1055:. A domain expert (or business analyst) might want to specify what should happen when someone is setting up a starting configuration of the game grid. To do this, he might want to give an example of a number of steps taken by a person who is toggling cells. Skipping over the narrative part, he might do this by writing up the following scenario into a plain text document (which is the type of input document that JBehave reads):
959:. A ubiquitous language is a (semi-)formal language that is shared by all members of a software development team — both software developers and non-technical personnel. The language in question is both used and developed by all team members as a common means of discussing the domain of the software in question. In this way BDD becomes a vehicle for communication between all the different roles in a software project.
1004:
of reasons related to the technical tool that enables the execution of the specifications, then either the style of writing the behavioral requirements must be altered or the tool must be changed. The exact implementation of behavioral requirements varies per tool, but agile practice has come up with the following general process:
963:
specification: some formality is a requirement for being a ubiquitous language. In addition, having such a ubiquitous language creates a domain model of specifications, so that specifications may be reasoned about formally. This model is also the basis for the different BDD-supporting software tools that are available.
1029:), whose operation is based on the template that he suggested for recording user stories. These tools use a textual description for use cases and several other tools (such as CBehave) have followed suit. However, this format is not required and so there are other tools that use other formats as well. For example,
672:) in order to avoid issues that naturally arise. For example, BDD suggests that unit test names be whole sentences starting with a conditional verb ("should" in English for example) and should be written in order of business value. Acceptance tests should be written using the standard agile framework of a
1509:
Such a specification may exactly specify the behavior of the component being tested, but is less meaningful to a business user. As a result, specification-based testing is seen in BDD practice as a complement to story-based testing and operates at a lower level. Specification testing is often seen as
1397:
in a scenario is expected to be followed by a clause of the form "a X by Y game"). JBehave supports the matching of clauses to templates and has built-in support for picking terms out of the template and passing them to methods in the test code as parameters. The test code provides an implementation
1003:
The ubiquitous language allows business analysts to document behavioral requirements in a way that will also be understood by developers. The principle of BDD support tooling is to make these same requirements documents directly executable as a collection of tests. If this cannot be achieved because
990:
BDD requires not only test code as does TDD, but also a document that describes behavior in a more human-readable language. This requires a two-step process for executing the tests, reading and parsing the descriptions, and reading the test code and finding the corresponding test implementation to
962:
A common risk with software development includes communication breakdowns between
Developers and Business Stakeholders. BDD uses the specification of desired behavior as a ubiquitous language for the project Team members. This is the reason that BDD insists on a semi-formal language for behavioral
595:
Proponents claim it encourages collaboration among developers, quality assurance experts, and customer representatives in a software project. It encourages teams to use conversation and concrete examples to formalize a shared understanding of how the application should behave. BDD is considered an
1104:
it into clauses (a set-up clause and then three event triggers with verifiable conditions). JBehave then takes these clauses and passes them on to code that is capable of setting a test, responding to the event triggers and verifying the outcome. This code must be written by the developers in the
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The example given above establishes a user story for a software system under development. This user story identifies a stakeholder, a business effect and a business value. It also describes several scenarios, each with a precondition, trigger and expected outcome. Each of these parts is exactly
1717:
The three amigos, also referred to as a "Specification
Workshop", is a meeting where the product owner discusses the requirement in the form of specification by example with different stakeholders like the QA and development team. The key goal for this discussion is to trigger conversation and
991:
execute. This process makes BDD more laborious for developers. Proponents suggest that due to its human-readable nature the value of those documents extends to a relatively non-technical audience, and can hence serve as a communication means for describing requirements ("features").
854:
BDD does not require how this information is formatted, but it does suggest that a team should decide on a relatively simple, standardized format with the above elements. In 2007, Dan North suggested a template for a textual format which is used in multiple BDD tools. For example:
1463:
but rather use functional specifications for units that are being tested. These specifications often have a more technical nature than user stories and are usually less convenient for communication with business personnel than are user stories. An example of a specification for a
999:
In principle, a BDD support tool is a testing framework for software, much like the tools that support TDD. However, where TDD tools tend to be quite free-format in what is allowed for specifying tests, BDD tools are linked to the definition of the ubiquitous language.
