337:
236:
114:
88:
903:
323:
offers highly attractive. Many members of Zhang's
Shandong Army had been demobilized after the Northern Expedition and had fallen into poverty. Others had been able to join the NRA, but were not paid well, and thus were ready to defect to their old commander in return for financial rewards. One dissatisfied NRA regiment whose troops were of "northern origin" and had formerly been part of the Shandong Army, was stationed at the
891:
353:. From this cover they started to shoot at the civilians on the streets, causing great panic among the locals. Business and traffic in western Beijing were brought to a standstill. The government authorities reacted quickly upon being informed of the revolt, and sent loyal troops to quell the uprising.
348:
The revolt was launched on 2 March 1929, when 20 armed men in plain-clothes captured and disarmed the Shanxi Army guards of the Yonghe Temple. The men then fired in the air. This was the sign for the Zhang-loyal regiment to mutiny. The rebel soldiers quickly manned the temple's walls, barricaded
322:
military commanders were preparing for a massive campaign against the
Nationalist government. No actual alliance was formed, however, and the "whole affair died down again, as suddenly as it had started". On the other side, many ordinary soldiers who had formerly been employed by Zhang found his
356:
These loyalists surrounded and isolated the mutineers at the Yonghe Temple, and forced them to surrender after a short fight. Though the number of casualties among the civilians and loyalists remained unclear, two mutineers were killed and 35 wounded. The NRA
297:
in
January 1929. Though he primarily wanted to regain his former territories, Zhang also attempted to rally other warlords to launch a wider anti-Kuomintang movement in northern China. In this he was probably supported by
270:(NRA). This reunification was only superficially successful, however, as much of the country remained under the control of warlords who had joined the NRA during the Northern Expedition instead of resisting.
327:
in
Beijing. At some point, Zhang reportedly contacted this unit, and ordered them to prepare a revolt, which they did. It was later believed that this was part of his plot to regain power in northern China.
1545:
302:
which provided him with ample funds to raise armies and bribe NRA troops to defect. In
February 1929, Zhang claimed that a coalition of warlords, including himself, Chu Yupu,
392:
Zhang
Zongchang's rebellion in Shandong continued until May 1929, but was defeated by loyalist NRA forces. Thereafter, Zhang's career was finished as a military leader and
922:
336:
1091:
385:
reporting on it, and commending the local authorities for having acted so quickly and decisively in quelling the uprising. The
Chinese government declared
1303:
361:
the area around the temple, and managed to capture all surviving rebels. Having disarmed it, the mutinous regiment was imprisoned at the former
1317:
787:
290:
230:
29:
1081:
274:
and its surroundings were among the areas that were not truly controlled by the
Nationalist government; instead, they were ruled by
1271:
1031:
947:
880:
827:
434:
1149:
1001:
848:
808:
698:
1518:
389:
in
Beijing after the revolt, and took "precautions" to keep control of the other ex-Shandong Army troops in the NRA.
235:
92:
60:
1289:
1011:
967:
858:
266:, and the warlord armies that had been defeated during the expedition were either disbanded or absorbed into the
282:. Furthermore, the warlords that had actually been ousted by the NRA continued to plot their return to power.
1144:
1560:
1434:
1111:
1366:
1326:
1189:
1101:
350:
267:
239:
202:
118:
1550:
1428:
1293:
1215:
1071:
873:
1555:
1241:
1231:
213:
remained loyal to its old commander and rebelled on his orders. Though the mutineers captured the
1499:
971:
614:
1175:
1171:
1051:
259:
186:
777:
1396:
1352:
1021:
1540:
866:
574:
393:
8:
1285:
1210:
1061:
1040:
396:. After a few years in exile, he returned to Shandong in 1932 and was promptly murdered.
378:
255:
226:
198:
1476:
1471:
1337:
1122:
991:
957:
937:
671:
569:
1251:
1220:
1185:
844:
823:
804:
358:
666:
1348:
1261:
1133:
1035:
783:
768:
201:'s official end in 1928, many defeated warlord troops had been integrated into the
888:
1456:
1424:
1376:
1362:
838:
762:
299:
286:
210:
98:
1486:
1481:
1466:
1313:
1281:
898:
25:
779:
Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, 1929, Volume II
1534:
1461:
1441:
382:
341:
324:
214:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1153:
902:
1386:
1199:
981:
894:
386:
362:
311:
247:
1491:
315:
303:
279:
251:
129:
1451:
1446:
374:
344:(photo from 1860) which the mutineers used as base during the revolt
319:
246:
Following a long period of internal chaos and civil war known as the
676:
579:
307:
294:
217:
and threw
Beijing into chaos, their revolt was quickly suppressed.
