651:
167:
269:
1979:
572:
521:
460:
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186:(148 ft) tall and 115 centimetres (45 in) in diameter. Logs of this size are not intended to be used as structural members of the dam; rather, the bark is used for food, and sometimes to get to upper branches. It takes a beaver about 20 minutes to cut down a 15-centimetre (5.9 in) wide aspen, by gnawing a groove around the trunk in an hourglass shape. A beaver's jaws are powerful enough to cut a 1.5-centimetre (0.59 in) sapling in one bite.
74:
662:
126:
306:
148:
32:
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attract beavers, sometimes the site is unsuitable in its present condition, such as being too eroded for beavers to build a dam in their usual way. BDA builders may use construction techniques beyond the beaver's capabilities, such as driving wooden posts into the stream bed to brace horizontal branches that would otherwise be washed away. The hope is that beavers who wander by or are
557:. By stimulating the growth of species of plants that are critical to populations of songbirds in decline, beaver dams help create food and habitat. The presence of beaver dams has been shown to be associated with an increased diversity of songbirds. They can also have positive effects on local waterfowl, such as ducks, that are in need of standing water habitats.
330:
water flow when there is no rain. In other words, beaver dams smooth out water flow by increasing the area wetted by the stream. This allows more water to seep into the ground where its flow is slowed. This water eventually finds its way back to the stream. Rivers with beaver dams in their head waters have lower high water and higher low water levels.
494:, in a fit of pique, instructed its trappers to extirpate the fur-bearing animals in the area. The beaver was the first to be made locally extinct. Salmon runs fell precipitously in the following years, even though none of the factors associated with the decline of salmon runs were extant at that time.
686:
As the wetland fills up with plant debris and dries out, pasture species colonize it and the wetland may eventually become a meadow suitable for grazing in a previously forested area. This provides a valuable niche for many animals which otherwise would be excluded. Beaver dam creation also increases
721:
Humans sometimes build structures similar to beaver dams in streams, either to get the benefits of beaver dams in places without beavers, or to encourage beavers to settle in a particular area. These are often called "beaver dam analogs" (BDA) although other names are also used. When the goal is to
677:
If a beaver pond becomes too shallow due to sediment accumulation, or the tree supply is depleted, beavers will abandon the site. Eventually the dam will be breached and the water will drain out. The rich thick layer of silt, branches, and dead leaves behind the old dam is an ideal habitat for some
602:
Traditional solutions to beaver problems have been focused on the trapping and removal of all the beavers in the area. While this is sometimes necessary, it is typically a short-lived solution, as beaver populations have made a remarkable comeback in the United States (after near extirpation in the
544:
populations, likely because they provide protected areas for larvae to mature in warmer, well-oxygenated water. A study in
Alberta, Canada, showed that "Pitfall traps on beaver ponds captured 5.7 times more newly metamorphosed wood frogs, 29 times more western toads and 24 times more boreal chorus
329:
The surface of any stream intersects the surrounding water table. By raising the stream level, the gradient of the surface of the water table above the beaver dam is reduced, and water near the beaver dam flows more slowly into the stream. This may also help in reducing flood waves, and increasing
185:
Trees approaching a diameter of 90 centimetres (3.0 ft) may be used to construct a dam, although the average is 10 to 30 centimetres (3.9 to 11.8 in). Log length depends on the diameter of the tree and the size of the beaver. There are recorded cases of beavers felling trees of 45 metres
221:
show the dam did not exist in 1975, but it appeared in subsequent images. It has two or more lodges and is a combination of two original dams. Google Earth images show new dams being built which could ultimately join the main dam and increase the overall length by another 50 to 100 metres (160 to
162:
trees), rocks, mud, grass, leaves, masses of plants, and anything else available are used to build the superstructure. Beavers can transport their own weight in material; they drag logs along mudslides and float them through canals to get them in place. Once the dam has flooded enough area to the
283:
downstream, biodiversity (by providing habitat for different species), and water cleansing, both by the breakdown of toxins such as pesticides and the retention of silt by beaver dams. Beaver dams reduce erosion and decrease the turbidity that can be a limiting factor for some aquatic life. The
291:, rearing and overwintering habitat, flow refuge, and invertebrate production. Impeded fish movement because of dams, siltation of spawning habitat and low oxygen levels in ponds were the most often cited negative impacts. Benefits (184) were cited more frequently than costs (119).