1718:
identify any missing specifications. The discussion also gives a platform for QA, development team and product owner to converge and hear out each other's perspective to enrich the requirement and also make sure if they are building the right product.
718:
project. He also worked with David
Chelimsky, Aslak Hellesøy and others to develop RSpec and also to write "The RSpec Book: Behaviour Driven Development with RSpec, Cucumber, and Friends". The first story-based framework in RSpec was later replaced by
692:
BDD is a second-generation, outside-in, pull-based, multiple-stakeholder, multiple-scale, high-automation, agile methodology. It describes a cycle of interactions with well-defined outputs, resulting in the delivery of working, tested software that
782:
BDD suggests that business analysts and software developers should collaborate in this area and should specify behavior in terms of user stories, which are each explicitly documented. Each user story should, to some extent, follow the structure:
754:
TDD does not differentiate tests in terms of high-level software requirements, low-level technical details or anything in between. One way of looking at BDD therefore, is that it is an evolution of TDD which makes more specific choices.
1690:
This example shows a specification in readable language embedded in executable code. In this case a choice of the tool is to formalize the specification language into the language of the test code by adding methods named
1731:
Testing - Role of testers is to question the solution, bring up as many as different possibilities for brain storming through what-if scenarios and help make the solution more precise to fix the problem.
687:
and non-technical or business participants in a software project. During the "Agile specifications, BDD and
Testing eXchange" in November 2009 in London, Dan North gave the following description of BDD:
978:
Most BDD applications use text-based DSLs and specification approaches. However, graphical modeling of integration scenarios has also been applied successfully in practice, e.g., for testing purposes.
1436:
The primary function of this code is to be a bridge between a text file with a story and the code being tested. Note that the test code has access to the code being tested (in this case an instance of
924:
BDD suggested that the scenarios should be phrased declaratively rather than imperatively — in the business language, with no reference to elements of the UI through which the interactions take place.
1393:
and will call each method in order while running through the scenario. The text in each clause in the scenario is expected to match the template text given in the code for that clause (for example, a
1100:(as a postcondition which must be verified as the outcome of the action that follows the trigger). Based on this, JBehave is capable of reading the text file containing the scenario and
1517:, these tools tend to favor forgoing the separation of story and testing code and prefer embedding the specification directly in the test code instead. For example, an RSpec test for a
634:
BDD is a process by which DSL structured natural language statements are converted to executable tests. The result are tests that read like acceptance criteria for a given function.
1447:) into the test code. This plumbing code is not illustrated here, since it is a technical requirement of JBehave and does not relate directly to the principle of BDD-style testing.
1018:
Each individual clause in a scenario is transformed into some sort of parameter for a test for the user story. This part requires project-specific work by the software developers.
767:
the desired behavior should be specified. BDD suggests using a semi-formal format for behavioral specification which is borrowed from user story specifications from the field of
683:
Starting from this point, many people developed BDD frameworks over a period of years, finally framing it in terms of a communication and collaboration framework for developers,
1513:
Specification testing tools like RSpec and JDave are somewhat different in nature from tools like JBehave. Since they are seen as alternatives to basic unit testing tools like
1455:
A separate subcategory of behavior-driven development is formed by tools that use specifications as an input language rather than user stories. An example of this style is the
1443:
Finally, in order to run the tests, JBehave requires some plumbing code that identifies the text files which contain scenarios and which inject dependencies (like instances of
2423:
2265:
1048:
Possibly the most well-known is JBehave, which was developed by Dan North, Elizabeth Keogh and several others. The following is an example taken from that project:
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553:
711:
724:
751:
for whatever entity commissioned the software unit under construction. Within BDD practice, this is referred to as BDD being an "outside-in" activity.
507:
2124:
1918:
2046:
1088:
The bold print is not part of the input; it is included here to show which words are recognized as formal language. JBehave recognizes the terms
1398:
for each clause type in a scenario which interacts with the code that is being tested and performs a test based on the scenario. In this case:
1389:
The code has a method for every type of clause in a scenario. JBehave will identify which method goes with which clause through the use of
474:
2390:
1440:) and is very simple in nature. The test code has to be simple, otherwise a developer would end up having to write tests for his tests.
