1486:
700:
716:
48:
1098:
1439:, they were found to be highly variable in structure, some being soft with an endocarp that soon broke down, others having a hard, persistent endocarp, even woody in some species. Fruits classified as berries are thus not necessarily homologous, with the fleshy part being derived from different parts of the ovary, and with other structural and developmental differences. The presence or absence of berries is not a reliable guide to phylogeny. Indeed, fruit type in general has proved to be an unreliable guide to flowering plant relationships.
206:
1392:. The increasing importance of seed dispersal by fruit-eating vertebrates, both mammals and birds, may have driven the evolution of fleshy fruits. Alternatively, the causal direction may be the other way round. Large fleshy fruits are associated with moist habitats with closed tree canopies, where wind dispersal of dry fruits is less effective. Such habitats were increasingly common in the Paleogene and the associated change in fruit type may have led to the evolution of fruit eating in mammals and birds.
198:
688:
33:
561:
4946:
1467:
1357:
732:
1035:
748:
1685:
1693:
1677:
1453:
2942:"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature aging, antioxidant activity, antioxidant content and antioxidant properties, and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061"
1626:– before 9,000–10,000 BP in the Americas, and probably by 12,000–13,000 BP in Asia. Peppers were domesticated in Mesoamerica by 8,000 BP. Many other early cultivated plants were also berries by the strict botanical definition, including grapes, domesticated by 8,000 BP and known to have been used in wine production by 6,000 BP.
865:
species. Some definitions make the mere presence of an internally differentiated endocarp the defining feature of a drupe; others qualify the nature of the endocarp required in a drupe, e.g. defining berries to have endocarp less than 2 mm thick. The term "drupaceous" is used of fruits that have
1909:
Production
Quantity data for 2013 for the World total for all items was downloaded to a spreadsheet from FAOSTAT. Items coded 486 to 626, corresponding to fruit, were retained. Data for bananas and plantains were combined, as these are not distinguished by all countries. Data for all citrus fruits
1919:
Export
Quantity data for 2012 for the World total for all items was downloaded to a spreadsheet from FAOSTAT. As for production, items coded 486 to 626 (but now excluding 564 wine, not present in the production data) were retained. Data for bananas and plantains were combined, as was data for all
645:
berries or false berries, as opposed to true berries, which develop from a superior ovary. In epigynous berries, the berry includes tissue derived from parts of the flower other than the ovary. The floral tube, formed from the basal part of the sepals, petals and stamens, can become fleshy at
1785:
According to FAOSTAT, in 2001, bananas (including plantains) and citrus comprised over 25% by value of the world's exported fruits and vegetables, citrus fruits being more valuable than bananas. Export quantities of fruit are not entirely comparable with production quantities, since slightly
1544:, but there is no reliable evidence that they have antioxidant or any other useful functions within the human body. Consequently, it is not permitted to claim that foods containing plant pigments have antioxidant health value on product labels in the United States or Europe.
1485:
268:, which has a hardened or stony endocarp (see also below). The two kinds of fruit intergrade, depending on the state of the endocarp. Some sources have attempted to quantify the difference, e.g. requiring the endocarp to be less than 2 mm thick in a berry.
2714:(a fleshy berry, whose locules are remote from the axis, and are so positioned near the periphery of the fruit, that as well as the seeds, they are affixed to its walls, is generally called by us 'pepo', which usually denotes the larger fruit of cucurbits)
936:
Aggregate or compound fruits contain seeds from different ovaries of a single flower, with the individual "fruitlets" joined at maturity to form the complete fruit. Examples of aggregate fruits commonly called "berries" include members of the genus
1399:
of plants. The evolution of fruits with a berry-like pericarp has been studied in a wide range of flowering plant families. Repeated transitions between fleshy and dry pericarps have been demonstrated regularly. One well-studied family is the
257:". Botanists have not applied these terms consistently. Exocarp and endocarp may be restricted to more-or-less single-layered "skins", or may include tissues adjacent to them; thus on one view, the exocarp extends inwards to the layer of
1497:
Berries, defined loosely, have been valuable as a food source to humans since before the start of agriculture, and remain among the primary food sources of other primates. Botanically defined berries with culinary uses include:
1141:(1519–1603) classified plants into trees and herbs, further dividing them by properties of their flowers and fruit. He did not make the modern distinction between "fruits" and "seeds", calling hard structures like nuts
1344:
in the original French) and a separable membraneous epicarp or skin. An amphisarca was described as woody on the outside and fleshy on the inside. "Hesperidium" remains in general use, but "amphisarca" is rarely used.
2924:"Guidance for Industry, Food Labeling; Nutrient Content Claims; Definition for "High Potency" and Definition for "Antioxidant" for Use in Nutrient Content Claims for Dietary Supplements and Conventional Foods"
2709:
Pepo, qui vulgo majorem
Cucurbitae fructum denotat, nobis generatim dicitur bacca carnosa, cuius loculamenta ab axi remota, et prope fructus peripheriam ita posita sunt, ut etiam semina, ejus parietibus
245:, i.e. it does not have a special "line of weakness" along which it splits to release the seeds when ripe. The pericarp is divided into three layers. The outer layer is called the "exocarp" or "
2878:
Wu, X.; Beecher, G.R.; Holden, J.M.; Haytowitz, D.B.; Gebhardt, S.E. & Prior, R.L. (June 2004). "Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of common foods in the United States".
1428:
and those of the
Solanoideae are significantly different; for example, expansion of the fruit during development involves cell divisions in the mesocarp in Solanoideae berries, but not in
1348:
There remains no universally agreed system of classification for fruits, and there continues to be "confusion over classification of fruit types and the definitions given to fruit terms".
3215:
Myles, S.; Boyko, A. R.; Owens, C. L.; Brown, P. J.; Grassi, F.; Aradhya, M. K.; Prins, B.; Reynolds, A.; Chia, J.-M.; Ware, D.; Bustamante, C. D. & Buckler, E. S. (18 January 2011).
1781:
Citrus fruit includes, but is not limited to, oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruit (including pomelos), tangerines, mandarins, clementines and satsumas. Oranges make up 53% of the total.
1502:
Berries in the strictest sense: including bananas and plantains, blueberries, cranberries, coffee berries, gooseberries, red-, black- and white currants, tomatoes, grapes and peppers (
908:, such as apples and pears, have a structure (the core) in which tough tissue clearly separates the seeds from the outer softer pericarp. Although pomes are not botanical berries,
1701:
1408:, which are dry dehiscent fruits, appear to be the original form of the fruit in the earliest diverging members of the family. Berries have then evolved at least three times: in
4776:
866:
the general structure and texture of a drupe, without necessarily meeting the full definition. Other drupe-like fruits with a single seed that lack the stony endocarp include
1577:
Pepos, characterized by a hard outer rind, have also been used as containers by removing the inner flesh and seeds and then drying the remaining exocarp. The
English name of
1302:
for the berry-like fruits of cucurbits. A pepo was distinguished by being a fleshy berry with the seeds distant from the axis, and so nearer the fruit wall (i.e. by having "
1865:
Prepared fruit here is "fruit, nuts and peel, including frozen, prepared or preserved, jam, paste, marmalade, purée and cooked fruits, other than those listed separately".