447:, the production of more fixed nitrogen than the natural cycles can turn back into nitrogen gas, may be as much of a problem to Earth's ecology as carbon dioxide production. Studies have shown that beaver dams along a stream contribute to
708:
Each time the stream life cycle repeats itself another layer of organic soil is added to the bottom of the valley. The valley slowly fills and the flat area at the bottom widens. Research is sparse, but it seems likely that parts of the
451:(the conversion of nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen). Bacteria in the dirt and the plant debris, which collects at the dams, turns nitrates into nitrogen gas. The gas bubbles to the surface and mixes with the atmosphere once more.
618:
as can willows, poplars, aspens, and other North
American trees. Thus the damage by the beavers seems more severe. The beaver's disruption is not limited to human geography; beavers can destroy nesting habitat for endangered species.
108:
which protects against predators such as coyotes, wolves and bears, and holds their food during winter. These structures modify the natural environment in such a way that the overall ecosystem builds upon the change, making beavers a
341:, they can stabilize a fluctuating water table, which influences the levels of both carbon and water. In a 2017 study of beaver dam hydrology, monitored beaver dams in a Rocky Mountain peatland were found to increase
325:
above the water level. When heavy rains occur, the river or lake fills up. Afterward the dam gradually releases the extra stored water, thus somewhat reducing the height of the flood wave moving down the river.
1518:
Nummi, Petri; Suontakanen, Eeva-Maria; Holopainen, Sari; Väänänen, Veli-Matti (2019). "The effect of beaver facilitation on Common Teal: pairs and broods respond differently at the patch and landscape scales".
699:
Finally the meadow will be colonized by riverine trees, typically aspens, willows and such species which are favoured by the beaver. Beavers are then likely to recolonize the area, and the cycle begins again.
287:
In 2012, a systematic review was conducted on the impacts of beaver dams on fishes and fish habitat (biased to North
America (88%)). The most frequently cited benefits of beaver dams were increased
614:, beavers have flooded thousands of acres of land and are considered a plague. One notable difference in Tierra del Fuego from most of North America is that the trees in Tierra del Fuego cannot be
415:
Additionally, bacterial populations absorb nitrogen and phosphorus compounds as they pass by in the water stream and keep these and other nutrients in the beaver pond and the surrounding ecology.
490:. An early indication of this was seen following the 1818 agreement between the British government of Canada and the government of America allowing Americans access to the Columbia watershed. The
314:
158:
Beavers start construction by diverting the stream to lessen the water's flow pressure. Branches and logs are then driven into the mud of the stream bed to form a base. Then sticks, bark (from
369:
Beaver ponds can cause the removal of nutrients from the stream flow. Farming along the banks of rivers often increases the loads of phosphates, nitrates and other nutrients, which can cause
764:
898:
209:
Beaver dams typically range in length from a few meters to about 100 metres (330 ft). Canals can be over 0.5 kilometres (1,600 ft) long. The largest known beaver dam is in
284:
benefits may be long-term and largely unnoticed unless a catchment is monitored closely. Almost half of endangered and threatened species in North
America rely upon wetlands.
1041:
171:
144:
from being blocked by ice during the winter. In lakes, rivers and large streams with deep enough water, beavers may not build dams, and live in bank burrows and lodges.
1395:
Smith, Joseph M.; Mather, Martha E. (July 2013). "Beaver dams maintain fish biodiversity by increasing habitat heterogeneity throughout a low-gradient stream network".