1045:
There are several different examples of BDD software tools in use in projects today, for different platforms and programming languages.
2718:
618:
At a high level, BDD is an idea about how software development should be managed by both business interests and technical insight. Its
546:
326:
1026:
747:
the "desired behavior" in this case consists of the requirements set by the business — that is, the desired behavior that has
615:
to provide software development and management teams with shared tools and a shared process to collaborate on software development.
975:, for example) and may therefore be processed in some way by a tool that understands the formal parts of the ubiquitous language.
592:(DSL) using natural-language constructs (e.g., English-like sentences) that can express the behavior and the expected outcomes.
2509:
1768:
464:
316:
2098:
2437:
2191:
2014:
539:
439:
195:
180:
676:: "Being a I want a yielding a ". Acceptance criteria should be written in terms of scenarios and implemented in classes:
1964:
Haring, Ronald (February 2011). de Ruiter, Robert (ed.). "Behavior Driven development: Beter dan Test Driven
Development".
459:
2269:
2077:
2588:
768:
612:
497:
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1459:
tool that was also originally developed by Dan North. Specification tools don't use user stories as an input format for
406:
170:
1901:
273:
396:
391:
147:
2487:
706:
It's using examples to talk through how an application behaves... And having conversations about those examples.
525:
972:
622:
involves use of specialized tools. Some tools specifically for BDD can be used for TDD. The tools automate the
416:
129:
109:
278:
2364:
1725:
Business - Role of the business user is to define the problem only and not venture into suggesting a solution
215:
205:
155:
2132:
623:
502:
230:
46:
2640:
928:
1835:
1106:
293:
2530:
LĂĽbke, Daniel; van Lessen, Tammo (2016). "Modeling Test Cases in BPMN for
Behavior-Driven Development".
1987:
Solis, Carlos; Wang, Xiaofeng (2011). "A Study of the
Characteristics of Behaviour Driven Development".
2054:
1465:
1015:
keyword in the example above). Based on this, the tool breaks each scenario up into meaningful clauses.
744:
444:
288:
175:
165:
104:
714:, followed by a story-level BDD framework for Ruby called RBehave which was later integrated into the
2723:
210:
190:
731:, which is a part of the Cucumber testing framework is one such web-based test automation software.
2713:
1746:
1741:
1052:
940:
589:
351:
220:
200:
1109:, because that is the platform JBehave is based on). In this case, the code might look like this:
2208:
1011:
The tooling directly understands completely formal parts of the ubiquitous language (such as the
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479:
361:
240:
114:
1021:
The framework then executes the test for each scenario, with the parameters from that scenario.
421:
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936:
728:
720:
702:
During an interview with Dan North at GOTO Conference in 2013, Liz Keogh defined BDD as:
336:
255:
81:
2683:
2547:
2020:
1773:
1432:
clause by comparing the state of the game grid to the expected state from the scenario.
1025:
Dan North has developed a number of frameworks that support BDD (including JBehave and
669:
454:
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2433:
2427:
2010:
1969:
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684:
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1989:
2011 37th EUROMICRO Conference on
Software Engineering and Advanced Applications
1709:
Hash should eq {} includes key hashes the correct information in a key
1728:
Development - Role of the developers involve suggesting ways to fix the problem
1034:
836:: the initial context at the beginning of the scenario, in one or more clauses;
748:
2315:
2167:
2707:
1973:
41:
779:
to behavioral specification of software using the domain-specific language.
2099:"The RSpec Book – Question about Chapter 11: Writing software that matters"
1894:
BDD in Action: Behavior-Driven
Development for the Whole Software Lifecycle
665:
578:
124:
2209:"RSpec Adds Eagerly-Awaited RBehave Functionality for Integration Testing"
1703:
section establishes the preconditions that the specification is based on.
