Nanjing decade - Knowledge

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more political purpose than originally intended. He Jian also ordered inspections to assure proper implementation of these regulations province wide the success of these formations was reported in the media as the aihutuan joined the army in anti-communist campaigns. Following a 4 Province conference on militia He Jian authorised further formations ordering each county to consolidate its Changbeidui companies into a singular Peace Preservation battalion or regiment depending on the pre-existing strength. The usage of military terminology was because He Jian intended for these Peace Preservation formations to become auxiliaries for the military and he introduced regulations which brought pay, pensions and recruitment into line with military standards, military officers were to command at higher levels with lower officers given military training and occasionally being rotated into the army itself for short periods in order to gain experience. A further major change was the consolidation of command under the Superintendent (He Jian) bypassing the counties and He then appointed his men into the militia command positions seizing command from the local elites this was furthered by dividing the province into special districts headed by district commanders appointed by He this combined with the usage of militia across multiple districts different areas of the province and by basing them in different regions combined to eliminate county ties completely. In 1933 He had established 29 Peace preservation Regiments for the entirety of Hunan with numerical rather than geographical designations.

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central government. The collection of tariffs was also changed from silver to gold; this was due to the falling price of silver following the Great Depression. The Salt tax which previously was seized by local and provincial officials was brought back into Nationalist control whilst transfers to the provinces still did occur, the Nationalist government retained a larger share of the revenue. The Likin, a tax heavily targeting internal trade that was often abused by its collection, was mostly abolished. However, the Nationalist government mainly drew its revenue from the modern sectors of the economy, and the collection of taxes from agriculture was not controlled by Nanjing given that agriculture comprised a large section of the economy. This severely limited the ability of the Nationalist government to raise revenue effectively, leading to large amounts of borrowing and the issuing of bonds to pay for its expenditures. The land tax remained in the hands of the provinces who did not reform or improve its collection. The surrender of the land tax to the provinces in 1928 surrendered some 65% of the GDP to the authority of the provinces to collect taxes from this was made for political reasons mainly to achieve national unity by allowing the provinces to maintain a source of income.

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to other areas under Nationalist control then the whole country. By 1935 491 Secondary schools and 33,654 secondary students were participating with more schools and students participating in the Lower Yangtze region. All male students under the regulations would have to attend 3 hours of training a week and 1 3 week intensive session in the summer for the first 2 years of high school. Female students received first-aid and other medical training. The instruction was 2 hours a week practical and 1 theoretical. Training was akin to a less intensive military academy course with topics such as combat, fortifications, signalling and communications, marksmanship, drill, armament manufacture and international military trends. In 1935 collective military training was organised in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai and Nanjing with 3 month courses providing NCO training with it being mandatory for all first year male students with some "spiritual training" in loyalty to the state and the KMT being introduced.

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establishing irrigation works, workshops and coordinating tree planting to control flooding and rejuvenate soil. The rural financial assistance bureaus also provided capital to the countryside and cooperatives. However, these programs were not national nor were they universal in the areas they were implemented, nonetheless progress was made mostly in the lower and central Yangtze regions which were the areas most under Chiang's control and recipients of his attention and resources. A total of 6,223 cooperatives were formed by mid-1935 with over 710,000 members. In Jiangxi where the largest effort was made due to the presence of Communist forces over 3,400,000 Yuan was spent in aid or given as loans with further resources represented with 2,500 ploughs thousands of field tools and 180,000 kilograms of rice seed.

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Secondly, the watch patrols also intended to be used for disemminating KMT doctrine and propganada failed as the localities failed to properly introduce the necessary training and they often lacked the resources regardless thus it was introduced in a desultory manner if it at all. This then undermines the standing companies who were to be recruited from watch patrols and instead regular troops and mercenaries were labelled as watch patrols undermining the efforts to link to a broad popular base there was also a lack of experienced and trained personnel to command these forces lastly, the division of forces into small groups hindered their ability to fight communist groups of a large size or even bandits and they would be reluctant to leave their immediate community not to mention aiding other counties.

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the period the Nationalist government imported 500,000,000 Yuan worth of industrial machinery though this figure is not impressive in comparison to the USSR's industrial development for the more impoverished, factional, agrarian and politically divided China of the period it is a considerable amount, the majority of this industrial machinery was dedicated to textiles, foodstuffs, cement and chemicals all important to a growing nascent industry. The telegraph system abandoned and neglected by the warlords not only recovered but also expanded to over 95,000 kilometres additionally, telephone line length increased 12 fold from 4,000 to 52,500 kilometres, the recovery of basic infrastructure facilitating modern communication was an important part of the development of infrastructure.

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control the County militia's funding, armament, recruitment and deployment of the militia theoretically centralising the militia with a deputy being nominated by the magistrate by recommendations sent from county organisations. The militiamen were divided into 2 categories the first consisted of one out of every 3rd man between the ages of 18 and 40 into the unpaid role of watch patrol (shouwangdui) armed with various melee weapons and shotguns led and organised by the Baojia. The 2nd category was the best men of the watch patrol which were organised into 90 man standing companies (changbeidui) where they served for 3 years with a salary and were given standardised armament each county had to form 5–20 such companies depending on resources and necessity.

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grenades. However, even this was deemed insufficient in terms of artillery production and gas masks and 11,000,000 additional yuan was spent on building further arsenals to remedy this, though these projects were not completed by the time the Liangguang incident broke out and Chen was removed from power. Chen additionally purchased 12 tanks, 15 armoured cars in 1932 and from 1933 to 1936, 29 fighters, 10 reconnaissance planes, 6 monoplanes, 6 bombers, 3 trainers and a transport plane to bolster his airforce. This purchase of material was accompanied by a 300,000 yuan aircraft plant in Shaoguan.

2091: 2667:, a dynastic Chinese institution of community-based conscription, was slated to become the basis of a new conscript system for the Chinese military. He Yingqin proposed the implementation of the system in a 1928 report, in which he argued for the system's ability to produce large amounts of disciplined soldiers at a low cost. He also argued that the system would rekindle militarism in China and weaken banditry. He dismissed the poverty and lack of education in Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou, where the Baojia system was prevalent. 2079: 7029: 2701:

pacification (Qingxiang duban) was founded with Rural Pacification Commanders (Qingxiang Siling) controlling them later renamed to Peace preservation commanders (bao'an siling). The Governor of a province held this post ex officio but with most military and executive actions emanating under this office it quickly became an office equivalent in power to the Governorship. The office was primarily tasked with the suppression of communist revolutionaries and partisans and thus it controlled all the provincial militias.

122: 2067: 2147: 7470: 2103: 130: 2255: 320: 25: 5485:, communist atrocities, traditional morals, citizenship physical education and self-defence. It also promoted local agriculture, co-operatives and new life principles. Lessons around filial piety in particular were emphasized in terms of self-sacrifice for one's nation. In 1934, Jiangxi had 47 counties and 5 special districts who had 1,168 people's schools with 56,500 students and 2,025 teachers at an annual cost of 65,022 Yuan. 3085:

status of one of the few truly national bodies. The office even offered services beyond these offering insurance policies, saving accounts and gift certificates. These bank-like activities allowed for migration to occur as urban workers had a trusted institution from which they could support their families in rural areas contributing greatly to the modernisation of the economy in the interior as well as the coastal regions.

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Commission which he headed thus Chiang based his power around the military and used it to force his agenda through government. These headquarters consisted of the Yu E Wan (Henan, Hubei and Anhui), Yu Shan Jin (Henan, Shaanxi and Shanxi) Beiping (Rehe, Chahar, Suiyuan and Hebei) the largest and most important of these was the Nanchang HQ which controlled areas of Jiangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Fujian and Hubei.

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If we assume that the natural rate of increase in the population before the famine was 2 per cent, Comparison with the diminution in the size of age cohorts born during the famine years suggests that the official Nationalist figure includes population loss through excess mortality and declined fertility migration, which leaves a famine death toll of well under 1 million.

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schools obtained money from the provincial government, Military Affairs Council and the Boxer Indemnity fund, the bao schools obtained funding from the provincial and local governments as well as the local elite. In 1935, there were 14,448 schools, a total of 54.3% of bao possessed schools and this percentage rose as the total number of schools grew to 17,938 in 1937.

2237:. These anti-Chiang figures were outnumbered in the party but held great power by their seniority, unlike many pro-Chiang cadres that joined only during or after the Northern Expedition. Chiang cleverly played these factions off against one another. The party itself was reduced to a mere propaganda machine, while real power lay with Chiang and the 3094:

received state subsidies of the 53 private colleges and universities 40 received subsidies in 1936. Secondary education saw even more marked development with the number of schools increasing in number by over 400% with 2,042 middle schools, 1,211 normal schools and 370 professional schools the total enrollment of these schools was 545,207.

2168:, which was carried out with the Northern Expedition. The second was "political tutelage" which was a provisional government led by the KMT to educate people about their political and civil rights, and the third stage was constitutional government. The KMT considered themselves to be at the second stage in 1928. 2671:

reserves serving for 5 and 10 years respectively, and 2 classes of supplementary troops in territorial formations. All surplus men were to be given ad-hoc training when possible, and 50 divisions were to be raised via this method. The KMT was, thereafter, committed to this system of conscription and training.

