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suffered heavy casualties en route. Another group of revolutionaries in
Wuchang planned to cross the Yangtze River to Hankou and then attack Liujiamiao behind Qing lines, but the commander of this group was drunk and did not join the assault force, which faced heavy Qing artillery barrages from the opposite bank and could not land. The Hunan reinforcements were so disgusted by what they perceived as efforts by the Hubei revolutionaries to preserve their strength, that they left the front lines and returned to Hunan, despite efforts by Li Yuanhong to clarify the misunderstanding. After seven days and nights of fierce house-to-house combat, the Qing forces gradually fought their way into the city center, capturing the Hanyang munitions factory and the revolutionaries' artillery positions on Guishan. On November 27, the revolutionaries retreated from Hanyang. Over 3,300 revolutionary fighters and residents died defending Hanyang.
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afternoon the revolutionaries regrouped and, with the help of railway workers, ambushed a train carrying Qing troops heading south. The train derailed and sent the Qing troops fleeing, and more than 400 were killed by revolutionaries. The following day the revolutionary forces, supplemented by enthusiastic volunteers, grew to more than 5,000 and captured
Liujiamiao. The revolutionaries on October 20 tried to press on to Wushengguan further north but were driven back with serious losses. Nevertheless, their victory at Liujiamiao boosted the morale of the revolutionary movement. On October 22
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505:, headed the 1st and 2nd Armies moving on Wuhan, respectively. On October 26, the Beiyang Army moved swiftly south by rail and attacked the northern suburbs of Hankou with heavy artillery and machine guns. The revolutionaries suffered over 500 killed in action and were also hampered by indecisive leadership from Zhang Jingliang, who was suspected of collaborating with the Qing government. The revolutionaries lost and then regained Liujiamiao, only to lose it to Qing troops on October 27. The Qing armies pressed into the city and the two sides engaged in fierce house-to-house fighting.
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331:. Though outnumbered by the Qing armies and possessing inferior arms, the revolutionaries fought valiantly in defense of Hankou and Hanyang. After heavy and bloody fighting, the stronger loyalist forces eventually prevailed by taking over both cities, but 41 days of determined resistance by the Revolutionary Army allowed the revolution to strengthen elsewhere as other provinces defied the Qing dynasty. The fighting ended after the commander-in-chief of the Qing forces, Gen.
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revolutionaries shelled Hankou from the
Guishan heights in Hanyang and crossed the Han River in a two-pronged attack. The revolutionaries' artillery was inaccurate and their right flank was halted by an artillery barrage from the Qing army. The left flank crossed the river alone, met stiff resistance from superior Qing forces, and was forced to retreat on the evening of the 18th, having suffered over 800 casualties.
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Yinchang, a Manchu noble, reached Hankou by rail and attempted to seize control of the city's northern suburbs. On
October 18 more than 1,000 revolutionary fighters attacked Liujiamiao, a train station guarding the northern approach to Hankou, but were driven back and retreated to Dazhimen. In the
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in Hankou. Huang Xing, against the advice of Sun Wu and others who favored defending
Hanyang, attempted to retake Hankou. Yuan Shikai, on the other side of the river, was determined to press the Qing military's local advantage to halt the momentum of the revolution nationwide. On November 17 the
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further to the west. The two sides clashed at
Sanyanqiao. On November 22 another Qing force managed to cross the Han River from Hankou and eventually captured the strategic heights in Hanyang. The revolutionaries twice sent reinforcements from Wuchang across the Yangtze River to Hanyang but
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With the cease-fire of
December 1, 1911, the conflict moved from the military arena to the political one. This was a politically calculated decision of Yuan Shikai, who understood that if the revolution, which had him indispensable to the regime, were to be fully suppressed, he would again be
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and began talks with the revolutionaries in Hankou. The cease-fire was extended by another three days, then by 15 days, and finally to the end of
December. On December 18 Yuan sent envoys on behalf of the Qing court to negotiations in Shanghai. On December 25, 1911, Sun Yat-Sen returned to
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to support the revolutionaries. On the 29th Huang led over 1,000 reinforcements to
Wuchang, which had 6,000 revolutionaries holding out against superior Qing forces. Due to inferior arms the revolutionaries suffered heavy casualties, but were supported by local residents. In retaliation, Feng
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On
November 3 Li Yuanhong handed the command of the revolutionary forces to Huang Xing. Their strength was boosted by the arrival of revolutionaries from Hunan. By then 11 provinces had broken away from the Qing regime. The Qing Navy had also defected, sending some ships to assist the
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destined to retirement. At the same time, at the Battle of Yangxia, he had demonstrated that his Beiyang Army was the most powerful in China. With his personal power at its height, he chose to maneuver politically to place himself at the top of the new political regime.