860:
Abbott, Matthew; Fultz, Brandon; Wilson, Jon; Nicholson, Jody; Black, Matt; Thomas, Adam; Kot, Amanda; Burrows, Mallory; Schaffer, Benton; Benson, David (2012-01-01).
1440:
1092:
Kemp, P.S., Worthington, T.A., Langford, E.L., Tree, A.R.J. and
Gaywood, M.J., (2012). "Qualitative and quantitative effects of reintroduced beavers on stream fish".
196:, their canals may be considered an extension of their "central place" far beyond the lodge, according to a 2004â2012 study that mapped beaver ponds and cut stumps.
412:
and use it for energy. Just as algae receive energy from sunlight, these bacteria derive energy from cellulose, and form the base of a very similar food chain.
1618:
53:
630:
boat travel, impact access to food, affect water quality, and endanger downstream fish populations. Pools formed by the dams store heat, thus changing local
505:
in their ecology and notably the nutrient pulse represented by the migration of the adult salmon upstream. These nutrients help feed the juveniles after the
373:
and may contaminate drinking water. Besides silt, the beaver dam collects twigs and branches from the beavers' activity as well as leaves, notably in the
1113:
583:
Beaver dams can be disruptive; the flooding can cause extensive property damage, and, when the flooding occurs next to a railroad roadbed, it can cause
1377:
509:
has been digested. The dams provide calm water which means that the young salmon can use energy for growth rather than for navigating currents; larger
444:
603:
nineteenth century) and are likely to continually recolonize suitable habitat. Modern solutions include relatively cost-effective and low maintenance
256:
Another large beaver dam measuring 2,139 feet (650 m) long, 14 feet (4.3 m) high and 23 feet (7.0 m) thick at the base was found in
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991:
775:
397:
386:
1504:
894:
1480:
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There are several reasons why beaver dams increase salmon runs. They produce ponds that are deep enough for juvenile salmon to hide from
513:
with a food reserve have a better rate of survival when they reach the sea. Finally, beaver dams keep the water clear which favours all
1162:
Karran, Daniel J.; Westbrook, Cherie J.; BedardâHaughn, Angela (2018). "Beaver-mediated water table dynamics in a Rocky
Mountain fen".
1071:
40:
838:
1045:
566:
478:
An experimental pipe through a beaver dam, placed to allow migratory fish to cross through the dam during their spawning season
1634:"Beaver-generated disturbance extends beyond active dam sites to enhance stream morphodynamics and riparian plant recruitment"
1018:
225:
1448:
163:
proper depth to form a protective moat for the lodge (often covering many acres), beavers begin construction of the lodge.
1355:
944:
Grudzinski, Bartosz P.; Cummins, Hays; Vang, Teng Keng (2019-09-15). "Beaver canals and their environmental effects".
1723:
1698:
1610:
713:
in North
America was created, or at least added to, by the efforts of the generations of beavers that lived there.
1279:
Lazar, Julia; Addy, Kelly; Gold, Arthur; Groffman, Peter; McKinney, Richard; Kellogg, Dorothy (16 September 2015).
735:
1903:
2178:
1789:
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1422:
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A minimum water level of 0.6 to 0.9 metres (2.0 to 3.0 ft) is required to keep the underwater entrance to
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152:
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17:
1325:
210:
179:
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807:
1754:
987:
117:. They build prolifically at night, carrying mud with their forepaws and timber between their teeth.
1968:
774:(Second ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 288â310. Archived from
1015:"Exploring beaver habitat and distribution with Google Earth: The longest beaver dam in the World"
1494:
1470:
1205:
639:
491:
166:
45:
349:, which can be beneficial for preventing drought. The study also suggested potential to improve
1378:"When Beaver met Salmon: how fish-friendly flow devices keep their relationship moving forward"
1281:"Beaver Ponds: Resurgent Nitrogen Sinks for Rural Watersheds in the Northeastern United States"
1067:
723:
193:
2290:
2223:
1923:
655:
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are metabolized and decomposed by the bacteria in the cellulose-rich bottom of a beaver dam.