1786:
different categories are used. The top five fruit exports by weight in 2012 are shown in the table below. The top two places are again occupied by bananas and citrus.
821:
Drupes are varyingly distinguished from botanical berries. Drupes are fleshy fruits produced from a (usually) single-seeded ovary with a hard woody layer (called the
4781:
1910:
were also combined, since some countries provide data under a general heading of "citrus fruit". The resulting table was then sorted and the top five entries used.
572:"True berries", or "baccae", may also be required to have a thin outer skin, not self-supporting when removed from the berry. This distinguishes, for example, a
1863:
Citrus fruit includes oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruit (including pomelos), tangerines, mandarins, clementines and satsumas. Oranges make up 43% of the total.
2789:
Clausing, Gudrun; Meyer, Karsten & Renner, Susanne S. (2000), "Correlations among fruit traits and evolution of different fruits within
Melastomataceae",
3292:
969:
Multiple fruits are not botanical berries. Multiple fruits are the fruits of two or more multiple flowers that are merged or packed closely together. The
3152:
Kraft, K. H.; Brown, C.H.; Nabhan, G.P.; Luedeling, E.; Luna Ruiz, J. d. J.; Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge, G.; Hijmans, R.J. & Gepts, P. (21 April 2014).
4914:
2637:
973:
is a berry-like example of a multiple fruit; it develops from a cluster of tiny separate flowers that become compressed as they develop into fruit.
3267:
3489:
2699:
807:
Many fruits which are berries in the culinary definition are not berries in the botanic sense, but fall into one of the following categories:
1704:
data, in 2013 four of the five top fruit crops in terms of world production by weight were botanical berries. The other was a pome (apples).
987:
Accessory fruits are not botanical berries. In accessory fruits, the edible part is not generated by the ovary. Berry-like examples include:
4832:
3322:
2817:
Pabón-Mora, Natalia & Litt, Amy (2011), "Comparative anatomical and developmental analysis of dry and fleshy fruits of
Solanaceae",
122:. The berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit in which the entire outer layer of the ovary wall ripens into a potentially edible "
2880:
2929:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. June 2008.
2220:
1294:(on the fruits and seeds of plants) between 1788 and 1792. In addition to Linnaeus' eight terms, he introduced seven more, including
4648:
2078:
1194:, considered to be the first textbook of descriptive systematic botany. He used eight different terms for fruits, one of which was
646:
maturity and is united with the ovary to form the fruit. Common fruits that are sometimes classified as epigynous berries include
279:
contains a single large seed surrounded by an imperceptible endocarp. Avocados are, however, also sometimes classified as drupes.
2852:
3088:
2982:
2569:
2455:
2315:
2261:
2194:
2008:
1250:
was distinguished from a drupe and a pome, both of which also had an unvalved solid pericarp; a drupe also contained a nut (
1282:
was thus significantly different from that of
Caesalpinus. Botanists continue to differ on how fruit should be classified.
1290:
998:
on its exterior is actually the "fruit", derived from an aggregate of ovaries; the fleshy part develops instead from the
2109:
3348:
Denham, T.P.; Haberle, S.G.; Lentfer, C.; Fullagar, R.; Field, J.; Therin, M.; Porch, N. & Winsborough, B. (2003).
1649:
of Papua New Guinea suggests that banana cultivation there goes back to at least 7,000 BP, and possibly to 10,000 BP.
4838:
699:
3733:
3537:
2446:
Mabberley, D.J. (1978). "Annonaceae". In
Heywood, V.H.; Moore, D.M.; Richardson, I.B.K. & Stearn, W.T. (eds.).
1479:
642:
4172:
3300:
40:
4653:
2533:
2748:
Knapp, Sandra (2002), "Tobacco to tomatoes: a phylogenetic perspective on fruit diversity in the
Solanaceae",
1079:
have a bright colour when fully developed, increasing the resemblance to true berries. The "berries" of yews (
615:
4103:
1404:, because of the commercial importance of fruit such as tomatoes, bell peppers, and eggplants or aubergines.
2994:
134:
are usually embedded in the fleshy interior of the ovary, but there are some non-fleshy exceptions, such as
4822:
4409:
3924:
1173:
derived from a flower with a superior ovary; one derived from a flower with an inferior ovary was called a
4904:
4658:
2415:
2359:
2048:
4638:
1646:
622:, which are modified to have a hard outer rind, but are not internally divided by septa. The fruits of
3493:
4975:
4788:
1369:
By definition, berries have a fleshy, indehiscent pericarp, as opposed to a dry, dehiscent pericarp.
3349:
4926:
4771:
3821:
1395:
Fruit type has been considered to be a useful character in classification and in understanding the
2939:
715:
2923:
1875:
1307:
3020:
Erickson, D.L.; Smith, B.D.; Clarke, A.C.; Sandweiss, D.H. & Tuross, N. (13 December 2005).
1894:
A fruit that resembles a berry, whether it actually is one or not, can also be called "baccate".
4756:
4680:
2645:
2228:
1377:
had dry fruits; fleshy fruits, such as berries or drupes, appeared only towards the end of the
24:
4485:
3004:
2989:
1097:
4921:
3095:
2523:
919:
358:
2497:
2389:
2333:
2278:
1959:
4643:
4540:
4495:
4167:
3726:
3530:
3169:
3033:
2726:
Desvaux, N.A. (1813). "Essai sur les différens genres de fruits des plantes phanérogames".
2587:
1190:
454:
303:
47:
4143:
2728:
Journal de Botanique, appliqué a l'Agriculture, a la Pharmacie, a la Médecine, et aux Arts
8:
4813:
4358:
3679:
3326:
1569:
are used to make paprika (mildly hot), chili pepper (hot) and cayenne pepper (very hot).
1242:" here has the sense of "solid with tissue softer than the outside; stuffed". A berry or
999:
460:
242:
3173:
3037:
2086:
590:(baobab) amphisarca, which has a dry, more rigid and self-supporting skin. The fruit of
4751:
4616:
4394:
4086:
3872:
3768:
3445:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)
3421:
3380:
3243:
3216:
3192:
3153:
3056:
3021:
2905:
1602:
1458:
1362:
1234:", meaning "unvalved solid pericarp, containing otherwise naked seeds". The adjective "
1138:
1063:
660:(e.g., cranberries and blueberries), and members of the family Cucurbitaceae (gourds,
4909:
3758:
3753:
3695:
3416:
3399:
3372:
3248:
3197:
3134:
3084:
3061:
2978:
2897:
2834:
2767:
2565:
2529:
2451:
2311:
2257:
2190:
2164:
2143:
2004:
1475:
1378:
1017:
949:. Botanically, these are not berries. Other large aggregate fruits, such as soursop (
512:
440:
261:("veins"). The inconsistency in usage has been described as "a source of confusion".
148:
3464:
3425:
3384:
2909:
2419:
4970:
4695:
4601:
4596:
4550:
4443:
4428:
4389:
4314:
4155:
4079:
3976:
3918:
3598:
3411:
3364:
3238:
3228:
3187:
3177:
3124:
3051:
3041:
2953:
2889:
2856:
2826:
2798:
2757:
2159:
2142:
Davis, Aaron P.; Govaerts, Rafael; Bridson, Diane M. & Stoffelen, Piet (2006).
