646:"had arrived safely". Tomatoes were grown mainly as ornamentals early on after their arrival in Italy. For example, the Florentine aristocrat Giovanvettorio Soderini wrote how they "were to be sought only for their beauty", and were grown only in gardens or flower beds. The tomato's ability to mutate and create new and different varieties helped contribute to its success and spread throughout Italy. However, in areas where the climate supported growing tomatoes, their habit of growing to the ground suggested low status. They were not adopted as a staple of the peasant population because they were not as filling as other fruits already available. Additionally, both toxic and inedible varieties discouraged many people from attempting to consume or prepare any other varieties. In certain areas of Italy, such as Florence, the fruit was used solely as a tabletop decoration, until it was incorporated into the local cuisine in the late 17th or early 18th century. The earliest discovered cookbook with tomato recipes was published in
428:
978:
various tomato fruit attributes. For instance, linkage drag is a phenomenon that has been responsible for alterations in the metabolism of the tomato fruit. Linkage drag describes the introduction of an undesired trait or allele into a plant during backcrossing. This trait/allele is physically linked (or is very close) to the desired allele along the chromosome. In introducing the beneficial allele, there exists a high likelihood that the poor allele is also incorporated into the plant. Thus, breeding efforts attempting to enhance certain traits (for example: larger fruit size) have unintentionally altered production of chemicals associated with, for instance, nutritional value and flavor.
3916:
810:
415:
2631:, which, in combination with the development of a suitable harvester, revolutionized the tomato-growing industry. This type of tomato is grown commercially near plants that process and can tomatoes, tomato sauce, and tomato paste. They are harvested when ripe and are flavorful when picked. They are harvested 24 hours a day, seven days a week during a 12- to 14-week season, and immediately transported to packing plants, which operate on the same schedule. California is a center of this sort of commercial tomato production and produces about a third of the processed tomatoes produced in the world.
2838:
678:
4043:
1030:
2777:
2536:. Meiosis is central to the processes by which diploid microspore mother cells within the anther give rise to haploid pollen grains, and megaspore mother cells in ovules that are contained within the ovary give rise to haploid nuclei. Union of haploid nuclei from pollen and ovule (fertilization) can occur either by self- or cross-pollination. Fertilization leads to the formation of a diploid zygote that can then develop into an embryo within the emerging seed. Repeated fertilizations within the ovary are accompanied by maturation of the ovary to form the tomato fruit.
3070:
2765:
974:, and other metabolites that are sensory and nutritional assets of the ripe fruit. The potent chloroplasts in the dark-green shoulders of the U phenotype are beneficial here, but have the disadvantage of leaving green shoulders near the stems of the ripe fruit, and even cracked yellow shoulders, apparently because of oxidative stress due to overload of the photosynthetic chain in direct sunlight at high temperatures. Hence genetic design of a commercial variety that combines the advantages of types u and U requires fine tuning, but may be feasible.
2892:
3965:
4079:
934:
4027:
2438:
756:
4055:
2075:
942:
2741:
51:
7631:"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to lycopene and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 1608, 1609, 1611, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1899, 1942, 2081, 2082, 2142, 2374), protection of the skin from UV-induced (including photo-oxidative) damage (ID 1259, 1607, 1665, 2143, 2262, 2373), contribution to normal cardiac function (ID 1610, 2372), and maintenance of normal vision (ID 1827) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006"
2789:
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224:
926:
2753:
8522:
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1840:
1387:
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2064:
615:
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2446:
2856:
2086:
1462:
4102:
1451:, and could grow up to 3 m (9.8 ft), although erect bush varieties have been bred, generally 100 cm (3 ft 3 in) tall or shorter. Indeterminate types are "tender" perennials, dying annually in temperate climates (they are originally native to tropical highlands), although they can live up to three years in a greenhouse in some cases. Determinate types are annual in all climates.
2692:
3021:. There are also tomato varieties with fully ripe fruit that is still green. Compared to potatoes, the amount of solanine in unripe green or fully ripe tomatoes is low. However, even in the case of potatoes, while solanine poisoning resulting from dosages several times the normal human consumption has been demonstrated, actual cases of poisoning from excessive consumption of potatoes are rare.
38:
739:. They were not part of the average person's diet, and though by 1820 they were described as "to be seen in great abundance in all our vegetable markets" and to be "used by all our best cooks", reference was made to their cultivation in gardens still "for the singularity of their appearance", while their use in cooking was associated with exotic Italian or Jewish cuisine. For example, in
1555:. As a true fruit, it develops from the ovary of the plant after fertilization, its flesh comprising the pericarp walls. The fruit contains hollow spaces full of seeds and moisture, called locular cavities. These vary, among cultivated species, according to type. Some smaller varieties have two cavities, globe-shaped varieties typically have three to five,
458:, who used the fruit fresh and in their cooking. The Spanish first introduced tomatoes to Europe, where they became used in Spanish food. In France, Italy and northern Europe, the tomato was initially grown as an ornamental plant. It was regarded with suspicion as a food because botanists recognized it as a
6463:
958:
Evidence has been found that 10–20% of the total carbon fixed in the fruit can be produced by photosynthesis in the developing fruit of the normal U phenotype. The u genetic mutation encodes a factor that produces defective chloroplasts with lower density in developing fruit, resulting in a lighter
867:
first breed of tomato, the
Paragon, was introduced in 1870, the beginning of a great tomato culture enterprise in the county. In 1875, he introduced the Acme, which was said to be involved in the parentage of most of the tomatoes introduced by him and his competitors for the next twenty-five years.
981:
Breeders have turned to using wild tomato species as a source of alleles for the introduction of beneficial traits into modern tomato varieties. For example, wild tomato relatives may possess higher amounts of fruit solids (which are associated with greater sugar content) or resistance to diseases
954:
in the mid-20th century, so named because the fruits ripened uniformly. This was widely cross-bred to produce red fruit without the typical green ring around the stem on un-crossbred varieties. Prior to general introduction of this trait, most tomatoes produced more sugar during ripening, and were
866:
Early tomato breeders included Henry Tilden in Iowa and a Dr. Hand in
Baltimore. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's 1937 yearbook declared that "half of the major varieties were a result of the abilities of the Livingstons to evaluate and perpetuate superior material in the tomato." Livingston's
2515:
produced within the structure, rather than on the surface, as in most species. The pollen moves through pores in the anther, but very little pollen is shed without some kind of externally-induced motion. The ideal vibratory frequencies to release pollen grains are provided by an insect, such as a
526:
seeds , with tomatoes, with smoked chile, with hot chile, with yellow chile, with mild red chile sauce, yellow chile sauce, hot chile sauce, with "bird excrement" sauce, sauce of smoked chile, heated , bean sauce; toasted beans, cooked beans, mushroom sauce, sauce of small squash, sauce of large
2725:
may have been the largest single tomato plant in the world. The plant has been recognized as a
Guinness World Record Holder, with a harvest of more than 32,000 tomatoes and a total weight of 522 kg (1,151 lb). It yielded thousands of tomatoes at one time from a single vine. Yong Huang,
977:
Furthermore, breeders of modern tomato cultivars typically strive to produce tomato plants exhibiting improved yield, shelf life, size, and tolerance/resistance to various environmental pressures, including disease. However, these breeding efforts have yielded unintended negative consequences on
870:
When
Livingston began his attempts to develop the tomato as a commercial crop, his aim had been to grow tomatoes smooth in contour, uniform in size, and sweet in flavor. He eventually developed over seventeen different varieties of the tomato plant. Today, the crop is grown in every state in the
4959:
Powell AL, Nguyen CV, Hill T, Cheng KL, Figueroa-Balderas R, Aktas H, Ashrafi H, Pons C, Fernández-Muñoz R, Vicente A, Lopez-Baltazar J, Barry CS, Liu Y, Chetelat R, Granell A, Van Deynze A, Giovannoni JJ, Bennett AB (29 June 2012). "Uniform ripening
Encodes a Golden 2-like Transcription Factor
2601:
Greenhouse tomato production in large-acreage commercial greenhouses and owner-operator stand-alone or multiple-bay greenhouses is on the increase, providing fruit during those times of the year when field-grown fruit is not readily available. Smaller sized fruit (cherry and grape), or cluster
517:
reported seeing a great variety of tomatoes in the Aztec market at
Tenochtitlán (Mexico City): "large tomatoes, small tomatoes, leaf tomatoes, sweet tomatoes, large serpent tomatoes, nipple-shaped tomatoes", and tomatoes of all colors from the brightest red to the deepest yellow. Bernardino de
1912:
around the world store seed representing genetic variations of value to modern agriculture. These seed stocks are available for legitimate breeding and research efforts. While individual breeding efforts can produce useful results, the bulk of tomato breeding work is at universities and major
856:
than as food. In 1897, W. H. Garrison addressed the Medico-Legal
Society of New York stating, "The belief was once transmitted that the tomato was sinisterly dangerous." He recalled in his youth tomatoes were dubbed "love-apples or wolf-apples" and they were shunned as "globes of the devil."
3802:
An extensive review in 2022 found and specified many health benefits associated with eating tomatoes, and some risks, due both to external factors (pesticides, microbial contamination, heavy metals from contaminated soil), and intrinsic; for example, lycopene, at least as a supplement, has
1469:
Tomato vines are typically pubescent, meaning covered with fine short hairs. The hairs facilitate the vining process, turning into roots wherever the plant is in contact with the ground and moisture, especially if the vine's connection to its original root has been damaged or severed.
653:
Unique varieties were developed over the next several hundred years for uses such as dried tomatoes, sauce tomatoes, pizza tomatoes, and tomatoes for long-term storage. These varieties are usually known for their place of origin as much as by a variety name. For example there is the
2023:
settled the tariff controversy on 10 May 1893, by declaring that the tomato is a vegetable, based on the popular definition that classifies vegetables by use—they are generally served with dinner and not dessert. The holding of this case applies only to the interpretation of the
562:
had been brought to Italy that was blood red or golden color when mature and could be divided into segments and eaten like an eggplant—that is, cooked and seasoned with salt, black pepper, and oil. It was not until ten years later that tomatoes were named in print by
Mattioli as
3985:
Tomatoes are a popular "nonlethal" throwing weapon in mass protests, and there was a common tradition of throwing rotten tomatoes at bad performers on a stage during the 19th century; today this is usually referenced as a metaphor. Embracing it for this protest connotation, the
1826:, which was engineered to have a longer shelf life. However, it is no longer commercially available. Scientists are continuing to develop tomatoes with new traits not found in natural crops, such as increased resistance to pests or environmental stresses or better flavor.
5451:
2335:
Although not a disease as such, irregular supplies of water can cause growing or ripening fruit to split. Besides cosmetic damage, the splits may allow decay to start, although growing fruits have some ability to heal after a split. In addition, a deformity called
7401:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
2405:
is popularly recommended as a companion plant to the tomato. Common claims are that basil may deter pests or improve tomato flavor. However, in double-blind taste tests, basil did not significantly affect the taste of tomatoes when planted adjacent to them.
1458:, and grow as a series of branching stems, with a terminal bud at the tip that does the actual growing. When the tip eventually stops growing, whether because of pruning or flowering, lateral buds take over and grow into other, fully functional, vines.
898:(UC Davis) became a major center for research on the tomato. The C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center at UC Davis is a gene bank of wild relatives, monogenic mutants and miscellaneous genetic stocks of tomato. The center is named for the late Dr.
701:
from continental sources, is also one of the earliest discussions of the tomato in
England. Gerard knew the tomato was eaten in Spain and Italy. Nonetheless, he believed it was poisonous. (In fact, the plant and raw fruit do have low levels of
7839:
Tieman, D; Bliss, P; McIntyre, LM; Blandon-Ubeda, A; Bies, D; Odabasi, AZ; Rodríguez, GR; van der Knaap, E; Taylor, MG; Goulet, C; Mageroy, MH; Snyder, DJ; Colquhoun, T; Moskowitz, H; Clark, DG; Sims, C; Bartoshuk, L; Klee, HJ (5 June 2012).
959:
green colour of unripe fruit, and repression of sugars accumulation in the resulting ripe fruit by 10–15%. Perhaps more important than their role in photosynthesis, the fruit chloroplasts are remodelled during ripening into chlorophyll-free
777:. Nineteenth century descriptions of its consumption are uniformly as an ingredient in a cooked dish. In 1881, it is described as only eaten in the region "within the last forty years". Today, the tomato is a crucial and ubiquitous part of
1649:
the correct name. Both names, however, will probably be found in the literature for some time. Two of the major reasons for considering the genera separate are the leaf structure (tomato leaves are markedly different from any other
5737:
Jacobsen, E.; Daniel, M. K.; Bergervoet-van Deelen, J. E. M.; Huigen, D. J. & Ramanna, M. S. (1994). "The first and second backcross progeny of the intergeneric fusion hybrids of potato and tomato after crossing with potato".
518:
Sahagún mentioned Aztecs cooking various sauces, some with and without tomatoes of different sizes, serving them in city markets: "foods sauces, hot sauces; fried , olla-cooked , juices, sauces of juices, shredded with
1496:
are 10–25 cm (4–10 in) long, odd pinnate, with five to nine leaflets on petioles, each leaflet up to 8 cm (3 in) long, with a serrated margin; both the stem and leaves are densely glandular-hairy.
7400:
6940:
1913:
agriculture-related corporations. These efforts have resulted in significant regionally adapted breeding lines and hybrids, such as the Mountain series from North Carolina. Corporations including
6500:
Takasugi, Mitsuo; Yachida, Youichi; Anetai, Masaki; Masamune, Tadashi; Kegasawa, Kazuo (1975). "Identification of Asparagusic Acid As a Nematicide Occurring Naturally in the Roots of Asparagus".
3811:
and similar medications. The review concludes that "the synergistic effects of all tomato constituents are likely to outweigh the benefits of tomato's individual constituents, such as lycopene".
2730:'s manager of agricultural science, discovered the unique plant in Beijing, China. Huang brought its seeds to Epcot and created the specialized greenhouse for the fruit to grow. The vine grew
1921:, BHNSeed, and Bejoseed have breeding programs that attempt to improve production, size, shape, color, flavor, disease tolerance, pest tolerance, nutritional value, and numerous other traits.
4653:
A curious herbal: containing five hundred cuts, of the most useful plants, which are now used in the practice of physick : engraved on folio copper plates, after drawings taken from life
950:
The poor taste and lack of sugar in modern garden and commercial tomato varieties resulted from breeding tomatoes to ripen uniformly red. This change occurred after discovery of a mutant "u"
5327:
2714:
in 1986. The largest tomato plant grown was of the cultivar "Sungold" and reached 19.8 m (65 ft) in length, grown by Nutriculture Ltd (UK) of Mawdesley, Lancashire, UK, in 2000.
1031:
986:. However, this tactic has limitations, for the incorporation of certain traits, such as pathogen resistance, can negatively impact other favorable phenotypes, such as fruit production.
