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267:. These types of missiles have the advantage of not requiring the launching aircraft to illuminate the target with radar energy for the entire flight of the missile, and in fact do not require a radar lock to launch at all, only target tracking information. This gives the target less warning that a missile has been launched and also allows the launching aircraft to turn away once the missile is in its terminal homing phase or engage other aircraft. The very longest-range missiles like the
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than previous ones. Fighter pilots have been reluctant to use BVR missiles at BVR range because of difficulty in distinguishing friends and foes. As a result, most BVR missiles are fired at visual range. Western airforces only scored 4 BVR kills out of 528 kills made during 1965β1982; most kills during that period were made with guns or WVR missiles (
313:
officer
Patrick Higby showed that BVR missiles fell short of expected performance, despite incurring great cost. Because such missiles required large radars, they made aircraft heavier and increased drag, increasing aircraft procurement and operating costs. Fighters with BVR tended to be less agile
202:
onto the target in a single target track (STT) mode, directing radar energy at the target that the missile seeker can "see" as it reflects off the target. The radar antenna must "illuminate" the target until impact. Missiles like the
228:
An AIM-7 variant called
Sparrow II was the first attempt at producing a semi-active radar homing missile, however the first air-to-air missile to introduce a terminal active seeker operationally was the AIM-54 Phoenix carried by the
111:
In addition to the range capability, the missile must also be capable of tracking its target at this range or of acquiring the target in flight. Systems in which a mid-course correction is transmitted to the missile have been used.
337:, as well as enemy incompetence. None of the Iraqi pilots took any evasive measures, either because of poor training or their radar warning receivers malfunctioned. One major issue with BVR is still unreliable IFF technology (
263:(INS) combined with initial target information from the launching aircraft and updates from a one or two-way data link in order to launch beyond visual range, and then switch to a terminal homing mode, typically
183:
guidance, that is the missile used the radiation produced by the launching aircraft to guide it to the target. The latest generation of BVR missiles use a combination of semi-active and active radar.
233:
Tomcat, which entered service in 1972. This relieved the launch platform of the need to illuminate the target until impact, putting it at risk. The
Phoenix and its associated Tomcat radar, the
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missiles but will still guide to the target even if radar lock is broken in the crucial final seconds of the engagement and may be harder to spoof with
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BVR missiles had a kill rate of 34%. By contrast, WVR missiles had a kill rate of 67%, despite costing less than half of a BVR missile.
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237:
was capable of multiple track and launch capability, which was unique to the Tomcat/Phoenix until the advent of AMRAAM in 1991.
391:
During these conflicts, a total of 61 BVR shots were taken, of which 4 killed their target, resulting in a kill rate of 6.6%.
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96:
that is capable of engaging at ranges of 20 nmi (37 km) or beyond. This range has been achieved using dual pulse
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homes in on the reflected laser radiation. Some of the longest-range missiles in use today still use this technology.
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became the first operational BVR missile in 1954. These primitive BVR missiles were soon replaced by missiles using
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guidance for the final stage. This type of missile requires active guidance for a longer part of the flight than
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In 2015, United States Naval Air Forces commander Vice
Admiral Mike Shoemaker cited the sensor fusion of the
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as the way to "bring that long-range ID capability and then share that information" with other platforms.
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Sprey, Pierre (2011). "Evaluating
Weapons: Sorting the Good from the Bad". In Wheeler, Winslow (ed.).
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Number of air-to-air kills by
Western air forces by method, according to a 2005 study.
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Some variants of the Vympel R-27 use SARH for the initial guidance and then passive
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1264:"Navy Air Boss: F-35C Advanced Sensors, Situational Awareness a 'Game-Changer'"
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may have significantly depended on other factors, such as assistance of
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1181:"Promise and Reality: Beyond Visual Range (BVR) Air-To-Air Combat"
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The efficiency of BVR air-to-air missiles has been criticized.
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1139:"How Active Radar Homing Missiles Changed Warfare Forever"
283:(NATO designation AA-9 "Amos") use this technique also.
198:(SARH). This is where the launching aircraft's radar is
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http://ig.space/a-brief-history-of-air-to-air-missiles
321:
The increased success rate of BVR combat during 1991
373:1965β1982 (US-Vietnam and Arab-Israeli conflicts)
190:designs. The Sparrow 1 mounted on the US Navy's
1312:
186:The first such missiles were relatively simple
221:home in on the reflected radiation, much as a
133:The examples and perspective in this section
23:Range classification of air-to-air missiles
151:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
16:"BVR" redirects here. For other uses, see
1291:"Revealed: Japan's New Fighter Prototype"
167:Learn how and when to remove this message
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
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525:was the first BVR missile to utilize an
39:This article includes a list of general
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509:is the most widely used BVR missile.