206:
138:
710:
706:
622:
442:
271:
263:
194:
190:
56:
52:
373:
The revolt received international attention, with newspapers in
890:
800:
275:
182:
125:
570:"Panic in Peking. Shantung Troops Mutiny Quelled by Loyalists"
498:
496:
481:
642:
640:
535:
523:
493:
469:
513:
511:
1546:
Military history of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
737:
725:
637:
349:
themselves, and then also took control of the nearby
508:
457:
661:
659:
657:
655:
439:The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser
1532:
652:
840:The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923-1928
874:
167:2 killed, 35 wounded, all survivors captured
797:The Bitter Peace. Conflict in China 1928–37
760:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
502:
1318:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
881:
867:
788:United States Government Publishing Office
435:"Peking Revolt. Regiment of Troops Mutiny"
231:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
30:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
843:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
429:
209:that had previously served under warlord
822:. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd.
594:
427:
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
415:
413:
411:
409:
335:
234:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
1533:
1304:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
836:
817:
794:
775:
743:
731:
646:
541:
529:
517:
487:
475:
463:
250:, China was forcibly reunified in the
862:
406:
547:
761:Christopher, James William (1950).
13:
1002:Constitutional Protection Movement
14:
1572:
1290:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
1150:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
901:
889:
112:
86:
1221:Nationalist-Communist Civil War
691:
753:
193:(then also known as Peking or
1:
1519:Republic of China (1912–1949)
968:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
820:Chronicle of the 20th Century
615:"Two killed in Peking Revolt"
399:
220:
197:) on 2 March 1929. After the
1052:Occupation of Outer Mongolia
667:"MUTINY OF SHANGTUNG TROOPS"
368:
242:soldiers in Beijing in 1931
7:
1528:Chinese army mutiny in 1929
1367:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
1102:Washington Naval Conference
268:National Revolutionary Army
203:National Revolutionary Army
119:National Revolutionary Army
10:
1577:
1429:National Pacification Army
1294:Northeast Flag Replacement
1200:Zhongshan Warship Incident
897:and warlordism during the
837:Wilbur, C. Martin (1983).
795:Jowett, Philip S. (2017).
776:Fuller, Joseph V. (1943).
224:
141:of ex-Shandong Army troops
1516:
1392:
1382:
1372:
1358:
1344:
1332:
1309:
1299:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1247:
1237:
1227:
1205:
1195:
1181:
1167:
1145:Second Zhili–Fengtian War
1139:
1129:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1092:1st National CPC Congress
1087:
1082:Spirit Soldier rebellions
1077:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1027:
1017:
1007:
997:
987:
977:
963:
953:
943:
933:
910:
331:
158:
145:
104:
79:
35:
28:and the spillover of the
23:
18:
1272:Muslim conflict in Gansu
1242:Shanghai Commune of 1927
1232:Nanking incident of 1927
1112:First Zhili–Fengtian War
764:Conflict in the Far East
1190:Canton–Hong Kong strike
972:National Protection War
818:Mercer, Derrik (1989).
803:: Amberley Publishing.
1176:May Thirtieth Movement
1032:Paris Peace Conference
345:
260:Nationalist government
243:
187:Nationalist government
128:Army (forces loyal to
1072:Guangdong–Guangxi War
1022:Siberian intervention
339:
238:
225:Further information:
159:Casualties and losses
1327:Sino-Soviet conflict
982:Death of Yuan Shikai
490:, pp. 195, 196.
291:launched a rebellion
205:(NRA). However, one
185:against the Chinese
1561:Rebellions in China
1286:Huanggutun incident
1216:Nanjing–Wuhan Split
1211:Northern Expedition
1041:May Fourth Movement
544:, pp. 196–197.
532:, pp. 197–198.
478:, pp. 195–196.
