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515:"neo-Christianity" based upon the re-establishment of personal character, and the rejection of greed and inequality and its propagation by self-interested men of wealth and their political adjutants. Direct democracy was seen by Flower as the path to spreading freedom and opportunity to the greatest number of Americans.
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of the
Progressive era. In 1932, historian C. C. Regier remembered him as a man who "somewhat naively...believed that if people would but see the evil effects of their acts they would themselves mend their ways", a philosophy which led to upbeat and optimistic editorial tone in Flower's work. Flower
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was sold in 1903 to
Charles A. Montgomery, a short-lived ownership situation which abruptly ended in 1904 with the magazine's sale to book publisher Albert Brandt. Upon purchasing the magazine, Brandt immediately brought back Flower as Editor-in-Chief of the publication that the latter had founded
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Flower was an advocate of bolstering public morality as a means of social improvement. In 1893, he proposed the establishment of a "League of Love" or "Federation of
Justice" to better mobilize progressive-minded individuals for the betterment of humanity. This effort led to the formation of a new
514:
As has been noted by the historian Louis Filler, B.O. Flower did not consider himself a socialist. Flower believed that the body of socialist ideas was thoroughly utopian and unachievable, and that revolution would result only in chaos and destruction. Instead, Flower advocated for a
384:. Uniting it all was Flower's evolutionary rather than revolutionary view of social change and his deep-seated faith in the perfectibility of mankind through enlightenment about the world and reasoned response to its problems. Flower advocated for
462:. Under its new editors, Flower's magazine continued to pursue the same political and ethical mission originally envisioned by its founder. Flower continued to contribute articles to the journal regularly throughout the subsequent interval.
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Social ills were not to be dismissed or ignored however, Flower believed, but rather were matters to be addressed forthrightly, with a broad range of opinions solicited in the process of bringing about their rational solution.
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B.O. Flower died on
December 24, 1918. He was 60 years old at the time of his death. Although Flower or his heirs destroyed many of his personal papers, some (mostly articles for publication) are with his family's papers at
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388:, libraries, and improved housing. He criticized ostentatious, costly, and encumbering women's clothing, "materialistic commercialism," and the wealthy class which monopolized society's economic resources.
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This venture proved successful, achieving a circulation of more than 10,000 copies within three years. In
December 1889, Flower merged this publication into a new social reform magazine he launched called
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From the latter part of the 1890s and into the first decade of the 20th century, Flower was associated with a number of radical reform magazines. He was the co-editor of former
Unitarian
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in 1907. Flower spoke in defense of the
Christian Science movement, charging that the Christian Scientists were the objects of a "persistent campaign of falsehood, slander and calumny."
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was also recalled as one who was "sensitive to beauty in any form, loved painting, sculpture, and literature, and always kept flowers in his office."
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Men of
Progress: One Thousand Biographical Sketches and Portraits of Leaders in Business and Professional Life in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
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and monied interests promoting the sale and use of alcohol were seen as impediments to the morally based rectification of fundamental problems.
564:-based treatment, which had baffled the medical practitioners of the day. Flower thus lent support to this growing Christian Science movement.
1346:
1077:"What’s the Matter with Benjamin O. Flower? : Populism, Antimonopoly Politics and the “Paranoid Style” at the Turn of the Century,"
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in Boston and moved there with him. At this time, Flower returned to the world of publishing, launching a new literary magazine called
262:
minister, like his father and an older brother before him. He thus began studies at the
Disciples of Christ's School of the Bible at
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Further moved by his self-proclaimed love of "fair play and all things that make for a nobler and purer life," Flower would publish
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law, the relationship between poverty and crime, and race relations between the white and black populations of the United States.
1341:
17:
1336:
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How
England Averted a Revolution of Force: A Survey of the Social Agitation of the First Ten Years of Queen Victoria's Reign.