1996:
776:
582:
2543:
2242:
1699:. Also there is the concept of a specification precondition – the
1808:
1757:
1390:
673:
2005:
2614:
2567:"Fundamentals of Enterprise-Scale Behaviour-Driven Development (BDD)"
1518:
739:
BDD suggests that software tests should be named in terms of desired
76:
1919:"Behavior-Driven Development: Simplifying the Complex Problem Space"
869:
to add items back to inventory when they are returned or exchanged,
2368:
1779:
1030:
449:
401:
386:
381:
2429:
Domain-Driven Design: Tackling
Complexity in the Heart of Software
1776:(BDD GUI Testing Tool for JavaScript, Python, Perl, Ruby and Tcl)
1101:
1839:
160:
2529:
2292:"nutshell — Lettuce 0.2.23 (kryptonite release) documentation"
1421:
clause by firing off the toggle event described in the clause.
1514:
1456:
967:
identified by the more formal part of the language (the term
715:
235:
1092:(as a precondition which defines the start of a scenario),
987:
Much like TDD, BDD may involve using specialized tooling.
798:
A short introductory section with the following structure:
775:
aspect of this format may be regarded as an application of
607:(TDD). BDD combines the techniques of TDD with ideas from
469:
2078:"ATDD vs. BDD, and a potted history of some related stuff"
881:
that a customer previously bought a black sweater from me
1830:
1828:
1826:
946:
901:
that a customer previously bought a blue garment from me
2153:
1085:
the grid should look like ..... ..... ..... ..... ..X..
1077:
the grid should look like ..... ..... ..... ..X.. ..X..
1069:
the grid should look like ..... ..... ..... ..X.. .....
877:
Items returned for refund should be added to inventory.
804:: the person or role who will benefit from the feature;
2365:"behave is behaviour-driven development, Python style"
2339:
2266:"Imperative vs. Declarative Scenarios in user stories"
1823:
660:
At its heart, BDD is about rethinking the approach to
2291:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
2634:
2632:
2169:
Interview with Liz Keogh & Dan North • GOTO 2013
913:
they exchange the blue garment for a black garment,
2507:
1891:
1598:"hashes the correct information in a key"
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
1791:
1252:"I toggle the cell at ($ column, $ row)"
2629:
897:Exchanged items should be returned to inventory.
2705:
1910:
893:I should have four black sweaters in inventory.
2391:"Writing Features - Behat 3.0.12 documentation"
2031:
917:I should have three blue garments in inventory
848:: the expected outcome, in one or more clauses.
830:of the narrative with the following structure:
2558:
2453:
2200:
1863:"Introduction to Behavior-Driven Development"
1450:
547:
2660:
2638:
2607:
2586:
2580:
2501:
2418:
2416:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
1885:
1510:a replacement for free-format unit testing.
1324:"the grid should look like $ grid"
889:they return the black sweater for a refund,
758:
2589:"BDD with Scenario tables in Fitnesse Slim"
2564:
2257:
2206:
1410:clause by setting up the initial game grid.
1008:The tooling reads a specification document.
2654:
2510:"Say Hello To Behavior Driven Development"
2334:
2332:
2069:
885:I have three black sweaters in inventory,
554:
540:
2523:
2479:
2413:
2225:
2146:
2075:
2004:
1986:
1959:
861:: Returns and exchanges go to inventory.
2044:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1916:
1490:that element is at the top of the stack
2329:
2308:
2181:
1968:(in Dutch) (1). Veen Magazines: 14–17.
1854:
1037:), has also been used to roll out BDD.
842:: the event that triggers the scenario;
596:effective practice especially when the
2706:
2485:
2357:
1963:
1917:Tharayil, Ranjith (15 February 2016).
1769:Jasmine (JavaScript testing framework)
1144:"a $ width by $ height game"
982:
947:Specification as a ubiquitous language
905:I have two blue garments in inventory
816:: the benefit or value of the feature.
508:Electrical and electronics engineering
2684:"What are the Three Amigos in Agile?"
2465:faster organisations, faster software
2459:
2422:
2383:
2240:
2122:
1936:
1860:
1806:
994:
637:As such BDD is an extension of TDD.
2641:"BDD: Behavior vs. Spec Frameworks"
1712:
1040:
909:three black garments in inventory,
769:object-oriented analysis and design
710:Dan North created a BDD framework,
613:object-oriented analysis and design
13:
2587:Ketil Jensen (December 13, 2009).