1630:
1596:
1405:
1382:
205:
4490:
1940:
1303:
606:, is a berry with a thick rind and a very juicy interior divided into segments by
181:" is any small edible fruit. Berries are usually juicy, round, brightly coloured,
4949:
4931:
4793:
4622:
4572:
4560:
4522:
4458:
4285:
4253:
4214:
4187:
4016:
4011:
3902:
3838:
3719:
3669:
3654:
3583:
3523:
3107:
Aguilar-Melendez, A.; Morrell, P.L.; Roose, M.L. & Kim, S.-C. (1 June 2009).
2251:
1920:
citrus fruits. The resulting table was then sorted and the top five entries used.
1661:
1565:
1374:
1285:
1005:
982:
951:
931:
466:
399:
258:
4843:
4808:
4761:
4743:
4707:
4463:
4290:
4268:
4234:
4192:
4182:
4177:
4059:
3877:
3862:
3816:
3811:
3674:
3664:
3623:
2025:
1638:
1634:
1424:. Detailed anatomical and developmental studies have shown that the berries of
964:
825:) surrounding the seed. Familiar examples include the stonefruits of the genus
777:
669:
651:
595:
520:
494:
447:
238:
234:
230:
79:
2638:"The Need for Standardized Meanings to Fruit Terms: An Historical Perspective"
2471:
4964:
4879:
4627:
4545:
4517:
4480:
4448:
4384:
4353:
4304:
4204:
4006:
3989:
3912:
3892:
3833:
3828:
3776:
3490:"Definition and Classification of Commodities: 8 Fruits and derived products"
2958:
2941:
2855:. Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Archived from
2117:
1656:
remains unclear, although some recent research suggests a possible origin in
1623:
1519:
1436:
1185:
1072:
1054:
1038:
955:), are not usually called "berries", although some sources do use this term.
867:
629:
619:
548:
317:
311:
3368:
3233:
3182:
3046:
189:, and do not have a stone or pit, although many small seeds may be present.
169:
4874:
4864:
4766:
4475:
3984:
3951:
3400:"History, Global Distribution, and Nutritional Importance of Citrus Fruits"
3376:
3252:
3201:
3138:
3065:
2940:
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)2, 3 (2010).
2901:
2838:
2803:
2771:
2546:
1058:
1046:
1022:
875:
785:
fruit are described as either drupes or berries. Serviceberries, fruits of
772:
768:
295:
144:
115:
3659:
3442:
3022:"An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas"
4690:
4675:
4670:
4606:
4468:
4248:
4219:
4118:
4113:
3961:
3801:
3796:
3781:
3613:
3571:
3492:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from
3154:"Multiple lines of evidence for the origin of domesticated chili pepper,
2762:
2303:
1535:
1523:
1421:
910:
797:
787:
611:
560:
504:
353:
197:
119:
36:
32:
3129:
3108:
2853:"The Possible Health Benefits of Anthocyanin Pigments and Polyphenolics"
2830:
1085:
species) consist of a female seed cone with which develops a fleshy red
4719:
4712:
4702:
4685:
4368:
4363:
4299:
4091:
3938:
3897:
3791:
3700:
3628:
3109:"Genetic diversity and structure in semiwild and domesticated chilies (
1514:
Pepos: cucurbits, including squashes, cucumbers, melons and watermelons
1466:
1401:
1356:
991:
942:
883:
624:
544:
484:
471:
421:
387:
325:
182:
2893:
2358:
Campbell, Christopher S.; Burgess, Michael B. & Cushman, Kevin R.
731:
186:
4827:
4724:
4453:
4258:
4239:
4150:
4074:
3994:
3946:
3887:
3867:
3806:
3588:
1642:
1527:
1490:
1471:
1396:
1034:
946:
915:
852:
764:
687:
656:
586:
574:
530:
526:
476:
434:
405:
381:
371:
363:
349:
345:
333:
127:
103:
51:
3350:"Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea"
1660:
rather than continental southeast Asia. Chinese documents show that
1387:
1326:
as further subdivisions of berries. A hesperidium, called by others
1053:
have fleshy and merged scales, giving them a berry-like appearance.
4869:
4859:
4803:
4798:
4565:
4438:
4414:
4331:
4001:
3786:
3638:
1684:
1657:
1579:
1560:
1552:
1540:
1530:. These pigments are localized mainly in the outer surface and the
1504:
1416:
1076:
970:
905:
856:
822:
661:
540:
499:
426:
409:
341:
287:
254:
250:
226:
136:
130:
from the same flower (i.e. from a simple or a compound ovary). The
123:
99:
95:
3515:
1676:
747:
54:, a berry derived from a compound (many carpellate) superior ovary
16:
Botanical fruit with fleshy pericarp, containing one or many seeds
4054:
4049:
3966:
3956:
3633:
1410:
1050:
904:
The pome fruits produced by plants in subtribe Pyrinae of family
848:
782:
641:
Berries that develop from an inferior ovary are sometimes termed
599:
580:
536:
276:
246:
3325:. The Australia & Pacific Science Foundation. Archived from
2001:
The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms
4507:
4399:
4319:
4273:
4263:
4224:
4162:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
3742:
3608:
3603:
3561:
3106:
2674:(in Latin). Stockholm, Amsterdam: R. Kiesewetter, Z. Chatelain.
1665:
1653:
1591:
1370:
995:
879:
861:
840:
827:
647:
634:
607:
591:
413:
377:
282:
218:
152:
107:
91:
75:
59:
2594:(Project Gutenberg EBook ed.). Cambridge University Press
2185:
Heywood, V.H.; Brummitt, R.K.; Culham, A.; Seberg, O. (2007).
1511:
Hesperidia: citrus fruits, including oranges, lemons and limes
4731:
4665:
4587:
4555:
4512:
4404:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4324:
4309:
4278:
4199:
3857:
3848:
3593:
3547:
3323:"Tracing antiquity of banana cultivation in Papua New Guinea"
2418:. In Wu, Zhengyi; Raven, Peter H. & Hong, Deyuan (eds.).
2141:
1977:
1692:
1548:
1081:
844:
832:
816:
792:
665:
603:
489:
391:
265:
201:
Diagram of a grape berry, showing the pericarp and its layers
178:
111:
87:
83:
71:
67:
20:
3347:
3019:
2521:
1435:
When fruits described as berries were studied in the family
1230:
pericarpium farctum evalve, semina ceteroquin nuda continens
4582:
4577:
4229:
4069:
4044:
4039:
4023:
3882:
3618:
2502:
Categorical Glossary for the Flora of North America Project
2394:
Categorical Glossary for the Flora of North America Project
2338:
Categorical Glossary for the Flora of North America Project
2310:(3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2283:
Categorical Glossary for the Flora of North America Project
2184:
1964:
Categorical Glossary for the Flora of North America Project
1600:, used to produce blue, and berries from black nightshade (
1531:
1334:(berry with a cortex), had separate internal compartments (
1086:
899:
836:
417:
222:
131:
3217:"Genetic structure and domestication history of the grape"
1668:
were established in cultivation there by around 4,200 BP.
1583:, "bottle gourd", reflects its use as a liquid container.
1493:
restaurant, are among the oldest cultivated citrus fruits.
1452:
1351:
1202:
or berry, distinguished from other types of fruit such as
1025:) – the fruit is a dry capsule surrounded by fleshy calyx.