655:
How England Averted a Revolution of Force: A Survey of the Social Agitation of the First Ten Years of Queen Victoria's Reign.
475:
346:, which attempted to establish itself on a national basis through the organization of local clubs. Local groups such as the
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was an eclectic magazine, its pages open to writers of a wide range of ideological perspectives, ranging from advocates of
290:, where he worked for a time as a secretary for his brother, a physician who operated a successful mail-order business.
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247:. Benjamin Flower was first educated in a religious school in Albion before moving with his family to
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175:(October 19, 1858 – December 24, 1918), known most commonly by his initials "B.O.", was an American
228:
585:
459:
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110:
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Roger Stoddard, "Vanity and Reform: B.O. Flower's Arena Publishing Company, Boston, 1890–1896,"
442:. Flower portrayed Bryan as the defender of freedom, prosperity, and the Republic. Flower urged
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Benjamin Orange Flower and "The Arena": Literature as an Agent of Social Protest and Reform.
30:
This article is about the American magazine editor. For the English radical journalist, see
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Knights of the Golden Rule: The Intellectual as Christian Social Reformer in the 1890s.
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Union for Public Good received favorable coverage of their activities and publicity in
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After college, Flower returned to Albion where he launched a short-lived journal, the
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fifteen years before. Flower would remain in this position until the journal went
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in America. The year 1896 marked the end of Flower's first stint at the helm of
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Flower launched a new publication in Boston dedicated to social reform called
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183:. Flower is best remembered as the editor of the liberal commentary magazine
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readers to support Bryan as the last best chance to stave off encroaching
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One particularly heated topic during the first decade of the 1900s was
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Yankee Reformers in the Urban Age: Social Reform in Boston, 1880–1900.
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Roy P. Fairfield, "Benjamin Orange Flower: Father of the Muckrakers,"
926:
Second Edition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993; pg. 40.
850:
Roy P. Fairfield, "Benjamin Orange Flower: Father of the Muckrakers,"
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This effort failed to achieve critical mass and soon failed, however.
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Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1932; pp. 29-30.
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Righting the People's Wrongs: A Lesson from History of Our Own Times.
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Progressive Men, Women, and Movements of the Past Twenty-Five Years.
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Flower was posthumously recognized for his leading place among the
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with the magazine being transferred to the editorship of historian
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and currency reform, Flower came out strongly for the candidacy of
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Christian Science: As a Religious Belief and a Therapeutic Agent.
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Flower briefly served as co-editor of the social reform magazine
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792:
The Gay Nineties in America: A Cultural Dictionary of the 1890s.
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Christian Science as a Religious Belief and a Therapeutic Agent.
543:, which had come under attack in a lengthy series of exposés in
258:
Following his high school graduation, Flower wished to become a
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Christian Science As a Religious Belief and a Therapeutic Agent
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Second Edition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993.
1043:
David Dickason, "Benjamin Orange Flower: Patron of Realists,"
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minister, and his wife Elizabeth, née Orange. His grandfather
760:
Muckrakers: A Biographical Dictionary of Writers and Editors.
615:
Civilization's Inferno; or, Studies in the Social Cellar.
758:
Edd Applegate, "Benjamin Orange Flower (1858–1918)," in
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This magazine proved short-lived, terminating in 1911.
293:
In September 1886, B.O. Flower married Hattie Cloud of
662:
In Defense of Free Speech: Five Essays from the Arena.
686:
New York: National League for Medical Freedom, 1910.
223:, on October 19, 1858, the son of Alfred Flower, a
1072:Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1976.
1112:Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America,
863:Fairfield, "Benjamin Orange Flower," pp. 273-274.
794:Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992; pp. 127-128.
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301:which forced her permanent institutionalization.
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965:Boston: Twentieth Century Company, 1910; pg. vi.
647:Persons, Places and Ideas: Miscellaneous Essays.
1107:MA Thesis. University of Texas at Austin, 1961.