310:
288:
129:
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2147:
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350:
322:
257:
8:
2188:
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114:
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Some people consider that by building dams beavers are expressing tool use behaviour.
2208:
2142:
1993:
1883:
1719:
1694:
1671:
1546:
1302:
1261:
1191:
1179:
1101:
973:
961:
1558:
800:"Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections: North American beaver (Castor canadensis)"
170:
Beavers use rocks for their dam when mud and branches are less available as seen on
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2086:
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1653:
1536:
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110:
273:
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1913:
1843:
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will choose to live there and take over construction and maintenance of the dam.
688:
448:
1978:
1574:"Hydrologic and geomorphic effects of beaver dams and their influence on fishes"
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2168:
2152:
1933:
1928:
1873:
1823:
1775:
1657:
1347:
576:
571:
401:
370:
365:
Beavers that work on top of heavy snowfall make cuts that are high above ground
218:
217:, Canada, and is 775 metres (2,543 ft) long. Satellite photos provided by
78:
1762:
520:
2274:
2236:
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2003:
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957:
510:
346:
280:
240:
227:
175:
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1297:
1280:
635:
432:
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Dam building can help to restore damaged wetlands. Wetland benefits include
2246:
2173:
2008:
1908:
1838:
1828:
1675:
1306:
1265:
862:"Beaver-Dredged Canals and their Spacial Relationship to Beaver-Cut Stumps"
604:
459:
141:
1747:
474:
2198:
2048:
2033:
2018:
1958:
1863:
1611:"Dam it: beavers head north to the Arctic as tundra continues to heat up"
1247:
592:
588:
342:
334:
1541:
464:
2213:
2203:
2013:
1998:
1963:
1938:
584:
514:
1532:
1408:
763:
Baker, B.W.; Hill, E.P. (2003). Feldhammer; Thompson; Chapman (eds.).
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2134:
2114:
2109:
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2043:
1948:
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the plants the dams were made from (such as willows) to reproduce by
631:
615:
554:
502:
428:
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405:
378:
300:
159:
73:
772:
Wild
Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation
661:
2124:
1953:
1943:
1918:
1888:
1868:
1848:
1818:
1114:"Beavers cut flooding and pollution and boost wildlife populations"
506:
389:
1517:
125:
2218:
1741:
1716:
Eager: The
Surprising, Secret Life of Beavers and Why They Matter
1571:
596:
409:
382:
305:
214:
147:
82:
189:
Maintenance work on the dam and lodges is often done in autumn.
31:
2076:
2058:
1802:
740:
623:
483:
482:
Beaver dams and the associated ponds can provide nurseries for
468:
393:
374:
101:
392:. (This creates a more crystalline structure than is found in
315:
Eleven years in the Rocky
Mountains and a life on the frontier
2096:
1441:"wildlifeextra.com â wildlifeextra Resources and Information"
1321:
498:
487:
361:
1161:
2259:
1833:
1810:
1798:
610:
Introduced to an area without its natural predators, as in
541:
537:
105:
1572:
Pollock, Michael M.; Morgan Heim; Danielle Werner (2003).
921:"World's biggest beaver dam discovered in northern Canada"
859:
338:
97:
1742:"Worth a Dam" (beaver information and educational site)
579:. The dam is about 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high.
1278:
946:
Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment
943:
743:, an accumulation of wood debris on a river or stream
1604:
1602:
1042:"Explorer first to reach world's largest beaver dam"
626:to extend their habitat further north, where their
418:
222:330 ft) during the next decade. Coordinates:
1691:Beavers - Radical Rodents and Ecosystem Engineers
1599:
1139:"River Otter Beaver Trial | University of Exeter"
2272:
691:, encouraging the growth of adventitious roots.
536:Beaver dams have been shown to be beneficial to
1693:. Orca Book Publishers. pp. 81, 100â103.