6247:
Fitzpatrick, Connor R.; Salas-González, Isai; Conway, Jonathan M.; Finkel, Omri M.; Gilbert, Sarah; Russ, Dor; Teixeira, Paulo José Pereira Lima; Dangl, Jeffery L. (8 September 2020).
3017:
Small amounts of tomato foliage are sometimes used for flavoring without ill effect, and the green fruit of unripe red tomato varieties is sometimes used for cooking, particularly as
840:. They may have been introduced from the Caribbean. By the mid-18th century, they were cultivated on some Carolina plantations, and probably in other parts of the Southeast as well.
5963:
3833:
In the United States, supposed health benefits of consuming tomatoes, tomato products or lycopene to affect cancer cannot be mentioned on packaged food products without a qualified
2116:
are common tomato afflictions, which is why tomato cultivars are often marked with a combination of letters that refer to specific disease resistance. The most common letters are:
6965:
6163:
Nowakowska, Marzena; et al. (3 October 2014), "Appraisal of artificial screening techniques of tomato to accurately reflect field performance of the late blight resistance",
4054:
6428:"Do Tomatoes Love Basil but Hate Brussels Sprouts? Competition and Land-Use Efficiency of Popularly Recommended and Discouraged Crop Mixtures in Biointensive Agriculture Systems"
2048:
of 5–10–10 is often sold as tomato fertilizer or vegetable fertilizer, although manure and compost are also used. On average there are 150,000 seeds in a pound of tomato seeds.
494:. The large, lumpy variety of tomato, a mutation from a smoother, smaller fruit, originated in Mesoamerica, and may be the direct ancestor of some modern cultivated tomatoes.
7379:
7186:
4469:
1815:
share the same characteristics and genes, researchers stated the published genome could help to improve food quality, food security and reduce costs of all of these fruits.
3908:, a festival centered on an enormous tomato fight. On 30 August 2007, 40,000 Spaniards gathered to throw 115,000 kg (254,000 lb) of tomatoes at each other in the
2602:
tomatoes (fruit-on-the-vine) are the fruit of choice for the large commercial greenhouse operators while the beefsteak varieties are the choice of owner-operator growers.
6386:
3108:
observed that the inner pulp had more flavour that the flesh; a subsequent academic study in which he participated confirmed that the pulp had up to eleven times more
592:, and cultivation began in the 1540s. It was probably eaten shortly after it was introduced, and was certainly being used as food by the early 17th century in Spain.
7130:
3757:
7075:
7607:
4008:
for film and television. The name "Rotten Tomatoes" derives from the practice of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes when disapproving of a poor stage performance.
7608:"Qualified Health Claims: Letter Regarding "Tomatoes and Prostate, Ovarian, Gastric and Pancreatic Cancers (American Longevity Petition)" (Docket No. 2004Q-0201)"
397:. (Determinate, or bush, plants are annuals that stop growing at a certain height and produce a crop all at once.) The size of the tomato varies according to the
6937:
1779:
in 2004. A prerelease version of the genome was made available in December 2009. The complete genome for the cultivar Heinz 1706 was published on 31 May 2012 in
2734:-sized tomatoes, which were served at Walt Disney World restaurants. The tree developed a disease and was removed in April 2010 after about 13 months of life.
5302:
1481:(PL) style because of their resemblance to that particular relative. Of RL plants, there are variations, such as rugose leaves, which are deeply grooved, and
6869:
6081:
1566:
For propagation, the seeds need to come from a mature fruit, and must be lightly fermented to remove the gelatinous outer coating and then dried before use.
1512:'s style. Flowers are bisexual and able to self fertilise. The anthers bend into a cone-like structure, surrounding the stigma. The flowers are 1–2 cm (
747:, it is described under the name "Love Apple (Amoris Pomum)" as being consumed with oil and vinegar in Italy, similar to consumption of cucumbers in the UK.
9406:
2710:
As of 2008, the heaviest tomato harvested weighed 3.51 kg (7 lb 12 oz), was of the cultivar "Delicious", and was grown by Gordon Graham of
381:
allowing for the production of tomatoes throughout all seasons of the year. Tomato plants typically grow to 1–3 meters (3–10 ft) in height. They are
3955:, played a large part in popularizing the tomato in the late 19th century; his efforts are commemorated in Reynoldsburg with an annual Tomato Festival.
3010:. However, solanine concentrations in foliage and green fruit are generally too small to be dangerous unless large amounts are consumed—for example, as
427:
4026:
3048:
caused the temporary removal of tomatoes from stores and restaurants across the United States and parts of Canada, although other foods, including
7559:"A systematic review of dietary, nutritional, and physical activity interventions for the prevention of prostate cancer progression and mortality"
7156:
5614:
4377:
9221:
9122:
8762:
2340:
can be caused by pests, temperature stress, or poor soil conditions. Affected fruit usually remains edible, but its appearance may be unsightly.
6920:
6311:
6218:
5499:
Muños S, Ranc N, Botton E, Bérard A, Rolland S, Duffé P, Carretero Y, Le Paslier MC, Delalande C, Bouzayen M, Brunel D, Causse M (August 2011).
2216:, which interrupts the lifecycle. As the name implies, it has the symptom of making the top leaves of the plant wrinkle up and grow abnormally.
7312:
3115:
Although tomatoes originated in the Americas, the tomato is now grown and eaten around the world. It is used in diverse ways, including raw in
2327:
to slow the growth of insects. The hormone was first identified in tomatoes, but similar proteins have been identified in other species since.
917:
tomatoes. This technique encourages the plant to send roots deep to find existing moisture in soil that retains moisture, such as clayey soil.
5012:
9411:
8811:
6487:
Yield, Pest Density, and Tomato Flavor Effects of Companion Planting in Garden-scale Studies Incorporating Tomato, Basil, and Brussels Sprout
1685:
7510:"Whole food versus supplement: comparing the clinical evidence of tomato intake and lycopene supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors"
6886:
5805:
3943:
both the state fruit and the state vegetable in the same law, citing both its culinary and botanical classifications. In 2009, the state of
9426:
9421:
1604:
8829:
5960:
902:, a pioneer in tomato genetics research. Research on processing tomatoes is also conducted by the California Tomato Research Institute in
7750:
6957:
6359:
Narvaez-Vasquez, J.; Orozco-Cardenas, M. L. (2008). "15 Systemins and AtPeps: Defense-related Peptide Signals". In Schaller, A. (ed.).
5636:
844:, who ate tomatoes in Paris, sent some seeds back to America. Some early American advocates of the culinary use of the tomato included
710:) Gerard's views were influential, and the tomato was considered unfit for eating (though not necessarily poisonous) for many years in
8909:
7214:"Differences in Glutamic Acid and 5'-Ribonucleotide Contents between Flesh and Pulp of Tomatoes and the Relationship with Umami Taste"
6698:
4852:
474:, which in large quantities would be toxic. However, the ripe fruit contains a much lower amount of tomatine than the immature fruit.
7408:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
6101:
4921:
3045:
2788:
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606:(foreign eggplant), as the Chinese named many foodstuffs introduced from abroad, but referring specifically to early introductions.
9182:
8710:
7371:
7337:
7190:
5375:
4479:
1623:(Nicolson 1974) was technically valid, because Miller's genus name and Linnaeus's species name differ in exact spelling, but since
450:, is native to western South America. These wild versions were the size of peas. The first evidence of domestication points to the
2495:, despite the common claim that tomatoes do so. That tomatoes pollinate themselves poorly without outside aid is clearly shown in
642:, wrote to the Medici private secretary informing him that the basket of tomatoes sent from the grand duke's Florentine estate at
9247:
9195:
8775:
8723:
6599:
Natarajan, N; Cork, A; Boomathi, N; Pandi, R; Velavan, S; Dhakshnamoorthy, G (2006). "Cold aqueous extracts of African marigold,
4078:
3997:
calls itself "The Birthplace of the Tomato", claiming the first commercial variety of tomato was bred there in the 19th century.
1901:
2524:
cannot perform. In an outdoors setting, wind or animals usually provide sufficient motion to produce commercially viable crops.
1785:. The latest reference genome published in 2021 had 799 MB and encodes 34,384 (predicted) proteins, spread over 12 chromosomes.
9401:
8847:
8466:
4501:
SILVERTOWN, J. (2017). Vegetables—Variety. DINNER WITH DARWIN: Food, drink, and evolution. S.l.: UNIV OF CHICAGO PRESS.(p. 145)
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6986:
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was suggested by Karsten (1888), it is not used because it violates the International Code of Nomenclature barring the use of
9265:
7413:
7114:
6656:
6383:
6368:
5435:
5358:
5303:"Can I use "You say Tomato, I (we) say X," in the exactly same manner as "We agree to disagree," in day-to-day conversation?"
4549:
4452:
8888:
8780:
2776:
9252:
8273:
7427:
3947:
passed a law making the tomato the state's official fruit. Tomato juice has been the official beverage of Ohio since 1965.
573:
328:
7451:"Tomatoes: An Extensive Review of the Associated Health Impacts of Tomatoes and Factors That Can Affect Their Cultivation"
7134:
8132:
7082:
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657:
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4670:
2005:
The confusion on whether tomatoes are fruits or vegetables has led to legal dispute in the United States. In 1887, U.S.
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9117:
8461:
7923:
5552:
4522:
2020:
490:
people are thought to have believed that those who witnessed the ingestion of tomato seeds were blessed with powers of
7324:
9431:
6681:
6010:
5162:
4647:
4611:
4587:
4325:
3202:
and out of direct sunlight. It is not recommended to refrigerate them as they take a mealy texture and lose flavour.
1887:
1426:
1178:
1152:
1107:
740:
5037:
Cocaliadis, Maria Florencia; Fernández-Muñoz, Rafael; Pons, Clara; Orzaez, Diego; Granell, Antonio (10 April 2014).
2764:
1869:
1631:
in 1983, and would be the correct name for the tomato in classifications which do not place the tomato in the genus
8976:
6815:
2740:
6340:. Wallingford, UK: Invasive Species Compendium, Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International. 23 June 2015
3863:) is an oligophagous insect that prefers to feed on plants of the family Solanaceae such as tomato plants. Female
9208:
8816:
8749:
7614:. Letter to Jonathan W. Emord, Esq., Emord & Associates, P.C. US Food and Drug Administration. Archived from
7212:
Oruna-Concha, Maria-Jose; Methven, Lisa; Blumenthal, Heston; Young, Christopher; Mottram, Donald (11 July 2007).
2624:
895:
721:
However, by the mid-18th century, tomatoes were widely eaten in Britain, and before the end of that century, the
600:
The tomato was introduced to China, likely via the Philippines or Macau, in the 1500s. It was given the name 番茄
339:. From there, the tomato was introduced to other parts of the European-colonized world during the 16th century.
8971:
8852:
8580:
5043:
4946:
4633:'LOVE-APPLE, or TOMATO BERRY.-Love apples are now to be seen in great abundance at all our vegetable markets.'
3846:
2616:
To facilitate transportation and storage, tomatoes are often picked unripe (green) and ripened in storage with
2458:
1865:
1408:
9350:
8927:
9273:
6794:
6529:"Effects of amending soil with Tagetes patula cv. Single Gold on Meloidogyne incognita infestation of tomato"
6253:
5606:
3987:
7157:"CDC Probes Salmonella Outbreak, Health Officials Say Bacteria May Have Spread Through Some Form Of Produce"
5980:
Redenbaugh, K.; Hiatt, B.; Martineau, B.; Kramer, M.; Sheehy, R.; Sanders, R.; Houck, C.; Emlay, D. (1992).
5501:"Increase in tomato locule number is controlled by two single-nucleotide polymorphisms located near WUSCHEL"
3915:
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634:
The recorded history of tomatoes in Italy dates back to at least 31 October 1548, when the house steward of
9174:
9161:
7367:
4601:
2752:
2324:
852:. Many Americans considered tomatoes to be poisonous at this time and, in general, they were grown more as
320:
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6672:
Frankie, Gordon; Thorp, Robbin; Coville, Rollin; barbara, Ertter; California Native Plant Society (2014).
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Pre-Columbian Foodways: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica
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pronunciation disputes. In this capacity, it has even become an American and British slang term: saying "
863:
receives much credit for developing numerous varieties of tomato for both home and commercial gardeners.
414:
8728:
5982:
Safety Assessment of Genetically Engineered Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study of the Flavr Savr Tomato
546:
may have been the first to transfer a small yellow tomato to Europe after he captured the Aztec city of
9345:
9200:
8922:
7164:
6890:
6262:
4651:
3744:
2251:
2013:
on vegetables, but not on fruit, caused the tomato's status to become a matter of legal importance. In
550:, now Mexico City, in 1521. The earliest discussion of the tomato in European literature appeared in a
8702:
5996:
2590:
in cooler climates, and cultivars such as the British 'Moneymaker' and a number of cultivars grown in
2499:
situations, where pollination must be aided by artificial wind, vibration of the plants (one brand of
2369:, whose larvae devour the hornworm, but whose adult form drinks nectar from tiny-flowered plants like
723:
588:
and then the entire Asian continent. The Spanish also brought the tomato to Europe. It grew easily in
9416:
9301:
9260:
8839:
6315:
6222:
5736:
2722:
2704:
1819:
1658:
species are conspicuously absent from the tomato). On the other hand, hybrids of tomato and diploid
809:
50:
8202:
7997:
5575:"Physiological Changes in Roma-type Tomato Induced by Mechanical Stress at Several Ripeness Stages"
5474:
4017:
3024:
Tomato plants can be toxic to dogs if they eat large amounts of the fruit, or chew plant material.
2994:
The leaves, stem, and green unripe fruit of the tomato plant contain small amounts of the alkaloid
2718:
2675:
were the most productive in 2012, with a nationwide average of 476 tonnes per hectare, followed by
2353:
2349:
2230:
to reduce the impact of bacterial wilt, sometimes by reducing bacterial abundance and sometimes by
2205:. Handling cigarettes and other infected tobacco products can transmit the virus to tomato plants.
1850:
711:
482:
The exact date of domestication is unknown; by 500 BC, it was already being cultivated in southern
446:
8803:
7711:"The LysM receptor-like kinase Sl LYK 10 regulates the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in tomato"
7662:
Varela, L. G.; Bernays, E. A. (1 July 1988). "Behavior of newly hatched potato tuber moth larvae,
5995:
Michaels, Tom; Clark, Matt; Hoover, Emily; Irish, Laura; Smith, Alan; Tepe, Emily (20 June 2022).
5401:
4882:
1368:" when presented with two choices can mean "What's the difference?" or "It's all the same to me".
514:
9169:
9109:
8986:
8914:
8440:
8412:
5809:
3948:
3884:
3859:
3823:
2598:, it is not uncommon to start seeds in greenhouses during the late winter for future transplant.