286:which was terminated in 1880. He then moved to
1096:vol. 34, no. 4 (Dec. 1961), pp. 492–509.
1054:vol. 22, no. 3 (Nov. 1950), pp. 272–282.
702:Cincinnati, OH: Standard Publishing Co., 1917.
1092:Allen J. Matusow, "The Mind of B.O. Flower,"
1021:Howard F. Cline, "Benjamin Orange Flower and
872:Fairfield, "Benjamin Orange Flower," pg. 273.
762:Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2008; pp. 58-60.
812:Boston: New England Magazine, 1896; pg. 131.
806:Richard Herndon with Edwin N. Bacon (eds.),
672:Trenton, NJ: Albert Brandt, Publisher, 1909.
1029:vol. 17 (June 1940), pp. 139–150, 171.
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623:Gerald Massey: Poet, Prophet, and Mystic.
491:moving it to Boston where it merged with
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680:Boston: Twentieth Century Co., 1910.
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738:American National Biography Online,
650:Boston: Arena Publishing Co., 1896.
642:Boston: Arena Publishing Co., 1896.
634:Boston: Arena Publishing Co., 1896.
626:Boston: Arena Publishing Co., 1895.
618:Boston: Arena Publishing Co., 1893.
610:Boston: Arena Publishing Co., 1892.
323:In 1886, Flower's brother opened a
219:Benjamin Orange Flower was born in
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479:— from 1897 to 1898, working with
297:. His wife was soon stricken with
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1114:vol. 76 (1982), pp. 275–337.
658:Trenton, NJ: Albert Brandt, 1903.
631:Whittier: Prophet, Seer and Man.
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1289:Works by Benjamin Orange Flower
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639:The Century of Sir Thomas More.
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152:Alfred Flower, Elizabeth Flower
27:American journalist (1858-1918)
1342:Transylvania University alumni
1298:Works by or about B. O. Flower
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568:Later years, death, and legacy
476:International Socialist Review
319:issue no. 223, dated June 1908
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1032:Howard F. Cline, "Flower and
572:Following the termination of
1337:People from Albion, Illinois
1082:no. 1 (2013), pp. 2–21.
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537:Christian religious movement
344:Union for Practical Progress
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1075:Jean-Louis Marin-Lamellet,
578:Twentieth-Century Magazine.
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1006:The Era of the Muckrakers,
950:The Era of the Muckrakers,
937:The Era of the Muckrakers,
896:The Era of the Muckrakers,
883:The Era of the Muckrakers,
839:The Era of the Muckrakers,
823:The Era of the Muckrakers.
29:
1372:Journalists from Illinois
1332:American magazine editors
1327:American male journalists
728:"Benjamin Orange Flower,"
426:until its demise in 1898.
393:initiative and referendum
284:Albion American Sentinel,
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370:philosophical anarchists
342:organization called the
251:, where he attended the
215:Early life and education
1362:Journalists from Boston
1357:Unitarian Universalists
1089:New York: Harper, 1954.
460:Helen Hamilton Gardener
329:The American Spectator.
264:Transylvania University
1094:New England Quarterly,
1036:Purpose and Content,"
790:Robert L. Gale (ed.),
593:muckraking journalists
436:William Jennings Bryan
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405:prohibition of alcohol
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206:from 1889 until 1909.
173:Benjamin Orange Flower
43:Benjamin Orange Flower
18:Benjamin Orange Flower
1367:Writers from Illinois
1038:Journalism Quarterly,
1027:Journalism Quarterly,
483:. He then edited the
481:Frederick Upham Adams
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129:Muckraking journalism
91:Boston, Massachusetts
1103:Frank L. Stallings,
1068:Peter J. Frederick,
1052:American Literature,
1045:American Literature,
852:American Literature,
510:Political philosophy
430:Long an advocate of
235:after speaking with
204:Arena Publishing Co.
1377:American Unitarians
684:The Bubonic Plague.