980:
828:
826:
824:
1797:
1783:
1319:
866:Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science
587:by washing out the tracks. When a beaver dam
1632:Levine, Rebekah; Meyer, Grant (2019-05-31).
545:frogs than on nearby free-flowing streams."
1631:
1394:
1206:"Beavers do 'dam' good work cleaning water"
821:
1790:
1776:
356:
1688:
1682:
1665:
1540:
1471:"Beavers Helping Frogs And Toads Survive"
1296:
1255:
1232:"Global Nitrogen: Cycling out of Control"
762:
622:Warming temperatures in the Arctic allow
377:. The main component of this material is
1718:(1 ed.). Chelsea Green Publishing.
1713:
832:
660:
649:
570:
519:
473:
458:
360:
304:
267:
165:
146:
124:
72:
56:of all important aspects of the article.
1565:
1423:"Riverscapes Restoration Design Manual"
1328:from the original on September 12, 2013
1021:from the original on September 16, 2013
901:from the original on September 11, 2013
2273:
1608:
1229:
1033:
895:"15 remarkable animals that use tools"
567:Beaver eradication in Tierra del Fuego
463:Large European beaver dam near Olden,
52:Please consider expanding the lead to
1771:
1621:from the original on January 4, 2022.
1358:from the original on 14 November 2012
575:Canoeists try to run a beaver dam in
1581:American Fisheries Society Symposium
1074:from the original on August 13, 2013
1012:
841:from the original on August 11, 2013
758:
756:
645:
25:
1483:from the original on June 10, 2015.
672:
524:Smaller beaver dam on a creek near
454:
13:
1609:Milman, Oliver (January 4, 2022).
1507:from the original on May 30, 2017.
1212:. University of Exeter. 2018-05-19
1070:. Beavers: Wetlands and Wildlife.
1039:
694:
681:
438:
14:
2302:
1735:
1495:"Beavers: Dam Good For Songbirds"
1236:Environmental Health Perspectives
753:
443:Some scientists believe that the
400:monomers. Cellulose is a type of
1977:
1763:Video of a beaver building a dam
1285:Journal of Environmental Quality
1102:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00421.x
736:Environmental impacts of beavers
294:
30:
1707:
1625:
1511:
1487:
1463:
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1415:
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1313:
1272:
1223:
1198:
1155:
1131:
1106:
1086:
1060:
994:from the original on 5 May 2023
642:contributes to global warming.
419:Pesticide and herbicide removal
136:), one of two species of beaver
120:
44:may be too short to adequately
1427:lowtechpbr.restoration.usu.edu
1006:
937:
913:
887:
853:
792:
54:provide an accessible overview
1:
1322:"Beaver dam information site"
835:"Beaver pictures & facts"
747:
703:
560:
153:Lassen Volcanic National Park
988:"World's Largest Beaver Dam"
765:"Beaver (Castor canadensis)"
627:
431:into streams. Some of these
7:
1689:Backhouse, Frances (2021).
729:
553:Beaver dams help migrating
18:Beaver dam (disambiguation)
10:
2307:
1755:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1658:10.1038/s41598-019-44381-2
716:
564:
309:Beaver dam as depicted in
298:
263:
211:Wood Buffalo National Park
192:If beavers are considered
180:Alpine Meadows, California
23:Dam constructed by beavers
15:
2161:
2133:
2095:
2057:
1986:
1975:
1809:
897:. Mother Nature Network.
404:.) Many bacteria produce
1969:Waste stabilization pond
958:10.1177/0309133319873116
548:
531:
408:which can split off the
321:A beaver dam may have a
272:Beaver dam in winter in
1298:10.2134/jeq2014.12.0540
804:neurosciencelibrary.org
788:– via USDA APHIS.
665:Drained beaver pond in
654:Drained beaver pond in
423:Agriculture introduces
396:, which is composed of
357:Excess nutrient removal
204:
1714:Goldfarb, Ben (2018).