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As the table indicates, the province of Guangdong ran consistent budget deficits and its overspending meant that the money allocated to the national treasury and therefore for Nanjing were never forwarded to the central government, though military expenses of a province were allocated to the national

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The Field Headquarters acting as the enactors of Chiang's will also ventured into economic development particularly in the countryside. The Co-operatives encouraged by the national government were a major source of development in rural areas, they provided loans, seed, fertiliser and tools as well as

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public pressure particularly from the student body itself led to the introduction of military training at all Chinese schools with instructors dispatched from the Central government to oversee the implementation of military training with it first implemented in the Lower Yangtze region then spreading

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In 1930 a new regulation was issues expanding the aihutuan to all able-bodied law-abiding men aged 18–40 with the explicit purpose to militarise the entire province He Jian rejected arming the entire Aihutuan with guns if at all instead focusing on their ability to organise anti-communism giving it a

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During Chiang's second premiership, Hu Hanmin died on 12 May 1936 and left a power vacuum in the south. Chiang wanted to fill it with a loyalist that would end the south's autonomy. Chen Jitang and Li Zongren conspired to overthrow Chiang but were politically outmaneuvered by bribes and defections.

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including Executive Yuan, Legislative Yuan, Judicial Yuan, Control Yuan and Examination Yuan. This government disavowed continuity with the defunct Beiyang government that enjoyed international recognition; however the state was still the same – the Republic of China. Nevertheless, many bureaucrats

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A detailed survey organized by the Nationalist government in 1943 of the impact of the famine came up with a toll of 1,484,983, broken down by county. The official population registers of Henan show a net decline in population from 1942 to 1943 of one million people, or 3 per cent of the population.

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This office was built on the backs of earlier efforts during the Northern Expedition to organise anti-communist militias to control the growth of CCP power in rural areas. These early forms of militas were organised at village, township and town levels with no coordination and with strong local ties

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level up and forming Sun Yat-Sen's People Schools. Central government funding for education increased from 23,290,000 Yuan in 1933 to 55,400,000 Yuan in 1936, though schools were additionally subsidised by the local elites, so the total education budget cannot be obtained. The New Life Movement had

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prioritised as typical of warlords his own provincial development above all else, though he did collaborate with Nanjing when politically expedient, he nonetheless remained devoted to his province. To these ends, Guangdong began a major highway construction programme under his rule, increasing from

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The Nationalist Government invested heavily in road construction for military purposes. It built 82,000 kilometers of roads during the Nanjing decade for a total of 115,000 kilometres. The old city walls and shantytowns of many cities were demolished to facilitate roadbuilding. Additionally, during

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The Militia of modern China an invention of Zeng Guofan and his proteges were to become co-opted by the Nationalist Government in order to use them for anti-communist policies and to intensify central government power in local areas. In 1928, the provincial level position of Superintendent of Rural

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led the Yu E Wan Field Headquarters (the primary organizer of the Baojia system). Initially, Baojia units served as local militias, their main roles being akin to the emergency/civil services of other countries. These roles included anti-bandit action, irrigation work, flood control, road building,

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Government debt grew by a considerable amount during this period due to the rising military expenditures as Chiang sought to modernise the Chinese military. The Nanjing government floated over 1.6 Billion Yuan worth of bonds on the Chinese market led to a total bond debt of 2 billion Yuan by 1936.

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The Chinese Post Office expanded dramatically during the period with over 12,000 offices in existence, the post office also acted as a currency exchange and handler of money particularly with remittances across the urban-rural divide the Office also worked across political boundaries giving it the

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By 1935, the Movement was openly collaborating with the YMCA and Churches within China, with New life corps of up to 10 members being formed to disseminate the principles of the movement at a grassroots level, as well as during Church services, with Chiang and his wife openly appointing Christian

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who in 1931 (prior to Chen's large military expansion) complained that Chen had claimed the entire national treasury to defray his own military spending and accordingly his military expenditure. According to the central government, regulations should not exceed 1,500,000 a month, yet Chen claimed

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However, this first organisation did not go well as the magistrate had many other functions and therefore could not properly attend to the militia meaning the deputy often a local elite member still controlled the militia undermining the purpose of the regulations which was to centralise militia.

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Following the Central Plains war Chiang was unable to re-assert his full control over the country as Hu Hanmin prevented him from using the legislative Yuan and Wang Jingwei from using the Executive Yuan. Thus Chiang turned to Field Headquarters a military body subordinate to the Military Affairs

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made substantial progress in addressing the problems of the countryside. Many social activists who participated in this movement were graduated as professors of the United States. They made tangible but limited progress in modernizing the tax, infrastructural, economic, cultural, and educational

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The Bao schools were aimed more towards eliminating illiteracy in children. Adults with attendance made compulsory children aged 6–15 who had not been previously educated, had to enroll for 4 years. Adults who had not attended the schools were to attend for 6 months in night classes. Whilst the

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was driven by the motivation of Chiang Kai-Shek and his encirclement campaigns to eradicate communism in the province. The movement was intended to mobilise society against communism and provide a viable alternative system of administration. Xiong Shihui was the long term governor of Jiangxi in

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The Nationalist Government in Nanjing following the northern expedition had achieved nominal unification of China and sought to consolidate their control over China's revenue. Tariff autonomy was regained by 1930, this led to higher import duties which brought a rapid increase in revenue to the

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the governor (and therefore Superintendent) to re-organise the provincial militias and bring them under control of the Central Government. Each county was ordered to organise militia under the term household conscription militia (aihutuan) as well as a general bureau headed by the magistrate to

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To equip his much larger army, Chen renovated the Shijing Arsenal from 1933 to 1935 to the extent that it employed 2,000 workers and had an annual cost of 2,400,000 Yuan. The arsenal producing monthly 12,000 rifles, 2,100,000 cartridges, 6-18 mortars, 6-18 machine guns, 1,200 shells and 20,000

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The new Ministry of education amalgamated and reorganised the education system creating 13 national universities, 5 technical colleges, 9 provincial universities to provide higher education nationwide and help create an educated populace. Additionally, private higher educational institutionals

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supported women's rights and education, the abolition of polygamy, and foot binding. The government of the Republic of China under Chiang's leadership also enacted a women's quota in the parliament with reserved seats for women. During the Nanjing Decade, average Chinese citizens received the

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By 1932, however, Chiang had ordered the implementation of the Baojia system, with all officials (down to the county level) told to organize the training of Baojia troops. Local and regional leaders were given the highest priority and were punished for failure. Chiang ordered the program to be

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The reforms instituted by Hunan were applied in a similar fashion across the Lower Yangtze region as well as Hubei and Jiangxi. The institution and proliferation of the militia (peace preservation and Baojia) saw banditry almost eliminated in the provinces where they were established with the

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The Baojia system (and universal conscription in general) was rejected due to its infeasibility given China's limited finances and vast population. Instead, troops were to be organized into 6 categories (similar to Japan's sytem), with an active class serving for 2 years, 2 classes of trained

2206:, a pro-Chiang civilian group. A third group, the technocratic Political Study Clique, was more liberal than the other two pro-Chiang factions. They were formed by KMT members of the first National Assembly back in 1916. These three factions competed with each other for Chiang's favor. 2683:

The Baojia system also registered millions of Chinese men and their families, allowing for statistics to be recorded comprehensively. By spring 1933, the high goals of the Baojia system had been met in over 80 counties in Anhui by spring 1933, with similar progress in Hubei and Henan.

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equipment and mechanisms of rural regions until the cancellation of government coordination and subsidies in the mid-to-late 1930s due to rampant wars and the lack of resources. The rural reconstructive activists advocated a "third way" between the communist

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3,661 km in 1929 to 17,587 by 1935, the highest in China by province. Another was the usage of his military to suppress banditry which was assisted by the large road network facilitating the movement of troops throughout the province.

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By 1936, the Baojia system was linked to the army system, with 50,000 conscripts in 12 divisions called up via the Baojia into the regular army. By early 1937, this rose to 20 Baojia divisions, with 40 more to be raised as per the

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coalition to launch a successful counterattack. The mostly leftist Wuhan faction soon purged the Communists as well and reunited with Chiang in Nanjing. The Northern Expedition restarted in February 1928 and successfully

294:. Entrepreneurs, educators, lawyers, doctors, and other professionals were more free to create modern institutions than at any earlier time. However, the Nationalist government also suppressed dissent, corruption and 5456:

4,300,000 yuan a month, triple the amount of men he retained in 1931. He additionally earned 800,000 yuan a month from the Guangxi territories he occupied and did not report this to the central government at all.

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which hindered militia efficiency the formation of a provincial office was intended to remedy this and to also prevent the local gentry and "bullies" from using the militia for their own personal gain.

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but it did cause Chiang to release Hu and resign as president and premier. Chiang's influence was restored when he was made chairman of the Military Affairs Commission at the start of the

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between 1931 and 1942. The association was organised at a county level by the end of 1935c in Jiangxi alone there were associations in 64 counties, 2 townships and 2 special districts.

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remaining bandits fleeing to the mountains or the coastal islands, the Hunan peace forces being used as regular troops temporarily is a testament to the strength of these forces.

