1066:. A domain expert (or business analyst) might want to specify what should happen when someone is setting up a starting configuration of the game grid. To do this, he might want to give an example of a number of steps taken by a person who is toggling cells. Skipping over the narrative part, he might do this by writing up the following scenario into a plain text document (which is the type of input document that JBehave reads):
970:. A ubiquitous language is a (semi-)formal language that is shared by all members of a software development team — both software developers and non-technical personnel. The language in question is both used and developed by all team members as a common means of discussing the domain of the software in question. In this way BDD becomes a vehicle for communication between all the different roles in a software project.
1015:
of reasons related to the technical tool that enables the execution of the specifications, then either the style of writing the behavioral requirements must be altered or the tool must be changed. The exact implementation of behavioral requirements varies per tool, but agile practice has come up with the following general process:
974:
specification: some formality is a requirement for being a ubiquitous language. In addition, having such a ubiquitous language creates a domain model of specifications, so that specifications may be reasoned about formally. This model is also the basis for the different BDD-supporting software tools that are available.
1040:), whose operation is based on the template that he suggested for recording user stories. These tools use a textual description for use cases and several other tools (such as CBehave) have followed suit. However, this format is not required and so there are other tools that use other formats as well. For example,
683:) in order to avoid issues that naturally arise. For example, BDD suggests that unit test names be whole sentences starting with a conditional verb ("should" in English for example) and should be written in order of business value. Acceptance tests should be written using the standard agile framework of a
1520:
Such a specification may exactly specify the behavior of the component being tested, but is less meaningful to a business user. As a result, specification-based testing is seen in BDD practice as a complement to story-based testing and operates at a lower level. Specification testing is often seen as
1408:
in a scenario is expected to be followed by a clause of the form "a X by Y game"). JBehave supports the matching of clauses to templates and has built-in support for picking terms out of the template and passing them to methods in the test code as parameters. The test code provides an implementation
1014:
The ubiquitous language allows business analysts to document behavioral requirements in a way that will also be understood by developers. The principle of BDD support tooling is to make these same requirements documents directly executable as a collection of tests. If this cannot be achieved because
1001:
BDD requires not only test code as does TDD, but also a document that describes behavior in a more human-readable language. This requires a two-step process for executing the tests, reading and parsing the descriptions, and reading the test code and finding the corresponding test implementation to
973:
A common risk with software development includes communication breakdowns between
Developers and Business Stakeholders. BDD uses the specification of desired behavior as a ubiquitous language for the project Team members. This is the reason that BDD insists on a semi-formal language for behavioral
606:
Proponents claim it encourages collaboration among developers, quality assurance experts, and customer representatives in a software project. It encourages teams to use conversation and concrete examples to formalize a shared understanding of how the application should behave. BDD is considered an
1115:
it into clauses (a set-up clause and then three event triggers with verifiable conditions). JBehave then takes these clauses and passes them on to code that is capable of setting a test, responding to the event triggers and verifying the outcome. This code must be written by the developers in the
977:
The example given above establishes a user story for a software system under development. This user story identifies a stakeholder, a business effect and a business value. It also describes several scenarios, each with a precondition, trigger and expected outcome. Each of these parts is exactly
1728:
The three amigos, also referred to as a "Specification
Workshop", is a meeting where the product owner discusses the requirement in the form of specification by example with different stakeholders like the QA and development team. The key goal for this discussion is to trigger conversation and
1002:
execute. This process makes BDD more laborious for developers. Proponents suggest that due to its human-readable nature the value of those documents extends to a relatively non-technical audience, and can hence serve as a communication means for describing requirements ("features").
865:
BDD does not require how this information is formatted, but it does suggest that a team should decide on a relatively simple, standardized format with the above elements. In 2007, Dan North suggested a template for a textual format which is used in multiple BDD tools. For example:
1474:
but rather use functional specifications for units that are being tested. These specifications often have a more technical nature than user stories and are usually less convenient for communication with business personnel than are user stories. An example of a specification for a
1010:
In principle, a BDD support tool is a testing framework for software, much like the tools that support TDD. However, where TDD tools tend to be quite free-format in what is allowed for specifying tests, BDD tools are linked to the definition of the ubiquitous language.