1320:Grannes, S.G. (2008).
1230:Fields, Scott (2004).
669:
658:
634:and causing localized
580:
528:
499:predatory wading birds
479:
471:
366:
318:
276:
241:58.27083°N 112.25167°W
194:central place foragers
182:
155:
137:
85:
1924:Salt evaporation pond
1445:www.wildlifeextra.com
664:
656:Adirondack State Park
653:
636:thawing of permafrost
574:
523:
477:
462:
364:
345:storage and regional
311:Frances Fuller Victor
308:
299:Further information:
289:habitat heterogeneity
271:
174:, a tributary to the
169:
150:
130:North American beaver
128:
76:
2179:Big fishâlittle pond
2148:Freshwater ecosystem
2082:Puddles on a surface
1479:. January 11, 2007.
1248:10.1289/ehp.112-a556
1048:on 24 September 2014
492:Hudson's Bay Company
351:carbon sequestration
337:in wetlands such as
301:Flood § Control
258:Three Forks, Montana
246:58.27083; -112.25167
16:For other uses, see
2189:Constructed wetland
1650:2019NatSR...9.8124L
1503:. October 9, 2008.
1451:on 20 December 2016
872:(2). Archived from
667:Allegany State Park
526:Fife Lake, Michigan
237: /
115:ecosystem engineers
2072:Coffee ring effect
1879:Infiltration basin
1859:Facultative lagoon
1749:"Beaver dam"
1638:Scientific Reports
1397:Freshwater Biology
1094:Fish and Fisheries
670:
659:
581:
529:
480:
472:
367:
319:
277:
183:
156:
138:
94:beaver impoundment
86:
2268:
2267:
2209:Pond of Abundance
2143:Aquatic ecosystem
1533:10.1111/ibi.12626
1409:10.1111/fwb.12153
1242:(10): A556âA563.
1096:, 13(2): 158â181
833:Fall, S. (2007).
678:wetland species.
646:Stream life cycle
134:Castor canadensis
71:
70:
2298:
1981:
1854:Evaporation pond
1792:
1785:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1759:
1751:
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1544:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1447:. Archived from
1437:
1431:
1430:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1403:(7): 1523â1538.
1392:
1386:
1385:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1291:(5): 1684â1693.
1276:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1176:10.1002/eco.1923
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1143:www.exeter.ac.uk
1135:
1129:
1128:
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1125:
1110:
1104:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1064:
1058:
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1055:
1053:
1044:. Archived from
1037:
1031:
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1028:
1026:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
999:
984:
978:
977:
941:
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884:
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857:
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850:
848:
846:
830:
819:
818:
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815:
806:. Archived from
796:
790:
789:
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673:Wetland creation
612:Tierra del Fuego
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1068:"About beavers"
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151:Beaver dam in
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79:Algonquin Park
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48:the key points
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295:Flood control
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62:November 2021
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2291:Dams by type
2253:Water Lilies
2252:
2247:Water garden
2227:(M C Escher)
2224:
2174:Bakki shower
2104:
2009:Natural pool
1909:Raceway pond
1839:Cooling pond
1829:Ballast pond
1753:
1715:
1709:
1690:
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1615:The Guardian
1614:
1589:. Retrieved
1584:
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1542:10138/302629
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1453:. Retrieved
1449:the original
1444:
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1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1351:
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1214:. Retrieved
1209:
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1170:(2): e1923.
1167:
1164:Ecohydrology
1163:
1157:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:
1133:
1122:. Retrieved
1120:. 2020-02-17
1118:The Guardian
1117:
1108:
1093:
1088:
1078:September 3,
1076:. Retrieved
1062:
1052:24 September
1050:. Retrieved
1046:the original
1035:
1025:September 2,
1023:. Retrieved
1008:
996:. Retrieved
982:
949:
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928:. Retrieved
924:
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905:September 3,
903:. Retrieved
889:
878:. Retrieved
874:the original
869:
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845:September 2,
843:. Retrieved
812:. Retrieved
808:the original
803:
794:
783:. Retrieved
776:the original
771:
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121:Construction
93:
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43:
41:lead section
2199:Hydric soil
2087:Seep puddle
2049:Vernal pool
2034:Stream pool
2019:Plunge pool
1884:Kettle pond
1864:Garden pond
1644:(1): 8124.