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its teachings woven into the curriculum. The schools accepted pupils between the ages of 10-16 and adults 16-50. The curriculum teaching included writing, reading, maths, the

6108: 2187:, the KMT's party congress functioned in its place. Since party membership was a requirement for civil service positions, the KMT was full of careerists and opportunists. 298:

were rampant and revolts broke out in several provinces; internal conflicts also perpetuated within the government. The Nationalists were never able to fully pacify the

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Chen, having secured his position in the province saw military development as his priority expanding his army from 50,000 in June 1931 to over 150,000 by July 1932:

282:. There was enough stability to allow economic growth and the start of ambitious government projects, some of which were taken up again by the new government of the 7336: 260: 3048:

growth averaged 3.9 per cent a year from 1929 to 1941 and per capita GDP about 1.8 per cent. Among other institutions, the Nationalist Government founded the

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education they'd never had the chance to get in the dynasties that increased the literacy rate across China. The education also promotes the ideals of

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In Gansu the estimated mortality was 2.5 to 3 million In Shaanxi, out of a population of 13 million, an estimated 3 million died of hunger or disease

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The KMT was heavily factionalized into pro- and anti-Chiang groups. The largest faction in the party following reunification was the pro-Chiang

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growth averaged 3.9 per cent a year from 1929 to 1941 and per capita GDP about 1.8 per cent. Historians view the decade as a period of Chinese

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but Chiang objected and the two clashed in March, leading to Li's defeat and (temporary) expulsion from the KMT by the third party congress.

7361: 7219: 3057: 1552: 7386: 2487:'s support helped the Xinjiang group to triumph. Xinjiang then became a Soviet protectorate and safe haven for Communists. The Ma clique 742: 6133: 3112:

The Shanghai and wider Chinese bond market worked well with the Nationalist government providing significant cash flow to the government.

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rebelled on May 19 but was humiliated when half of his army defected through bribery. From October to February, fighting resumed with

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Granaries were also established to store up to 3 months of food and by 1935 in the Nanchang HQ area 228,000 tons of grain was stored.

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Chiang was elected President of the National Government by the KMT central executive committee in October 1928. In the absence of a

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treasury and not the provincial treasury, unless there was a deficit where the provincial treasury would account for the shortfall.

2571:". They would remain banned until the Second Sino-Japanese War when they were allowed into the Second United Front as part of the 2498: 1363: 6138:[An Elementary Study about the Characteristics and the Effect of the Great Drought in Northwest China from 1928 to 1930]. 7260: 2198:

First Army Group/Central Army), which made up slightly over half of the party membership. A Whampoa sub-faction was the infamous

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attempted to block Chiang's provisional constitution and was put under house arrest. This caused another uprising by

68: 6928: 6900: 6362: 2302: 1432: 1353: 367: 189: 108: 2284: 349: 7371: 5661:[Introduction to the Chinese Academy of Sciences scholar Ding Henggao and his wife Middle General Nie Li]. 5505:

for the duration of the war. While the transfer of the capital marked its political end, the symbolic end was the

2414:, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, and Wang Jingwei. Though victorious, the conflict left Chiang's government bankrupt. 278:

The Nanjing decade was marked by both progress and frustration. The period was far more stable than the preceding

7351: 7346: 7234: 4626:** mostly consisting of stamp tax, provincial remittances, government business profits and miscellaneous sources 3041: 3037: 2276: 1595: 698: 341: 42: 6895:. Includes Chapter 13: "The Nanjing decade, 1928–1937: The Guomindang era" (pp. 248–270). Routledge, 2005. 5969: 75: 7518: 7396: 7214: 6392: 5482: 3021: 2434: 2280: 2172: 2119: 1982: 1626: 1557: 384: 345: 153: 46: 3060: 7224: 3000: 1652: 1577: 1542: 1378: 759: 487: 283: 7452: 7265: 3005: 2345: 2165: 1667: 1483: 507: 57: 6290: 7528: 7376: 7090: 7080: 6550:. Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 1978. p. 66. 6502:. Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 1978. p. 44. 6454:. Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 1978. p. 37. 2689: 2628: 2623: 2552:. Many Communists and suspected or actual Communist sympathizers were imprisoned, including the wife and 2465: 2238: 2195: 1455: 1427: 1417: 1294: 957: 774: 465: 455: 7463: 7447: 7381: 6579: 6531: 6483: 6388: 3068:. The Chinese decision was motivated primarily out of the fact that Japan wanted to send athletes from 2509: 2323:

to defeat the warlords and reunify China. In April 1927, however, Chiang split with the Communists and

1358: 408: 2331:, setting up a rival KMT government in Nanjing. The split and the purge was detrimental to the KMT's 7366: 2479:, both KMT affiliates, were contesting each other in the western fringes from 1931 until 1937 in the 2438: 2324: 2034: 1901: 1810: 1514: 1368: 1343: 708: 6597:. RoutledgeCurzon studies in the modern history of Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 147–149. 6005: 5900:. RoutledgeCurzon studies in the modern history of Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 146–148. 5742:. RoutledgeCurzon studies in the modern history of Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 144–145. 7485: 7401: 6952: 5498: 2638: 2525: 2502: 2320: 2265: 2083: 1947: 1672: 1519: 1338: 909: 579: 423: 330: 303: 233: 703: 7523: 7513: 7508: 7432: 7209: 7172: 7085: 6967: 5923:"Rethinking Governmentality: Training, Cultivation and Cultural Citizenship in Nationalist China" 2572: 2269: 1924: 1700: 1621: 1590: 1290: 674: 334: 299: 35: 7028: 2532:

in December 1936. During this period, the Nationalists tried destroying the Communists by using

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from 1942 to 1943. In total, these famines cost at least 11.7 million lives by some estimates.

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These civil wars extended Chiang's direct rule from four provinces to eleven just prior to the

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To Play or Not to Play: A Historic Overview of the Olympic Movement in China From 1894 to 1984

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in 1927. Chiang declared it to be the national capital despite the existence of a left-wing

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Garnaut, Anthony (November 2013). "A Quantitative Description of the Henan Famine of 1942".

5994: 2548:. The Communists were much weaker in the urban areas due to secret police repression led by 82: 7331: 7204: 3073: 527: 5509:(the Rape of Nanjing) when up to 300,000 inhabitants died during the Japanese occupation. 302:, and struggled to address the widespread unrest and protests over their failure to check 8: 7310: 3025: 3012:

based on the respect of human rights and individual liberties for educational doctrine.

2633: 2529: 2332: 2226: 2225:. Hu never created or joined a faction but he was viewed as the spiritual leader by the 2214: 2199: 2071: 2039: 1962: 1758: 1738: 1733: 1529: 769: 574: 438: 213: 7326: 7095: 6992: 6875: 6867: 6823: 6815: 6776: 6768: 6722: 6714: 6672: 6664: 6573: 6525: 6477: 6248: 6199: 5950: 5942: 5873: 5865: 5826: 5818: 5590: 5473:

leaders into the movement and visiting them calling for cooperation with the movement.

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The Guangdong national treasury never turned a profit under Chen Jitang, this angered

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completed in 1934, with 3,000,000 peasants to be enrolled in 3 months in Henan alone.

7255: 6987: 6896: 6879: 6827: 6780: 6726: 6676: 6623: 6598: 6561: 6551: 6513: 6503: 6465: 6455: 6426: 6396: 6358: 6335: 6325: 6252: 6240: 6178:

Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s–1990s

5975: 5954: 5901: 5877: 5830: 5768: 5743: 5718: 5693: 5615: 5594: 5582: 5465: 2996: 2564: 2545: 2521: 2457: 1845: 1496: 1348: 952: 764: 749: 669: 589: 428: 7473: 7406: 7341: 7151: 7130: 7105: 7016: 7002: 6957: 6914: 6859: 6807: 6760: 6706: 6656: 6232: 5934: 5857: 5810: 5574: 5506: 2449: 2107: 1987: 1977: 1831: 1817: 1192: 1116: 985: 480: 475: 448: 418: 291: 217: 7416: 7199: 7070: 7008: 6997: 6962: 5666: 5644: 5452: 3049: 2601: 2476: 2340: 2155: 1972: 1860: 1197: 1126: 990: 720: 664: 659: 534: 443: 392: 255:

had made Nanjing a capital, the republic had been established there in 1912, and

197: 121: 6058: 7300: 7162: 7110: 6982: 6972: 6764: 6710: 6660: 5861: 5814: 5501:. Being located near the coast, it was vulnerable so the capital was moved to 2979: 2643: 2589: 2461: 2352: 2191: 2027: 1957: 1795: 1524: 1257: 1146: 1136: 1101: 1020: 914: 804: 786: 654: 635: 6863: 6811: 6236: 6032:"Gender Quotas in Taiwan : Chang-Ling Huang (National Taiwan University)" 5938: 2351:

At the end of the Expedition, the NRA consisted of four army groups: Chiang's

7502: 7437: 7280: 7250: 7167: 7157: 6977: 6339: 6244: 5586: 5477: 3065: 2664: 2537: 2480: 2368: 1232: 1227: 1202: 1169: 1151: 967: 879: 849: 839: 433: 209: 224:. The Wuhan faction gave in and the Northern Expedition continued until the 7177: 6565: 6517: 6469: 2676: 2557: 2491: 2484: 2395: 2391: 2356: 2336: 2218: 2146: 1781: 1657: 1247: 1222: 1217: 1141: 972: 947: 899: 869: 614: 609: 604: 564: 512: 470: 252: 245: 205: 6319: 4623:*the cost of collecting taxes is deducted for all years excluding 1928–29 2452:

erupted by dissident KMT elements. The rebellion was crushed in January.