1729:
identify any missing specifications. The discussion also gives a platform for QA, development team and product owner to converge and hear out each other's perspective to enrich the requirement and also make sure if they are building the right product.
729:
project. He also worked with David
Chelimsky, Aslak Hellesøy and others to develop RSpec and also to write "The RSpec Book: Behaviour Driven Development with RSpec, Cucumber, and Friends". The first story-based framework in RSpec was later replaced by
703:
BDD is a second-generation, outside-in, pull-based, multiple-stakeholder, multiple-scale, high-automation, agile methodology. It describes a cycle of interactions with well-defined outputs, resulting in the delivery of working, tested software that
793:
BDD suggests that business analysts and software developers should collaborate in this area and should specify behavior in terms of user stories, which are each explicitly documented. Each user story should, to some extent, follow the structure:
765:
TDD does not differentiate tests in terms of high-level software requirements, low-level technical details or anything in between. One way of looking at BDD therefore, is that it is an evolution of TDD which makes more specific choices.
1701:
This example shows a specification in readable language embedded in executable code. In this case a choice of the tool is to formalize the specification language into the language of the test code by adding methods named
1742:
Testing - Role of testers is to question the solution, bring up as many as different possibilities for brain storming through what-if scenarios and help make the solution more precise to fix the problem.
698:
and non-technical or business participants in a software project. During the "Agile specifications, BDD and
Testing eXchange" in November 2009 in London, Dan North gave the following description of BDD:
989:
Most BDD applications use text-based DSLs and specification approaches. However, graphical modeling of integration scenarios has also been applied successfully in practice, e.g., for testing purposes.
1447:
The primary function of this code is to be a bridge between a text file with a story and the code being tested. Note that the test code has access to the code being tested (in this case an instance of
935:
BDD suggested that the scenarios should be phrased declaratively rather than imperatively — in the business language, with no reference to elements of the UI through which the interactions take place.
1404:
and will call each method in order while running through the scenario. The text in each clause in the scenario is expected to match the template text given in the code for that clause (for example, a
1111:(as a postcondition which must be verified as the outcome of the action that follows the trigger). Based on this, JBehave is capable of reading the text file containing the scenario and
1528:, these tools tend to favor forgoing the separation of story and testing code and prefer embedding the specification directly in the test code instead. For example, an RSpec test for a
645:
BDD is a process by which DSL structured natural language statements are converted to executable tests. The result are tests that read like acceptance criteria for a given function.
1458:) into the test code. This plumbing code is not illustrated here, since it is a technical requirement of JBehave and does not relate directly to the principle of BDD-style testing.
1029:
Each individual clause in a scenario is transformed into some sort of parameter for a test for the user story. This part requires project-specific work by the software developers.
778:
the desired behavior should be specified. BDD suggests using a semi-formal format for behavioral specification which is borrowed from user story specifications from the field of
694:
Starting from this point, many people developed BDD frameworks over a period of years, finally framing it in terms of a communication and collaboration framework for developers,
1524:
Specification testing tools like RSpec and JDave are somewhat different in nature from tools like JBehave. Since they are seen as alternatives to basic unit testing tools like
1466:
A separate subcategory of behavior-driven development is formed by tools that use specifications as an input language rather than user stories. An example of this style is the
1454:
Finally, in order to run the tests, JBehave requires some plumbing code that identifies the text files which contain scenarios and which inject dependencies (like instances of
2434:
2276:
1059:
Possibly the most well-known is JBehave, which was developed by Dan North, Elizabeth Keogh and several others. The following is an example taken from that project:
1873:
564:
722:
735:
762:
for whatever entity commissioned the software unit under construction. Within BDD practice, this is referred to as BDD being an "outside-in" activity.
518:
2135:
1929:
2057:
1099:
The bold print is not part of the input; it is included here to show which words are recognized as formal language. JBehave recognizes the terms
1409:
for each clause type in a scenario which interacts with the code that is being tested and performs a test based on the scenario. In this case:
1400:
The code has a method for every type of clause in a scenario. JBehave will identify which method goes with which clause through the use of
485:
17:
2401:
1451:) and is very simple in nature. The test code has to be simple, otherwise a developer would end up having to write tests for his tests.