4502:
4064:
3711:
3151:
2952:(2). Parma, Italy: European Food Safety Authority: 1489.
1587:
1266:), rather than the berry's naked seeds. Linnaeus' use of
1068:
918:, and are commonly called Juneberries, serviceberries or
2877:
2381:
264:
The nature of the endocarp distinguishes a berry from a
2489:
2362:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
2051:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
140:
species, with air rather than pulp around their seeds.
2564:(4th (p/b) ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
3404:
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
3397:
2679:
2137:
2135:
1586:
Some true berries have also been used as a source of
775:
are aggregate accessory fruits. Sloes, the fruits of
3214:
2606:
2114:
Wayne's Word: An On-Line Textbook of Natural History
771:
are aggregate fruit composed of many drupelets, and
420:
berries (wolfberry) and other species of the family
2788:
2270:
1137:) was originally used for "any small round fruit".
890:species are described as either drupes or berries.
2439:
2357:
2132:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2496:Kiger, Robert W. & Porter, Duncan M. (2001).
2388:Kiger, Robert W. & Porter, Duncan M. (2001).
2332:Kiger, Robert W. & Porter, Duncan M. (2001).
2277:Kiger, Robert W. & Porter, Duncan M. (2001).
2170:"fruit a berry containing two (rarely one) seeds"
1998:
1958:Kiger, Robert W. & Porter, Duncan M. (2001).
143:Many berries are edible, but others, such as the
4962:
3437:
3435:
2644:. The World Botanical Associates. Archived from
2227:. The World Botanical Associates. Archived from
2144:"An annotated taxonomic conspectus of the genus
1029:
19:For the everyday, culinary use of the term, see
3465:"Overview of World Banana Production and Trade"
3221:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3162:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3026:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1999:Beentje, Henk & Williamson, Juliet (2010).
618:, is also used for fruits of the gourd family,
3398:Liu, Y.; Heying, E.; Tanumihardjo, S. (2012).
2816:
2777:
2003:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Kew Publishing.
1983:
638:(papaya) are sometimes also considered pepos.
3727:
3531:
3432:
3391:
2697:
2325:
2023:
1951:
1614:Cucurbit berries or pepos, particularly from
39:, a type of berry derived from a simple (one-
4833:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
3457:
2665:
2663:
1337:
1071:. The seed cones of species in the families
914:pomes become soft at maturity, resembling a
3078:
2707:
2495:
2387:
2331:
2276:
2030:California Avocado Society 1973–74 Yearbook
1957:
1594:, these included berries from a species of
1518:Some berries are brightly coloured, due to
1456:A type of sapote fruit displayed for sale (
1328:
1320:
1312:
1296:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1131:
1123:
1115:
221:language, a berry is a simple fruit having
110:, but exclude certain fruits that meet the
3734:
3720:
3538:
3524:
3293:"Oldest Winery Unearthed in Armenian Cave"
2966:
2881:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2810:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2553:
2407:
2351:
2296:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2180:
2178:
2176:
886:that provides the fleshy layer. Fruits of
126:". Berries may be formed from one or more
3415:
3315:
3242:
3232:
3191:
3181:
3128:
3072:
3055:
3045:
3015:
3013:
2957:
2802:
2761:
2743:
2741:
2660:
2445:
2163:
1470:Bottle gourd or calabash used to contain
1092:
158:A plant that bears berries is said to be
4777:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
2850:
2791:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2691:
2669:
2525:The American Heritage Science Dictionary
2152:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2101:
1994:
1992:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1484:
1465:
1451:
1355:
1096:
1089:partially enclosing the poisonous seed.
1033:
994:– the non-fleshy aggregate of seed-like
559:
253:" or "sarcocarp"; the inner layer, the "
204:
196:
46:
31:
3482:
2725:
2618:
2203:
2173:
1352:Evolution and phylogenetic significance
271:Examples of botanical berries include:
4963:
3341:
3259:
3145:
3100:
3010:
2933:
2844:
2738:
2719:
2685:
2612:
2579:
2559:
2413:
2243:
1913:
1903:
1622:, are the earliest plants known to be
1149:or seeds. A fleshy fruit was called a
3715:
3576:
3519:
3268:"Grapes domesticated 8,000 years ago"
3208:
3000:
2972:
2916:
2747:
2642:A Systematic Treatment of Fruit Types
2585:
2522:American Heritage Dictionary (2005).
2302:
2249:
2225:A Systematic Treatment of Fruit Types
2187:Flowering plant families of the world
2110:"Identification Of Major Fruit Types"
2107:
2070:
2017:
1989:
233:of a single flower. The ovary can be
3285:
2871:
2515:
2414:Lu, Lingdi & Boufford, David E.
2026:"What kind of fruit is the avocado?"
1641:and palaeoenvironmental evidence at
1559:. The fruits (berries) of different
1012:– structured just like a strawberry.
675:
192:
3545:
3265:
2701:De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum
2046:
1708:Worldwide fruit production in 2013
1629:Bananas were first domesticated in
1291:De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum
1107:De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum
1041:"berries" are female conifer cones.
976:
925:
555:
13:
2464:
2076:
2040:
1680:Four banana and plantain cultivars
1555:is made from the dried berries of
958:
610:, that is given the special name "
564:Cross-section of a cucumber pepo (
511:species are edible and are called
213:) – described as drupes or berries
14:
4987:
4782:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
3511:
3081:Hawaii Dye Plants and Dye Recipes
2635:
2218:
2085:. Hort.purdue.edu. Archived from
1933:
693:Several types of common "berries"
332:), which is an accessory fruit),
4945:
4944:
3417:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00201.x
2165:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00584.x
1480:Democratic Republic of the Congo
746:
730:
714:
698:
686:
2221:"Classification of Fruit Types"
1790:Worldwide fruit export in 2012
324:) (not to be confused with the
3083:. University Press of Hawaii.
2750:Journal of Experimental Botany
2698:Gaertner, Joseph (1788–1792).
2308:New Flora of the British Isles
1888:
402:), red, black, and white types
112:culinary definition of berries
1:
2588:"Robert Morison and John Ray"
2528:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
2448:Flowering Plants of the World
2390:"Find term 'aggregate fruit'"
1927:
1288:published a two-volume work,
1030:Berry-like conifer seed cones
763:In the first image, only the
82:. Berries so defined include
4823:History of plant systematics
4410:Thorns, spines, and prickles
2498:"Find term 'multiple fruit'"
2253:Genetics Classical To Modern
1984:Pabón-Mora & Litt (2011)
1489:Mandarins, here served in a
795:. Mulberries, the fruits of
515:, but others are poisonous (
384:) (also described as drupes)
7:
2704:(in Latin). p. XCVII.
2450:. Oxford University Press.
1869:
1852:
1841:
1830:
1819:
1808:
1770:
1759:
1748:
1737:
1726:
1551:are prepared from berries.
1447:
10:
4992:
4639:Alternation of generations
3741:
3117:American Journal of Botany
3113:; Solanaceae) from Mexico"
2819:American Journal of Botany
1652:The history of cultivated
1647:Western Highlands Province
1609:
1606:), used to produce green.
1306:" in modern terminology).