7120: 7100: 7075: 6385:

Building for Oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State

4779: 2606: 2422: 2221:

and known as the Reorganizationists. The rightist opposition was led by

2176: 2022: 1824: 1743: 1313: 1252: 1179: 1156: 1131: 1111: 1091: 1081: 1076: 1053: 1048: 1030: 1010: 962: 904: 894: 889: 859: 854: 829: 691: 629: 619: 594: 559: 522: 279: 256: 6871: 6819: 6545: 6497: 6449: 6083: 5946: 5922: 5578: 7229: 7065: 6847: 6795: 6772: 6718: 6668: 5637:

China's Forgotten Revolution: Radical Conservatism in Action, 1927-1949

3033: 3016: 2541: 2442: 2411: 2383: 2372: 2364: 2017: 1608: 1445: 1267: 1212: 1121: 1106: 1058: 884: 874: 599: 193: 6748: 6694: 6644: 5869: 5845: 5822: 4428:

Receipts and Expenditure of the Nanjing Government (millions of Yuan)

3072:, a Japanese puppet state. They would later send a larger team to the 2158:

was derived from Sun's "Three Stages of Revolution" and his policy of

129: 7115: 5798: 5611:

China's Conservative Revolution: The Quest for a New Order, 1927–1949

5502: 4822: 4783: 3069: 2472: 2430: 2418: 2360: 2222: 2203: 1753: 1242: 1174: 1096: 1086: 1071: 1043: 1005: 995: 819: 814: 809: 624: 517: 413: 5563:"Mapping Conservatism of the Republican Era: Genesis and Typologies" 3309:

The figures provided by Liu and Yeh are deemed to be more reliable.

2254: 319: 24: 6357:(6 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 568–569. 3029: 2160: 1882: 1693: 1237: 1207: 924: 834: 824: 680: 295: 272: 137: 133: 6906: 2180:

from the Beiyang government flooded into Nanjing to receive jobs.

232:

was overthrown in 1928. The decade ended with the outbreak of the

7270: 6938: 6006:

https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c091-200411073.pdf

5448:*excise on cloth,rolled tobacco, cotton yarn, matches and cement 4221: 2953: 2407: 2399: 2230: 1015: 584: 549: 229: 201: 16:

Period in the history of the Republic of China from 1927 to 1937

6324:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 106–108. 4994: 2553: 2549: 2426: 2234: 2011: 1262: 1025: 1000: 919: 185: 161: 6425:(6 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 568. 4998:

Chen Jitang the Governor of Guandong until his removal in 1936

3036:. However, Periodic famines continued under Nationalist rule: 2578: 2515: 3024:

of democracy, republicanism, science, constitutionalism, and

2441:. Hu moved to Guangzhou and led an autonomous government in 2387: 2328: 864: 221: 2505:

can be seen as an extension of these party power struggles.

286:

after 1949. Nationalist foreign service officers negotiated

5971:

China Since 1919: Revolution and Reform : a Sourcebook

1838: 544: 5476:

The Government additionally re-organised schools from the

2433:

to set up a rival government. War was averted due to the

6184:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 303–307. 5995:

http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/cg/lt/rb/608/608PDF/cyo.pdf

3045: 3015:

Economic improvements and social reforms were mixed. The

275:

and the general area had strong popular support for him.

241: 7337:

Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology

2617: 2171:

The KMT set up its five-branch government (based on the

5161:

National treasury revenue and expenditure of Guangdong

3056:. In 1932, China sent a team for the first time to the 263:

had been there. Sun's body was brought and placed in a

6848:"The New Life Movement in Jiangxi Province, 1934-1938" 6796:"The New Life Movement in Jiangxi Province, 1934-1938" 3125:

GDP of the Republic of China in Billions of 1933 Yuan

251:

Nanjing was of symbolic and strategic importance. The

3040:

from 1928 to 1930, in Sichuan from 1936 to 1937, and

2999:. In addition, non-governmental reforms, such as the 5799:"Local Militia and State Power in Nationalist China" 2952:

In Hunan in 1928 a set of regulations was issued by

2563:

Other parties that were heavily persecuted were the

125:

Chart of Chinese progress from a US wartime pamphlet

2456:Chen resigned and the plot fizzled. In December, 1319:

Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress

49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7392:Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications 7357:Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 5524:Timeline of events leading to World War II in Asia 290:from Western governments and began to unravel the 4152:Output of Plant products (1,000,000s of catties* 7500: 2528:in 1927 would continue until the forming of the 2429:and other anti-Chiang factions who converged on 7126:Yuhuatai Memorial Park of Revolutionary Martyrs 5003:Provincial revenue and expeniture of Guangdong 4424:*A catty being equivalent to roughly 600 grams 7362:Nanjing University of Science & Technology 4630:Value of China's foreign trade Million(s) USD 2536:. The failure of early Communist strategy of 2464:and forced to ally with the Communists in the 7534:Politics of the Republic of China (1912–1949) 7387:Nanjing University of Finance & Economics 7220:National Revolutionary Army Memorial Cemetery 6922: 6231:(6). Cambridge University Press: 2034, 2044. 3115: 2127: 1553:Hong Kong Alliance of Chinese and Expatriates 6391:monograph series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 5961: 5548:Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run 2327:against the wishes of the KMT leadership in 2150:Zones of control during the "Nanjing Decade" 5665:(in Chinese). 10 April 2008. Archived from 2579:Warlord conflicts during the Nanjing decade 2516:Suppression of Communists and other parties 2283:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 348:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6929: 6915: 6617: 6592: 5895: 5762: 5737: 5712: 5687: 2585:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong 2402:joining the opposition. In May 1930, the 2134: 2120: 1596:Yuen Long Tin Shui Wai Democratic Alliance 1405:Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council 2713:Status of Peace Preservation forces 1934 2680:construction of military positions, etc. 2303:Learn how and when to remove this message 2154:The organization and function of the KMT 1329:Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers 368:Learn how and when to remove this message 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 6845: 6793: 6279:(Report). University of Texas at Austin. 5967: 5545: 4993: 3097: 2649: 2244: 2209:Opposition to Chiang came from both the 2145: 1364:New Territories Association of Societies 128: 120: 7261:Nanjing International Exhibition Center 6620:War and nationalism in China, 1925-1945 6595:War and nationalism in China, 1925-1945 6222: 5898:War and nationalism in China, 1925-1945 5765:War and nationalism in China, 1925-1945 5740:War and nationalism in China, 1925-1945 5715:War and nationalism in China, 1925-1945 5690:War and nationalism in China, 1925-1945 1463:Republic of China (Taiwan, pro-Beijing) 7501: 6893:China in War and Revolution, 1895–1949 6378: 6376: 6374: 5843: 5796: 5541: 5539: 2052:World League for Freedom and Democracy 1776:People's Republic of China (Mainland) 6910: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6688: 6686: 6444: 6442: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6313: 6311: 6024: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 4769: 3064:which consisted of a single athlete, 2618:Conflicts with Japan and Soviet Union 2096:People's Republic of China portal 1285:People's Republic of China (Mainland) 1038:People's Republic of China (Mainland) 7481: 6317: 6131: 5920: 5634: 5607: 2406:erupted, pitting Chiang against the 2281:adding citations to reliable sources 2248: 2217:. The leftist opposition was led by 1603:Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue) 1440:Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue) 1334:Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions 1324:Federation of Public Housing Estates 1187:Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue) 346:adding citations to reliable sources 313: 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 7443:Nanjing Lukou International Airport 6936: 6746: 6692: 6642: 6420: 6382: 6371: 6352: 6291:"Republic of China at the Olympics" 6018:"禁纏足、興女學: 南京國民政府在興女權上做出巨大努力 – 雪花新闻" 5651: 5536: 5497:The decade came to an end with the 3209:and communications (old-fashioned) 2991:China's first government sponsored 2942: 2468:to combat the Japanese occupation. 1749:Institute of Revolutionary Practice 1474:Chinese Unification Promotion Party 1309:Business and Professionals Alliance 188:from 1927 (or 1928) to 1937 in the 13: 7276:Yangtze River power line crossings 6834: 6733: 6683: 6439: 6409: 6308: 6269: 6174: 6147:Journal of Guyuan Teachers College 5974:. Psychology Press. pp. 62–. 5884: 5781: 5560: 5459: 3102: 2964: 2947: 1930:Conservative localism in Hong Kong 309: 14: 7545: 6421:Hsü, Immanuel Chung-yueh (2000). 6353:Hsü, Immanuel Chung-yueh (2000). 6197: 5567:Journal of Chinese History 中國歷史學刊 5550:. Paris: OECD Development Centre. 2386:fired the pro-Chiang governor of 1616:Republic of China (Taiwan, other) 1491:Republic of China (Taiwan, other) 7480: 7469: 7468: 7372:Nanjing University of Technology 7027: 3079: 2658: 2315:In 1922, the KMT had formed the 2253: 2101: 2089: 2077: 2065: 318: 23: 7352:China Pharmaceutical University 7347:Nanjing Agricultural University 7235:The Porcelain Pagoda of Nanjing 6787: 6636: 6611: 6586: 6538: 6490: 6346: 6283: 6263: 6216: 6191: 6168: 6125: 6101: 6076: 6051: 6010: 5999: 5988: 5914: 5837: 3313:Modern Industrial figures 1933 2995:program began in 1934 with the 980:Republic of China (before 1949) 236:in 1937 and the retreat of the 34:needs additional citations for 7397:Nanjing University of the Arts 7215:Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall 6547:The Cambridge history of China 6499:The Cambridge history of China 6451:The Cambridge history of China 6393:Harvard University Asia Center 6109:"抗戰前推動「普及教育案」的背景與實際作為 – 大中華民國" 5756: 5731: 5706: 5681: 5628: 5614:. Cambridge University Press. 5601: 5554: 5483:Three Principles of the People 4757: 3088: 2524:which began with the purge of 2435:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 2173:Three Principles of the People 1983:Three Principles of the People 1558:Hong Kong Progressive Alliance 184:) is an informal name for the 180: 175: 166: 157: 1: 5529: 5492: 3001:Rural Reconstruction Movement 1578:Progressive Hong Kong Society 1563:Liberal Democratic Federation 1543:Co-operative Resources Centre 760:Republic of China (1912-1949) 7453:Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge 7266:Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge 7225:Presidential Palace, Nanjing 6846:Ferlanti, Frederica (2010). 6618:Van de Ven, Hans J. (2003). 6593:Van de Ven, Hans J. (2003). 5927:The Journal of Asian Studies 5896:Van de Ven, Hans J. (2003). 5763:Van de Ven, Hans J. (2003). 5738:Van de Ven, Hans J. (2003). 5713:Van de Ven, Hans J. (2003). 5688:Van de Ven, Hans J. (2003). 5635:Tsui, Brian Kai Hin (2013). 4774: 3417:Machinery (incl. transport) 2973: 2084:Republic of China portal 1548:Federation for the Stability 1484:Patriot Alliance Association 271:. Chiang was born in nearby 7: 7377:Nanjing Forestry University 7091:Purple Mountain Observatory 7081:Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo 6794:Ferlanti, Federica (2010). 5512: 2629:Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang 2624:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 2499:collaborationist government 2239:National Revolutionary Army 2196:National Revolutionary Army 1627:The Motorists' Party of ROC 1433:United Citizens Association 1428:New Macau Development Union 775:Self-Strengthening Movement 699:Empire of China (1915–1916) 10: 7550: 7464:2014 Youth Summer Olympics 7448:China National Highway 312 7382:Nanjing Medical University 6765:10.1177/009770040202800202 6711:10.1177/009770040202800202 6661:10.1177/009770040202800202 6389:Harvard-Yenching Institute 5862:10.1177/009770048801400202 5815:10.1177/009770049902500201 5608:Tsui, Brian (2018-04-19). 3116:Infrastructure development 2986: 2695: 2510:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 2325:purged them from the Front 1907:Taiwan (Republic of China) 1804:Republic of China (Taiwan) 7461: 7425: 7367:Nanjing Normal University 7319: 7293: 7243: 7192: 7144: 7043: 7036: 7025: 6945: 6864:10.1017/S0026749X0999028X 6812:10.1017/S0026749X0999028X 6237:10.1017/S0026749X13000103 6200:"Sichuan famine, 1936–37" 6059:"从合礼到非法: 纳妾制度在中国是如何被废除的?" 5939:10.1017/S0021911806001124 5356:Financial administration 3008:and the reformism of the 2439:Battle of Shanghai (1932) 2035:History of the Kuomintang 1446:Chinese Nationalist Party 1369:Politihk Social Strategic 7402:Nanjing Audit University 7136:Nanjing Botanical Garden 6423:The rise of modern China 6355:The rise of modern China 6142: 6134: 6113:Stararctic108.weebly.com 6090:(in Chinese). 2012-09-12 5499:Second Sino-Japanese War 5339:Administrative expenses 3320:(millions of 1933 Yuan) 3283:Depreciation adjustments 2903:monthly (yuan) {annual} 2639:Nanking incident of 1927 2503:Second Sino-Japanese War 2348:by the end of the year. 1948:Authoritarian capitalism 1339:Kowloon West New Dynamic 234:Second Sino-Japanese War 7433:Nanjing Railway Station 7210:Memorial of Tao Xingzhi 7173:Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum 6175:Li, Lillian M. (2007). 6135:浅析1928-1930年西北大旱灾的特点及影响 5968:Lawrance, Alan (2004). 5844:McCord, Edward (1988). 5797:McCord, Edwars (1999). 2573:China Democratic League 2164:. The first stage was 2072:Conservatism portal 1701:Classic of Filial Piety 1622:Congress Party Alliance 1591:123 Democratic Alliance 1537:Hong Kong (pro-Beijing) 1303:Hong Kong (pro-Beijing) 1291:Chinese Communist Party 1066:Hong Kong (pro-Beijing) 675:Chinese economic reform 300:Chinese Communist Party 7412:Hopkins-Nanjing Center 7051:China Gate Castle Park 6578:: CS1 maint: others ( 6530:: CS1 maint: others ( 6482:: CS1 maint: others ( 6140:Gùyuán Shīzhuān Xuébào 6132:Chen, Sherong (2002). 