1056:
There are several different examples of BDD software tools in use in projects today, for different platforms and programming languages.
2729:
629:
At a high level, BDD is an idea about how software development should be managed by both business interests and technical insight. Its
557:
337:
1037:
758:
the "desired behavior" in this case consists of the requirements set by the business — that is, the desired behavior that has
626:
to provide software development and management teams with shared tools and a shared process to collaborate on software development.
986:, for example) and may therefore be processed in some way by a tool that understands the formal parts of the ubiquitous language.
603:(DSL) using natural-language constructs (e.g., English-like sentences) that can express the behavior and the expected outcomes.
2520:
1779:
475:
327:
2109:
2448:
2202:
2025:
550:
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206:
191:
687:: "Being a I want a yielding a ". Acceptance criteria should be written in terms of scenarios and implemented in classes:
1975:
Haring, Ronald (February 2011). de Ruiter, Robert (ed.). "Behavior Driven development: Beter dan Test Driven
Development".
470:
2280:
2088:
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779:
623:
508:
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tool that was also originally developed by Dan North. Specification tools don't use user stories as an input format for
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181:
1912:
284:
407:
402:
158:
2498:
717:
It's using examples to talk through how an application behaves... And having conversations about those examples.
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983:
633:
involves use of specialized tools. Some tools specifically for BDD can be used for TDD. The tools automate the
427:
140:
120:
289:
2375:
1736:
Business - Role of the business user is to define the problem only and not venture into suggesting a solution
226:
216:
166:
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634:
513:
241:
57:
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939:
1846:
1117:
304:
2541:
LĂĽbke, Daniel; van Lessen, Tammo (2016). "Modeling Test Cases in BPMN for
Behavior-Driven Development".
1998:
Solis, Carlos; Wang, Xiaofeng (2011). "A Study of the
Characteristics of Behaviour Driven Development".
2065:
1476:
1026:
keyword in the example above). Based on this, the tool breaks each scenario up into meaningful clauses.
755:
455:
299:
186:
176:
115:
725:, followed by a story-level BDD framework for Ruby called RBehave which was later integrated into the
2734:
221:
201:
742:, which is a part of the Cucumber testing framework is one such web-based test automation software.
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1757:
1752:
1063:
951:
600:
362:
231:
211:
1120:, because that is the platform JBehave is based on). In this case, the code might look like this:
2219:
1022:
The tooling directly understands completely formal parts of the ubiquitous language (such as the
615:
490:
372:
251:
125:
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The framework then executes the test for each scenario, with the parameters from that scenario.
432:
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947:
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731:
713:
During an interview with Dan North at GOTO Conference in 2013, Liz Keogh defined BDD as:
347:
266:
92:
2694:
2558:
2031:
1784:
1443:
clause by comparing the state of the game grid to the expected state from the scenario.
1036:
Dan North has developed a number of frameworks that support BDD (including JBehave and
680:
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2011 37th EUROMICRO Conference on
Software Engineering and Advanced Applications
1720:
Hash should eq {} includes key hashes the correct information in a key
1739:
Development - Role of the developers involve suggesting ways to fix the problem
1045:
847:: the initial context at the beginning of the scenario, in one or more clauses;
759:
2326:
2178:
2718:
1984:
52:
790:
to behavioral specification of software using the domain-specific language.
2110:"The RSpec Book – Question about Chapter 11: Writing software that matters"
1905:
BDD in Action: Behavior-Driven
Development for the Whole Software Lifecycle
676:
589:
135:
2220:"RSpec Adds Eagerly-Awaited RBehave Functionality for Integration Testing"
1714:
section establishes the preconditions that the specification is based on.
2007:
787:
593:
2554:
2253:
1710:. Also there is the concept of a specification precondition – the
1819:
1768:
1401:
684:
2016:
2625:
2578:"Fundamentals of Enterprise-Scale Behaviour-Driven Development (BDD)"
1529:
750:
BDD suggests that software tests should be named in terms of desired
87:
1930:"Behavior-Driven Development: Simplifying the Complex Problem Space"
880:
to add items back to inventory when they are returned or exchanged,
2379:
1790:
1041:
460:
412:
397:
392:
2440:
Domain-Driven Design: Tackling
Complexity in the Heart of Software
1787:(BDD GUI Testing Tool for JavaScript, Python, Perl, Ruby and Tcl)
1112:
1850:
171:
2540:
2303:"nutshell — Lettuce 0.2.23 (kryptonite release) documentation"
1432:
clause by firing off the toggle event described in the clause.