2057:
1959:
1861:
1854:
1666:, and are partially fertile, providing evidence of the close relationship between these species.
1404:
1397:
860:
20:
7106:
7100:
5039:"Increasing tomato fruit quality by enhancing fruit chloroplast function. A double-edged sword?"
3631:
2516:
bumblebee, or the original wild halictid pollinator, capable of engaging in a behavior known as
845:
9226:
9156:
8767:
8542:
8137:
7916:
7345:
3849:
concluded in 2011 that the evidence for lycopene having any of these effects was inconclusive.
3144:
2295:
1905:
1117:
778:
764:
555:
331:, and after the Spanish encountered the tomato for the first time after their contact with the
7758:
6903:
5254:
4710:
4692:
4512:
3592:
1962:; because it is more savoury (umami) than sweet, it is typically served as part of a salad or
1935:
874:
Because of the long growing season needed for this heat-loving crop, several states in the US
8218:
8112:
8057:
6863:
6646:
6560:
Hooks, Cerruti R.R; Wang, Koon-Hui; Ploeg, Antoon; McSorley, Robert (2010). "Using marigold (
6404:
6085:
4474:
4121:
3961:
was the first commercially grown genetically engineered food licensed for human consumption.
3879:
3842:
3605:
3151:
2500:
2320:
2219:
1041:
849:
829:
677:
589:
167:
8878:
5640:
5276:
2623:
A machine-harvestable variety of tomato (the "square tomato") was developed in the 1950s by
2608:
technique is often used in hostile growing environments, as well as high-density plantings.
2503:
is a wand called an "electric bee" that is used manually), or more often today, by cultured
1692:
8658:
8430:
8243:
8182:
7853:
7675:
7000:"Tomato production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)"
6745:
6616:
6573:
6439:
6172:
5858:
5191:
4969:
3657:
3618:
3231:, sometimes in the sun where climate permits, and sold either in bags or in jars with oil.
3018:
2696:
2202:
2181:
635:
7557:
Hackshaw-McGeagh LE, Perry RE, Leach VA, Qandil S, Jeffreys M, Martin RM, Lane JA (2015).
6112:
5782:
4925:
3069:
2028:, and the court did not purport to reclassify the tomato for botanical or other purposes.
1775:
An international consortium of researchers from 10 countries, began sequencing the tomato
1477:, and are called regular leaf (RL) plants, but some cultivars have simple leaves known as
8:
9337:
8901:
8445:
8343:
8321:
8142:
8127:
8102:
8032:
7449:
Collins, Edward J.; Bowyer, Cressida; Tsouza, Audrey; Chopra, Mridula (4 February 2022).
7262:. University of California: Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Archived from
6771:
4065:
4061:
3756:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
3074:
2304:
2231:
1914:
1700:
903:
794:
9148:
8689:
7889:
7857:
7679:
6620:
6577:
6443:
6271:
6176:
6111:. California Foundation for Agriculture in the Classroom. September 2014. Archived from
5862:
5379:
5195:
4973:
4401:
2484:) did not move with them. The trait of self-fertility became an advantage, and domestic
2373:. Several species of umbellifer are therefore often grown with tomato plants, including
685:
Tomatoes were not grown in England until the 1590s. One of the earliest cultivators was
8994:
8697:
8591:
8316:
8311:
8162:
7982:
7806:
7781:
7691:
7583:
7558:
7534:
7509:
7485:
7450:
7054:
6799:
6737:
6455:
6292:
6195:
6088:
5938:
5903:
5879:
5846:
5763:
5711:
5525:
5500:
5207:
5120:
5093:
Klee, Harry J.; Tieman, Denise M. (2018). "The genetics of fruit flavour preferences".
4993:
4787:
4442:
4406:
4085:
3994:
3952:
3837:
statement. In a scientific review of potential claims for lycopene favorably affecting
3819:
3644:
3572:
3334:
3011:
2247:
2078:
663:
650:
in 1692, though the author had apparently obtained these recipes from Spanish sources.
619:
543:
336:
191:
45:
8253:
7002:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2022
5654:
4565:
3964:
3177:
2652:. However, the product was not commercially successful, and was sold only until 1997.
346:
flavor. They are consumed in diverse ways: raw or cooked, and in many dishes, sauces,
335:, they brought the plant to Europe, in a widespread cultural interchange known as the
9396:
9324:
9091:
8873:
8645:
8525:
8263:
8087:
7909:
7871:
7811:
7732:
7588:
7539:
7490:
7472:
7419:
7409:
7288:
7233:
7110:
7046:
6729:
6677:
6652:
6427:
6364:
6296:
6284:
6276:
6200:
6006:
5943:
5925:
5884:
5755:
5719:
5530:
5431:
5354:
5158:
5112:
5072:
4985:
4779:
4607:
4583:
4545:
4518:
4448:
4005:
3670:
3457:
3105:
3007:
2521:
2134:
715:
463:
436:
374:
7695:
7058:
7042:
6459:
5211:
4997:
4201:
Molecular phylogenetic analyses have established that the formerly segregate genera
3119:
or in slices, stewed, incorporated into a wide variety of dishes, or processed into
9436:
9096:
8999:
8650:
8490:
8371:
8283:
8278:
8268:
8167:
8077:
8042:
7946:
7861:
7801:
7793:
7754:
7722:
7683:
7642:
7578:
7570:
7529:
7521:
7480:
7462:
7225:
7038:
6849:
6741:
6721:
6624:
6581:
6540:
6509:
6447:
6266:
6190:
6180:
6051:
5933:
5915:
5874:
5866:
5767:
5747:
5701:
5586:
5520:
5512:
5346:
5199:
5150:
5104:
5095:
5062:
5052:
4977:
4771:
3474:
3199:
2711:
2517:
2492:
2422:
2414:
2279:
2263:
2235:
2098:
2067:
2010:
1781:
1556:
1316:
1280:
1248:
1216:
1184:
1123:
1078:
1052:
1023:
853:
841:
267:
238:
9047:
8940:
8601:
7213:
6987:
The country's only single vine "tomato tree" growing in The Land pavilion at Epcot
5124:
4733:
4300:
4196:
2998:, whose effect on humans has not been studied. They also contain small amounts of
9373:
9309:
9060:
9026:
8860:
8790:
8614:
8435:
8401:
8288:
8248:
8177:
8172:
8117:
8047:
7987:
6944:
6628:
6585:
6390:
6185:
5967:
4759:
4539:
4033:
4001:
3228:
3190:
after they were introduced to the region by the Portuguese in the 15th century.
3167:
3163:
2628:
2396:
2359:
2287:
2259:
2213:
2090:
1955:
1951:
1930:
1474:
1174:
1162:
933:
899:
891:
643:
390:
312:
88:
9278:
8963:
7709:
Buendia, Luis; Wang, Tongming; Girardin, Ariane; Lefebvre, Benoit (April 2016).
2664:
in 2012 for tomato cultivation and the total production was about 161.8 million
2551:, play a key role in homologous recombinational repair of DNA during meiosis. A
2437:
1641:
evidence has now shown that Linnaeus was correct to put the tomato in the genus
755:
9332:
9037:
8896:
8386:
8381:
8157:
8092:
8072:
8037:
7403:
6889:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2014. Archived from
5920:
5591:
5574:
3814:
Studies in 2014 and 2015 did not find conclusive evidence to indicate that the
3082:
3053:
2961:
2668:. The average world farm yield for tomato was 33.6 tonnes per hectare in 2012.
2465:
of wild tomatoes extends farther out of the flower than today's cultivars. The
2366:
2271:
2102:
2074:
2025:
1991:
1947:
1943:
1764:
1663:
1552:
1166:
837:
833:
736:
690:
585:
523:
294:
75:
7866:
7841:
7797:
7574:
6451:
6248:
5979:
5203:
5154:
5108:
1485:, angora leaves, which have additional colors where a genetic mutation causes
1448:
941:
9390:
9135:
8507:
8496:
8376:
8298:
8233:
8228:
8022:
7951:
7647:
7630:
7476:
7263:
6280:
6076:
5929:
5350:
4783:
4143:
3927:
Several US states have adopted the tomato as a state fruit or vegetable (see
3889:
3867:
use the leaves to lay their eggs and the hatched larvae will eat away at the
3808:
3791:
3767:
3392:
3290:
3132:
3109:
3041:
2983:
2897:
2595:
2378:
2308:, feeds on foliage and young fruit of tomato plants, causing shrivelling and
2227:
2146:
2015:
1754:
1596:
1575:
1537:
971:
817:
790:
786:
359:
304:
183:
9291:
9239:
7467:
6545:
6528:
5141:
Stevens, M. Allen (1986). "Inheritance of Tomato Fruit Quality Components".
4981:
2575:
527:
tomatoes, sauce of ordinary tomatoes, sauce of various kinds of sour herbs,
466:. This was exacerbated by the interaction of the tomato's acidic juice with
223:
9363:
8953:
8565:
8502:
8396:
8328:
8303:
8062:
7956:
7875:
7815:
7736:
7592:
7543:
7494:
7423:
7237:
7050:
6697:
Stassen NY, Logsdon JM, Vora GJ, Offenberg HH, Palmer JD, Zolan ME (1997).
6288:
6204:
5947:
5888:
5759:
5723:
5534:
5146:
5116:
5076:
4989:
4132:
3834:
3683:
3266:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3136:
2559:), suggesting that recombinational repair occurs during meiosis in tomato.
1800:
1508:, have the anthers fused along the edges, forming a column surrounding the
1170:
1059:
might be the tomato, and despite the impossibility of this identification,
821:
547:
540:
519:
394:
316:
9314:
7782:"Genetically modified food from crops: progress, pawns, and possibilities"
7525:
7366:
6733:
6725:
6384:
Tomato Casual » Boost Your Tomatoes with Companion Planting! – Part 1
6337:
6026:
5847:"The tomato genome sequence provides insights into fleshy fruit evolution"
5516:
5226:
4278:
389:
that sprawls and typically needs support. Indeterminate tomato plants are
8798:
8736:
8624:
8574:
8484:
8333:
8293:
8152:
8122:
8082:
8067:
8017:
7992:
7966:
7961:
6999:
6854:
6674:
California bees & blooms : a guide for gardeners and naturalists
6358:
6000:
5057:
5038:
4537:
4153:
4107:
4069:
3920:
3787:
3250:
3124:
2795:
2672:
2454:
2283:
2124:
1971:
1963:
1720:
1560:
1533:
1486:
1478:
982:
caused by microbes, such as resistance towards the early blight pathogen
960:
925:
910:
813:
686:
666:
623:
581:
455:
355:
8865:
6564:
spp.) as a cover crop to protect crops from plant-parasitic nematodes".
5870:
5678:"Granule-bound starch synthase (GBSSI) gene phylogeny of wild tomatoes (
3049:
662:, the "hanging tomato of Vesuvius", or the well known and highly prized
497:
The Aztecs raised several varieties of tomato, with red tomatoes called
303:, commonly known as the tomato plant. The species originated in western
9187:
8715:
8476:
8391:
8258:
8223:
8147:
8052:
8027:
8012:
7687:
7131:"A selection of North American tomato related outbreaks from 1990–2005"
6848:(4). University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources: 6–7.
6840:
Bruening, G.; Lyons, J.M. (2000). "The case of the FLAVR SAVR tomato".
6513:
5751:
5715:
5067:
4791:
4247:
4148:
3958:
3932:
3491:
3440:
3400:
3206:
3187:
3036:
2649:
2605:
2587:
2496:
2481:
2477:
2370:
2337:
2193:
2045:
1979:
1823:
1733:
1482:
1411: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1310:
964:
914:
887:
883:
782:
698:
491:
459:
386:
378:
134:
7727:
7710:
7229:
5902:
Su, Xiao; Wang, Baoan; Geng, Xiaolin; et al. (15 December 2021).
5475:"A tomato is actually a fruit — but it's a vegetable at the same time"
4865:
4831:
576:, the Spanish distributed the tomato throughout their colonies in the
558:, an Italian physician and botanist, who suggested that a new type of
9143:
8741:
8684:
8671:
8420:
8361:
8187:
7666:
Zell. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in relation to their host plants".
7251:
Parnell, Tracy L.; Suslow, Trevor V.; Harris, Linda J. (March 2004).
7102:
Hound Health Handbook: The Definitive Guide to Keeping your Dog Happy
7021:
Barceloux, D. G. (2009). "Potatoes, Tomatoes, and Solanine Toxicity (
6921:"Curiosities of I-5, facts about King and the benefits of volunteers"
6246:
4168:
3875:
3868:
3783:
3550:
3537:
3524:
3388:
3090:
2731:
2644:
2580:
2504:
2410:
2386:
2323:. Systemin activates defensive mechanisms, such as the production of
2209:
1616:
994:
951:
577:
510:
367:
363:
124:
8536:
5706:
5677:
4775:
3974:
2441:
Tomato flower in full bloom, next to a young, green developing fruit
2097:
Tomato cultivars vary widely in their resistance to disease. Modern
1839:
1603:. The name came into wide use, but was technically in breach of the
1386:
937:
Tomatoes for sale in a market in France, these are ancient varieties
9358:
9020:
8948:
8824:
8559:
8425:
8338:
8238:
8197:
8192:
8107:
8007:
5405:
5178:
Chaerani, Reni; Voorrips, Roeland E. (2006). "Tomato early blight (
5036:
4163:
4137:
4126:
3936:
3909:
3905:
3815:
3804:
3779:
3778:(see table). 100 grams (3.5 oz) of raw tomatoes supply 18 kilo
3728:
3423:
3171:
2999:
2995:
2567:
2485:
2461:
than domestic cultivars. As a floral device to reduce selfing, the
2426:
2418:
2316:
2309:
2275:
2170:
2063:
2041:
1995:
1983:
1975:
1918:
1909:
1638:
1544:
1505:
967:
875:
703:
614:
559:
471:
398:
114:
101:
9213:
8754:
8676:
7325:
Store Tomatoes Stem-End Down to Keep Them from Rotting Too Quickly
7211:
4734:"The History of the Tomato: The Fruit that Spread Round the World"
3901:
3040:
outbreaks between 1990 and 2005, and may have been the cause of a
2476:
As tomatoes were moved from their native areas, their traditional
1547:
terms, tomato is regarded as a vegetable, its fruit is classified
1439:
9286:
9104:
8366:
7315:. Cooks Illustrated (1 July 2008). Retrieved on 5 September 2013.