5519:Party-state capitalism 5138:Balance of Provincial 4999: 3796:electrical appliances 3507:Stone, clay and glass 3478:electrical appliances 3350:Foreign owned (1000s) 3344:Chinese owned (1000s) 3207:Modern transportation 3010:Nationalist Government 2554:four year old daughter 2534:Encirclement Campaigns 2448:In November 1933, the 2151: 1968:Party-state capitalism 1919:Variants and movements 1811:Chung T'ien Television 1715:The Revolutionary Army 1708:Farewell to Revolution 1568:New Hong Kong Alliance 782:White Terror in Taiwan 755:Project National Glory 288:diplomatic recognition 261:provisional government 238:Nationalist government 218:Nationalist government 141: 126: 7519:Conservatism in China 7154:(Temple of Confucius) 5921:Culp, Robert (2006). 5546:Maddison, A. (1998). 5373:Educational expenses 5099:Provincial treasury: 5033:Provincial treasury: 4997: 4853:Political Department 3098:Economic developments 3054:Central Bank of China 2935:3,378,971{40,547,652} 2650:Military developments 2612:War in Ningxia (1934) 2245:Intra-party struggles 2149: 2046:Taiwanese nationalism 1479:For Public Good Party 1423:Macau-Guangdong Union 738:Martial law in Taiwan 394:Conservatism in China 132: 124: 7332:Southeast University 7205:City Wall of Nanjing 6852:Modern Asian Studies 6800:Modern Asian Studies 6747:Lin, Alfred (2002). 6693:Lin, Alfred (2002). 6643:Lin, Alfred (2002). 6318:Lary, Diana (2007). 6225:Modern Asian Studies 6149:] (in Chinese). 5561:Xu, Aymeric (2020). 5325:Diplomatic expenses 3999:Tobacco and Alcohol 3912:Clothing and attire 2458:Chiang was kidnapped 2277:improve this section 2166:military unification 2108:Hong Kong portal 1973:Carl Schmitt Thought 1644:Pro-Kuomintang camp 1386:Hong Kong (centrist) 528:Imperial examination 342:improve this section 212:halfway through the 43:improve this article 7311:Jiangsu Art Gallery 7294:Culture and history 7183:Great Bao'en Temple 6153:(1). Archived from 5659:"中科院院士丁衡高与妻子聂力中将简介" 5579:10.1017/jch.2019.35 5162: 5004: 4814:Independent forces 4795: 4631: 4591:Loan and indemnity 4429: 4153: 3941:Leather and rubber 3626:Paper and Printing 3314: 3126: 3026:Chinese Nationalism 3006:violent land reform 2714: 2634:Xinjiang War (1937) 2540:led to the rise of 2530:Second United Front 2466:Second United Front 2333:Northern Expedition 2227:Western Hills Group 2200:Blue Shirts Society 2040:Liberalism in China 1963:Hui pan-nationalism 1759:Western Hills Group 1739:Confucius Institute 1734:Blue Shirts Society 1585:Hong Kong (pro-ROC) 1418:Alliance for Change 1412:Macau (pro-Beijing) 1399:Hong Kong (pro-ROC) 1164:Macau (pro-Beijing) 770:Tongzhi Restoration 456:Neoauthoritarianism 304:Japanese aggression 267:to cement Chiang's 214:Northern Expedition 7529:Economy of Nanjing 7327:Nanjing University 7096:Qingliangshan Park 5387:Military expenses 5253:Opium Suppression 5239:Consolidated tax* 5160: 5002: 5000: 4906:Training Division 4793: 4782:, the governor of 4770:Warlord activities 4629: 4427: 4151: 3356:Manchuria (1000s) 3312: 3271:Residential rents 3260:Personal services 3124: 3074:1936 Olympic Games 3030:Political Tutelage 2993:social engineering 2712: 2597:Central Plains War 2404:Central Plains War 2382:In February 1929, 2377:New Guangxi clique 2317:First United Front 2152: 1993:Xi Jinping Thought 1942:Related ideologies 1876:Central Daily News 1573:Professional Forum 1509:Historical parties 1456:People First Party 1392:Professional Power 1354:New People's Party 1193:Chiang (Ching-kuo) 986:Chiang (Ching-kuo) 728:Manchu Restoration 716:Hua–Yi distinction 687:Dynasties of China 226:Beiyang government 142: 127: 7496: 7495: 7289: 7288: 7256:Nanjing City Wall 7185:(Porcelain tower) 6629:978-0-415-14571-8 6604:978-0-415-14571-8 6557:978-0-521-24327-8 6509:978-0-521-24327-8 6461:978-0-521-24327-8 6432:978-0-19-512504-7 6402:978-0-674-26022-1 6331:978-0-511-26999-8 6270:An, Kang (2020). 5981:978-0-415-25142-6 5907:978-0-415-14571-8 5774:978-0-415-14571-8 5749:978-0-415-14571-8 5724:978-0-415-14571-8 5699:978-0-415-14571-8 5621:978-1-108-16923-3 5466:new life movement 5446: 5445: 5281:Non-tax receipts 5197:Tobacco/wine tax 5168:and expenditures 5154: 5153: 5110:Regular expenses 5058:Non-tax receipts 5044:All tax receipts 4988: 4987: 4976:1st-8th regiment 4794:First Group Army 4755: 4754: 4621: 4620: 4422: 4421: 4149: 4148: 3307: 3306: 3038:in Northern China 2997:New Life Movement 2940: 2939: 2565:Young China Party 2546:guerrilla warfare 2522:Chinese Civil War 2471:In addition, the 2313: 2312: 2305: 2185:National Assembly 2144: 2143: 1978:State nationalism 1846:United Daily News 1664:Pro-Beijing camp 1648:Republic of China 1515:Progressive Party 1497:Young China Party 1469:Chinese New Party 1451:Chinese New Party 1349:New Century Forum 1198:Chiang (Kai-shek) 991:Chiang (Kai-shek) 765:Shanghai massacre 750:New Life Movement 670:Chinese Civil War 590:Mandate of Heaven 508:Ancestral worship 429:Dai Jitao Thought 378: 377: 370: 284:People's Republic 190:Republic of China 181:Huángjīn shí nián 119: 118: 111: 93: 7541: 7484: 7483: 7472: 7471: 7407:Sanjiang College 7342:Hohai University 7152:Nanjing Fuzimiao 7131:Zhan Yuan Garden 7106:White Horse Park 7041: 7040: 7031: 6931: 6924: 6917: 6908: 6907: 6884: 6883: 6843: 6832: 6831: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6744: 6731: 6730: 6690: 6681: 6680: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6577: 6569: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6529: 6521: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6481: 6473: 6446: 6437: 6436: 6418: 6407: 6406: 6383:Hou, Li (2021). 6380: 6369: 6368: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6321:China's Republic 6315: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6204:Disaster History 6195: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6039:2.igs.ocha.ac.jp 6036: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6014: 6008: 6003: 5997: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5893: 5882: 5881: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5794: 5779: 5778: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5663:Meili de Shenhua 5655: 5649: 5648: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5543: 5507:Nanjing Massacre 5464:In Jiangxi, the 5341:of home affairs 5163: 5159: 5005: 5001: 4796: 4792: 4632: 4628: 4491:Commodity taxes 4430: 4426: 4154: 4150: 3315: 3311: 3127: 3123: 3063: 2943:Militia in Hunan 2715: 2711: 2690:60 division plan 2450:Fujian Rebellion 2335:and allowed the 2308: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2288: 2257: 2249: 2202:. Next was the 2136: 2129: 2122: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2070: 2069: 2068: 1988:Three Represents 1832:Commercial Times 1818:China Television 1609:Republican Party 1520:Republican Party 1258:Soong (Mei-ling) 1147:Tsang (Yok-sing) 709:Tributary system 419:Communitarianism 395: 380: 379: 373: 366: 362: 359: 353: 322: 314: 292:unequal treaties 192:. It began when 182: 177: 168: 167:Nánjīng shí nián 159: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 58:"Nanjing decade" 51: 27: 19: 7549: 7548: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7538: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7457: 7421: 7417:Nanjing Library 7315: 7285: 7239: 7200:Chaotian Palace 7188: 7140: 7086:Purple Mountain 7071:Jiangxin Island 7044:Parks and lakes 7032: 7023: 6941: 6935: 6888: 6887: 6844: 6835: 6792: 6788: 6745: 6734: 6691: 6684: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6591: 6587: 6571: 6570: 6558: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6523: 6522: 6510: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6475: 6474: 6462: 6448: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6419: 6410: 6403: 6381: 6372: 6365: 6351: 6347: 6332: 6316: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6221: 6217: 6208: 6206: 6196: 6192: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6160: 6158: 6144: 6136: 6130: 6126: 6117: 6115: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6093: 6091: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6068: 6066: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6043: 6041: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6025: 6016: 6015: 6011: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5989: 5982: 5966: 5962: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5894: 5885: 5842: 5838: 5795: 5782: 5775: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5606: 5602: 5559: 5555: 5544: 5537: 5532: 5515: 5495: 5462: 5460:Social policies 5453:Chiang Kai-Shek 5311:Party expenses 5124:Total expenses 4920:Guards Brigade 4881:Huang Tingzhen 4837:Chief-of-Staff 4777: 4772: 4760: 3767:Metal products 3448:metal products 3446:Ferrous metals 3237:administration 3118: 3105: 3103:Fiscal measures 3100: 3091: 3082: 3050:Academia Sinica 2989: 2976: 2967: 2965:Further reforms 2950: 2948:Initial reforms 2945: 2698: 2661: 2652: 2620: 2581: 2518: 2497:Wang Jingwei's 2477:Xinjiang clique 2309: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2274: 2258: 2247: 2156:one-party state 2140: 2102: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2066: 2064: 2057: 2056: 2006: 1998: 1997: 1943: 1935: 1934: 1920: 1912: 1911: 1897: 1889: 1888: 1866: 1861:The Epoch Times 1851: 1801: 1786: 1772: 1764: 1763: 1729: 1721: 1720: 1688: 1680: 1679: 1640: 1632: 1631: 1613: 1600: 1582: 1534: 1510: 1502: 1501: 1488: 1460: 1437: 1409: 1396: 1383: 1379:Silent Majority 1300: 1281: 1273: 1272: 1203:Chiang (Wan-an) 1184: 1161: 1063: 1035: 977: 938: 930: 929: 850:Jiang (Shigong) 800: 792: 791: 743:Language policy 721:Four Barbarians 665:Boxer Rebellion 660:Boluan Fanzheng 650: 642: 641: 535:Chinese culture 503: 495: 494: 404: 393: 374: 363: 357: 354: 339: 323: 312: 310:The party-state 265:grand mausoleum 198:Chiang Kai-shek 174:, Chinese: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7547: 7537: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7524:Economic booms 7521: 7516: 7514:1930s in China 7511: 7509:1920s in China 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7478: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7306:Nanjing decade 7303: 7301:Nanjing Museum 7297: 7295: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7196: 7194: 7193:Historic sites 7190: 7189: 7187: 7186: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7163:Jinghai Temple 7160: 7155: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7111:Wuchaomen Park 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7047: 7045: 7038: 7034: 7033: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7013: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6942: 6934: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6891:Peter Zarrow. 