1525:
1467:
978:
identified by the more formal part of the language (the term
726:
246:
1103:(as a precondition which defines the start of a scenario),
998:
Much like TDD, BDD may involve using specialized tooling.
809:
A short introductory section with the following structure:
786:
aspect of this format may be regarded as an application of
618:(TDD). BDD combines the techniques of TDD with ideas from
480:
2089:"ATDD vs. BDD, and a potted history of some related stuff"
892:
that a customer previously bought a black sweater from me
1841:
1839:
1837:
957:
912:
that a customer previously bought a blue garment from me
2164:
1096:
the grid should look like ..... ..... ..... ..... ..X..
1088:
the grid should look like ..... ..... ..... ..X.. ..X..
1080:
the grid should look like ..... ..... ..... ..X.. .....
888:
Items returned for refund should be added to inventory.
815:: the person or role who will benefit from the feature;
2376:"behave is behaviour-driven development, Python style"
2350:
2277:"Imperative vs. Declarative Scenarios in user stories"
1834:
671:
At its heart, BDD is about rethinking the approach to
2302:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
2645:
2643:
2180:
Interview with Liz Keogh & Dan North • GOTO 2013
924:
they exchange the blue garment for a black garment,
2518:
1902:
1609:"hashes the correct information in a key"
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
1802:
1263:"I toggle the cell at ($ column, $ row)"
2640:
908:Exchanged items should be returned to inventory.
2716:
1921:
904:I should have four black sweaters in inventory.
2402:"Writing Features - Behat 3.0.12 documentation"
2042:
928:I should have three blue garments in inventory
859:: the expected outcome, in one or more clauses.
841:of the narrative with the following structure:
2569:
2464:
2211:
1874:"Introduction to Behavior-Driven Development"
1461:
558:
2671:
2649:
2618:
2597:
2591:
2512:
2429:
2427:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
1896:
1521:a replacement for free-format unit testing.
1335:"the grid should look like $ grid"
900:they return the black sweater for a refund,
769:
2600:"BDD with Scenario tables in Fitnesse Slim"
2575:
2268:
2217:
1421:clause by setting up the initial game grid.
1019:The tooling reads a specification document.
2665:
2521:"Say Hello To Behavior Driven Development"
2345:
2343:
2080:
896:I have three black sweaters in inventory,
565:
551:
2534:
2490:
2424:
2236:
2157:
2086:
2015:
1997:
1970:
872:: Returns and exchanges go to inventory.
2055:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1927:
1501:that element is at the top of the stack
2340:
2319:
2192:
1979:(in Dutch) (1). Veen Magazines: 14–17.
1865:
1048:), has also been used to roll out BDD.
853:: the event that triggers the scenario;
607:effective practice especially when the
14:
2717:
2496:
2368:
1974:
1928:Tharayil, Ranjith (15 February 2016).
1780:Jasmine (JavaScript testing framework)
1155:"a $ width by $ height game"
993:
958:Specification as a ubiquitous language
916:I have two blue garments in inventory
827:: the benefit or value of the feature.
519:Electrical and electronics engineering
2695:"What are the Three Amigos in Agile?"
2476:faster organisations, faster software
2470:
2433:
2394:
2251:
2133:
1947:
1871:
1817:
1005:
648:As such BDD is an extension of TDD.
2652:"BDD: Behavior vs. Spec Frameworks"
1723:
1051:
920:three black garments in inventory,
780:object-oriented analysis and design
721:Dan North created a BDD framework,
624:object-oriented analysis and design
24:
2598:Ketil Jensen (December 13, 2009).
2576:Adam Craven (September 21, 2015).
2519:Mahmudul Haque Azad (6 Feb 2011).