1157:. For Caesalpinus, a true
1101:Some fruits classified as
1061:), in particular those of
980:
962:
929:
897:
882:, surrounded by a swollen
814:
249:"; the middle layer, the "
18:
4940:
4888:
4852:
4789:Cultivated plant taxonomy
4752:Biological classification
4742:
4615:
4531:
4427:
4377:
4102:
4032:
3975:
3937:
3911:
3847:
3767:
3749:
3688:
3647:
3554:
2590:. In Oliver, F.W. (ed.).
1572:
810:
4649:Evolutionary development
3079:Krohn-Ching, V. (1980).
2959:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1489
2592:Makers of British Botany
2279:"Find term 'drupaceous'"
2256:. Rastogi Publications.
1881:
1381:or the beginning of the
1258:) and a pome a capsule (
893:
767:is botanically a berry:
753:Ripe mulberry (fruit of
177:In everyday English, a "
4300:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
3369:10.1126/science.1085255
3234:10.1073/pnas.1009363108
3183:10.1073/pnas.1308933111
3047:10.1073/pnas.0509279102
2851:Wrolstad, R.E. (2001).
2670:Linnaeus, Carl (1751).
2476:Encyclopædia Britannica
2364:Flora of North America
2083:Fruits of Warm Climates
2053:Flora of North America
1876:List of culinary fruits
1806:Bananas & plantains
1724:Bananas & plantains
1442:
1420:, and in the subfamily
1360:Flowers and berries of
1310:in 1813 used the terms
1308:Nicaise Auguste Desvaux
1105:(berries) by Gaertner (
654:, members of the genus
614:". A specialized term,
74:produced from a single
4915:by author abbreviation
4839:Plant taxonomy systems
4757:Botanical nomenclature
2804:10.1006/bojl.1999.0340
2708:
2024:Storey, W. B. (1973).
1697:
1689:
1681:
1494:
1482:
1463:
1366:
1338:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1297:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1110:
1093:History of terminology
1067:, are used to flavour
1042:
801:, are multiple fruits.
569:
214:
202:
168:
55:
44:
25:Berry (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
4922:Botanical expeditions
2977:. Wallingford: CABI.
2560:Stearn, W.T. (2004).
1695:
1687:
1679:
1672:Commercial production
1534:. Such pigments have
1488:
1469:
1455:
1359:
1304:parietal placentation
1100:
1037:
563:
444:(Phyllanthus emblica)
359:Vaccinium vitis-idaea
225:and fleshy pulp (the
208:
200:
50:
35:
4654:Evolutionary history
4644:Double fertilization
4496:Cellular respiration
3648:Categories of fruits
2973:Weiss, E.A. (2002).
2672:Philosophia botanica
2586:Vines, S.H. (1913).
2250:Gupta, P.K. (2007).
2108:Armstrong, Wayne P.
2047:Wofford, B. Eugene.
1823:Berry (hesperidium)
1741:Berry (hesperidium)
1191:Philosophia Botanica
872:Hippophae rhamnoides
455:Garcinia gummi-gutta
229:) produced from the
145:fruits of the potato
3873:Non-vascular plants
3496:on 21 February 1997
3174:2014PNAS..111.6165K
3130:10.3732/ajb.0800155
3038:2005PNAS..10218315E
3032:(51): 18315–18320.
2831:10.3732/ajb.1100097
2120:on 20 November 2011
1960:"Find term 'berry'"
1798:Thousands of tonnes
1791:
1716:Thousands of tonnes
1709:
1580:Lagenaria siceraria
721:Avocados (fruit of
461:Garcinia mangostana
300:Berberis aquifolium
4378:Surface structures
4173:Flower development
2763:10.1093/jxb/erf068
2756:(377): 2001–2022,
2636:Spjut, Richard W.
2334:"Find term 'pome'"
2219:Spjut, Richard W.
1947:. 21 January 2024.
1789:
1707:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1603:Solanum americanum
1495:
1483:
1464:
1459:Quararibea cordata
1367:
1363:Cestrum tomentosum
1139:Andrea Caesalpinus
1111:
1064:Juniperus communis
1043:
739:Amelanchier ovalis
570:
215:
203:
56:
45:
4958:
4957:
4597:Herbaceous plants
4423:
4422:
3709:
3708:
3363:(5630): 189–193.
3329:on 29 August 2007
3168:(17): 6165–6170.
3090:978-0-8248-0698-9
2984:978-0-85199-605-9
2894:10.1021/jf049696w
2571:978-0-7153-1643-6
2457:978-0-19-217674-5
2317:978-0-521-70772-5
2263:978-81-7133-896-2
2196:978-1-55407-206-4
2189:. Firefly Books.
2010:978-1-84246-422-9
1860:
1859:
1778:
1777:
1476:Bandundu Province
1390:million years ago
1379:Cretaceous Period
1055:Juniper "berries"
1018:Coccoloba uvifera
1010:Duchesnea indica)
920:Saskatoon berries
705:Sloes (fruits of
676:Berry-like fruits
507:: the berries of
464:(mangosteen) and
441:Indian gooseberry
209:Coffee cherries (
193:Botanical berries
149:deadly nightshade
4983:
4976:Fruit morphology
4948:
4947:
4927:Individual trees
4602:Secondary growth
4573:Succulent plants
4561:Prostrate shrubs
4444:Apical dominance
4429:Plant physiology
4390:Epicuticular wax
3935:
3934:
3928:
3919:Plant morphology
3736:
3729:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3517:
3516:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3354:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3299:. Archived from
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3236:
3227:(9): 3530–3535.
3212:
3206:
3205:
3195:
3185:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3123:(6): 1190–1202.
3104:
3098:
3094:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3049:
3017:
3008:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2825:(9): 1415–1436,
2814:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2786:
2775:
2774:
2765:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2648:on 29 March 2015
2633:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2231:on 29 March 2015
2216:
2201:
2200:
2182:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2116:. Archived from
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2089:on 15 April 2009
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1937:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1895:
1892:
1866:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1710:
1706:
1631:Papua New Guinea
1391:
1383:Paleogene Period
1375:flowering plants
1373:show that early
1341:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1300:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1226:was defined as "
1224:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1045:The female seed
977:Accessory fruits
926:Aggregate fruits
750:
737:Serviceberries (
734:
723:Persea americana
718:
702:
690:
556:Modified berries
481:Manilkara zapota
259:vascular bundles
43:) inferior ovary
4991:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4936:
4905:Botanical terms
4898:
4884:
4848:
4794:Citrus taxonomy
4772:Author citation
4738:
4632:
4611:
4533:
4527:
4523:Turgor pressure
4431:
4419:
4373:
4188:Floral symmetry
4106:
4098:
4028:
4017:Vascular bundle
4012:Vascular tissue
3971:
3931:
3922:
3921:
3907:
3878:Vascular plants
3843:
3839:Plant pathology
3763:
3745:
3740:
3710:
3705:
3684:
3680:Dehiscent fruit
3670:Aggregate fruit
3655:Accessory fruit
3643:
3555:Types of fruits
3550:
3544:
3514:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3443:"Download data"
3441:
3440:
3433:
3396:
3392:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3332:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3264:
3260:
3213:
3209:
3156:Capsicum annuum
3150:
3146:
3111:Capsicum annuum
3105:
3101:
3091:
3077:
3073:
3018:
3011:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2971:
2967:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2888:(12): 4026–37.