394:political strongman
379:Straits Settlements
351:city fortifications
293:in his old fief of
262:was established in
258:(1926–1928). A new
256:Northern Expedition
227:Northern Expedition
199:Northern Expedition
97:Mutineers loyal to
1338:Central Plains War
1172:Yunnan–Guangxi War
1123:First United Front
992:Manchu Restoration
958:Twenty-One Demands
938:Bai Lang Rebellion
699:"Revolt in Peking"
672:The Canberra Times
503:Christopher (1950)
346:
244:
71:Government victory
1551:Conflicts in 1929
1525:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1402:
1401:
1353:Qinghai–Tibet War
1252:Shanghai massacre
1186:Anti-Fengtian War
1159:
1158:
948:Second Revolution
829:978-0-582-03919-3
285:One of these was
171:
170:
93:Republic of China
75:
74:
61:Republic of China
1568:
1503:
1500:Communist Party
1495:
1349:Sino-Tibetan War
1262:July 15 Incident
1165:
1164:
1134:Lincheng Outrage
1036:Shandong Problem
1012:Golok rebellions
931:
930:
913:
912:
905:
893:
883:
876:
869:
860:
859:
854:
833:
814:
791:
784:Washington, D.C.
772:
769:Brill Publishers
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
722:
720:
718:
695:
689:
688:
686:
684:
663:
650:
644:
635:
634:
632:
630:
619:Evening Huronite
611:
592:
591:
589:
587:
566:
545:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
506:
500:
491:
485:
479:
473:
467:
461:
455:
454:
452:
450:
431:
117:
116:
115:
91:
90:
89:
37:
36:
16:
15:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1556:1929 in Beijing
1531:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1403:
1363:Kumul Rebellion
1325:
1316:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1218:
1214:
1188:
1174:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1062:Zhili–Anhui War
1038:
1034:
970:
906:
887:
857:
851:
830:
811:
756:
751:
750:
742:
738:
730:
726:
716:
714:
697:
696:
692:
682:
680:
665:
664:
653:
645:
638:
628:
626:
613:
612:
595:
585:
583:
568:
567:
548:
540:
536:
528:
524:
516:
509:
501:
494:
486:
482:
474:
470:
462:
458:
448:
446:
433:
432:
407:
402:
371:
334:
318:, and a number
287:Zhang Zongchang
233:
223:
211:Zhang Zongchang
113:
111:
99:Zhang Zongchang
87:
85:
63:
12:
11:
5:
1574:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1397:War in Ningxia
1394:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1322:Beijing Revolt
1314:Chiang-Gui War
1311:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1282:Jinan incident
1279:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1004:
999:
995:
994:
989:
985:
984:
979:
975:
974:
965:
961:
960:
955:
951:
950:
945:
941:
940:
935:
929:
926:
925:
920:
917:
911:
908:
907:
899:Nanjing decade
886:
885:
878:
871:
863:
856:
855:
850:978-0521318648
849:
834:
828:
815:
810:978-1445651927
809:
792:
773:
757:
755:
752:
749:
748:
746:, p. 200.
736:
734:, p. 199.
724:
713:. 4 March 1929
703:Malaya Tribune
690:
679:. 4 March 1929
651:
649:, p. 376.
636:
625:. 2 March 1929
593:
582:. 4 March 1929
546:
534:
522:
520:, p. 143.
507:
492:
480:
468:
466:, p. 193.
456:
445:. 4 March 1929
404:
403:
401:
398:
370:
367:
333:
330:
222:
219:
175:Beijing Revolt
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
143:
142:
135:
134:
133:
107:
106:
105:Units involved
102:
101:
95:
82:
81:
77:
76:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
51:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
26:Nanjing decade
21:
20:
19:Beijing Revolt
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1573:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1520:
1515:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
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1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
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1430:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
993:
990:
986:
983:
980:
976:
973:
969:
966:
962:
959:
956:
952:
949:
946:
942:
939:
936:
932:
928:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
914:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
884:
879:
877:
872:
870:
865:
864:
861:
852:
846:
842:
841:
835:
831:
825:
821:
816:
812:
806:
802:
798:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:
774:
770:
766:
765:
759:
758:
745:
744:Jowett (2017)
740:
733:
732:Jowett (2017)
728:
712:
708:
704:
700:
694:
678:
674:
673:
668:
662:
660:
658:
656:
648:
647:Mercer (1989)
643:
641:
624:
620:
616:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
581:
577:
576:
571:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
543:
542:Jowett (2017)
538:
531:
530:Jowett (2017)
526:
519:
518:Fuller (1943)
514:
512:
505:, p. 67.