1062:Consider an implementation of the
938:This format is referred to as the
774:Another BDD suggestion relates to
667:How to understand why a test fails
614:BDD is considered a refinement of
25:
2746:
2730:Software development philosophies
2274:
2136:"How to sell BDD to the business"
1517:the new size of the stack is N-1
1509:element E is on top of the stack
1497:an element is added to the stack
932:two black garments in inventory.
658:What to test and what not to test
445:Standards and bodies of knowledge
2672:Jason Seifer (7 December 2011).
2650:Roy Osherove (October 4, 2008).
2218:Sean Miller (October 31, 2007).
592:to describe the behavior of the
2687:
2295:
2252:North, Dan (11 February 2007).
2171:
2127:
2102:
962:BDD borrows the concept of the
950:, JBehave, Lettuce, behave and
837:A description of each specific
537:Outline of software development
1991:
1847:"Behaviour-Driven Development"
946:, however, is specific to the
13:
1:
2058:"Behavior-Driven Development"
2056:Bellware, Scott (June 2008).
1796:
745:
655:Where to start in the process
2499:"Why Software Projects Fail"
2478:. Dan North & Associates
1903:John Ferguson Smart (2014).
1717:The result of test will be:
1092:I toggle the cell at (3, 2)
1084:I toggle the cell at (3, 1)
1076:I toggle the cell at (3, 2)
7:
2087:Liz Keogh (June 27, 2011).
1746:
640:
578:Behavior-driven development
18:Behavior driven development
10:
2751:
2674:"An Introduction To RSpec"
2471:North, Dan (31 May 2012).
1513:a pop operation returns E
1462:Story versus specification
1107:(as an event trigger) and
756:agile software development
708:
661:How much to test in one go
300:Software quality assurance
1872:Keogh, Liz (2009-09-07).
1818:North, Dan (March 2006).
770:Behavioral specifications
1907:. Manning Publications.
1753:Specification by example
1534:
1505:a stack has N elements
1122:
601:domain-specific language
285:Configuration management
2626:"jbehave.org/team-list"
2473:"BDD is like TDD if..."
1489:a new stack is created
1044:(which is built around
884:I can sell them again.
616:test-driven development
509:Artificial intelligence
2497:Geneca (16 Mar 2011).
1732:The three amigos are:
1651:'includes key'
1532:might look like this:
1479:might look like this:
982:might be considered a
719:
706:
664:What to call the tests
599:BDD involves use of a
433:Infrastructure as code
279:Supporting disciplines
2628:. JBehave. 2017-05-28
1437:theGridShouldLookLike
1347:theGridShouldLookLike
715:
701:
689:Given , when , then
290:Deployment management
2412:on 19 September 2015
2254:"What's in a Story?"
2008:10.1109/SEAA.2011.76
2002:. pp. 383–387.
968:domain driven design
734:mainly developed by
620:domain-driven design
110:Paradigms and models
39:Software development
27:Software test naming
2555:10.1109/MS.2016.117
2406:behat documentation
2200:Introducing RBehave
1853:on 1 September 2015
1439:method reacts to a
1428:method reacts to a
1417:method reacts to a
994:Specialized tooling
964:ubiquitous language
942:language. The term
834:Acceptance criteria
635:ubiquitous language
33:Part of a series on
2443:. Addison-Wesley.
2382:on 22 January 2018
2351:"What is JBehave?"
2205:2007-06-20 at the
1006:Tooling principles
801:An explicit title.
681:acceptance testing
584:) involves naming
428:Release automation
305:Project management
2450:978-0-321-12521-7
2027:978-1-4577-1027-8
1820:"Introducing BDD"
1785:Squish GUI Tester
1764:Cynefin framework
1116:project team (in
754:. Borrowing from
673:automated testing
575:
574:
466:ISO/IEC standards
16:(Redirected from
2742:
2735:Software testing
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1775:Gauge (software)
1771:(Java framework)
1724:The three amigos
1713:
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1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1457:
1450:
1438:
1427:
1426:iToggleTheCellAt
1416:
1415:theGameIsRunning
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:iToggleTheCellAt
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1167:theGameIsRunning
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1052:Tooling examples
954:software tools.