2565:Adam Craven (September 21, 2015).
2508:Mahmudul Haque Azad (6 Feb 2011).
1051:Consider an implementation of the
927:This format is referred to as the
763:Another BDD suggestion relates to
656:How to understand why a test fails
603:BDD is considered a refinement of
14:
2735:
2719:Software development philosophies
2263:
2125:"How to sell BDD to the business"
1506:the new size of the stack is N-1
1498:element E is on top of the stack
1486:an element is added to the stack
921:two black garments in inventory.
647:What to test and what not to test
434:Standards and bodies of knowledge
2661:Jason Seifer (7 December 2011).
2639:Roy Osherove (October 4, 2008).
2207:Sean Miller (October 31, 2007).
581:to describe the behavior of the
2676:
2284:
2241:North, Dan (11 February 2007).
2160:
2116:
2091:
951:BDD borrows the concept of the
939:, JBehave, Lettuce, behave and
826:A description of each specific
526:Outline of software development
1980:
1836:"Behaviour-Driven Development"
935:, however, is specific to the
1:
2047:"Behavior-Driven Development"
2045:Bellware, Scott (June 2008).
1785:
734:
644:Where to start in the process
2488:"Why Software Projects Fail"
2467:. Dan North & Associates
1892:John Ferguson Smart (2014).
1706:The result of test will be:
1081:I toggle the cell at (3, 2)
1073:I toggle the cell at (3, 1)
1065:I toggle the cell at (3, 2)
7:
2076:Liz Keogh (June 27, 2011).
1735:
629:
567:Behavior-driven development
10:
2740:
2663:"An Introduction To RSpec"
2460:North, Dan (31 May 2012).
1502:a pop operation returns E
1451:Story versus specification
1096:(as an event trigger) and
745:agile software development
697:
650:How much to test in one go
289:Software quality assurance
1861:Keogh, Liz (2009-09-07).
1807:North, Dan (March 2006).
759:Behavioral specifications
1896:. Manning Publications.
1742:Specification by example
1523:
1494:a stack has N elements
1111:
590:domain-specific language
274:Configuration management
2615:"jbehave.org/team-list"
2462:"BDD is like TDD if..."
1478:a new stack is created
1033:(which is built around
873:I can sell them again.
605:test-driven development
498:Artificial intelligence
2486:Geneca (16 Mar 2011).
1721:The three amigos are:
1640:'includes key'
1521:might look like this:
1468:might look like this:
971:might be considered a
708:
695:
653:What to call the tests
588:BDD involves use of a
422:Infrastructure as code
268:Supporting disciplines
2617:. JBehave. 2017-05-28
1426:theGridShouldLookLike
1336:theGridShouldLookLike
704:
690:
678:Given , when , then
279:Deployment management
2401:on 19 September 2015
2243:"What's in a Story?"
1997:10.1109/SEAA.2011.76
1991:. pp. 383–387.
957:domain driven design
723:mainly developed by
609:domain-driven design
99:Paradigms and models
28:Software development
16:Software test naming
2544:10.1109/MS.2016.117
2395:behat documentation
2189:Introducing RBehave
1842:on 1 September 2015
1428:method reacts to a
1417:method reacts to a
1406:method reacts to a
983:Specialized tooling
953:ubiquitous language
931:language. The term
823:Acceptance criteria
624:ubiquitous language
22:Part of a series on
2432:. Addison-Wesley.
2371:on 22 January 2018
2340:"What is JBehave?"
2194:2007-06-20 at the
995:Tooling principles
790:An explicit title.
670:acceptance testing
573:) involves naming
417:Release automation
294:Project management
2439:978-0-321-12521-7
2016:978-1-4577-1027-8
1809:"Introducing BDD"
1774:Squish GUI Tester
1753:Cynefin framework
1105:project team (in
743:. Borrowing from
662:automated testing
564:
563:
455:ISO/IEC standards
2731:
2724:Software testing
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1838:. Archived from
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1764:Gauge (software)
1760:(Java framework)
1713:The three amigos
1702:
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1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1446:
1439:
1427:
1416:
1415:iToggleTheCellAt
1405:
1404:theGameIsRunning
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:iToggleTheCellAt
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1156:theGameIsRunning
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1041:Tooling examples
943:software tools.