5831:
5655:"International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants"
4922:"UC Newsroom, UC Davis Tomato Geneticist Charles Rick Dies at 87"
4872:
pp. 178–81. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed 25 May 2018/
4760:"The History of the Use of the Tomato: An Annotated Bibliography"
4492:
The Aztecs, Richard F. Townsend , revised edition 2000 (p. 180-1)
3978:
3775:
3368:
3120:
2957:
2680:
2676:
2661:
2635:
2591:
2533:
2445:
2374:
2255:
1999:
1987:
1967:
1583:
1013:
879:
639:
528:
144:
7842:"The Chemical Interactions Underlying Tomato Flavor Preferences"
7838:
7556:
4221:, and all species of these four genera have been transferred to
2365:
The devastating tomato hornworm has a major predator in various
909:
In California, growers have used a method of cultivation called
8663:
8097:
6393:. Tomatocasual.com (6 May 2008). Retrieved on 5 September 2013.
6249:"The Plant Microbiome: From Ecology to Reductionism and Beyond"
4158:
3827:
3507:
3397:
3003:
2979:
2933:
2879:
2512:
2508:
2466:
2462:
2429:
known to attack tomato plants. Marigolds also repel nematodes.
2392:
2113:
2109:
2085:
2006:
1812:
1776:
1710:
1659:
1654:), and the biochemistry (many of the alkaloids common to other
1588:
1548:
1509:
1501:
1461:
768:
763:
The tomato was introduced to cultivation in the Middle East by
647:
551:
487:
483:
467:
332:
324:
308:
7628:
1051:, who used it to denote a plant that has not been identified.
434:: the oldest surviving tomato fruit and leaves. Page from the
6499:
4838:
p. 179. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed 25 May 2018/
4378:"Why the Tomato Was Feared in Europe for More Than 200 Years"
3280:
3183:
3159:
3155:
3140:
3116:
3094:
3086:
2975:
2971:
2915:
2861:
2843:
2826:
2799:
2727:
2700:
2691:
2665:
2547:
2470:
2402:
2267:
2037:
1970:. Tomatoes are not the only food source with this ambiguity;
1939:
1808:
1804:
1579:
1455:
1354:
1295:
1231:
1138:
1048:
798:
732:
627:
451:
351:
347:
343:
279:
62:
7895:
5573:
Lee, Eunkyung; Sargent, Steven A.; Huber, Donald J. (2007).
5335:
Safety Assessment of Transgenic Organisms in the Environment
4821:
Columbia SC, US: University of South Carolina Press, p. 152.
4101:
3044:
outbreak causing 172 illnesses in 18 US states in 2006. The
37:
7901:
7708:
7394:
7289:"Selecting, Storing and Serving Ohio Tomatoes, HYG-5532-93"
7076:"Executive Summary Chaconine and Solanine: 6.0 through 8.0"
6696:
5342:
4899:
4866:
Improvement and Genetics of Tomatoes, Peppers, and Eggplant
4832:
Improvement and Genetics of Tomatoes, Peppers, and Eggplant
4819:
The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cookery.
3944:
3102:
2541:
2382:
2312:
of leaves, flowers, and fruit, possibly killing the plant.
2299:
2291:
1744:
1493:
1360:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1322:
1301:
1286:
1269:
1263:
1254:
1237:
1222:
1205:
1199:
1190:
1144:
1129:
1099:
1093:
1084:
728:
382:
373:
Numerous varieties of the tomato plant are widely grown in
285:
273:
256:
250:
244:
7507:
7372:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
6671:
6598:
6216:
4517:. University of Texas Press: Austin TX. pp. 108–118.
4444:
The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cookery
2974:, with China accounting for 37% of the total, followed by
2511:
of a tomato flower is shaped like a hollow tube, with the
227:
Tomatoes: whole, halved vertically and halved horizontally
7448:
6405:"A Companion Planting Trio: Tomatoes, Borage, and Squash"
6242:
6240:
5904:"A high-continuity and annotated tomato reference genome"
5844:
5182:): the pathogen, genetics, and breeding for resistance".
5013:"Flavor Is Price of Scarlet Hue of Tomatoes, Study Finds"
4129:, an early attempt at breeding a disease-resistant tomato
3838:
3771:
3310:
1532: in) across, yellow, with five pointed lobes on the
7344:. Canadian Produce Marketing Association. Archived from
6707:, and phylogenetic analysis of eukaryotic recA homologs"
6699:"Isolation and characterization of rad51 orthologs from
5994:
5845:
Sato, S.; Tabata, S.; Hirakawa, H.; et al. (2012).
4544:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 357.
3931:). Tomatoes have been designated the state vegetable of
2562:
1627:
has become so well known, it was officially listed as a
6908:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
4673:. Yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk. 26 January 2009
4447:. Columbia SC, US: University of South Carolina Press.
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
2002:) are all botanically fruit, yet cooked as vegetables.
1017:
504:
498:
7133:. Food Safety Network. 30 October 2006. Archived from
6559:
6237:
4924:. University of California. 8 May 2002. Archived from
4806:
The cigarette book: the history and culture of smoking
2970:
In 2022, world production of tomatoes was 186 million
7253:"Tomatoes:Safe Methods to Store, Preserve, and Enjoy"
5669:
5498:
4958:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4699:. Vol. 1. D. Appleton and Co. 1876. p. 519.
4606:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 44.
3212:
Unripe tomatoes can be kept in a paper bag to ripen.
2488:
of tomato have been selected to maximize this trait.
2453:
In the wild, original state, tomatoes required cross-
2449:
Flowers and ripe fruit can be present simultaneously.
2421:
that kills this pest, while asparagus plants contain
2358:
Tomatoes serve, or are served by, a large variety of
1153:
1108:
601:
7835:(Columbia University Press, 2010), scholarly history
6958:"Most tomatoes harvested from one plant in one year"
6402:
4538:
Kiple, Kenneth F.; Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè (2000).
4421:
4097:
3215:
Tomatoes are easy to preserve whole, chopped, or as
1669:
1357:
1342:
1334:
1319:
1298:
1283:
1266:
1251:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1141:
1126:
1096:
1081:
282:
270:
253:
241:
7250:
6314:. University of Minnesota Extension. Archived from
6221:. University of Minnesota Extension. Archived from
5259:
Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London
4757:
4646:
2648:, which could be vine ripened without compromising
1351:
1348:
1328:
1325:
1292:
1289:
1260:
1257:
1225:
1193:
1135:
1132:
1090:
1087:
276:
247:
7405:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
6947:. Nutriculture.com. Retrieved on 5 September 2013.
6913:
6309:
5088:
5086:
4960:Regulating Tomato Fruit Chloroplast Development".
4841:
4352:"Why Is This Wild, Pea-Sized Tomato So Important?"
2594:are specifically bred for indoor growing. In more
828:The earliest reference to tomatoes being grown in
327:used tomatoes in their cooking at the time of the
7898:– Phenotypes and images of 7,000 tomato cultivars
6868:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3582:
3378:
1958:" because it has a much lower sugar content than
1489:to be excluded from some portions of the leaves.
9388:
7327:. Lifehacker.com. Retrieved on 5 September 2013.
6005:. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing.
5783:"International Tomato Genome Sequencing Project"
5639:. International Plant Name Index. Archived from
5177:
3919:Tomatoes thrown from a truck during the Spanish
3097:flavour, rather than significant sweetness (see
2222:is another common disease impacting yield. Wang
1063:entered scientific use as a name for the fruit.
7360:
5572:
5083:
4804:Quoted in Chris Harrald, and Fletcher Watkins,
4770:(4). Missouri Botanical Garden Press: 336–338.
4599:
3112:, which carries umami flavour, than the flesh.
3093:for culinary purposes. It has a strong savoury
2101:focus on improving disease resistance over the
1559:have a great number of smaller cavities, while
801:and other dishes, made into sauces, and so on.
418:Grape tomatoes on the vine for sale at a market
393:in their native habitat, but are cultivated as
7892:– Sequencing of the twelve tomato chromosomes.
7342:Canadian Produce Marketing Association Website
7189:. Calgary Herald. 11 June 2008. Archived from
6648:Nature at Work – the Ongoing Saga of Evolution
5675:
5657:. International Association for Plant Taxonomy
5566:
4036:(heritage tomato in British English) cultivars
3245:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
1619:in botanical nomenclature. The corrected name
920:
7917:
7661:
6839:
6813:
6644:
6640:
6638:
5961:Tomato genome is sequenced for the first time
5803:
5402:"Are there different types of tomato leaves?"
4510:
4345:
4343:
3968:
3175:
2469:were, and remain, entirely within the closed
2315:After an insect attack tomato plants produce
2093:, caused by fluctuation in water availability
2036:The tomato is grown worldwide for its edible
1007:
655:
564:
358:classified as berries—they are commonly used
5901:
5613:. Gardeners' World Magazine. 24 March 2019.
5149:: Avi Publishing Company. pp. 273–311.
5010:
4900:"C. M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center"
4568:. I Musei del Cibo della provincia di Parma.
4467:
4440:
4326:"Umami: why the fifth taste is so important"
4323:
2555:homolog is present in the anther of tomato (
1055:speculated in the 16th century that Galen's
878:became major tomato-producers, particularly
9407:Crops originating from indigenous Americans
7098:
6897:
6690:
5970:. Rdmag.com. Retrieved on 5 September 2013.
5832:"Tomato Genome Shotgun Sequence Prerelease"
5307:English Language & Usage Stack Exchange
5136:
5134:
4693:"Syria under the last five Turkish Sultans"
4671:"British Consuls in Aleppo – Your Archives"
4566:"Tomato Museum: 05 – The History of Tomato"
4395:
4393:
4391:
3928:
3209:, as it may keep from rotting too quickly.
3098:
2717:A massive "tomato tree" growing inside the
2695:The "tomato tree" as seen by guests on the
1868:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
7924:
7910:
7833:Pomodoro! A History of the Tomato in Italy
7368:United States Food and Drug Administration
7218:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
6881:
6879:
6635:
6338:"Aculops lycopersici (tomato russet mite)"
6162:
5092:
5030:
4580:Pomodoro! A History of the Tomato in Italy
4340:
4281:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 4 January 2018
3073:Tomatoes stuffed with hard-boiled egg and
2532:Pollination and fruit formation depend on
886:. In California, tomatoes are grown under
36:
7865:
7805:
7726:
7646:
7605:
7582:
7533:
7484:
7466:
7020:
7014:
6853:
6544:
6270:
6194:
6184:
5937:
5919:
5878:
5705:
5590:
5524:
5066:
5056:
4637:(London, England), 22 September 1820, p.3
4600:Staller, John; Carrasco, Michael (2009).
4582:New York, NY: Columbia University Press,
4402:"Accused, Yes, but Probably Not a Killer"
4349:
4319:
4317:
3182:. Tomato became a key ingredient in many
3150:Tomatoes have become extensively used in
3046:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
2794:Tomatoes being collected from the field,
1924:
1888:Learn how and when to remove this message
1427:Learn how and when to remove this message
7606:Schneeman, Barbara O (8 November 2005).
6950:
6807:
6156:
5549:"Selecting Tomatoes for the Home Garden"
5131:
5004:
4388:
4171:, a similar fruit from the related genus
3963:
3914:
3068:
2690:
2574:
2566:
2444:
2436:
2208:Another particularly dreaded disease is
2084:
2073:
2062:
1460:
1438:
1047:, meaning "wolf peach", originated with
993:
945:More modern varieties for sale in France
940:
932:
924:
890:for both the fresh fruit market and for
808:
754:
727:stated the tomato was "in daily use" in
676:
613:
426:
413:
222:
7629:European Food Safety Authority (2011).
7070:
7068:
6992:
6876:
6792:
6603:for control tomato root knot nematode,
6484:
6425:
5676:Peralta, I. E.; Spooner, D. M. (2001).
5425:
5269:
5140:
4764:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
3766:A raw tomato is 95% water, contains 4%
3143:, and is used in cocktails such as the
2611:
1954:. However, the tomato is considered a "
1902:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1788:
534:
9389:
7786:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
7105:. Workman Publishing Company. p.
6980:
6904:"FAOSTAT: Production-Crops, 2012 data"
6887:"FAOSTAT: Production-Crops, 2012 data"
6466:from the original on 18 September 2016
5428:Horticulture: Principles and Practices
5252:
4952:
4314:
4140:, a similar fruit also used in cooking
4117:List of countries by tomato production
1611:still had priority. Although the name
1022:
836:reported seeing them in what is today
432:Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum
8541:
8540:
7905:
7779:
7622:
7599:
6526:
6403:Colleen Vanderlinden (29 June 2021).
6361:Induced Plant Resistance to Herbivory
6352:
6219:"Tomato-Tobacco Mosaic Virus Disease"
6217:Pfleger, F. L.; Zeyen, R. J. (2008).
6027:"Is a Tomato a Fruit or a Vegetable?"
5472:
5466:
4758:McCue, George Allen (November 1952).
4731:
4399:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4191:
4189:
4187:
3895:
2563:Hydroponic and greenhouse cultivation
1599:moved it to its own genus, naming it
681:Tomatoes for sale in a UK supermarket
503:and green tomatoes (physalis) called
470:plates. The leaves and fruit contain
342:Tomatoes are a significant source of
9412:Crops originating from South America
9302:ad67521d-7c4f-43bf-880c-0a8a063c6f06
8977:bede19ce-e3ad-48cd-a1bb-69d1348bfdb8
8840:b804d3f6-54f6-4531-85da-dfeeed3ecff8
8274:Stir-fried tomato and scrambled eggs
7550:
7501:
7065:
6968:from the original on 5 December 2022
6489:, West Virginia University Libraries
4947:California Tomato Research Institute
4273:
4271:
4269:
3941:South Arkansas Vine Ripe Pink Tomato
3127:. Unripe green tomatoes can also be
1900:The Tomato Genetic Resource Center,
1866:adding citations to reliable sources
1833:
1563:have very few, very small cavities.
1465:An unripe tomato growing on the vine
1409:adding citations to reliable sources
1380:
574:Spanish colonization of the Americas
329:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
9427:Fruits originating in South America
9422:Fruits originating in North America
8467:British Tomato Growers' Association
8133:Pomodorino del Piennolo del Vesuvio
7508:Burton-Freeman B, Sesso HD (2014).
6330:
6272:10.1146/annurev-micro-022620-014327
5806:"Tomato genome project gets $ 1.8M"
5780:
5617:from the original on 3 January 2023
4808:(Skyhorse Publishing, 2010) p. 185.
4541:The Cambridge World History of Food
4514:America's First Cuisines (page 117)
4016:For a more comprehensive list, see
3874:Tomato forms a mutually beneficial
3807:effect undesirable for patients on
2746:Tomato plants 7 days after planting
2343:
2056:For a more comprehensive list, see
1447:Tomato plants are vines, initially
963:that synthesize and accumulate the
706:, but are not generally dangerous.
658:Pomodorino del Piennolo del Vesuvio
13:
8462:2010 United States tomato shortage
7825:
7382:from the original on 27 March 2024
6432:Journal of Sustainable Agriculture
5808:. News.cornell.edu. Archived from
5283:. Cambridge University Press. 2015
5224:
5184:Journal of General Plant Pathology
4711:"Natural History, Science, &c"
4229:
4184:
4060:A variety of cultivars, including
3990:adopted the tomato as their logo.
