Worcester
1118:in the grounds of
1108:
1068:
952:
895:
827:
817:Worcester campaign
736:Duke of Hamilton's
642:Worcester, England
611:Glencairn's rising
184:Earl of Shrewsbury
109:52.18861; -2.22083
83:Worcester, England
2229:Conflicts in 1651
1937:978-0-349-11564-1
1904:Hanbury, Benjamin
1803:Electric Scotland
1025:Earl of Cleveland
759:Charles Fleetwood
631:
630:
521:Rhunahaorine Moss
369:
368:
346:Warrington Bridge
268:
267:
188:Earl of Cleveland
163:Charles Fleetwood
127:
126:
2251:
2193:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2133:
2120:
2101:
2096:. Archived from
2082:Bodleian Library
2079:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2033:. Archived from
2010:See section 57,
2009:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1969:
1968:on 2 April 2007.
1964:. Archived from
1958:"Worcestershire"
1953:
1941:
1922:
1911:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1879:
1858:
1836:
1827:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1784:on 27 April 2015
1770:
1765:
1763:
1758:. British Museum
1750:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1713:
1694:
1667:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
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1176:Thomas Jefferson
1128:William Lenthall
1001:Duke of Hamilton
936:Battle of Dunbar
751:Council of State
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2108:Oliver Cromwell
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2019:Further reading
1996:Great Rebellion
1982:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1938:
1921:. Henry G Bohn.
1893:
1891:
1883:Fuller, Isaac.
1876:
1855:
1845:King Charles II
1841:Fraser, Antonia
1807:
1805:
1787:
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1724:BBC News Online
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1160:Battle of Sedan
1152:
1150:Battle analysis
1135:Rump Parliament
1046:
976:Richard Deane's
944:
931:pontoon bridges
899:Robert Lilburne
875:Gloucestershire
825:Oliver Cromwell
819:
781:was already at
779:Thomas Harrison
691:
686:
654:Oliver Cromwell
650:Parliamentarian
634:
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564:Whiggamore Raid
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2182:George Smeeton
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2085:
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2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2000:Chisholm, Hugh
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1650:
1648:, p. 394.
1638:
1630:Fortescue 1899
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1601:BBC staff 2008
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1591:, p. 120.
1581:
1579:, p. 304.
1569:
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1545:
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1506:
1504:, p. 602.
1491:
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1477:, p. 490.
1467:
1463:BBC staff 2003
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1440:
1436:BBC staff 2003
1425:
1421:BBC staff 2003
1413:
1411:, dawn attack.
1409:BBC staff 2003
1401:
1399:, p. 240.
1389:
1387:, p. 421.
1368:
1364:Worcestershire
1356:
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960:Bewdley Bridge
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719:New Model Army
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2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2161:
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2141:
2129:
2107:
2098:the original
2093:
2075:
2059:. Retrieved
2055:
2039:. Retrieved
2035:the original
2030:
2011:
2003:
1966:the original
1961:
1949:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:
1864:
1844:
1832:
1822:
1806:. Retrieved
1802:
1786:. Retrieved
1782:the original
1776:
1767:
1760:. Retrieved
1744:
1728:. Retrieved
1722:
1699:
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1663:
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1625:
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1565:Hanbury 1844
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1240:Fritz Hoenig
1233:
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1169:
1157:
1153:
1132:
1109:
1089:fen drainage
1069:
1057:
1038:
1021:
1009:
988:
982:had won the
972:
956:Major Mercer
953:
928:
896:
880:
864:
831:George Monck
828:
775:John Lambert
748:
703:David Leslie
692:
669:River Severn
666:
637:
635:
609:
608:
603:
555:
554:
526:
525:
511:2nd Aberdeen
466:1st Aberdeen
456:Marston Moor
432:
431:
418:Bishops Wars
416:
360:
339:
338:
313:
171:Major Mercer
167:John Lambert
132:Belligerents
45:
31:Part of the
18:
2167:2 September
2162:BCW Project
2147:2 September
2142:Google Maps
2061:2 September
2041:2 September
1975:Attribution
1894:1 September
1577:Foster 1840
1553:Fraser 1979
1293:Fraser 2012
1139:Hugh Peters
1081:West Indies
1073:New England
1034:Lord Talbot
966:and attack
884:Restoration
839:Ferrybridge
755:Westminster
727:Covenanters
715:River Forth
671:, with the
623:Dalnaspidal
501:Philiphaugh
446:Boldon Hill
423:Brig of Dee
196:Lord Newark
107: /
60: 1770
56: 1760
48:, print by
2203:Categories
2130:Flickr.com
1930:. Abacus.