651:BDD focuses on:
567:
560:
553:
514:Computer science
423:Build automation
30:
29:
21:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2725:Software design
2715:
2714:
2713:
2704:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2570:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2503:
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2491:
2481:
2479:
2469:
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2455:
2453:
2451:
2432:
2425:
2415:
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2400:
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2383:
2374:
2373:
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2359:
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2331:
2329:
2325:
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2309:
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2296:
2286:
2284:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2250:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2216:
2212:
2207:Wayback Machine
2197:
2193:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2068:on 12 July 2012
2054:
2043:
2028:
1996:
1992:
1973:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1816:
1803:
1799:
1760:(PHP framework)
1749:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1639:'world'
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
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1575:
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1569:
1566:
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1560:
1557:
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1536:
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1376:
1373:
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1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
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1328:
1325:
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1310:
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1301:
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1274:
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1208:
1205:
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1196:
1193:
1190:
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1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1097:
1054:
1046:decision tables
1008:
996:
960:
933:
772:
748:
711:
643:
590:domain language
571:
542:
541:
532:
524:
523:
504:
496:
495:
446:
438:
437:
388:
378:
377:
323:
315:
314:
310:User experience
280:
272:
271:
162:
151:
150:
111:
103:
102:
48:
47:Core activities
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2748:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2712:
2711:
2699:Agile Alliance
2686:
2664:
2639:
2617:
2590:
2568:
2533:
2511:
2489:
2463:
2449:
2423:
2393:
2367:
2339:
2318:
2294:
2283:on 3 June 2010
2267:
2235:
2210:
2191:
2170:
2156:
2126:
2101:
2079:
2041:
2026:
1990:
1946:
1920:
1913:
1895:
1864:
1833:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1535:
1483:Specification:
1481:
1472:test scenarios
1463:
1460:
1445:
1444:
1433:
1422:
1230:StringRenderer
1140:StringRenderer
1123:
1072:a 5 by 5 game
1068:
1053:
1050:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1020:
1007:
1004:
995:
992:
959:
956:
868:
863:
862:
861:
860:
854:
848:
835:
831:
830:
829:
828:
822:
821:: the feature;
816:
807:
803:
802:
799:
771:
768:
760:business value
747:
744:
736:Aslak Hellesøy
710:
707:
669:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
642:
639:
586:software tests
573:
572:
570:
569:
562:
555:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
516:
511:
505:
502:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
456:IEEE standards
453:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
389:
384:
383:
380:
379:
376:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
324:
321:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
163:
161:and frameworks
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
112:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
49:
46:
45:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2747:
2736:
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2728:
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2722:
2720:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2675:
2668:
2653:
2646:
2644:
2627:
2621:
2605:
2604:Walk the walk
2601:
2594:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:IEEE Software
2537:
2522:
2515:
2500:
2493:
2477:
2474:
2467:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2436:
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2428:
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2407:
2403:
2397:
2381:
2377:
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2346:
2344:
2328:
2322:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2282:
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2271:
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2248:
2246:
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2242:
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2225:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2160:
2146:on 2010-11-25
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2116:on 2009-11-07
2115:
2111:
2105:
2090:
2083:
2067:
2063:
2062:Code Magazine
2059:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1977:Java Magazine
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1914:9781617291654
1910:
1906:
1899:
1884:on 2021-02-25
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1821:
1814:
1812:
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1767:
1765:
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1533:
1531:
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1500:
1496:
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1102:
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1067:
1065:
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999:
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907:
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887:
883:
879:
876:store owner,
875:
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867:
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855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
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800:
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761:
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686:
682:
678:
674:
666:
663:
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657:
654:
653:
652:
649:
646:
638:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
609:problem space
604:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
568:
563:
561:
556:
554:
549:
548:
546:
545:
538:
535:
534:
528:
527:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
500:
499:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
442:
441:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
387:
382:
381:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
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344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
319:
318:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
295:Documentation
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
276:
275:
268:
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260:
258:
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253:
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195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
160:
159:Methodologies
155:
154:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
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96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
53:Data modeling
51:
50:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
31:
19:
2703:. Retrieved
2701:. 2016-06-16
2698:
2689:
2677:. Retrieved
2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2630:. Retrieved
2620:
2608:. Retrieved
2603:
2593:
2581:. Retrieved
2571:
2549:(5): 15–21.