3892:for investigating this symbiosis.
3227:. The fruit can also be preserved
3162:sauces. Tomatoes are also used in
2527:
2389:that attack various tomato pests.
2330:
319:food may have originated with the
14:
9448:
7883:
7751:"Spain's tomato fighters see red"
7163:. 30 October 2006. Archived from
6816:"Not All Industrial Food Is Evil"
6761:
5804:Ramanujan, K. (30 January 2007).
4889:March 2017. Accessed 25 May 2018.
4375:
4350:Estabrook, Barry (22 July 2015).
4266:
3939:took both sides by declaring the
3845:, heart function and vision, the
2246:Some common tomato pests are the
1818:The first commercially available
1670:Genetics and genetic modification
1569:
697:, published in 1597, and largely
444:The wild ancestor of the tomato,
350:, and drinks. While tomatoes are
315:. Its domestication and use as a
9351:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:146898-2
8928:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:316947-2
8521:
8520:
7890:Tomato Genome Sequencing Project
7773:
7757:. 30 August 2007. Archived from
7743:
7702:
7655:
7442:
7330:
7318:
7306:
7281:
7244:
7205:
7179:
7149:
7123:
7092:
6814:Bittman, Mark (17 August 2013).
5740:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
5373:
5277:"English definition of 'tomato'"
4468:Donnelly, L. (26 October 2008).
4100:
4077:
4053:
4041:
4025:
2926:
2908:
2890:
2872:
2854:
2836:
2787:
2775:
2763:
2758:Tomato seedlings growing indoors
2751:
2739:
2660:The world dedicated 4.8 million
1950:, together with its seeds, of a
1838:
1607:because Linnaeus's species name
1385:
1315:
1309:") and have become a symbol for
1279:
1247:
1215:
1183:
1122:
1077:
1066:
1040:, meaning "swelling fruit". The
804:
781:, served fresh in salads (e.g.,
401:, with a range of 1–10 cm (
266:
237:
49:
7896:Tomato core collection database
7430:from the original on 9 May 2024
7043:10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.03.009
6931:
6833:
6786:
6755:
6665:
6592:
6553:
6520:
6493:
6478:
6419:
6396:
6377:
6303:
6210:
6130:
6094:
6069:
6044:
6019:
5988:
5973:
5954:
5895:
5838:
5824:
5797:
5774:
5730:
5647:
5629:
5599:
5541:
5492:
5444:
5419:
5394:
5367:
5328:"Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)"
5320:
5295:
5246:
5218:
5171:
4940:
4914:
4892:
4875:
4858:
4824:
4811:
4798:
4751:
4725:
4703:
4685:
4663:
4640:
4627:
4593:
4572:
4558:
4531:
4504:
4495:
4486:
4461:
4048:Homegrown multicolored tomatoes
3770:, and has less than 1% each of
3198:Tomatoes keep best unwashed at
3006:leaves and other plants in the
2721:'s experimental greenhouses in
2625:University of California, Davis
1396:needs additional citations for
1012:, which in turn comes from the
896:University of California, Davis
6793:Bittman, Mark (14 June 2011).
6138:"Mortgage Lifter Tomato Seeds"
5997:"Chapter 8.1 Fruit Morphology"
5553:University of Nebraska–Lincoln
5044:Journal of Experimental Botany
4870:Yearbook of Agriculture, 1937,
4836:Yearbook of Agriculture, 1937,
4369:
4356:Smithsonian Journeys Quarterly
4293:
3847:European Food Safety Authority
3205:Storing stem down can prolong
3034:Tomatoes were linked to seven
2782:52-day-old plant, first fruits
2432:
2031:
1799:Since many other fruits, like
1376:
1179:Let's Call the Whole Thing Off
750:
486:and probably other areas. The
477:
462:, a relative of the poisonous
1:
9402:Crops originating from Mexico
6858:(inactive 16 September 2024).
6485:Bomford, Michael (May 2004),
6426:Bomford, Michael (May 2009).
6310:Hahn, J.; Fetzer, J. (2009).
6254:Annual Review of Microbiology
5430:. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
5281:Cambridge Dictionaries Online
5255:"On the Love Apple or Tomato"
5011:Kolata, Gina (28 June 2012).
4324:Fleming, Amy (9 April 2013).
4178:
3904:, Spain, annually celebrates
3888:. Scientists use tomato as a
3852:
3782:and are a moderate source of
3089:, the tomato is considered a
3027:
2806:
2679:(463 tonnes per hectare) and
1662:can be created in the lab by
1540:of three to twelve together.
832:is from 1710, when herbalist
771:
707:
7931:
6629:10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.008
6586:10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.09.005
6186:10.1371/journal.pone.0109328
5337:. OECD Consensus Documents.
4732:Beyer, Greg (7 April 2024).
3752:Percentages estimated using
3234:
3002:, a toxic alkaloid found in
2986:as major producers (table).
2586:Tomatoes are often grown in
1966:of a meal, rather than as a
1931:Vegetable § Terminology
1071:The usual pronunciations of
989:
955:sweeter and more flavorful.
321:indigenous peoples of Mexico
7:
8472:Genetically modified tomato
6795:"The True Cost of Tomatoes"
6764:"Growing in the Greenhouse"
5686:(Mill.) Wettst. subsection
5473:Abadi, Mark (26 May 2018).
5232:Online Etymology Dictionary
4093:
3797:
3745:Link to USDA Database entry
3081:Though it is botanically a
3064:
2989:
2640:genetically modified tomato
2238:but slow growing genetics.
2228:phage combination therapies
2201:A common tomato disease is
2081:feeding on tomato plant sap
2051:
1829:
1795:Genetically modified tomato
921:Modern commercial varieties
602:
580:. They also took it to the
10:
9453:
7668:Journal of Insect Behavior
7187:"Tomatoes taken off menus"
5921:10.1186/s12864-021-08212-x
5694:American Journal of Botany
5592:10.21273/HORTSCI.42.5.1237
5454:. Singapore National Parks
4659:. p. 342 (plate 133).
4400:Mcgee, H. (29 July 2009).
4328:. The Guardian, London, UK
4015:
4011:
4006:review-aggregation website
3790:), but otherwise have low
3193:
3056:, may have been involved.
2686:
2683:(429 tonnes per hectare).
2579:Greenhouse cultivation in
2409:Tomato plants can protect
2347:
2055:
1928:
1792:
1504:, appearing on the apical
672:
584:, from where it spread to
422:
18:
9010:
8549:
8516:
8454:
8410:
8354:
8211:
7975:
7939:
7867:10.1016/j.cub.2012.04.016
7798:10.1007/s00216-008-2313-4
7575:10.1007/s10552-015-0659-4
6452:10.1080/10440040902835001
5984:. CRC Press. p. 288.
5637:"Lycopersicon esculentum"
5204:10.1007/s10327-006-0299-3
5155:10.1002/9781118061015.ch9
5109:10.1038/s41576-018-0002-5
4578:Gentilcore, David (2010)
3973:(The Tomato Festival) in
3751:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3719:
3707:
3703:
3695:
3682:
3669:
3656:
3643:
3630:
3617:
3604:
3591:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3549:
3536:
3523:
3506:
3490:
3473:
3456:
3439:
3422:
3387:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3347:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3279:
3263:
3259:
3255:74 kJ (18 kcal)
3249:
3244:
2954:
2814:Tomato production – 2022
2813:
2723:Lake Buena Vista, Florida
2705:Lake Buena Vista, Florida
1820:genetically modified food
1763:
1753:
1742:
1731:
1719:
1709:
1699:
1684:
1674:
1621:Lycopersicon lycopersicum
1613:Lycopersicum lycopersicum
1578:placed the tomato in the
1371:
759:Tomatoes growing in Ghana
626:highly prized for making
440:, 1558. Naturalis Leiden.
202:Lycopersicon lycopersicum
197:
190:
173:
166:
46:Scientific classification
44:
35:
30:
9432:Plants described in 1753
8203:List of tomato cultivars
8003:Aunt Ruby's German Green
7648:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2031
6989:. Walt Disney World News
6943:31 December 2020 at the
6676:. Berkeley, CA: Heydey.
6651:. Springer. p. 41.
6389:1 September 2017 at the
5999:. In Tepe, Emily (ed.).
5376:"Crop Profiles – Tomato"
5351:10.1787/9789264279728-en
4018:List of tomato cultivars
2719:Walt Disney World Resort
2655:
2491:This is not the same as
2395:is thought to repel the
2354:List of beneficial weeds
2350:List of companion plants
2241:
2070:feeding on unripe tomato
1473:Most tomato plants have
609:
595:
447:Solanum pimpinellifolium
9325:Lycopersicon_esculentum
9123:Lycopersicon_esculentum
9012:Lycopersicon esculentum
7664:Phthorimaea operculella
7468:10.3390/biology11020239
7294:. Ohio State University
6705:Lycopersicon esculentum
6546:10.1163/156854100509394
6312:"Slugs in Home Gardens"
5253:Sabine, Joseph (1820).
4982:10.1126/science.1222218
4855:. ci.reynoldsburg.oh.us
3949:Alexander W. Livingston
3885:Rhizophagus irregularis
3860:Phthorimaea operculella
3857:The potato tuber moth (
3824:cardiovascular diseases
3754:US recommendations
3154:as a key ingredient in
3059:
2557:Lycopersicon esculentum
2480:(probably a species of
2417:, because they contain
2296:Colorado potato beetles
2058:List of tomato diseases
2044:. A fertilizer with an
1625:Lycopersicon esculentum
1601:Lycopersicon esculentum
1018:
1006:comes from the Spanish
861:Alexander W. Livingston
724:Encyclopædia Britannica
716:North American colonies
505:
499:
377:across the world, with
210:Lycopersicon esculentum
21:Tomato (disambiguation)
8138:Pomodorino di Manduria
7612:Labeling and Nutrition
6962:Guinness World Records
6938:A World Record Breaker
6842:California Agriculture
6645:Sharma, V. P. (2012).
6527:Ploeg, Antoon (2000).
5785:. Sol Genomics Network
5452:"Solanum lycopersicum"
5143:Plant Breeding Reviews
4511:Sophie D. Coe (2015).
3982:
3969:
3924:
3880:arbuscular mycorrhizal
3758:the National Academies
3176:
3078:
2770:27 days after planting
2707:
2583:
2572:
2571:Hydroponic cultivation
2457:; they were much more
2450:
2442:
2094:
2082:
2071:
1994:of all kinds (such as
1925:Fruit versus vegetable
1536:; they are borne in a
1466:
1444:
1118:North American English
1008:
999:
946:
938:
930:
929:Yellow cherry tomatoes
825:
779:Middle Eastern cuisine
760:
682:
669:grown in that region.
656:
631:
590:Mediterranean climates
569:, or "golden apples".
565:
556:Pietro Andrea Mattioli
441:
419:
411:–4 in) in width.
228:
8219:List of tomato dishes
7563:Cancer Causes Control
7526:10.3945/an.114.005231
7088:on 28 September 2014.
7081:. NIH. Archived from
6726:10.1007/s002940050189
6605:Meloidogyne incognita
6102:"Processing tomatoes"
6002:The Science of Plants
5517:10.1104/pp.111.173997
4817:Smith, A. F. (1994).
4475:The East Hampton Star
4441:Smith, A. F. (1994).
4376:Smith, K. Annabelle.
4122:List of tomato dishes
3988:Dutch Socialist party
3967:
3918:
3843:ultraviolet radiation
3822:affects the onset of
3353:Vitamins and minerals
3152:Mediterranean cuisine
3072:
2694:
2578:
2570:
2448:
2440:
2385:. These also attract
2321:plant peptide hormone
2088:
2077:
2066:
1464:
1442:
1169:were immortalized in
997:
944:
936:
928:
850:Robert Gibbon Johnson
830:British North America
812:
758:
680:
617:
515:Bernardino de Sahagún
454:and other peoples in
430:
417:
226:
8830:Solanum~lycopersicum
8703:Solanum lycopersicum
8581:Solanum lycopersicum
8551:Solanum lycopersicum
8431:Tobacco mosaic virus
8244:Fried green tomatoes
7618:on 14 November 2017.
7099:Brevitz, B. (2004).
7027:Solanum lycopersicum
6893:on 6 September 2015.
6855:10.3733/ca.v054n04p6
6566:Applied Soil Ecology
6109:Commodity Fact Sheet
5426:Acquaah, G. (2002).
4864:Boswell, Victor R. "
4830:Boswell, Victor R. "
4382:Smithsonian Magazine
4254:Encyclopedia of Life
4250:Solanum lycopersicum
3019:fried green tomatoes
2697:Living with the Land
2671:Tomato farms in the
2612:Picking and ripening
2298:. The tomato russet
2203:tobacco mosaic virus
2182:tobacco mosaic virus
2162:wilt strain I and II
2040:, with thousands of
2009:laws that imposed a
1984:aubergines/eggplants
1946:, consisting of the
1862:improve this section
1822:was a tomato called
1789:Genetic modification
1647:Solanum lycopersicum
1593:Solanum lycopersicum
1405:improve this article
998:Bangladeshi tomatoes
894:and processing. The
846:Michele Felice Cornè
767:, British consul in
638:, the grand duke of
535:Spanish distribution
300:Solanum lycopersicum
177:Solanum lycopersicum
159:S. lycopersicum
19:For other uses, see
8344:Tomato and egg soup
8143:Pomodoro di Pachino
7858:2012CBio...22.1035T
7680:1988JIBeh...1..261V
7461:(2). MDPI AG: 239.
7269:on 14 February 2013
6925:Chester Progressive
6621:2006CrPro..25.1210N
6578:2010AppSE..46..307H
6444:2009JSusA..33..396B
6177:2014PLoSO...9j9328N
6056:Fruit or Vegetable?
6031:Fruit or Vegetable?
5966:4 June 2012 at the
5871:10.1038/nature11119
5863:2012Natur.485..635T
5607:"Welcome to nginx!"
5382:on 26 November 2009
5196:2006JGPP...72..335C
4974:2012Sci...336.1711P
4968:(6089): 1711–1715.
4648:Elizabeth Blackwell
3475:Pantothenic acid (B
3241:
2381:, and occasionally
2325:protease inhibitors
2305:Aculops lycopersici
1996:courgettes/zucchini
1681:
1680:Genomic information
1167:dual pronunciations
904:Escalon, California
775: 1799 to 1825
741:Elizabeth Blackwell
554:written in 1544 by
8446:Tomato russet mite
8113:Matt's Wild Cherry
7998:Arkansas Traveller
7831:David Gentilcore.
7780:Morin, XK (2008).
7761:on 12 October 2007
7688:10.1007/BF01054525
7167:on 13 October 2007
7137:on 26 January 2008
6927:. 16 January 2008.