651:. In October 1912 Yuan conferred honors to commanders on both sides of the battle for their contribution to the founding of the Republic. A memorial in Wuhan was built to commemorate those who died, including 4,300 unknown soldiers, in the battle.
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During the 41-day battle, 13 other Chinese provinces joined the revolution and declared their independence from the Qing dynasty. Peace talks were held in the British concession of Hankou and then moved to
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Guozhang ordered the razing of Hankou. The fire burned for three days and destroyed much of the city. By November 1 Qing troops controlled Hankou. Both sides suffered casualties in the thousands.
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Following the setback at Liujiamiao, the Qing court removed Yinchang from command and handed formal power to Yuan Shikai, whose lieutenants in the Beiyang Army, Feng Guozhang and
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had seceded from the Qing regime and revolutionaries were threatening to take Nanjing and Shanxi. On the evening of December 1 Yuan Shikai agreed to a three-day
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At the end of November Feng Guozhang and Duan Qirui prepared and submitted plans to Yuan Shikai to take Wuchang. By then, despite Qing advantages in Wuchang,
465:, but did not initially vest him with formal powers. Yuan had been forced into retirement in 1908 because the court feared that he wielded undue influence.
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and other ships to support the revolutionaries in Wuhan. In Hanyang the revolutionaries had 13,000 soldiers arrayed against 30,000 Qing troops across the
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335:, agreed to a cease-fire and sent envoys to peace talks with the revolutionaries. Political negotiations eventually led to the abdication of the
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The Japanese wartime artist T. Minyano created a series of lithographic print illustrations of the battle, which were printed in Japan in 1920.
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The Revolutionary Army with the 19-Point Army Flag, outside the headquarters of the Republic of China Military Government in Wuchang in 1911.
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On November 21 the Qing armies launched their invasion of Hanyang. One force bypassed the revolutionaries' defense by striking from
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in Hankou. The green patch just south of the Han River represents the Guishan (Kwei-shan) Heights of Hanyang.
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in late December. The political negotiations eventually led to the abdication of the last Qing Emperor,
603:. When this was done on February 12, 1912, the Qing dynasty formally ended its 267-year reign in China.
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Shanghai from exile, and founded the Republic of China on January 1, 1912. He agreed to hand over the
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Artillerymen of the Revolutionary Army take aim on Qing Army positions during the Battle of Yangxia.
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in Wuchang in April 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution had succeeded in toppling the Qing dynasty.
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to Yuan Shikai in exchange for the latter's assistance in securing the abdication of the
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and was fought from October 18 to November 27, 1911, between the revolutionaries of the
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The Revolutionary Army firing from entrenched positions at Shilipu in Hanyang.
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Followed by a cease-fire and political negotiations with the revolutionaries
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to Wuhan to assist with military operations. The Qing court also recalled
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Soldiers of the Revolutionary Army marching past residents in Wuchang.
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their commander. On October 14, the Qing court in Beijing ordered
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and the formation of a unity government for the newly established
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The Imperial Beiyang Army traveling by rail to recapture Hankou.
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Su, Xiao (1998). "Women soldiers of the 1911 Revolution".
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led by former loyalist Yuan Shikai and revolutionaries
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both declared their independence from the Qing regime.
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to the right. Hankou and Hanyang are divided by the
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Largest military engagement of the Xinhai Revolution
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520:or Revolutionary Alliance, arrived in Hankou from
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537:Jiangsu-Zhejiang Revolutionary Army's siege of
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695:Battle of Hankou from the Imperial Army lines.