504:
499:
497:
489:
488:Jowett (2017)
484:
477:
476:Jowett (2017)
472:
465:
464:Wilbur (1983)
460:
444:
440:
436:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
405:
397:
395:
390:
388:
384:
383:United States
380:
376:
366:
364:
363:Winter Palace
360:
354:
352:
343:
342:Yonghe Temple
338:
329:
326:
325:Yonghe Temple
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
241:
237:
232:
228:
218:
216:
215:Yonghe Temple
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:was an armed
180:
179:Peking Revolt
176:
166:
163:
162:
157:
153:
150:
149:
144:
140:
136:
131:
127:
124:
123:
122:
120:
109:
108:
103:
100:
96:
94:
84:
83:
78:
70:
67:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
46:
42:
39:
38:
34:
31:
27:
22:
17:
1336:
1321:
1219:
1209:
1154:Beijing Coup
1143:
1121:
1039:
839:
819:
796:
778:
763:
739:
727:
715:. Retrieved
702:
693:
681:. Retrieved
670:
627:. Retrieved
618:
584:. Retrieved
573:
537:
525:
483:
471:
459:
447:. Retrieved
438:
391:
372:
355:
347:
284:
245:
178:
174:
172:
110:
80:Belligerents
43:2 March 1929
24:Part of the
1541:Warlord Era
1492:Kuomintang
1477:New Guangxi
1472:Old Guangxi
1387:Two-Liu war
1377:Han–Liu War
895:Warlord Era
754:Works cited
575:The Mercury
387:martial law
312:Bai Chongxi
248:Warlord Era
1535:Categories
1435:Zhili Army
767:. Leiden:
717:30 October
683:30 October
629:30 October
586:26 October
449:26 October
400:References
320:Manchurian
316:Qi Xieyuan
304:Yan Xishan
280:Yan Xishan
252:Kuomintang
221:Background
130:Yan Xishan
1482:Guangdong
1447:Guominjun
1359:1931–1935
1345:1930–1932
1300:1928–1929
1268:1927–1930
1206:1926–1928
1182:1925–1926
1118:1923–1927
1098:1921–1922
1078:1920–1926
1068:1920–1921
1048:1919–1921
1018:1918–1920
1008:1917–1929
998:1917–1922
964:1915–1916
934:1911–1914
919:1925–1934
916:1915–1924
375:Australia
369:Aftermath
1457:Xinjiang
1425:Fengtian
923:Factions
677:Shanghai
580:Shanghai
359:cordoned
308:Wu Peifu
295:Shandong
278:warlord
207:regiment
146:Strength
139:regiment
137:One NRA
48:Location
1487:Guizhou
1467:Sichuan
1410:Beiyang
1320:(incl.
711:Reuters
707:Beijing
623:Beijing
443:Reuters
272:Beijing
264:Nanjing
195:Beiping
191:Beijing
164:Unknown
151:Unknown
57:Beijing
53:Beiping
1462:Yunnan
1442:Shanxi
847:
826:
807:
801:Stroud
381:, and
377:, the
332:Revolt
289:, who
276:Shanxi
183:mutiny
126:Shanxi
121:(NRA)
68:Result
1502:(CCP)
1494:(KMT)
1420:Zhili
1415:Anhui
300:Japan
254:-led
154:1,000
1393:1934
1383:1932
1373:1932
1333:1930
1310:1929
1278:1928
1258:1927
1248:1927
1238:1927
1228:1927
1196:1926
1168:1925
1140:1924
1130:1923
1108:1922
1088:1921
1058:1920
1028:1919
988:1917
978:1916
954:1915
944:1913
845:ISBN
824:ISBN
805:ISBN
719:2018
685:2018
631:2018
588:2018
451:2018
340:The
229:and
173:The
40:Date
240:NRA
189:in
177:or
59:),
1537::
1452:Ma
1431:)
1365:/
1351:/
799:.
786::
782:.
709:.
705:.
701:.
675:.
669:.
654:^
639:^
621:.
617:.
596:^
578:.
572:.
549:^
510:^
495:^
441:.
437:.
408:^
365:.
314:,
310:,
306:,
1427:(
1324:)
882:e
875:t
868:v
853:.
832:.
813:.
790:.
771:.
721:.
687:.
633:.
590:.
453:.
132:)
55:(
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