6820:The New York Times
6800:The New York Times
6762:Jones, J. Benton.
6514:10.1246/cl.1975.43
5752:10.1007/BF00225895
5611:gardenersworld.com
5058:10.1093/jxb/eru165
5017:The New York Times
4928:on 10 October 2008
4853:About Reynoldsburg
4697:Appletons' Journal
4407:The New York Times
4217:are nested within
4084:Red tomatoes with
3995:Reynoldsburg, Ohio
3983:
3953:Reynoldsburg, Ohio
3925:
3896:In popular culture
3841:, skin exposed to
3818:in tomatoes or in
3709:Other constituents
3239:
3221:concentrated paste
3079:
2708:
2596:temperate climates
2584:
2573:
2451:
2443:
2095:
2083:
2072:
2021:U.S. Supreme Court
1956:culinary vegetable
1765:Year of completion
1701:Specimen sequenced
1679:
1629:nomen conservandum
1605:plant naming rules
1557:beefsteak tomatoes
1467:
1454:Tomato plants are
1445:
1024:[ˈtomat͡ɬ]
1000:
947:
939:
931:
913:, especially with
826:
761:
683:
632:
442:
420:
375:temperate climates
337:Columbian exchange
229:
9384:
9383:
8874:Open Tree of Life
8543:Taxon identifiers
8534:
8533:
8264:Pasta al pomodoro
7852:(11): 1035–1039.
7728:10.1111/nph.13753
7415:978-0-309-48834-1
7230:10.1021/jf070791p
7193:on 25 August 2011
7116:978-0-7611-2795-6
7023:Solanum tuberosum
6964:. 20 April 2006.
6701:Coprinus cinereus
6658:978-81-8489-991-7
6502:Chemistry Letters
6370:978-1-4020-8181-1
6052:"Confusing Items"
5857:(7400): 635–641.
5700:(10): 1888–1902.
5437:978-0-13-033125-0
5360:978-92-64-27971-1
5225:Harper, Douglas.
5180:Alternaria solani
5051:(16): 4589–4598.
4551:978-0-521-40214-9
4470:"Killer Tomatoes"
4454:978-1-57003-000-0
4068:(lower left) and
4004:" is an American
3794:content (table).
3764:
3763:
3699:
3698:
3240:Red tomatoes, raw
3129:breaded and fried
3106:Heston Blumenthal
3008:nightshade family
2968:
2967:
2964:
2459:self-incompatible
2415:asparagus beetles
2379:Queen Anne's lace
2280:tomato fruitworms
2264:tobacco hornworms
2212:, carried by the
2108:Various forms of
1898:
1897:
1890:
1773:
1772:
1437:
1436:
1429:
984:Alternaria solani
854:ornamental plants
636:Cosimo de' Medici
437:En Tibi Herbarium
385:that have a weak
221:
220:
9444:
9417:Fruit vegetables
9377:
9376:
9367:
9366:
9354:
9353:
9341:
9340:
9328:
9327:
9318:
9317:
9305:
9304:
9295:
9294:
9282:
9281:
9279:NHMSYS0000460517
9269:
9268:
9256:
9255:
9243:
9242:
9230:
9229:
9217:
9216:
9204:
9203:
9191:
9190:
9178:
9177:
9165:
9164:
9152:
9151:
9139:
9138:
9126:
9125:
9113:
9112:
9100:
9099:
9087:
9086:
9077:
9076:
9064:
9063:
9051:
9050:
9041:
9040:
9031:
9030:
9029:
9003:
9002:
8990:
8989:
8980:
8979:
8967:
8966:
8957:
8956:
8944:
8943:
8931:
8930:
8918:
8917:
8905:
8904:
8892:
8891:
8882:
8881:
8869:
8868:
8856:
8855:
8843:
8842:
8833:
8832:
8820:
8819:
8807:
8806:
8794:
8793:
8784:
8783:
8771:
8770:
8758:
8757:
8745:
8744:
8732:
8731:
8719:
8718:
8706:
8705:
8693:
8692:
8680:
8679:
8667:
8666:
8654:
8653:
8641:
8640:
8628:
8627:
8618:
8617:
8605:
8604:
8595:
8594:
8585:
8584:
8583:
8570:
8569:
8568:
8538:
8537:
8524:
8523:
8491:Museum of Tomato
8436:Tomato fruitworm
8372:Pickapeppa Sauce
8284:Sun-dried tomato
8279:Stuffed tomatoes
8269:Pizza Margherita
8103:Lillian's Yellow
7976:Tomato cultivars
7926:
7919:
7912:
7903:
7902:
7879:
7869:
7820:
7819:
7809:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7766:
7747:
7741:
7740:
7730:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7659:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7626:
7620:
7619:
7603:
7597:
7596:
7586:
7554:
7548:
7547:
7537:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7488:
7470:
7446:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7364:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7334:
7328:
7322:
7316:
7310:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7293:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7268:
7257:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7127:
7121:
7120:
7096:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7080:
7072:
7063:
7062:
7018:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7007:
6996:
6990:
6984:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6973:
6954:
6948:
6935:
6929:
6928:
6917:
6911:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6883:
6874:
6873:
6867:
6859:
6857:
6837:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6826:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6770:. Archived from
6768:Growing Tomatoes
6759:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6744:. Archived from
6714:Current Genetics
6711:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6642:
6633:
6632:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6400:
6394:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6318:on 11 March 2011
6307:
6301:
6300:
6274:
6244:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6198:
6188:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6117:
6106:
6098:
6092:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6023:
6017:
6016:
5992:
5986:
5985:
5977:
5971:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5941:
5923:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5882:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5709:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5585:(5): 1237–1242.
5570:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5528:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5479:Business Insider
5470:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5378:. Archived from
5371:
5365:
5364:
5332:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5138:
5129:
5128:
5090:
5081:
5080:
5070:
5060:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4956:
4950:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4896:
4890:
4879:
4873:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4839:
4828:
4822:
4815:
4809:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4644:
4638:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4597:
4591:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4478:. Archived from
4465:
4459:
4458:
4438:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4397:
4386:
4385:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4347:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4321:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4301:"Tomato History"
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4275:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4248:"Garden Tomato.
4244:
4227:
4226:
4193:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4088:in a supermarket
4081:
4057:
4045:
4029:
3972:
3586:
3511:
3495:
3478:
3461:
3444:
3427:
3389:Vitamin A equiv.
3382:
3349:
3348:
3242:
3238:
3200:room temperature
3181:
3170:dishes, such as
2955:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2830:
2811:
2810:
2791:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2743:
2712:Edmond, Oklahoma
2545:gene, including
2539:Homologs of the
2518:buzz pollination
2493:self-pollination
2423:asparagusic acid
2360:companion plants
2344:Companion plants
2260:tomato hornworms
2068:Tomato fruitworm
1938:, a tomato is a
1893:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1842:
1834:
1727:
1695:
1682:
1678:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1432:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1389:
1381:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1053:Luigi Anguillara
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1026:
1021:
1011:
842:Thomas Jefferson
824:tomato varieties
797:), grilled with
776:
773:
745:A Curious Herbal
661:
622:is a well-known
605:
568:
508:
502:
410:
409:
405:
293:) is the edible
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
214:
206:
179:
54:
53:
40:
28:
27:
9452:
9451:
9447:
9446:
9445:
9443:
9442:
9441:
9387:
9386:
9385:
9380:
9372:
9370:
9362:
9357:
9349:
9344:
9336:
9331:
9323:
9321:
9313:
9310:Observation.org
9308:
9300:
9298:
9290:
9285:
9277:
9272:
9264:
9259:
9251:
9246:
9238:
9233:
9225:
9220:
9212:
9207:
9199:
9194:
9186:
9181:
9173:
9168:
9160:
9155:
9147:
9142:
9134:
9129:
9121:
9116:
9108:
9103:
9095:
9090:
9082:
9080:
9072:
9067:
9059:
9054:
9046:
9044:
9036:
9034:
9025:
9024:
9019:
9006:
8998:
8993:
8985:
8983:
8975:
8970:
8962:
8960:
8952:
8947:
8939:
8934:
8926:
8921:
8913:
8908:
8900:
8895:
8887:
8885:
8877:
8872:
8864:
8861:Observation.org
8859:
8851:
8846:
8838:
8836:
8828:
8823:
8815:
8810:
8802:
8797:
8789:
8788:MichiganFlora:
8787:
8779:
8774:
8766:
8761:
8753:
8748:
8740:
8735:
8727:
8722:
8714:
8709:
8701:
8696:
8688:
8683:
8675:
8670:
8662:
8657:
8649:
8644:
8636:
8631:
8623:
8621:
8613:
8608:
8600:
8598:
8590:
8588:
8579:
8578:
8573:
8564:
8563:
8558:
8545:
8535:
8530:
8512:
8450:
8441:Tomato hornworm
8406:
8402:Tomato seed oil
8350:
8289:Stewed tomatoes
8254:Pa amb tomàquet
8249:Galayet bandora
8207:
8178:Super Sweet 100
8118:Mortgage Lifter
8048:Cherokee purple
7971:
7935:
7930:
7886:
7846:Current Biology
7828:
7826:Further reading
7823:
7778:
7774:
7764:
7762:
7749:
7748:
7744:
7715:New Phytologist
7707:
7703:
7660:
7656:
7627:
7623:
7604:
7600:
7569:(11): 1521–50.
7555:
7551:
7506:
7502:
7447:
7443:
7433:
7431:
7416:
7399:
7395:
7385:
7383:
7365:
7361:
7351:
7349:
7348:on 5 April 2013
7336:
7335:
7331:
7323:
7319:
7311:
7307:
7297:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7286:
7282:
7272:
7270:
7266:
7255:
7249:
7245:
7224:(14): 5776–80.
7210:
7206:
7196:
7194:
7185:
7184:
7180:
7170:
7168:
7155:
7154:
7150:
7140:
7138:
7129:
7128:
7124:
7117:
7097:
7093:
7085:
7078:
7074:
7073:
7066:
7031:Disease-a-Month
7019:
7015:
7005:
7003:
6998:
6997:
6993:
6985:
6981:
6971:
6969:
6956:
6955:
6951:
6945:Wayback Machine
6936:
6932:
6919:
6918:
6914:
6902:
6898:
6885:
6884:
6877:
6861:
6860:
6838:
6834:
6824:
6822:
6812:
6808:
6791:
6787:
6777:
6775:
6760:
6756:
6751:on 6 July 2010.
6748:
6709:
6695:
6691:
6684:
6670:
6666:
6659:
6643:
6636:
6609:Crop Protection
6597:
6593:
6558:
6554:
6525:
6521:
6498:
6494:
6483:
6479:
6469:
6467:
6424:
6420:
6410:
6408:
6401:
6397:
6391:Wayback Machine
6382:
6378:
6371:
6357:
6353:
6343:
6341:
6336:
6335:
6331:
6321:
6319:
6308:
6304:
6245:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6225:on 14 June 2012
6215:
6211:
6171:(10): e109328,
6161:
6157:
6147:
6145:
6142:www.ufseeds.com
6136:
6135:
6131:
6121:
6119:
6118:on 11 June 2016
6115:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6074:
6070:
6060:
6058:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6035:
6033:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6013:
5993:
5989:
5978:
5974:
5968:Wayback Machine
5959:
5955:
5900:
5896:
5843:
5839:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5815:
5813:
5812:on 13 July 2010
5802:
5798:
5788:
5786:
5779:
5775:
5735:
5731:
5707:10.2307/3558365
5674:
5670:
5660:
5658:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5643:on 6 June 2011.
5635:
5634:
5630:
5620:
5618:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5571:
5567:
5557:
5555:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5497:
5493:
5483:
5481:
5471:
5467:
5457:
5455:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5438:
5424:
5420:
5410:
5408:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5385:
5383:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5286:
5284:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5251:
5247:
5237:
5235:
5223:
5219:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5145:. Vol. 4.
5139:
5132:
5091:
5084:
5035:
5031:
5021:
5019:
5009:
5005:
4957:
4953:
4949:. tomatonet.org
4945:
4941:
4931:
4929:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4905:
4903:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4880:
4876:
4863:
4859:
4851:
4842:
4829:
4825:
4816:
4812:
4803:
4799:
4776:10.2307/2399094
4756:
4752:
4742:
4740:
4730:
4726:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4656:
4645:
4641:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4598:
4594:
4577:
4573:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4536:
4532:
4525:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4482:on 29 May 2009.
4466:
4462:
4455:
4439:
4422:
4412:
4410:
4398:
4389:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4358:
4348:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4267:
4257:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4230:
4195:
4194:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4106:
4099:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4073:
4064:(biggest red),
4058:
4049:
4046:
4037:
4034:heirloom tomato
4030:
4021:
4014:
4002:Rotten Tomatoes
3993:The US city of
3970:Tomatkarnevalen
3898:
3855:
3800:
3747:
3742:
3690:
3677:
3664:
3651:
3638:
3625:
3612:
3599:
3587:
3557:
3544:
3531:
3518:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3476:
3468:
3459:
3451:
3442:
3434:
3425:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3395:
3383:
3354:
3343:
3338:
3319:
3314:
3275:
3270:
3237:
3196:
3178:pa amb tomàquet
3131:, used to make
3067:
3062:
3054:serrano peppers
3032:
2992:
2927:
2925:
2909:
2907:
2891:
2889:
2873:
2871:
2855:
2853:
2837:
2835:
2824:
2822:
2809:
2802:
2792:
2783:
2780:
2771:
2768:
2759:
2756:
2747:
2744:
2689:
2658:
2629:Gordie C. Hanna
2614:
2565:
2530:
2528:Fruit formation
2435:
2397:tomato hornworm
2387:predatory flies
2367:parasitic wasps
2356:
2346:
2333:
2331:Other disorders
2288:red spider mite
2272:cabbage loopers
2244:
2214:beet leafhopper
2103:heirloom plants
2091:heirloom tomato
2061:
2054:
2034:
1960:culinary fruits
1952:flowering plant
1933:
1927:
1908:, and numerous
1894:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1859:
1843:
1832:
1797:
1791:
1725:
1693:GCF_000188115.5
1691:
1677:
1672:
1587:(alongside the
1572:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1475:compound leaves
1433:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1402:
1390:
1379:
1374:
1341:
1318:
1314:
1282:
1278:
1250:
1246:
1218:
1214:
1186:
1182:
1175:George Gershwin
1163:British English
1155:
1125:
1121:
1110:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
992:
949:
923:
900:Charles M. Rick
807:
774:
753:
675:
644:Torre del Gallo
612:
598:
537:
480:
425:
407:
403:
402:
313:Central America
269:
265:
240:
236:
217:
212:
204:
186:
181:
175:
162:
48:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9450:
9440:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9382:
9381:
9379:
9378:
9368:
9355:
9342:
9329:
9319:
9306:
9296:
9283:
9270:
9257:
9244:
9231:
9218:
9205:
9192:
9179:
9166:
9153:
9140:
9127:
9114:
9101:
9088:
9078:
9065:
9052:
9042:
9032:
9016:
9014:
9008:
9007:
9005:
9004:
9000:wfo-0001029216
8991:
8981:
8968:
8958:
8945:
8932:
8919:
8906:
8893:
8883:
8870:
8857:
8844:
8834:
8821:
8808:
8795:
8785:
8772:
8759:
8746:
8733:
8720:
8707:
8694:
8681:
8668:
8655:
8642:
8629:
8619:
8606:
8596:
8586:
8571:
8555:
8553:
8547:
8546:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8528:
8517:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8493:
8488:
8481:
8480:
8479:
8469:
8464:
8458:
8456:
8452:
8451:
8449:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8417:
8415:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8387:Tomato compote
8384:
8382:Tomato chutney
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8358:
8356:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8341:
8331:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8215:
8213:
8209:
8208:
8206:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8058:Fourth of July
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7979:
7977:
7973:
7972:
7970:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7943:
7941:
7937:
7936:
7929:
7928:
7921:
7914:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7893:
7885:
7884:External links
7882:
7881:
7880:
7836:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7772:
7742:
7721:(1): 184–195.