2876:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2849:
2845:
2815:
2811:
2787:
2778:
2746:
2739:
2724:
2720:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2668:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2634:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2562:Botanical Latin
2558:
2554:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2421:Flora of China
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2217:
2204:
2197:
2183:
2174:
2140:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2077:Morton, Julia.
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2045:
2041:
2022:
2018:
2011:
1997:
1990:
1986:, p. 1417.
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1956:
1952:
1945:Merriam-Webster
1939:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1872:
1864:
1862:
1780:
1674:
1612:
1575:
1566:Capsicum annuum
1450:
1445:
1386:
1354:
1330:bacca corticata
1286:Joseph Gaertner
1165:or berry was a
1113:The Latin word
1095:
1032:
1006:Mock strawberry
985:
983:Accessory fruit
979:
967:
961:
959:Multiple fruits
952:Annona muricata
934:
932:Aggregate fruit
928:
902:
896:
878:), which is an
819:
813:
805:
804:
803:
802:
760:
759:
758:
751:
743:
742:
735:
727:
726:
719:
711:
710:
703:
695:
694:
691:
678:
566:Cucumis sativus
558:
553:
467:Garcinia indica
400:Grossulariaceae
318:Strawberry tree
195:
78:containing one
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4989:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4895:Related topics
4893:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4844:Taxonomic rank
4841:
4836:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4796:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4762:Botanical name
4754:
4748:
4746:
4744:Plant taxonomy
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4720:Megasporangium
4717:
4716:
4715:
4708:Microsporangia
4700:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4553:
4548:
4546:Cushion plants
4537:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4483:
4481:Plant hormones
4478:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4464:Photosynthesis
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4183:Floral formula
4180:
4178:Floral diagram
4175:
4170:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4131:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4107:(incl. Flower)
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4067:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4009:
4007:Storage organs
4004:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3941:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3893:Spermatophytes
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3863:Archaeplastida
3860:
3854:
3852:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3817:Phytogeography
3814:
3812:Phytochemistry
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3769:Subdisciplines
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3716:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3675:Multiple fruit
3672:
3667:
3665:Compound fruit
3662:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3513:
3512:External links
3510:
3508:
3507:
3481:
3456:
3431:
3410:(6): 530–545.
3390:
3340:
3314:
3303:on 2 June 2015
3297:Discovery News
3284:
3266:Vergano, Dan.
3258:
3207:
3144:
3099:
3089:
3071:
3009:
2993:
2983:
2965:
2932:
2915:
2870:
2859:on 7 July 2014
2843:
2809:
2797:(3): 303–326,
2776:
2737:
2718:
2690:
2688:, p. 411.
2678:
2659:
2617:
2605:
2578:
2570:
2552:
2534:
2514:
2488:
2463:
2456:
2438:
2406:
2380:
2350:
2324:
2316:
2295:
2269:
2262:
2242:
2202:
2195:
2172:
2158:(4): 465–512.
2131:
2100:
2069:
2039:
2016:
2009:
1988:
1976:
1950:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:Prepared fruit
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1673:
1670:
1639:Archaeological
1635:Southeast Asia
1611:
1608:
1574:
1571:
1557:Pimenta dioica
1520:plant pigments
1516:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1353:
1350:
1094:
1091:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1013:
1003:
981:Main article:
978:
975:
965:Multiple fruit
963:Main article:
960:
957:
930:Main article:
927:
924:
898:Main article:
895:
892:
815:Main article:
812:
809:
781:, are drupes.
778:Prunus spinosa
762:
761:
752:
745:
744:
736:
729:
728:
720:
713:
712:
707:Prunus spinosa
704:
697:
696:
692:
685:
684:
683:
682:
681:
677:
674:
594:, such as the
584:berry from an
557:
554:
552:
551:
547:in the family
534:
524:
521:Caprifoliaceae
502:
498:in the family
495:Vitis vinifera
487:
474:
470:in the family
451:
448:Phyllanthaceae
438:
431:Sambucus niger
424:
403:
385:
375:
370:spp.) (family
338:Arctostaphylos
315:
285:
280:
273:
211:Coffea arabica
194:
191:
102:(aubergines),
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4988:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4951:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4881:
4880:Phytochemical
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4518:Transpiration
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4305:Inflorescence
4303:
4301:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3990:Ground tissue
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:Plant anatomy
3910:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3834:Plant ecology
3832:
3830:
3829:Plant anatomy
3827:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Archaeobotany
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3103:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2925:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2874:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2733:
2730:(in French).
2729:
2722:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2673:
2666:
2664:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2615:, p. 35.
2614:
2613:Stearn (2004)
2609:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2518:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2427:. eFloras.org
2426:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2369:. eFloras.org
2368:
2365:
2361:
2360:"Amelanchier"
2354:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2058:. eFloras.org
2057:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1916:
1906:
1902:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1752:Berry (pepo)
1751:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1700:According to
1694:
1686:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1440:
1438:
1437:Melastomaceae
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1186:Carl Linnaeus
1182:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1073:Podocarpaceae
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
989:
988:
984:
974:
972:
966:
956:
954:
953:
948:
944:
940:
933:
923:
921:
917:
913:
912:
907:
901:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
868:sea-buckthorn
864:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:
824:
818:
808:
800:
799:
794:
791:species, are
790:
789:
784:
780:
779:
774:
770:
766:
756:
749:
740:
733:
724:
717:
708:
701:
689:
680:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
653:
649:
644:
639:
637:
636:
631:
630:passion fruit
627:
626:
621:
620:Cucurbitaceae
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
588:
583:
582:
577:
576:
567:
562:
550:
549:Cucurbitaceae
546:
542:
538:
535:
532:
528:
525:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:
501:
497:
496:
491:
488:
486:
482:
478:
475:
473:
469:
468:
463:
462:
457:
456:
452:
449:
445:
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439:
436:
432:
428:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
404:
401:
397:
393:
389:
386:
383:
379:
376:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:Arbutus unedo
319:
316:
313:
312:Berberidaceae