628:dams impair
593:flash flood
585:derailments
343:groundwater
335:water table
244: /
2275:Categories
2214:Pond liner
2204:Phytotelma
2135:Ecosystems
2105:Beaver dam
2014:Ocean pool
1999:Brine pool
1964:Waste pond
1939:Solar pond
1332:August 30,
1216:2021-07-09
1148:2021-05-31
1124:2021-05-31
930:2020-03-08
880:2020-03-08
814:2020-03-08
785:2020-03-08
748:References
724:brought in
711:bottomland
704:Bottomland
565:See also:
561:Disruption
515:salmonoids
429:pesticides
425:herbicides
232:112°15â˛6âłW
229:58°16â˛15âłN
172:Bear Creek
90:beaver dam
2194:Full pond
2115:Fish pond
2110:Duck pond
2067:Bird bath
2044:Tide pool
1949:Stew pond
1899:Mill pond
1894:Melt pond
1587:: 213â233
1551:1474-919X
1348:"Beavers"
1192:133775598
1184:1936-0592
1013:Thie, J.
998:8 October
974:204257682
966:0309-1333
632:hydrology
555:songbirds
503:nutrients
433:toxicants
406:cellulase
398:Îą-glucose
387:β-glucose
379:cellulose
339:peatlands
323:freeboard
160:deciduous
100:built by
46:summarize
2125:Koi pond
1954:Tailings
1944:Stepwell
1919:Sag pond
1889:Log pond
1869:Ice pond
1849:Dew pond
1819:Ash pond
1676:31148552
1619:Archived
1559:90166178
1505:Archived
1481:Archived
1356:Archived
1326:Archived
1307:26436285
1266:15238298
1072:Archived
1019:Archived
992:Archived
925:phys.org
899:Archived
839:Archived
730:See also
616:coppiced
507:yolk sac
465:Jämtland
390:monomers
2281:Beavers
2255:(Monet)
2219:Ponding
2162:Related
2059:Puddles
1803:puddles
1758:. 1921.
1667:6544642
1646:Bibcode
1591:Feb 20,
1257:1247398
717:Analogs
689:cutting
640:in turn
624:beavers
597:culvert
410:glucose
383:polymer
264:Effects
215:Alberta
102:beavers
2232:Spring
2225:Puddle
2077:Puddle
1722:
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1382:WWF.CA
1305:
1264:
1254:
1190:
1182:
972:
964:
741:Logjam
589:bursts
511:smolts
484:salmon
469:Sweden
394:starch
375:autumn
2286:Ponds
2097:Biome
1987:Pools
1811:Ponds
1799:Ponds
1577:(PDF)
1555:S2CID
1455:2 May
1362:2 May
1188:S2CID
970:S2CID
779:(PDF)
768:(PDF)
638:that
549:Birds
532:Frogs
488:trout
178:, in
96:is a
2260:Well
1959:Tarn
1834:Beel
1720:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1672:PMID
1593:2016
1547:ISSN
1521:Ibis
1457:2018
1364:2018
1334:2013
1303:PMID
1262:PMID
1180:ISSN
1080:2013
1054:2014
1027:2013
1000:2023
962:ISSN
907:2013
847:2013
542:toad
540:and
538:frog
486:and
427:and
381:, a
205:Size
113:and
106:pond
1662:PMC
1654:doi
1537:hdl
1529:doi
1525:161
1405:doi
1293:doi
1252:PMC
1244:doi
1240:112
1172:doi
1098:doi
954:doi
870:121
385:of
213:in
98:dam
92:or
81:in
2277::
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20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