640:BDD focuses on:
556:
549:
542:
503:Computer science
412:Build automation
19:
18:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2714:Software design
2704:
2703:
2702:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2630:
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2613:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2421:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2239:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2205:
2201:
2196:Wayback Machine
2186:
2182:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2117:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2057:on 12 July 2012
2043:
2032:
2017:
1985:
1981:
1962:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1805:
1792:
1788:
1749:(PHP framework)
1738:
1715:
1710:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1628:'world'
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1507:
1453:
1444:
1437:
1425:
1414:
1403:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1086:
1043:
1035:decision tables
997:
985:
949:
922:
761:
737:
700:
632:
579:domain language
560:
531:
530:
521:
513:
512:
493:
485:
484:
435:
427:
426:
377:
367:
366:
312:
304:
303:
299:User experience
269:
261:
260:
151:
140:
139:
100:
92:
91:
37:
36:Core activities
17:
12:
11:
5:
2737:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2701:
2700:
2688:Agile Alliance
2675:
2653:
2628:
2606:
2579:
2557:
2522:
2500:
2478:
2452:
2438:
2412:
2382:
2356:
2328:
2307:
2283:
2272:on 3 June 2010
2256:
2224:
2199:
2180:
2159:
2145:
2115:
2090:
2068:
2030:
2015:
1979:
1935:
1909:
1902:
1884:
1853:
1822:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1524:
1472:Specification:
1470:
1461:test scenarios
1452:
1449:
1434:
1433:
1422:
1411:
1219:StringRenderer
1129:StringRenderer
1112:
1061:a 5 by 5 game
1057:
1042:
1039:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1009:
996:
993:
984:
981:
948:
945:
857:
852:
851:
850:
849:
843:
837:
824:
820:
819:
818:
817:
811:
810:: the feature;
805:
796:
792:
791:
788:
760:
757:
749:business value
736:
733:
725:Aslak Hellesøy
699:
696:
658:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
631:
628:
575:software tests
562:
561:
559:
558:
551:
544:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
505:
500:
494:
491:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
445:IEEE standards
442:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
378:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
152:
150:and frameworks
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
38:
35:
34:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2736:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2664:
2657:
2642:
2635:
2633:
2616:
2610:
2594:
2593:Walk the walk
2590:
2583:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:IEEE Software
2526:
2511:
2504:
2489:
2482:
2466:
2463:
2456:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2317:
2311:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2149:
2135:on 2010-11-25
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2105:on 2009-11-07
2104:
2100:
2094:
2079:
2072:
2056:
2052:
2051:Code Magazine
2048:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:Java Magazine
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1903:9781617291654
1899:
1895:
1888:
1873:on 2021-02-25
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1707:
1704:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1441:
1431:
1423:
1420:
1412:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1001:
992:
988:
980:
976:
974:
970:
964:
960:
958:
954:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:store owner,
864:
860:
856:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
831:
829:
825:
822:
821:
815:
812:
809:
806:
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800:
799:
797:
794:
793:
789:
786:
785:
784:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
756:
752:
750:
746:
742:
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726:
722:
717:
713:
707:
703:
694:
689:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
642:
641:
638:
635:
627:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
598:problem space
593:
591:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
557:
552:
550:
545:
543:
538:
537:
535:
534:
527:
524:
523:
517:
516:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
489:
488:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
431:
430:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
376:
371:
370:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
308:
307:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
284:Documentation
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
265:
264:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
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209:
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199:
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187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
149:
148:Methodologies
144:
143:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
96:
95:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
48:
45:
43:
42:Data modeling
40:
39:
33:
32:
29:
26:
25:
21:
20:
2692:. Retrieved
2690:. 2016-06-16
2687:
2678:
2666:. Retrieved
2656:
2644:. Retrieved
2619:. Retrieved
2609:
2597:. Retrieved
2592:
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2560:
2538:(5): 15–21.