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
286:
284:
281:
278:
275:
274:
272:
269:
267:
262:
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252:
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228:
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212:
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199:
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146:
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133:
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125:
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117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:, as well as
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
53:
49:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4875:Horticulture
4865:Floriculture
4767:Correct name
4617:Reproduction
4607:Woody plants
4532:Plant growth
4491:Gas Exchange
4476:Phytomelanin
4354:Plant embryo
4209:
4104:Reproductive
3952:Phragmoplast
3660:Simple fruit
3566:
3498:. Retrieved
3494:the original
3484:
3472:. Retrieved
3468:
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3407:
3403:
3393:
3360:
3356:
3343:
3333:18 September
3331:. Retrieved
3327:the original
3317:
3305:. Retrieved
3301:the original
3296:
3287:
3275:. Retrieved
3271:
3261:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3165:
3161:
3158:, in Mexico"
3155:
3147:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3102:
3080:
3074:
3029:
3025:
3001:Weiss (2002)
2996:
2974:
2968:
2949:
2946:EFSA Journal
2945:
2935:
2918:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2861:. Retrieved
2857:the original
2846:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2794:
2790:
2753:
2749:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2693:
2681:
2671:
2650:. Retrieved
2646:the original
2641:
2608:
2596:. Retrieved
2591:
2581:
2561:
2555:
2547:Google Books
2545:– via
2539:. Retrieved
2524:
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2501:
2491:
2479:. Retrieved
2475:
2472:"Annonaceae"
2466:
2447:
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2424:
2420:
2409:
2397:. Retrieved
2393:
2383:
2371:. Retrieved
2367:
2363:
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2337:
2327:
2307:
2304:Stace, Clive
2298:
2286:. Retrieved
2282:
2272:
2252:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2229:the original
2224:
2186:
2155:
2151:
2148:(Rubiaceae)"
2145:
2122:. Retrieved
2118:the original
2113:
2103:
2091:. Retrieved
2087:the original
2082:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2056:
2052:
2042:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2000:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1963:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1915:
1905:
1890:
1861:
1817:Citrus fruit
1784:
1779:
1735:Citrus fruit
1699:
1654:citrus fruit
1651:
1628:
1624:domesticated
1619:
1615:
1613:
1601:
1595:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1564:
1556:
1546:
1539:
1524:anthocyanins
1517:
1503:
1496:
1457:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1409:
1394:
1368:
1361:
1347:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1311:
1295:
1289:
1284:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1210:(drupe) and
1203:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1080:
1062:
1059:Cupressaceae
1044:
1023:Polygonaceae
1016:
1009:
986:
968:
950:
938:
935:
909:
903:
887:
876:Elaeagnaceae
871:
860:
826:
820:
806:
796:
786:
776:
773:strawberries
769:blackberries
754:
738:
722:
706:
679:
655:
640:
633:
623:
585:
579:
573:
571:
565:
516:
513:honeyberries
508:
493:
480:
465:
459:
453:
443:
430:
395:
367:
357:
337:
329:
321:
307:
299:
296:Oregon-grape
291:
270:
263:
216:
210:
176:
167:
166:(from Latin
163:
159:
157:
142:
135:
116:strawberries
66:is a fleshy
63:
57:
29:
4691:Pollen tube
4686:Pollinators
4676:Pollination
4671:Germination
4486:Respiration
4469:Chlorophyll
4315:Pedicellate
4249:Gametophyte
4168:Aestivation
4119:Antheridium
4114:Archegonium
3962:Plasmodesma
3939:Plant cells
3802:Paleobotany
3797:Ethnobotany
3782:Astrobotany
3701:Drift fruit
3572:Hesperidium
2975:Spice Crops
2710:affigantur.
2686:Stearn 2004
1801:Fruit type
1746:Watermelons
1719:Fruit type
1538:properties
1536:antioxidant
1422:Solanoideae
1314:hesperidium
1169:pericarpium
1153:pericarpium
1015:Sea grape (
911:Amelanchier
798:Morus nigra
788:Amelanchier
755:Morus nigra
612:hesperidium
505:Honeysuckle
356:/cowberry (
354:lingonberry
308:Podophyllum
243:indehiscent
160:bacciferous
155:to humans.
120:raspberries
72:stone (pit)
37:Redcurrants
4965:Categories
4713:Microspore
4703:Sporangium
4681:Artificial
4369:Sporophyte
4364:Sporophyll
4359:Receptacle
4254:Gynandrium
4124:Androecium
4033:Vegetative
3903:Angiosperm
3898:Gymnosperm
3792:Dendrology
3629:Schizocarp
3003:, p.
2734:: 161–183.
2535:0618455043
1928:References
1688:Watermelon
1528:flavonoids
1526:and other
1402:Solanaceae
1322:amphisarca
1218:(pome). A
1109:, Tab. 28)
1000:receptacle
992:Strawberry
943:blackberry
941:, such as
884:hypanthium
625:Passiflora
545:watermelon
485:Sapotaceae
472:Clusiaceae
427:Elderberry
422:Solanaceae
388:Gooseberry
326:strawberry
114:, such as
104:persimmons
70:without a
4910:Botanists
4828:Herbarium
4725:Megaspore
4623:Evolution
4566:Subshrubs
4534:and habit
4459:Nutrition
4454:Cellulose
4449:Bulk flow
4432:Materials
4395:Epidermis
4259:Gynoecium
4240:Endosperm
4235:Dispersal
4151:Staminode
4087:Sessility
4075:Cataphyll
3995:Mesophyll
3947:Cell wall
3888:Lycophyte
3868:Bryophyte
3822:Geobotany
3807:Phycology
3589:Caryopsis
3546:Types of
3500:22 August
3474:11 August
3449:22 August
3307:17 August
3277:17 August
3272:USA Today
2652:17 August
2598:18 August
2541:26 August
2507:14 August
2481:22 August
2431:21 August
2399:14 August
2373:21 August
2343:21 August
2288:14 August
2235:16 August
2124:17 August
1969:14 August
1662:mandarins
1643:Kuk Swamp
1620:Lagenaria
1616:Cucurbita
1561:cultivars
1491:Hong Kong
1472:palm wine
1432:berries.
1397:phylogeny
1184:In 1751,
947:raspberry
916:blueberry
765:blueberry
662:cucumbers
657:Vaccinium
643:epigynous
587:Adansonia
575:Vaccinium
531:Ebenaceae
527:Persimmon
477:Sapodilla
435:Adoxaceae
406:Aubergine
382:Rubiaceae
380:berries (
372:Ericaceae
364:crowberry
350:cranberry
346:blueberry
334:bearberry
219:botanical
153:poisonous
100:eggplants
96:cucumbers
52:Kiwifruit
4950:Category
4870:Forestry
4860:Agronomy
4853:Practice
4804:Cultivar
4799:Cultigen
4659:timeline
4551:Rosettes
4439:Aleurone
4415:Trichome
4332:Perianth
4144:Filament
4002:Meristem
3925:glossary
3787:Bryology
3696:Diaspore
3689:Function
3639:Syconium
3599:Follicle
3426:84685765
3385:10644185
3377:12817084
3253:21245334
3202:24753581
3139:21628269
3066:16352716
2910:25573388
2902:15186133
2839:21875970
2772:12324525
2423:(online)
2366:(online)
2322:, p. 277
2306:(2010).
2093:16 April
2079:"Banana"
2055:(online)
2049:"Persea"
2036:: 70–71.
1870:See also
1658:Papuasia
1597:Dianella
1553:Allspice
1541:in vitro
1522:such as
1505:Capsicum
1448:Culinary
1417:Duboisia
1406:Capsules
1385:, about
1129:(plural
1077:Taxaceae
1057:(family
1051:conifers
1049:of some
971:mulberry
906:Rosaceae
857:bayberry
841:cherries
823:endocarp
541:cucumber
517:Lonicera
500:Vitaceae
410:Eggplant
368:Empetrum
342:bilberry
330:Fragaria
304:mayapple
292:Berberis
288:Barberry
255:endocarp
251:mesocarp
241:. It is
239:superior
235:inferior
227:pericarp
147:and the
137:Capsicum
124:pericarp
92:tomatoes
88:currants
4971:Berries
4628:Ecology
4385:Cuticle
4215:Capsule
4205:Anatomy
4156:Tapetum
4080:Petiole
4055:Rhizome
4050:Rhizoid
3977:Tissues
3967:Vacuole
3957:Plastid
3759:Outline
3754:History
3634:Silique
3584:Capsule
3469:FAO.org
3357:Science
3244:3048109
3193:4035960
3170:Bibcode
3057:1311910
3034:Bibcode
2576:p. 376.