6886: 6885: 6833: 6786: 6732: 6682: 6635: 6628: 6610: 6603: 6585: 6556: 6537: 6508: 6489: 6460: 6438: 6431: 6408: 6401: 6370: 6363: 6345: 6330: 6307: 6282: 6262: 6215: 6190: 6167: 6124: 6100: 6075: 6050: 6023: 6009: 5998: 5987: 5980: 5960: 5933:(3): 530–536. 5913: 5906: 5883: 5836: 5809:(2): 127–135. 5780: 5773: 5755: 5748: 5730: 5723: 5705: 5698: 5680: 5669:on 18 May 2021 5650: 5627: 5620: 5600: 5573:(1): 135–159. 5553: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5514: 5511: 5494: 5491: 5461: 5458: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5145: 5142: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5009: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4929:Chen Hanguang 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4884:Huang Renhuan 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827:Xiang hanping 4825: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4057:Miscellaneous 4054: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3970:Food products 3967: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3738:Wood products 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716:Consumer goods 3712: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3504: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366:Producer goods 3362: 3361: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3305: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3117: 3114: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3078: 2988: 2985: 2980:Jinan incident 2978:Following the 2975: 2972: 2966: 2963: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2697: 2694: 2660: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2644:Jinan incident 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2590:Beijing Revolt 2580: 2577: 2544:who advocated 2517: 2514: 2462:Zhang Xueliang 2425:, Li Zongren, 2353:Whampoa clique 2346:reunited China 2311: 2310: 2293:September 2019 2261: 2259: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2192:Whampoa clique 2142: 2141: 2139: 2138: 2131: 2124: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2074: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2028:Hanfu Movement 2020: 2015: 2007: 2005:Related topics 2004: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1958:Han chauvinism 1955: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1925:Anti-communism 1921: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1879: 1865: 1864: 1850: 1849: 1842: 1835: 1828: 1821: 1814: 1800: 1799: 1796:Sing Tao Daily 1785: 1784: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1711: 1704: 1697: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1653:mainland China 1650: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1612: 1611: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1525:Royalist Party 1522: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1408: 1407: 1395: 1394: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1299: 1298: 1282: 1280:Extant parties 1279: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1223:Hau (Pei-tsun) 1220: 1218:Hau (Lung-pin) 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1142:Tsang (Donald) 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 976: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 942:Imperial China 939: 936: 935: 932: 931: 928: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 801: 798: 797: 794: 793: 790: 789: 787:Xueheng School 784: 779: 778: 777: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 746: 745: 735: 733:Nanjing decade 730: 725: 724: 723: 713: 712: 711: 704:Imperial China 701: 696: 695: 694: 684: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 655:1992 Consensus 651: 648: 647: 644: 643: 640: 639: 636:Zhonghua minzu 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 555:Exceptionalism 552: 547: 542: 540:Genealogy Book 537: 532: 531: 530: 520: 515: 510: 504: 501: 500: 497: 496: 493: 492: 491: 490: 485: 484: 483: 478: 466:Traditionalist 463: 458: 453: 452: 451: 446: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 405: 402: 401: 398: 397: 389: 388: 376: 375: 358:September 2019 326: 324: 317: 311: 308: 196:Generalissimo 178:; pinyin: 150:Nanking decade 146:Nanjing decade 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7546: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7489: 7488: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7438:Nanjing Metro 7436: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7292: 7282: 7281:Zhonghua Gate 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7251:Jinling Hotel 7249: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7168:Linggu Temple 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7158:Jiming Temple 7156: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7035: 7030: 7020: 7018: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6932: 6927: 6925: 6920: 6918: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6902: 6901:0-415-36448-5 6898: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6687: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6639: 6631: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6606: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6581: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6541: 6533: 6527: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6501: 6500: 6493: 6485: 6479: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6445: 6443: 6434: 6428: 6424: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6404: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6366: 6364:9780195125047 6360: 6356: 6349: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6314: 6312: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6275: 6274: 6266: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6219: 6205: 6201: 6198:Kelly, Luke. 6194: 6187: 6180: 6179: 6171: 6157:on 2011-07-07 6156: 6152: 6148: 6141: 6137: 6128: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6089: 6085: 6084:"南京国民政府时期的教育" 6079: 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Meixin 4877: 4874: 4872:1st Division 4871: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4767: 4764: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4534:Expenditures* 4532: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4463:Customs Duty 4462: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4425: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 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3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3310: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3196:Construction 3195: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3122: 3113: 3109: 3095: 3086: 3080:Postal system 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3066:Liu Changchun 3062: 3059: 3058:Olympic Games 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3028:based on the 3027: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2981: 2971: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2864:Machine guns 2863: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2691: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2672: 2668: 2666: 2665:Baojia system 2659:Baojia system 2656: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2538:urban warfare 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2481:Xinjiang Wars 2478: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2369:Shanxi clique 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2307: 2304: 2296: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2262:This section 2260: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2148: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2087: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1863: 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1047: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 983: 982: 981: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 945: 944: 943: 934: 933: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 802: 799:Intellectuals 796: 795: 788: 785: 783: 780: 776: 773: 772: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 744: 741: 740: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 722: 719: 718: 717: 714: 710: 707: 706: 705: 702: 700: 697: 693: 690: 689: 688: 685: 683: 682: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 652: 646: 645: 638: 637: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 580:Law and order 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 529: 526: 525: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 505: 499: 498: 489: 486: 482: 479: 477: 474: 473: 472: 469: 468: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 450: 447: 445: 442: 441: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 409:Authoritarian 407: 406: 400: 399: 396: 391: 390: 386: 382: 381: 372: 369: 361: 351: 347: 343: 337: 336: 332: 327:This section 325: 321: 316: 315: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 276: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 210:Sun Chuanfang 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 173: 172:Golden decade 169: 163: 155: 151: 147: 139: 135: 131: 123: 113: 110: 102: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 7486: 7474: 7305: 7178:Qixia Temple 7061:Defence Park 7015: 7007: 6892: 6858:(5): 17–22. 