7701:
7674:(3): 261–275.
7654:
7621:
7598:
7549:
7500:
7441:
7414:
7393:
7359:
7329:
7317:
7305:
7280:
7243:
7204:
7178:
7148:
7122:
7115:
7091:
7064:
7037:(6): 391–402.
7013:
6991:
6979:
6949:
6930:
6912:
6896:
6875:
6832:
6806:
6785:
6774:on 20 May 2016
6754:
6720:(2): 144–157.
6689:
6682:
6664:
6657:
6634:
6615:(11): 1210–3.
6601:Tagetes erecta
6591:
6552:
6519:
6492:
6477:
6438:(4): 396–417.
6418:
6395:
6376:
6369:
6351:
6329:
6302:
6263:Annual Reviews
6236:
6209:
6155:
6129:
6093:
6068:
6043:
6018:
6011:
5987:
5972:
5953:
5894:
5837:
5823:
5796:
5773:
5746:(2): 181–186.
5729:
5668:
5646:
5628:
5598:
5565:
5540:
5511:(4): 2244–54.
5491:
5465:
5443:
5436:
5418:
5393:
5366:
5359:
5319:
5294:
5268:
5245:
5217:
5190:(6): 335–347.
5170:
5163:
5130:
5103:(6): 347–356.
5082:
5029:
5003:
4951:
4939:
4913:
4891:
4874:
4857:
4840:
4823:
4810:
4797:
4750:
4724:
4702:
4684:
4662:
4639:
4626:
4612:
4592:
4571:
4557:
4550:
4530:
4524:978-1477309711
4523:
4503:
4494:
4485:
4460:
4453:
4420:
4387:
4368:
4339:
4313:
4292:
4265:
4228:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4166:
4161:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4074:
4059:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4040:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4013:
4010:
3897:
3894:
3882:fungi such as
3865:P. operculella
3854:
3851:
3809:blood thinners
3799:
3796:
3762:
3761:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3581:
3576:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3372:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3233:
3195:
3192:
3135:, or pickled.
3085:, a subset of
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3031:
3026:
2991:
2988:
2966:
2965:
2962:United Nations
2952:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2832:
2831:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2738:
2688:
2685:
2657:
2654:
2613:
2610:
2564:
2561:
2529:
2526:
2434:
2431:
2345:
2342:
2332:
2329:
2243:
2240:
2220:Bacterial wilt
2199:
2198:
2186:
2174:
2163:
2153:
2140:
2128:
2053:
2050:
2033:
2030:
2026:Tariff of 1883
1926:
1923:
1896:
1895:
1846:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1793:Main article:
1790:
1787:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1755:Protein-coding
1751:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1664:somatic fusion
1571:
1570:Classification
1568:
1561:paste tomatoes
1435:
1434:
1393:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1177:'s 1937 song "
1165:). The word's
1068:
1065:
991:
988:
922:
919:
838:South Carolina
834:William Salmon
806:
803:
752:
749:
691:barber-surgeon
674:
671:
611:
608:
597:
594:
586:southeast Asia
536:
533:
479:
476:
424:
421:
366:ingredient or
219:
218:
216:
215:
207:
205:(L. H. Karst.)
198:
195:
194:
188:
187:
182:
171:
170:
164:
163:
156:
154:
150:
149:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
105:
104:
99:
92:
91:
86:
79:
78:
73:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9449:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9375:
9369:
9365:
9360:
9356:
9352:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9320:
9316:
9311:
9307:
9303:
9297:
9293:
9288:
9284:
9280:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9236:
9232:
9228:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9197:
9193:
9189:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9171:
9167:
9163:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9119:
9115:
9111:
9106:
9102:
9098:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9079:
9075:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9057:
9053:
9049:
9043:
9039:
9033:
9028:
9022:
9018:
9017:
9015:
9013:
9009:
9001:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8982:
8978:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8959:
8955:
8950:
8946:
8942:
8937:
8933:
8929:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8898:
8894:
8890:
8884:
8880:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8835:
8831:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8800:
8796:
8792:
8786:
8782:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8738:
8734:
8730:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8673:
8669:
8665:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8647:
8643:
8639:
8634:
8630:
8626:
8620:
8616:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8597:
8593:
8587:
8582:
8576:
8572:
8567:
8561:
8557:
8556:
8554:
8552:
8548:
8544:
8539:
8527:
8519:
8518:
8515:
8509:
8508:Tomato slicer
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8498:
8497:Nix v. Hedden
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8475:
8474:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8459:
8457:
8453:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8426:Fusarium wilt
8424:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8414:
8409:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8353:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8336:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8309:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8299:Tomato bredie
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8234:Caprese salad
8232:
8230:
8229:Canned tomato
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8210:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8183:Three Sisters
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8023:Blaby Special
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7974:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7927:
7922:
7920:
7915:
7913:
7908:
7907:
7904:
7897:
7894:
7891:
7888:
7887:
7877:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7837:
7834:
7830:
7829:
7817:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7792:(3): 333–40.
7791:
7787:
7783:
7776:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7746:
7738:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7705:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7658:
7649:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7625:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7602:
7594:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7553:
7545:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7520:(5): 457–85.
7519:
7515:
7511:
7504:
7496:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7445:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7411:
7407:
7406:
7397:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7363:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7333:
7326:
7321:
7314:
7309:
7290:
7284:
7265:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7208:
7192:
7188:
7182:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7152:
7136:
7132:
7126:
7118:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7103:
7095:
7084:
7077:
7071:
7069:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7017:
7001:
6995:
6988:
6983:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6953:
6946:
6942:
6939:
6934:
6926:
6922:
6916:
6910:, August 2014
6909:
6905:
6900:
6892:
6888:
6882:
6880:
6871:
6865:
6856:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6836:
6821:
6817:
6810:
6802:
6801:
6796:
6789:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6758:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6693:
6685:
6683:9781597142946
6679:
6675:
6668:
6660:
6654:
6650:
6649:
6641:
6639:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6595:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6572:(3): 307–20.
6571:
6567:
6563:
6556:
6547:
6542:
6539:(5): 489–93.
6538:
6534:
6530:
6523:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6496:
6488:
6481:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6422:
6406:
6399:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6380:
6372:
6366:
6362:
6355:
6339:
6333:
6317:
6313:
6306:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6243:
6241:
6224:
6220:
6213:
6206:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6159:
6143:
6139:
6133:
6114:
6110:
6103:
6097:
6090:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6078:
6077:Nix v. Hedden
6072:
6057:
6053:
6047:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6014:
6012:9781946135872
6008:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5991:
5983:
5976:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5957:
5949:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5898:
5890:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5841:
5833:
5827:
5811:
5807:
5800:
5784:
5777:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5733:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5672:
5656:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5632:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5569:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5505:Plant Physiol
5502:
5495:
5480:
5476:
5469:
5453:
5447:
5439:
5433:
5429:
5422:
5407:
5403:
5397:
5381:
5377:
5370:
5362:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5329:
5323:
5308:
5304:
5298:
5282:
5278:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5249:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5221:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5174:
5166:
5164:9781118061015
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5137:
5135:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5089:
5087:
5078:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5033:
5018:
5014:
5007:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4955:
4948:
4943:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4901:
4895:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4854:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4820:
4814:
4807:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4739:
4738:The Collector
4735:
4728:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4672:
4666:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4636:
4630:
4615:
4613:9781441904713
4609:
4605:
4604:
4596:
4589:
4588:0-231-15206-X
4585:
4581:
4575:
4567:
4561:
4553:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4534:
4526:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4507:
4498:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4464:
4456:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4344:
4327:
4320:
4318:
4302:
4296:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4253:
4251:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:Tomato effect
4142:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4098:
4087:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4051:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3890:model species
3887:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3871:of the leaf.
3870:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3795:
3793:
3792:micronutrient
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3768:carbohydrates
3759:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3694:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3513:
3505:
3498:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3480:
3472:
3465:
3463:
3455:
3448:
3446:
3441:Riboflavin (B
3438:
3431:
3429:
3421:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3393:beta-Carotene
3390:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3291:Dietary fiber
3288:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:Carbohydrates
3262:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3139:is sold as a
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3110:glutamic acid
3107:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3042:salmonellosis
3039:
3038:
3030:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2985:
2984:United States
2981:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:United States
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2773:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2706:
2702:
2699:boat ride at
2698:
2693:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2638:introduced a
2637:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2226:, 2019 found
2225:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2016:Nix v. Hedden
2012:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1892:
1889:
1881:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1847:This section
1845:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:Philip Miller
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1443:Tomato flower
1441:
1431:
1428:
1420:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1394:This section
1392:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1369:
1365:
1312:
1306:
1274:
1242:
1210:
1181:" ("You like
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1074:
1067:Pronunciation
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1042:specific name
1035:
1033:pronunciation
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
996:
987:
985:
979:
975:
973:
969:
966:
962:
956:
953:
943:
935:
927:
918:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
868:
864:
862:
858:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
823:
819:
815:
811:
805:United States
802:
800:
796:
795:Turkish salad
792:
791:Shirazi salad
788:
787:Israeli salad
784:
780:
770:
766:
757:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
679:
670:
668:
665:
660:
659:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
629:
625:
621:
616:
607:
604:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
567:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:Hernán Cortés
542:
532:
530:
525:
521:
516:
512:
507:
501:
495:
493:
489:
485:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:
439:
438:
433:
429:
416:
412:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:South America
302:
301:
297:of the plant
296:
290:
261:
234:
225:
211:
208:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
172:
169:
168:Binomial name
165:
161:
160:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
76:Tracheophytes
74:
71:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
9338:tro-29602513
9011:
8902:tro-29605838
8550:
8503:Tomato knife
8495:
8483:
8397:Tomato paste
8329:Tomato sauce
8304:Tomato juice
8128:Paul Robeson
8063:Garden Peach
7940:Tomato types
7932:
7849:
7845:
7832:
7789:
7785:
7775:
7763:. Retrieved
7759:the original
7745:
7718:
7714:
7704:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7657:
7638:
7635:EFSA Journal
7634:
7624:
7616:the original
7611:
7601:
7566:
7562:
7552:
7517:
7513:
7503:
7458:
7454:
7444:
7432:. Retrieved
7404:
7396:
7384:. Retrieved
7375:
7362:
7350:. Retrieved
7346:the original
7341:
7338:"Vegetables"
7332:
7320:
7308:
7296:. Retrieved
7283:
7271:. Retrieved
7264:the original
7259:
7246:
7221:
7217:
7207:
7195:. Retrieved
7191:the original
7181:
7169:. Retrieved
7165:the original
7160:
7151:
7139:. Retrieved
7135:the original
7125:
7101:
7094:
7083:the original
7034:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7016:
7004:. Retrieved
6994:
6982:
6970:. Retrieved
6961:
6952:
6933:
6924:
6915:
6907:
6899:
6891:the original
6864:cite journal
6845:
6841:
6835:
6823:. Retrieved
6819:
6809:
6798:
6788:
6776:. Retrieved
6772:the original
6767:
6757:
6746:the original
6717:
6713:
6704:
6700:
6692:
6673:
6667:
6647:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6594:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6536:
6532:
6522:
6505:
6501:
6495:
6486:
6480:
6470:17 September
6468:. Retrieved
6435:
6431:
6421:
6409:. Retrieved
6407:. The Spruce
6398:
6379:
6360:
6354:
6342:. Retrieved
6332:
6320:. Retrieved
6316:the original
6305:
6258:
6252:
6227:. Retrieved
6223:the original
6212:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6146:. Retrieved
6141:
6132:
6120:. Retrieved
6113:the original
6108:
6096:
6091: (1893).
6075:
6071:
6059:. Retrieved
6055:
6046:
6034:. Retrieved
6030:
6021:
6001:
5990:
5981:
5975:
5956:
5911:
5908:BMC Genomics
5907:
5897:
5854:
5850:
5840:
5826:
5814:. Retrieved
5810:the original
5799:
5787:. Retrieved
5781:Mueller, L.
5776:
5743:
5739:
5732:
5697:
5693:
5688:Lycopersicon
5687:
5684:Lycopersicon
5683:
5679:
5671:
5661:14 September
5659:. Retrieved
5649:
5641:the original
5631:
5619:. Retrieved
5610:
5601:
5582:
5578:
5568:
5556:. Retrieved
5543:
5508:
5504:
5494:
5482:. Retrieved
5478:
5468:
5456:. Retrieved
5446:
5427:
5421:
5409:. Retrieved
5396:
5384:. Retrieved
5380:the original
5369:
5338:
5334:
5322:
5310:. Retrieved
5306:
5297:
5285:. Retrieved
5280:
5271:
5262:
5258:
5248:
5236:. Retrieved
5230:
5220:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5173:
5147:Westport, CT
5142:
5100:
5094:
5048:
5042:
5032:
5020:. Retrieved
5016:
5006:
4965:
4961:
4954:
4942:
4930:. Retrieved
4926:the original
4916:
4904:. Retrieved
4894:
4886:
4877:
4869:
4860:
4835:
4826:
4818:
4813:
4805:
4800:
4767:
4763:
4753:
4741:. Retrieved
4737:
4727:
4721:: 223. 1881.