2546:
2542:
2536:
2524:. Retrieved
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2475:
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2439:
2414:. Retrieved
2410:the original
2405:
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:the original
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2354:
2330:. Retrieved
2321:
2310:. Retrieved
2306:
2297:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:the original
2275:Mabey, Ben.
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2227:. Retrieved
2223:
2213:
2194:
2184:, retrieved
2179:
2173:
2159:
2148:. Retrieved
2144:the original
2139:
2129:
2118:. Retrieved
2114:the original
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
2066:the original
2061:
1999:
1993:
1976:
1937:. Retrieved
1933:
1923:
1904:
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1882:the original
1878:SkillsMatter
1877:
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1851:the original
1824:. Retrieved
1731:
1727:
1716:
1700:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:it is empty
1490:
1486:
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1446:
1440:
1429:
1418:
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1399:
1308:toggleCellAt
1108:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:Game of Life
1061:
1058:
1055:
1035:
1023:
1013:
1009:
1000:
997:
988:
979:
976:
972:
963:
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943:
937:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
856:
850:
844:
824:
818:
812:
792:
775:
773:
764:
751:
749:
720:
716:
712:
702:
693:
677:unit testing
670:
650:
647:
644:
630:
628:
613:
611:is complex.
608:
605:
598:
581:
577:
576:
413:UML Modeling
408:GUI designer
332:
73:Construction
63:Requirements
2606:. Wordpress
2435:Evans, Eric
2355:JBehave.org
2256:. Dan North
2165:"Liz Keogh"
2134:Dan North.
1939:15 February
1934:SolutionsIQ
1822:. Dan North
1402:annotations
1242:setObserver
906:Scenario 2:
886:Scenario 1:
788:Hoare logic
675:(including
131:Prototyping
126:Incremental
98:Maintenance
78:Engineering
2719:Categories
2705:2019-06-10
2679:27 October
2583:14 January
2456:August 12,
2416:20 October
2386:30 January
2360:20 October
2312:2020-02-06
2307:lettuce.it
2229:2023-02-07
2186:2023-02-07
2150:2023-02-07
2120:2009-08-09
2017:10344/1256
1797:References
1769:Concordion
1365:assertThat
746:Principles
685:user story
503:Glossaries
93:Deployment
2657:12 August
2610:12 August
2526:12 August
2482:12 August
2327:"Gherkin"
2260:12 August
2198:D.North,
1985:1571-6236
1857:12 August
1530:hashtable
806:Narrative
322:Practices
146:Waterfall
121:Cleanroom
88:Debugging
58:Processes
2563:14539297
2504:16 March
2437:(2003).
2203:Archived
1826:25 April
1791:Use case
1747:See also
1669:include?
1537:describe
1377:asString
1371:renderer
1248:renderer
1221:renderer
1143:renderer
1042:Fitnesse
948:Cucumber
839:scenario
784:scenario
752:behavior
740:Capybara
732:Cucumber
704:matters.
641:Overview
631:practice
531:Outlines
461:ISO 9001
403:Profiler
398:Debugger
393:Compiler
368:Stand-up
2036:3392536
1383:equalTo
1137:private
1125:private
1113:parsing
1038:RBehave
984:keyword
944:Gherkin
940:Gherkin
882:so that
825:so that
723:JBehave
709:History
202:Lean SD
141:V model
83:Testing
2561:
2447:
2332:7 June
2287:19 May
2034:
2024:
1983:
1911:
1712:before
1708:should
1684:should
1675::hello
1615:expect
1573:expect
1485:Stack
1353:String
1341:public
1314:column
1284:column
1269:public
1215:height
1185:height
1161:public
1149:@Given
878:I want
819:I want
782:. The
588:using
476:SWEBOK
197:Kanban
172:DevOps
136:Spiral
68:Design
2632:1 May
2559:S2CID
2224:InfoQ
2094:6 May
2072:1 May
2032:S2CID
1888:1 May
1758:Behat
1552::hash
1526:JUnit
1477:stack
1468:RSpec
1419:Given
1406:Given
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