1730:29 October
1655:References
1632:, p.
1589:Atkin 1998
1514:Atkin 1998
1502:Royle 2006
1487:Atkin 2004
1352:Royle 2006
1328:Atkin 2004
1214:(painting)
1172:John Adams
1079:, and the
1052:Painting,
1013:Fort Royal
871:Gloucester
835:river Tyne
811:Warrington
799:Lancashire
684:Background
673:River Teme
584:Carbisdale
516:Lagganmore
506:Annan Moor
476:Inverlochy
461:Tippermuir
351:Wigan Lane
220:700 killed
176:Charles II
92:52°11′19″N
58: – c.
2117:679863787
1529:Bent 1887
1281:Cone 2003
1254:Citations
1104:Worcester
1044:Aftermath
968:St John's
860:first war
847:Lichfield
843:Congleton
795:Yorkshire
783:Newcastle
695:Charles I
604:Worcester
535:Dunaverty
441:Newcastle
361:Worcester
249:Worcester
143:Royalists
95:2°13′15″W
1948:(1905).
1906:(1844).
1843:(1979).
1820:(1899).
1788:20 April
1189:See also
1124:Shoreham
1116:oak tree
1005:Red Hill
854:for the
851:Coventry
803:Cheshire
707:Scotland
699:executed
658:Royalist
569:Stirling
481:Auldearn
471:Carlisle
314:Scotland
202:Strength
78:Location
2002:(ed.).
1992::
1808:29 July
1691:478350M
1077:Bermuda
1017:redoubt
997:sorties
911:Evesham
763:Banbury
740:Penrith
711:England
678:redoubt
618:Tullich
550:Winwick
545:Preston
496:Kilsyth
428:Newburn
340:England
2115:
1998:". In
1986:
1934:
1872:
1851:
1762:21 May
1706:
1689:
1679:
1541:Fuller
1166:Legacy
942:Battle
856:Severn
787:Mersey
744:Kendal
599:Dundee
589:Dunbar
486:Alford
334:Dundee
324:Hieton
319:Dunbar
210:16,000
207:28,000
120:Result
1219:Notes
1015:, (a
915:Upton
771:Leith
767:Perth
491:Fyvie
356:Upton
2169:2017
2149:2017
2113:OCLC
2063:2017
2043:2017
1932:ISBN
1896:2015
1870:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1810:2015
1790:2015
1764:2023
1732:2010
1704:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1174:and
1110:The
1027:and
995:two
964:Teme
923:Teme
865:Sir
849:and
805:and
742:and
697:was
648:. A
636:The
451:York
70:Date
2190:116
2186:112
1746:BBC
1634:247
1062:by
753:in
2205::
2160:.
2140:.
2128:.
2092:.
2074:.
2054:.
2029:.
1960:.
1887:.
1801:.
1766:.
1743:.
1721:.
1687:OL
1685:.
1608:^
1521:^
1494:^
1455:^
1428:^
1371:^
1300:^
1273:^
1075:,
1056:,
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801:,
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2192:.
2188:–
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2045:.
2014:.
1940:.
1898:.
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1283:.
1268:.
1246:.
396:e
389:t
382:v
293:e
286:t
279:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