485:St. Louis, Missouri
295:Evansville, Indiana
249:Evansville, Indiana
225:Disciples of Christ
200:Trenton, New Jersey
111:Kentucky University
976:Christian Science,
733:2016-03-05 at the
558:anecdotal evidence
546:McClure's Magazine
473:— a forerunner of
456:John Clark Ridpath
438:during the heated
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401:capital punishment
376:, and devotees of
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245:Illinois Territory
241:English settlement
179:journalist of the
120:Journalist, author
1352:Christian Science
1293:Project Gutenberg
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607:Fashion's Slaves.
562:Christian Science
533:Christian Science
527:Christian Science
469:Chicago magazine
467:Charles H. Kerr's
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83:December 24, 1918
16:(Redirected from
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737:
698:
690:
683:
676:
668:
661:
654:
646:
638:
630:
622:
614:
606:
590:
586:Knox College
582:
577:
573:
571:
553:
551:
544:
530:
517:
513:
498:
497:
492:
488:
474:
471:The New Time
470:
464:
451:
443:
429:
424:The New Time
423:
411:, reform of
390:
378:Henry George
362:cooperatives
357:
356:
351:
340:
333:
328:
322:
316:
305:
292:
288:Philadelphia
283:
281:
278:Early career
272:Unitarianism
257:
237:Edward Coles
218:
184:
172:
171:
144:Hattie Cloud
132:
102:B. O. Flower
85:(1918-12-24)
36:
1322:1918 deaths
1317:1858 births
539:founded by
432:free silver
1311:Categories
1118:The Arena.
1034:The Arena:
1023:The Arena,
740:Feb. 2000.
574:The Arena,
521:Monopolies
452:The Arena,
448:plutocracy
399:, against
382:Single Tax
374:socialists
352:The Arena.
325:sanatorium
317:The Arena,
260:Protestant
177:muckraking
64:1858-10-19
707:Footnotes
506:in 1909.
499:The Arena
495:in 1900.
493:The Arena
366:populists
358:The Arena
348:Baltimore
335:The Arena
315:Cover of
306:The Arena
268:Lexington
210:Biography
186:The Arena
157:Signature
149:Parent(s)
134:The Arena
1098:In JSTOR
1056:In JSTOR
1004:Regier,
974:Flower,
948:Regier,
939:pg. 195.
935:Regier,
894:Regier,
881:Regier,
837:Regier,
731:Archived
504:bankrupt
380:and the
1300:at the
1275:Vol. 41
1271:Vol. 40
1267:Vol. 38
1263:Vol. 36
1259:Vol. 35
1255:Vol. 34
1251:Vol. 33
1247:Vol. 32
1243:Vol. 31
1239:Vol. 30
1235:Vol. 29
1231:Vol. 28
1227:Vol. 27
1223:Vol. 26
1219:Vol. 25
1215:Vol. 24
1211:Vol. 23
1207:Vol. 22
1203:Vol. 21
1199:Vol. 20
1195:Vol. 19
1191:Vol. 18
1187:Vol. 17
1183:Vol. 16
1179:Vol. 15
1175:Vol. 14
1171:Vol. 13
1167:Vol. 12
1163:Vol. 11
1159:Vol. 10
1008:pg. 18.
898:pg. 20.
885:pg. 19.
841:pg. 30.
413:divorce
243:in the
202:by the
1155:Vol. 9
1151:Vol. 8
1147:Vol. 7
1143:Vol. 6
1139:Vol. 5
1135:Vol. 4
1131:Vol. 3
1127:Vol. 2
1123:Vol. 1
395:, for
253:public
198:, and
192:Boston
141:Spouse
600:Works
444:Arena
535:, a
364:and
80:Died
58:Born
1291:at
368:to
266:in
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194:,
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1100:.
1058:.
991:.
337:.
188:,
66:)
62:(
34:.
20:)
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