2416:"Rubus"
1941:"Berry"
1749:109,279
1738:135,761
1727:144,592
1702:FAOSTAT
1666:pomelos
1645:in the
1610:History
1508:fruits)
1430:Cestrum
1426:Cestrum
1411:Cestrum
1371:Fossils
1262:capsula
1238:farctus
996:achenes
849:coconut
833:peaches
783:Avocado
648:bananas
600:kumquat
581:Solanum
537:Pumpkin
392:currant
340:spp.),
310:spp.) (
277:Avocado
247:epicarp
164:baccate
128:carpels
108:bananas
4932:Plants
4835:(IAPT)
4588:Lianas
4556:Shrubs
4508:Starch
4400:Nectar
4320:Raceme
4286:Stigma
4274:Locule
4264:Carpel
4225:Pyrena
4163:Flower
4139:Anther
4134:Stamen
4129:Pollen
3851:groups
3743:Botany
3624:Samara
3609:Loment
3604:Legume
3562:Achene
3548:fruits
3424:
3383:
3375:
3251:
3241:
3200:
3190:
3137:
3087:
3064:
3054:
2990:p. 122
2981:
2908:
2900:
2863:7 July
2837:
2770:
2676:p. 53.
2568:
2532:
2454:
2314:
2260:
2193:
2146:Coffea
2062:30 May
2007:
1856:Berry
1850:Grapes
1828:Apples
1820:15,262
1812:Berry
1809:19,725
1774:Berry
1771:77,181
1768:Grapes
1760:80,823
1757:Apples
1730:Berry
1696:Grapes
1592:Hawaii
1573:Others
1549:spices
1188:wrote
1145:semina
1133:baccae
888:Coffea
880:achene
862:Persea
845:olives
828:Prunus
811:Drupes
670:squash
666:melons
652:coffee
635:Carica
632:) and
596:orange
592:citrus
519:spp.;
414:tomato
398:spp.;
378:Coffee
302:) and
283:Banana
151:, are
90:, and
84:grapes
76:flower
60:botany
41:locule
4892:Lists
4809:Group
4732:Spore
4666:Flora
4583:Vines
4578:Trees
4541:Habit
4513:Sugar
4405:Stoma
4347:Sepal
4342:Petal
4337:Tepal
4325:Umbel
4310:Bract
4291:Style
4279:Ovule
4269:Ovary
4210:Berry
4200:Fruit
4193:Whorl
4060:Shoot
3858:Algae
3849:Plant
3594:Drupe
3567:Berry
3422:S2CID
3381:S2CID
3353:(PDF)
3096:p. 13
2927:(PDF)
2906:S2CID
1882:Notes
1853:4,051
1842:7,120
1834:Pome
1831:8,271
1763:Pome
1590:. In
1547:Some
1532:seeds
1339:loges
1278:pomum
1270:bacca
1246:bacca
1222:bacca
1214:pomum
1206:drupa
1198:bacca
1177:pomum
1161:bacca
1125:bacca
1103:bacca
1082:Taxus
1047:cones
939:Rubus
894:Pomes
853:dates
837:plums
817:Drupe
793:pomes
608:septa
604:lemon
490:Grape
396:Ribes
266:drupe
231:ovary
223:seeds
183:sweet
179:berry
170:bacca
132:seeds
80:ovary
68:fruit
64:berry
21:Berry
4814:Grex
4696:Self
4230:Seed
4092:Stem
4070:Leaf
4045:Root
4040:Bulb
4024:Wood
3985:Cork
3883:Fern
3619:Pome
3577:Pepo
3502:2015
3476:2015
3451:2015
3373:PMID
3335:2007
3309:2015
3279:2015
3249:PMID
3198:PMID
3135:PMID
3085:ISBN
3062:PMID
2979:ISBN
2898:PMID
2865:2014
2835:PMID
2768:PMID
2654:2015
2600:2015
2566:ISBN
2543:2013
2530:ISBN
2509:2015
2483:2015
2452:ISBN
2433:2015
2401:2015
2375:2015
2345:2015
2312:ISBN
2290:2015
2258:ISBN
2237:2015
2191:ISBN
2126:2013
2095:2009
2064:2019
2005:ISBN
1971:2015
1795:Name
1713:Name
1664:and
1633:and
1618:and
1588:dyes
1443:Uses
1318:and
1298:pepo
1274:and
1117:baca
1087:aril
1075:and
945:and
900:Pome
859:and
839:and
668:and
616:pepo
602:and
543:and
509:some
418:goji
390:and
187:sour
118:and
106:and
62:, a
4503:Sap
4220:Nut
4065:Bud
3614:Nut
3412:doi
3365:doi
3361:301
3239:PMC
3229:doi
3225:108
3188:PMC
3178:doi
3166:111
3125:doi
3052:PMC
3042:doi
3030:102
3005:216
2954:doi
2890:doi
2827:doi
2799:doi
2795:133
2758:doi
2160:doi
2156:152
1563:of
1474:in
1254:nux
1121:or
1069:gin
1039:Yew
843:),
672:).
578:or
483:),
362:),
294:),
237:or
217:In
185:or
174:).
162:or
58:In
4967::
3467:.
3434:^
3420:.
3408:11
3406:.
3402:.
3379:.
3371:.
3359:.
3355:.
3295:.
3270:.
3247:.
3237:.
3223:.
3219:.
3196:.
3186:.
3176:.
3164:.
3160:.
3133:.
3121:96
3119:.
3115:.
3060:.
3050:.
3040:.
3028:.
3024:.
3012:^
2948:.
2944:.
2904:.
2896:.
2886:52
2884:.
2833:,
2823:98
2821:,
2793:,
2779:^
2766:,
2754:53
2752:,
2740:^
2662:^
2640:.
2620:^
2500:.
2474:.
2392:.
2336:.
2281:.
2223:.
2205:^
2175:^
2154:.
2150:.
2134:^
2112:.
2081:.
2034:57
2032:.
2028:.
1991:^
1962:.
1943:.
1845:–
1637:.
1478:,
1414:,
1388:66
1181:.
1021:;
922:.
874:,
855:,
851:,
847:,
835:,
664:,
650:,
598:,
539:,
492:,
458:,
433:;
416:,
412:,
352:,
348:,
344:,
98:,
86:,
3927:)
3923:(
3735:e
3728:t
3721:v
3539:e
3532:t
3525:v
3504:.
3478:.
3453:.
3428:.
3414::
3387:.
3367::
3337:.
3311:.
3281:.
3255:.
3231::
3204:.
3180::
3172::
3141:.
3127::
3093:.
3068:.
3044::
3036::
3007:.
2987:.
2962:.
2956::
2950:8
2912:.
2892::
2867:.
2829::
2801::
2760::
2732:2
2656:.
2602:.
2574:.
2549:.
2511:.
2485:.
2460:.
2435:.
2403:.
2377:.
2347:.
2320:.
2292:.
2266:.
2239:.
2199:.
2168:.
2162::
2128:.
2097:.
2066:.
2013:.
1973:.
1462:)
1342:"
1336:"
1008:(
1002:.
870:(
831:(
757:)
741:)
725:)
709:)
628:(
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