4718:
4714:
4705:
4696:
4687:
4675:. Retrieved
4665:
4652:
4642:
4634:
4629:
4617:. Retrieved
4602:
4595:
4579:
4574:
4560:
4540:
4533:
4513:
4506:
4497:
4488:
4480:the original
4473:
4463:
4443:
4411:. Retrieved
4405:
4381:
4371:
4359:. Retrieved
4355:
4330:. Retrieved
4304:. Retrieved
4295:
4283:. Retrieved
4256:. Retrieved
4249:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4203:Lycopersicon
4202:
4200:
4133:Ring culture
3999:
3992:
3984:
3957:
3940:
3926:
3900:The town of
3899:
3883:
3873:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3835:health claim
3832:
3813:
3801:
3786:(17% of the
3765:
3713:
3708:
3583:
3578:
3571:
3379:
3374:
3367:
3333:
3309:
3265:
3225:home canning
3217:tomato sauce
3214:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3149:
3137:Tomato juice
3114:
3080:
3035:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3016:
2993:
2969:
2948:
2943:
2716:
2709:
2670:
2659:
2643:
2633:
2622:
2615:
2604:
2600:
2585:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2531:
2490:
2482:halictid bee
2475:
2452:
2425:that repels
2408:
2401:
2391:
2364:
2357:
2334:
2314:
2303:
2284:flea beetles
2245:
2223:
2218:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2136:verticillium
2135:
2130:
2120:
2107:
2096:
2035:
2014:
2004:
1972:bell peppers
1934:
1899:
1884:
1878:January 2017
1875:
1860:Please help
1848:
1817:
1801:strawberries
1798:
1780:
1774:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1609:lycopersicum
1608:
1600:
1592:
1582:
1573:
1565:
1543:Although in
1542:
1499:
1491:
1472:
1468:
1453:
1446:
1423:
1414:
1403:Please help
1398:verification
1395:
1072:
1070:
1061:lyocpersicum
1060:
1057:lycopersicum
1056:
1045:lycopersicum
1044:
1003:
1001:
983:
980:
976:
961:chromoplasts
957:
948:
908:
873:
869:
865:
859:
827:
762:
744:
722:
720:
694:
684:
652:
633:
599:
571:
548:Tenochtitlan
541:conquistador
538:
496:
481:
445:
443:
435:
431:
372:
341:
299:
298:
232:
230:
209:
201:
176:
174:
158:
157:
145:
108:
95:
82:
69:
25:
16:Edible berry
8799:NatureServe
8737:iNaturalist
8575:Wikispecies
8485:La Tomatina
8334:Tomato soup
8308:Tomato pie
8294:Strapatsada
8163:San Marzano
8123:Mr. Stripey
8083:Indigo Rose
8068:Green Zebra
8018:Big Rainbow
7993:Amish Paste
7983:Ailsa Craig
7641:(4): 2031.
7352:18 February
7313:How To Cook
7273:18 February
7260:ANR Catalog
6508:(1): 43–4.
6411:26 February
6344:11 November
6148:21 February
5682:L. section
5579:HortScience
5558:20 November
5484:21 November
5068:10251/79375
4332:18 February
4207:Cyphomandra
4197:"Phylogeny"
4154:Nightshades
4108:Food portal
4070:Green Zebra
3906:La Tomatina
3820:supplements
3788:Daily Value
3424:Thiamine (B
3145:Bloody Mary
3125:tomato soup
2796:Maharashtra
2673:Netherlands
2642:called the
2588:greenhouses
2478:pollinators
2455:pollination
2433:Pollination
2371:umbellifers
2125:late blight
2032:Cultivation
1980:green beans
1964:main course
1936:Botanically
1734:chromosomes
1721:Genome size
1595:. In 1768,
1549:botanically
1487:chlorophyll
1479:potato leaf
1377:Description
1277:and I like
1245:/ You like
1213:and I like
965:carotenoids
911:dry-farming
765:John Barker
751:Middle East
735:, and as a
699:plagiarized
693:. Gerard's
687:John Gerard
667:plum tomato
664:San Marzano
624:plum tomato
620:San Marzano
582:Philippines
478:Mesoamerica
456:Mesoamerica
379:greenhouses
356:botanically
89:Angiosperms
9391:Categories
9333:Plant List
9081:Calflora:
8984:WisFlora:
8897:Plant List
8477:Flavr Savr
8392:Tomato jam
8355:Condiments
8259:Panzanella
8224:Bruschetta
8088:Jersey Boy
8053:Early Girl
8033:Brandywine
8028:Black Krim
8013:Better Boy
7298:27 October
7171:27 October
6533:Nematology
6265:: 81–100.
5914:(1): 898.
5816:27 October
5789:21 October
5411:27 October
5386:27 October
4902:. UC Davis
4715:The Friend
4361:13 January
4285:15 January
4179:References
4149:Tomato jam
4072:(top left)
4066:Black Krim
4062:Brandywine
3959:Flavr Savr
3933:New Jersey
3853:Host plant
3645:Phosphorus
3401:zeaxanthin
3207:shelf life
3188:South Asia
3186:dishes in
3037:Salmonella
3029:Salmonella
2982:, and the
2807:Production
2650:shelf life
2606:Hydroponic
2522:honey bees
2505:bumblebees
2497:greenhouse
2348:See also:
2338:cat-facing
2276:whiteflies
2252:stink bugs
2248:tomato bug
2194:alternaria
2079:Tomato bug
1929:See also:
1910:seed banks
1824:Flavr Savr
1743:Number of
1732:Number of
1705:Heinz 1706
1483:variegated
1417:April 2022
1311:nitpicking
1161:(usual in
1116:(usual in
972:β-carotene
915:Early Girl
888:irrigation
884:California
783:Arab salad
708:See below.
572:After the
566:pomi d'oro
492:divination
464:belladonna
460:nightshade
391:perennials
360:culinarily
317:cultivated
135:Solanaceae
9175:200020545
9162:200020545
9144:FloraBase
9027:Q15530945
8685:FloraBase
8421:Curly top
8411:Pest and
8362:Capuliato
8188:Tigerella
8168:Santorini
8078:Hillbilly
8043:Celebrity
7947:Beefsteak
7477:2079-7737
6825:18 August
6778:14 August
6297:219621296
6281:0066-4227
5930:1471-2164
5621:3 January
5374:Peet, M.
4883:Tomatoes.
4784:0026-6493
4635:The Times
4258:1 January
4169:Tomatillo
3981:, in 1993
3876:symbiosis
3869:mesophyll
3784:vitamin C
3658:Potassium
3632:Manganese
3619:Magnesium
3551:Vitamin K
3538:Vitamin E
3525:Vitamin C
3508:Folate (B
3492:Vitamin B
3458:Niacin (B
3235:Nutrition
3229:by drying
3158:and many
3091:vegetable
2823:(Millions
2819:Producer
2732:golf ball
2645:FlavrSavr
2634:In 1994,
2581:Andalusia
2486:cultivars
2427:nematodes
2411:asparagus
2236:resistant
2232:selecting
2210:curly top
2171:nematodes
2046:NPK ratio
2042:cultivars
1976:cucumbers
1849:does not
1688:genome ID
1645:, making
1617:tautonyms
1574:In 1753,
1449:decumbent
1002:The word
990:Etymology
952:phenotype
578:Caribbean
511:tomatillo
368:side dish
364:vegetable
153:Species:
125:Solanales
59:Kingdom:
9397:Tomatoes
9371:VASCAN:
9364:29602513
9359:Tropicos
9322:PalDat:
9227:10207666
9214:146898-2
9118:eFloraSA
9021:Wikidata
8972:VicFlora
8961:VASCAN:
8954:29605838
8949:Tropicos
8825:NSWFlora
8804:2.150996
8768:11222025
8755:316947-2
8622:BioLib:
8560:Wikidata
8526:Category
8455:See also
8413:diseases
8339:Gazpacho
8322:Southern
8239:Fattoush
8212:Culinary
8198:Tomberry
8193:Tomaccio
8173:Siberian
8108:Marglobe
8008:Azoychka
7988:Alicante
7933:Tomatoes
7876:22633806
7816:18704376
7737:26612325
7696:19062069
7593:26354897
7544:25469376
7514:Adv Nutr
7495:35205105
7428:Archived
7424:30844154
7386:28 March
7380:Archived
7370:(2024).
7238:17567148
7161:CBS News
7059:41740029
7051:19446683
6966:Archived
6941:Archived
6464:Archived
6460:51900856
6387:Archived
6289:32530732
6205:25279467
6165:PLOS ONE
6061:25 April
6036:25 April
5964:Archived
5948:34911432
5889:22660326
5760:24185924
5724:21669622
5615:Archived
5535:21673133
5406:IVillage
5345:. 2017.
5265:: 343 f.
5227:"tomato"
5212:36002406
5117:29563555
5077:24723405
4998:23517955
4990:22745430
4650:(1737).
4413:26 March
4279:"Tomato"
4215:Triguera
4211:Normania
4164:Eggplant
4138:Physalis
4127:Marglobe
4094:See also
4086:PLU code
4032:Various
3937:Arkansas
3923:festival
3921:Tomatina
3910:festival
3816:lycopene
3805:platelet
3798:Research
3780:calories
3729:Lycopene
3714:Quantity
3639:0.114 mg
3579:Quantity
3573:Minerals
3486:0.089 mg
3469:0.594 mg
3452:0.019 mg
3435:0.037 mg
3375:Quantity
3369:Vitamins
3172:gazpacho
3075:Parmesan
3065:Culinary
3050:jalapeño
3000:solanine
2996:tomatine
2990:Toxicity
2956:Source:
2662:hectares
2618:ethylene
2520:, which
2501:vibrator
2419:solanine
2317:systemin
2310:necrosis
2256:cutworms
2160:fusarium
2152:strain I
2148:fusarium
2089:A split
2052:Diseases
2000:pumpkins
1992:squashes
1988:avocados
1919:Monsanto
1830:Breeding
1726:827.4 Mb
1576:Linnaeus
1545:culinary
1506:meristem
968:lycopene
876:Sun Belt
714:and its
704:tomatine
560:eggplant
539:Spanish
531:sauce."
500:xitomatl
472:tomatine
399:cultivar
192:Synonyms
131:Family:
115:Asterids
102:Eudicots
9437:Solanum
9287:NTFlora
9261:MoBotPF
9188:2930181
9105:Ecocrop
8716:2930137
8367:Ketchup
8317:Trenton
8312:Italian
8158:Rutgers
8093:Jubilee
8073:Hanover
8038:Campari
7854:Bibcode
7807:2556401
7765:2 April
7676:Bibcode
7584:4596907
7535:4188219
7486:8869745
7455:Biology
7434:21 June
7197:20 July
7141:20 July
6972:22 June
6742:1472500
6734:9021132
6617:Bibcode
6574:Bibcode
6562:Tagetes
6440:Bibcode
6322:23 June
6229:23 June
6196:4184844
6173:Bibcode
5939:8672587
5880:3378239
5859:Bibcode
5768:1015489
5716:3558365
5680:Solanum
5526:3149950
5458:25 July
5238:13 July
5192:Bibcode
5022:29 June
4970:Bibcode
4962:Science
4932:2 April
4906:2 April
4792:2399094
4743:10 June
4677:2 April
4306:27 July
4223:Solanum
4219:Solanum
4012:Gallery
3979:Finland
3776:protein
3733:2573 μg
3691:0.17 mg
3613:0.27 mg
3593:Calcium
3545:0.54 mg
3502:0.08 mg
3335:Protein
3194:Storage
3168:Catalan
3164:Spanish
3121:ketchup
3077:cheese.
2960:of the
2958:FAOSTAT
2687:Records
2681:Iceland
2677:Belgium
2636:Calgene
2592:Siberia
2534:meiosis
2471:corolla
2467:stamens
2375:parsley
2099:hybrids
1968:dessert
1870:removed
1855:sources
1813:bananas
1715:haploid
1656:Solanum
1652:Solanum
1643:Solanum
1639:Genetic
1633:Solanum
1584:Solanum
1534:corolla
1527:⁄
1517:⁄
1502:flowers
1014:Nahuatl
892:canning
880:Florida
871:Union.
737:garnish
712:Britain
673:Britain
640:Tuscany
529:avocado
522:, with
423:History
406:⁄
395:annuals
213:(Mill.)
146:Solanum
141:Genus:
121:Order:
63:Plantae
31:Tomato
9315:152689
9299:NZOR:
9266:287196
9240:122417
9136:185044
9074:315085
9048:120287
9045:APDB:
8941:293619
8910:PLANTS
8879:378964
8837:NZOR:
8781:521671
8729:101442
8664:392557
8638:438651
8602:120065
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8589:AoFP:
8566:Q23501
8098:Kumato
7952:Cherry
7874:
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7006:14 May
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6122:3 June
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4213:, and
4159:Potato
3975:Närpes
3828:cancer
3723:94.5 g
3671:Sodium
3665:237 mg
3558:7.9 μg
3417:123 μg
3414:449 μg
3398:lutein
3281:Sugars
3251:Energy
3117:salads
3012:greens
3004:potato
2980:Turkey
2972:tonnes
2934:Mexico
2931:
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2877:
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2666:tonnes
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1990:, and
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1782:Nature
1777:genome
1759:25,557
1749:31,217
1711:Ploidy
1675:Genome
1660:potato
1589:potato
1510:pistil
1500:Their
1494:leaves
1456:dicots
1372:Botany
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1073:tomato
1019:tomatl
1009:tomate
1004:tomato
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648:Naples
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9374:21401
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9149:10900
9131:EUNIS
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8987:13328
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8742:51737
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8690:47173
8677:LYPES
8651:4Y369
8625:40769
8615:69274
8377:Salsa
7957:Grape
7692:S2CID
7292:(PDF)
7267:(PDF)
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4788:JSTOR
4657:(PDF)
4619:3 May
3951:, of
3929:above
3902:Buñol
3878:with
3803:anti-
3720:Water
3652:24 mg
3626:11 mg
3600:10 mg
3532:14 mg
3519:15 μg
3409:42 μg
3342:0.9 g
3318:0.2 g
3295:1.2 g
3285:2.6 g
3274:3.9 g
3184:curry
3160:pasta
3156:pizza
3141:drink
3133:salsa
3099:above
3095:umami
3087:fruit
3083:berry
2976:India
2949:186.2
2944:World
2916:Egypt
2902:10.2
2884:13.0
2866:20.7
2862:India
2848:68.2
2844:China
2800:India
2728:Epcot
2701:Epcot
2656:Yield
2553:rad51
2548:rad51
2413:from
2403:Basil
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2242:Pests
2185:, and
1948:ovary
1944:berry
1940:fruit
1915:Heinz
1906:AVRDC
1745:genes
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1580:genus
1553:berry
1551:as a
1049:Galen
1016:word
822:grape
729:soups
628:pizza
610:Italy
596:China
520:chile
383:vines
362:as a
344:umami
295:berry
109:Clade
96:Clade
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9346:POWO
9292:5550
9248:ITIS
9209:IPNI
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9183:GBIF
9110:1379
9084:5243
9069:BOLD
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9038:3537
8964:9380
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8889:4725
8866:7482
8853:2775
8817:4081
8812:NCBI
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8153:Roma
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7872:PMID
7812:PMID
7767:2009
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7491:PMID
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7300:2008
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5560:2019
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