6855: 6851: 6803: 6799: 6789: 6759:(2): 17–22. 6756: 6753:Modern China 6752: 6702: 6699:Modern China 6698: 6652: 6649:Modern China 6648: 6638: 6619: 6613: 6594: 6588: 6546: 6540: 6498: 6492: 6450: 6422: 6384: 6354: 6348: 6320: 6298:. Retrieved 6295:topendsports 6294: 6285: 6272: 6265: 6256: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6207:. Retrieved 6203: 6193: 6185: 6177: 6170: 6159:. Retrieved 6155:the original 6150: 6146: 6139: 6127: 6116:. Retrieved 6112: 6103: 6092:. Retrieved 6087: 6078: 6067:. Retrieved 6065:. 2020-06-29 6062: 6053: 6042:. Retrieved 6038: 6026: 6012: 6001: 5990: 5970: 5963: 5930: 5926: 5916: 5897: 5856:(2): 27–30. 5853: 5850:Modern China 5849: 5839: 5806: 5803:Modern China 5802: 5764: 5758: 5739: 5733: 5714: 5708: 5689: 5683: 5671:. Retrieved 5667:the original 5662: 5653: 5636: 5630: 5610: 5603: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5547: 5496: 5487: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5450: 5447: 5442:-26,577,910 5439:-19,464,064 5436:-25,040,701 5431: 5415: 5357: 5340: 5295: 5167: 5155: 5144:-16,270,274 5139: 5088:Expenditure 5072: 4989: 4962:3rd Brigade 4948:2nd Brigade 4934:1st Brigade 4898:Huang Zhiwe 4854: 4830:Li yangjing 4808:Second Army 4800: 4789: 4778: 4765: 4761: 4625: 4622: 4592: 4533: 4447: 4423: 4410: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4269: 4258:Other Grain 4219: 4167: 4161: 4118: 4117: 4086: 3715: 3684: 3655:Metal coins 3508: 3447: 3365: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3308: 3295: 3282: 3236: 3214: 3208: 3163:Handicrafts 3141:Agriculture 3133:Liu and Yeh 3119: 3110: 3106: 3092: 3083: 3061: 3014: 2990: 2977: 2968: 2959: 2951: 2934: 2902: 2901:Expenditure 2894: 2857: 2820: 2783: 2753:Men at arms 2707: 2703: 2699: 2686: 2682: 2677:Yang Yongtai 2673: 2669: 2662: 2653: 2562: 2519: 2507: 2496: 2492:Sun Dianying 2485:Soviet Union 2470: 2454: 2447: 2416: 2396:Wang Jingwei 2392:Feng Yuxiang 2381: 2357:Feng Yuxiang 2350: 2314: 2299: 2290: 2275:Please help 2263: 2219:Wang Jingwei 2208: 2194:(a.k.a. the 2189: 2182: 2170: 2159: 2153: 2010: 1881: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1844: 1837: 1830: 1823: 1816: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1782:Global Times 1775: 1774: 1713: 1706: 1699: 1692: 1615: 1614: 1602: 1601: 1584: 1583: 1536: 1535: 1490: 1489: 1462: 1461: 1439: 1438: 1411: 1410: 1398: 1397: 1385: 1384: 1359:New Prospect 1302: 1301: 1284: 1283: 1186: 1185: 1163: 1162: 1122:Lee (Starry) 1065: 1064: 1037: 1036: 979: 978: 941: 940: 845:Jiang (Qing) 732: 679: 634: 615:Social order 610:Sinocentrism 605:Sinicization 565:Filial piety 513:Asian values 471:Confucianism 364: 355: 340:Please help 328: 277: 253:Ming dynasty 250: 246:conservatism 206:Zhili clique 179: 171: 165: 149: 145: 143: 140:in the 1930s 105: 96: 86: 79: 72: 65: 53: 41:Please help 36:verification 33: 7244:Other sites 7121:Xuanwu Lake 7101:Taoye Ferry 7076:Mochou Lake 7056:Couple Park 7037:Attractions 6806:(5): 8–12. 6705:(2): 9–14. 6063:Yangtse.com 5426:70,490,936 5423:55,947,639 5420:56,648,422 5404:13,442,491 5396:59,956,742 5393:45,412,781 5390:40,256,960 5306:43,913,026 5303:36,483,575 5300:31,607,721 5262:11,271,292 5248:15,257,598 5245:10,176,848 5150:+1,794,584 5147:14,993,228 5133:72,432,654 5130:63,969,102 5127:65,666,101 5119:30,143,869 5116:15,401,788 5113:16,988,095 5083:74,227,238 5080:48,957,874 5077:49,395,827 5067:22,045,527 5064:17,226,681 5061:20,537,010 5053:52,181,711 5050:31,731,193 5047:28,858,817 4971:Yan Yingyu 4957:Chen Zhang 4943:Fan Dexing 4915:Mou Peinan 4875:Li Zhenqiu 4865:Di Junqian 4859:Li Xunhuan 4811:Third Army 4805:First Army 4799:Commander/ 4780:Chen Jitang 4758:Agriculture 4411:Grand Total 4270:Total Grain 4119:Grand Total 3235:Government 3136:Ou Pao-san 2607:Two-Liu War 2602:Han–Liu War 2569:Third Party 2558:Marshal Nie 2501:during the 2489:also fought 2423:Chen Jitang 2410:faction of 2177:organic law 2175:) using an 2023:Han Chinese 1825:China Times 1744:Group of 89 1530:Unity Party 1314:Civil Force 1175:Ho (Edmund) 1097:Ip (Regina) 1072:Chan (Gary) 1006:Hu (Hanmin) 996:Dai (Jitao) 937:Politicians 630:Technocracy 620:Sovereignty 595:Meritocracy 575:Irredentism 560:Familialism 523:Bureaucracy 439:Nationalist 280:Warlord Era 257:Sun Yat-sen 194:Nationalist 7503:Categories 7230:Stone City 7066:Gulin Park 6655:(2): 3–4. 6209:2021-11-21 6161:2011-02-15 6118:2022-07-23 6094:2022-07-23 6088:M.xzbu.com 6069:2022-07-21 6044:2022-07-23 5645:1271956595 5639:(Thesis). 5530:References 5493:Conclusion 5410:3,772,706 5407:7,595,984 5382:3,590,275 5379:1,993,597 5376:1,277,800 5368:2,725,880 5362:1,378,978 5290:5,004,956 5287:3,959,155 5284:1,672,362 5270:7,911,580 5259:8,699,971 5256:5,994,699 5242:1,275,677 5220:1,998,822 5217:1,731,235 5214:1,692,228 5211:Stamp tax 5206:5,029,683 5203:4,635,919 5200:4,103,348 5192:5,004,271 5189:7,054,409 5186:8,325,137 4862:Li Heling 4840:Yang Gang 4819:Commander 4801:formation 4593:servicing 4519:Borrowing 4477:Salt Duty 4359:Sugarcane 4168:(average) 4166:1931-1937 4162:(average) 4160:1914-1919 3854:Chemicals 3539:Chemicals 3336:Manchuria 3249:Financial 3185:Utilities 3152:Factories 3034:Kuomintang 3017:Kuomintang 2542:Mao Zedong 2526:communists 2443:Liangguang 2412:Yan Xishan 2384:Li Zongren 2373:Li Zongren 2365:Yan Xishan 2321:Communists 2048:(opposing) 2042:(opposing) 2018:Falun Gong 1687:Literature 1374:Roundtable 1117:Lee (John) 953:Emperor Wu 600:Patriotism 502:Principles 434:Monarchism 403:Ideologies 269:legitimacy 240:to Wuhan. 69:newspapers 7426:Transport 7320:Education 7116:Xu Garden 7019:(defunct) 7011:(defunct) 6993:Jiangning 6946:Districts 6880:146456085 6828:146456085 6781:144077185 6727:144077185 6677:144077185 6574:cite book 6526:cite book 6478:cite book 6340:166432589 6253:146274415 6245:1469-8099 5955:161123074 5878:143859286 5831:144851118 5595:213926138 5587:2059-1632 5503:Chongqing 5358:expenses 5183:Salt tax 5140:treasury 5008:Tax name 4895:Zhang Da 4855:Director 4846:Zhou Zhi 4843:Ye Minyu 4823:Yu Hanmou 4784:Guangdong 4775:Guangdong 4577:Military 4448:Receipts* 4397:non-grain 4304:Rapeseed 4218:Kaoliang 4207:Potatoes 3883:Textiles 3568:Textiles 3089:Education 3070:Manchukuo 3022:Tridemism 2974:Education 2790:handguns 2724:Zhejiang 2567:and the " 2494:in 1934. 2483:when the 2473:Ma clique 2431:Guangzhou 2419:Hu Hanmin 2417:In 1931, 2361:Guominjun 2319:with the 2264:does not 2229:, led by 2223:Hu Hanmin 2204:CC Clique 1902:Hong Kong 1896:By region 1789:Hong Kong 1754:Want Want 1668:Hong Kong 1658:Hong Kong 1639:Alliances 973:Duke Zhou 948:Duke Shao 815:Confucius 625:Tradition 570:Hierarchy 518:Authority 414:Chiangism 329:does not 170:, or the 7475:Category 6988:Yuhuatai 6937:City of 6872:40926538 6820:40926538 6300:July 30, 5947:25076080 5673:31 March 5641:ProQuest 5513:See also 5365:572,797 5351:406,999 5348:352,536 5345:236,993 5276:283,306 5273:188,780 5228:632,690 5225:Customs 5178:1934-35 5175:1932-33 5172:1930-31 5166:Revenue 5022:Revenue 5017:1934-35 5014:1932-33 5011:1930-31 4892:Ye Zhao 4641:Exports 4638:Imports 4505:Other** 4442:1936–37 4439:1933–34 4436:1928–29 4418:373,207 4415:327,457 4348:Tobacco 4293:Peanuts 4282:Soybean 4277:319,960 4274:283,300 4180:139,110 4177:147,610 4145:1,075.8 4133:2,645.4 4124:1,771.4 4100:2,146.9 4091:1,412.6 3825:Pottery 3817:<100 3597:Leather 3354:Workers 3348:Workers 3342:Workers 3330:Foreign 3324:Chinese 3052:and the 3042:in Henan 2931:140,240 2928:482,592 2925:470,594 2922:314,709 2919:460,000 2916:400,000 2913:603,428 2910:510,000 2907:480,000 2827:Mortars 2745:Shaanxi 2739:Jiangxi 2721:Jiangsu 2718:Figures 2475:and the 2341:Fengtian 2213:and the 2161:Dang Guo 1883:Shen Bao 1854:Overseas 1694:Analects 1295:factions 1001:Dai (Li) 681:Dang Guo 488:Legalism 424:Cultural 385:a series 383:Part of 296:nepotism 273:Zhejiang 208:warlord 138:Shanghai 134:The Bund 99:May 2020 7487:Commons 7271:Xianlin 7145:Temples 7017:Xiaguan 7003:Gaochun 6958:Qinhuai 6939:Nanjing 6773:3181353 6719:3181353 6669:3181353 6566:2424772 6518:2424772 6470:2424772 5432:Balance 5401:Others 5320:30,472 5317:15,856 5314:49,880 5267:Others 5234:63,098 5231:37,258 4563:Civil* 4433:Sector 4405:53,547 4402:44,157 4365:18,720 4362:18,720 4337:Fibres 4326:Cotton 4315:Sesame 4288:16,800 4285:10,970 4264:10,940 4261:10,370 4253:19,440 4250:18,090 4247:Barley 4242:27,680 4239:22,180 4236:Millet 4231:24,680 4228:23,750 4222:sorghum 4213:15,280 4202:20,440 4199:14,680 4191:46,200 4188:39,570 3388:Lumber 3215:(1.20) 3174:Mining 3130:Sector 3032:of the 2987:Reforms 2954:He Jian 2821:183,450 2817:16,243 2814:12,512 2811:34,383 2808:20,822 2805:21,096 2802:28,682 2799:22,597 2796:21,937 2784:241,571 2780:16,542 2777:29,859 2774:39,847 2771:24,233 2768:33,824 2765:34,773 2762:54,686 2742:Fujian 2696:Militia 2408:Beiping 2400:Lin Sen 2285:removed 2270:sources 2241:(NRA). 2231:Lin Sen 1953:Fascism 649:History 585:Loyalty 550:Elitism 350:removed 335:sources 230:Beijing 202:Nanjing 154:Chinese 83:scholar 7009:Baixia 6998:Lishui 6963:Jianye 6953:Xuanwu 6899: 6878: 6870: 6826: 6818: 6779: 6771: 6725: 6717: 6675: 6667: 6626: 6601: 6564: 6554: 6516: 6506: 6468: 6458: 6429: 6399: 6361: 6338: 6328: 6251: 6243: 6143:固原师专学报 5978: 5953: 5945: 5904: 5876: 5870:189269 5868: 5829: 5823:189451 5821: 5771: 5746: 5721: 5696: 5643: 5618: 5593: 5585: 5334:7,862 5331:4,088 5328:5,320 4726:1,030 4715:1,345 4704:1,524 4693:2,002 4682:1,723 4674:1,070 4671:1,620 4608:Other 4549:Party 4354:1,830 4351:1,590 4343:1,350 4340:1,410 4332:1,888 4329:1,606 4321:1,810 4310:5,080 4307:3,800 4299:5,250 4296:4,540 4210:7,060 4185:Wheat 4142:129.5 4139:163.1 4136:783.2 4130:376.7 4127:497.4 4112:862.5 4106:147.7 4103:628.8 4097:285.0 4094:449.3 4028:Paper 4011:278.2 4005:117.3 4002:124.9 3982:634.1 3979:158.7 3973:436.3 3936:107.2 3927:101.7 3924:109.1 3915:101.1 3907:523.6 3901:104.7 3898:380.1 3895:933.8 3889:257.8 3886:605.4 3710:213.3 3701:154.4 3698:498.5 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