2535:
2531:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2464:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2428:
2403:. Retrieved
2399:the original
2394:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2369:the original
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2343:
2319:. Retrieved
2310:
2299:. Retrieved
2295:
2286:
2274:. Retrieved
2270:the original
2264:Mabey, Ben.
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2216:. Retrieved
2212:
2202:
2183:
2173:, retrieved
2168:
2162:
2148:
2137:. Retrieved
2133:the original
2128:
2118:
2107:. Retrieved
2103:the original
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2055:the original
2050:
1988:
1982:
1965:
1926:. Retrieved
1922:
1912:
1893:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1871:the original
1867:SkillsMatter
1866:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:the original
1813:. Retrieved
1720:
1716:
1705:
1689:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:it is empty
1479:
1475:
1471:
1454:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1418:
1407:
1394:
1388:
1297:toggleCellAt
1097:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:Game of Life
1050:
1047:
1044:
1024:
1012:
1002:
998:
989:
986:
977:
968:
965:
961:
952:
950:
932:
926:
923:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
845:
839:
833:
813:
807:
801:
781:
764:
762:
753:
740:
738:
709:
705:
701:
691:
682:
666:unit testing
659:
639:
636:
633:
619:
617:
602:
600:is complex.
597:
594:
587:
570:
566:
565:
402:UML Modeling
397:GUI designer
321:
62:Construction
52:Requirements
2595:. Wordpress
2424:Evans, Eric
2344:JBehave.org
2245:. Dan North
2154:"Liz Keogh"
2123:Dan North.
1928:15 February
1923:SolutionsIQ
1811:. Dan North
1391:annotations
1231:setObserver
895:Scenario 2:
875:Scenario 1:
777:Hoare logic
664:(including
120:Prototyping
115:Incremental
87:Maintenance
67:Engineering
2708:Categories
2694:2019-06-10
2668:27 October
2572:14 January
2445:August 12,
2405:20 October
2375:30 January
2349:20 October
2301:2020-02-06
2296:lettuce.it
2218:2023-02-07
2175:2023-02-07
2139:2023-02-07
2109:2009-08-09
2006:10344/1256
1786:References
1758:Concordion
1354:assertThat
735:Principles
674:user story
492:Glossaries
82:Deployment
2646:12 August
2599:12 August
2515:12 August
2471:12 August
2316:"Gherkin"
2249:12 August
2187:D.North,
1974:1571-6236
1846:12 August
1519:hashtable
795:Narrative
311:Practices
135:Waterfall
110:Cleanroom
77:Debugging
47:Processes
2552:14539297
2493:16 March
2426:(2003).
2192:Archived
1815:25 April
1780:Use case
1736:See also
1658:include?
1526:describe
1366:asString
1360:renderer
1237:renderer
1210:renderer
1132:renderer
1031:Fitnesse
937:Cucumber
828:scenario
773:scenario
741:behavior
729:Capybara
721:Cucumber
693:matters.
630:Overview
620:practice
520:Outlines
450:ISO 9001
392:Profiler
387:Debugger
382:Compiler
357:Stand-up
2025:3392536
1372:equalTo
1126:private
1114:private
1102:parsing
1027:RBehave
973:keyword
933:Gherkin
929:Gherkin
871:so that
814:so that
712:JBehave
698:History
191:Lean SD
130:V model
72:Testing
2550:
2436:
2321:7 June
2276:19 May
2023:
2013:
1972:
1900:
1701:before
1697:should
1673:should
1664::hello
1604:expect
1562:expect
1474:Stack
1342:String
1330:public
1303:column
1273:column
1258:public
1204:height
1174:height
1150:public
1138:@Given
867:I want
808:I want
771:. The
577:using
465:SWEBOK
186:Kanban
161:DevOps
125:Spiral
57:Design
2621:1 May
2548:S2CID
2213:InfoQ
2083:6 May
2061:1 May
2021:S2CID
1877:1 May
1747:Behat
1541::hash
1515:JUnit
1466:stack
1457:RSpec
1408:Given
1395:Given
1318:@Then
1246:@When
1198:width
1165:width
1090:Given
1059:Given
1013:Given
969:Given
955:from
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