299:), was the largest military engagement of the
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389:. Dazhimen (Ta-tche-men) Station is on the
743:The revolutionary army marches on Wuchang
833:Chen Guangyuan, "武昌起义和阳夏战役述评 (3)" 《军事历史》
683:Ambush of Imperial forces at Liujiamiao.
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397:On October 10, 1911, revolutionaries in
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887:Chen Guangyuan "武昌起义和阳夏战役述评 (4)" 《军事历史》
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906:"Centenary of China's 1911 Revolution"
391:Beijing-Hankou (Peking-Hankow) Railway
323:collectively form the tri-cities of
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998:Battles involving the Qing dynasty
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86:Qing capture of Hankou and Hanyang
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359:1915 Map of the tri-cities of
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53:October 18 – November 27, 1911
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853:"阳夏战争：改变中国命运的血战之一[图]"
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611:Significance & aftermath
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445:, was ordered to sail from
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311:. The battle was waged in
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130:Women's Revolutionary Army
1003:Military history of Wuhan
926:"百年纪念 60余家辛亥后裔代表武汉公祭辛亥烈士"
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125:Hubei Revolutionary Army
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147:Hunan Revolutionary Army
954:Foreign Languages Press
409:. They quickly seized
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553:The Battle of Hanyang
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516:, two leaders of the
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269:), also known as the
993:December 1911 events
988:November 1911 events
707:Battle of Hankou (2)
469:The Battle of Hankou
983:October 1911 events
915:Accessed 2010-05-03
441:, commander of the
369:to the upper left,
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283:traditional Chinese
253:traditional Chinese
1008:Conflicts in Hubei
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375:to lower left and
296:yángxià bǎowèizhàn
275:simplified Chinese
271:Defense of Yangxia
245:simplified Chinese
760:Xinhai Revolution
601:last Qing Emperor
345:Republic of China
339:, the end of the
301:Xinhai Revolution
241:Battle of Yangxia
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29:Xinhai Revolution
22:Battle of Yangxia
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869:"程潜：辛亥革命前后回忆片断"
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508:On October 28
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435:Beiyang Army
433:to lead the
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401:launched an
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341:Qing dynasty
337:Last Emperor
309:Qing dynasty
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100:Belligerents
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645:Sun Yat-sen
624:Sun Yat-sen
620:Li Yuanhong
518:Tongmenghui
459:Yuan Shikai
447:Qinhuangdao
439:Sa Zhenbing
423:Li Yuanhong
421:, and made
333:Yuan Shikai
327:in central
221:Li Yuanhong
209:Sa Zhenbing
165:Yuan Shikai
145:Gongjinghui
142:Tongmenghui
113:Qing Empire
967:Categories
935:2011-03-29
924:(Chinese)
896:2011-03-19
885:(Chinese)
871:2011-01-19
867:(Chinese)
855:2010-07-15
851:(Chinese)
842:2011-03-19
831:(Chinese)
766:References
649:Huang Xing
592:cease-fire
574:Cease-fire
510:Huang Xing
503:Duan Qirui
351:Background
232:Huang Xing
187:Duan Qirui
779:Su (1998)
543:Han River
443:Qing Navy
387:Han River
929:Archived
909:Archived
890:Archived
836:Archived
749:See also
633:Shanghai
522:Shanghai
451:Shanghai
427:Yinchang
403:uprising
198:Yinchang
58:Location
27:Part of
950:Beijing
655:Gallery
588:Sichuan
567:Xiaogan
539:Nanjing
463:Huguang
415:Hanyang
399:Wuchang
378:Wuchang
372:Hanyang
363:, with
321:Wuchang
317:Hanyang
411:Hankou
313:Hankou
293::
291:pinyin
285::
277::
263::
261:pinyin
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78:Result
956:: 43.
492:Hunan
361:Wuhan
329:China
325:Wuhan
287:陽夏保衛戰
279:阳夏保卫战
71:China
67:Hubei
63:Wuhan
637:Puyi
622:and
512:and
494:and
429:and
413:and
315:and
257:陽夏之戰
249:阳夏之战
239:The
50:Date
449:to
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273:(
243:(
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