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45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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487:Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
1179:Higby, Patrick (30 March 2005).
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1262:Fuentes, Gidget (9 June 2015).
1103:"Guided Missiles ride Navy Jet"
298:due to the dual-type guidance.
179:Early air-to-air missiles used
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1255:
1228:Center for Defense Information
1213:
1130:
1119:
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259:AA-12 "Adder") instead use an
1:
1289:Mizokami, Kyle (2016-01-28).
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484:fifth-generation jet fighter
447:January 5 incident over Iraq
339:Identification friend or foe
301:
7:
1137:Gao, Charlie (2021-06-01).
463:6 BVR missiles were fired (
147:, discuss the issue on the
90:beyond-visual-range missile
10:
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261:inertial navigation system
219:designation AA-10 'Alamo')
115:
15:
1113:Popular Mechanics Company
196:semi-active radar homing
181:semi-active radar homing
244:type missiles like the
60:more precise citations.
1223:The Pentagon Labyrinth
1143:The National Interest
1115:: 116. November 1954.
265:active radar guidance
589:List of BVR missiles
275:Phoenix missile and
145:improve this section
135:may not represent a
18:BVR (disambiguation)
1321:Air-to-air missiles
583:on static display.
475:), but all missed.
424:Banja Luka incident
346:
257:NATO reporting name
1201:on 20 October 2017
765:GΓΆkdoΔan (missile)
365:BVR AAMs fired BVR
362:BVR AAMs fired WVR
344:
94:air-to-air missile
1295:Popular Mechanics
1241:978-0-615-44624-0
1108:Popular Mechanics
564:Fulcrum fires an
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223:laser-guided bomb
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108:sustainer motor.
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1194:. Archived from
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316:AIM-9 Sidewinder
309:A 2005 paper by
251:and the Russian
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271:(now Raytheon)
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157:September 2015
139:of the subject
137:worldwide view
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102:booster rocket
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66:September 2015
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19:
1298:. Retrieved
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1272:. Retrieved
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1245:. Retrieved
1222:
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1196:the original
1146:. Retrieved
1142:
1132:
1121:
1106:
1097:
1054:Sky Sword II
1032:South Africa
998:Soviet Union
964:Soviet Union
663:AIM-260 JATM
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110:
89:
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72:
63:
44:
1247:7 September
1230:. pp.
1205:7 September
1188:Maxwell AFB
353:Total kills
212:Vympel R-27
188:beam riding
58:introducing
1315:Categories
1300:2020-04-29
1148:2021-08-16
1089:References
731:Astra MK-3
714:Astra MK-2
697:Astra MK-1
581:Astra Mk.1
350:Engagement
333:system of
104:motor and
41:references
1037:Sky Spear
302:Criticism
288:infra-red
192:Skyknight
149:talk page
1232:105, 106
1071:Skyflash
1020:R-Darter
760:Pakistan
568:"Alamo".
398:Gulf War
359:WVR AAMs
323:Gulf War
246:Raytheon
205:Raytheon
200:"locked"
143:You may
529:seeker.
493:Gallery
465:AIM 120
116:History
54:improve
1274:9 June
1270:. USNI
1238:
1080:
1066:Taiwan
1063:
1049:Israel
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1015:Russia
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981:Russia
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777:Turkey
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562:MiG-29
546:ramjet
542:Meteor
523:AAM-4B
507:AMRAAM
469:AIM-54
368:Notes
335:F-15Cs
318:).
277:Vympel
273:AIM-54
269:Hughes
240:Newer
106:ramjet
92:is an
43:, but
1199:(PDF)
1184:(PDF)
913:China
901:PL-21
896:China
884:PL-17
879:China
867:PL-15
862:China
799:K-100
782:Derby
743:India
726:India
709:India
607:Japan
595:AAM-4
566:AA-10
544:uses
473:AIM-7
445:1999
422:1994
396:1991
327:AWACS
296:chaff
235:AWG-9
1276:2015
1249:2015
1236:ISBN
1207:2015
1003:R-77
935:R-27
833:MICA
748:Faaz
527:AESA
521:The
356:Guns
331:NCTR
311:USAF
281:R-33
253:R-77
231:F-14
217:NATO
210:and
382:308
379:144
376:528
341:).
100:or
1317::
1293:.
1266:.
1234:.
1226:.
1190::
1186:.
1157:^
1141:.
1111:.
1105:.
1083:UK
1073:β
1056:β
1039:β
1022:β
1005:β
988:β
971:β
954:β
937:β
920:β
903:β
886:β
869:β
852:β
835:β
828:EU
818:β
801:β
784:β
767:β
750:β
716:β
699:β
692:US
682:β
675:US
665:β
658:US
648:β
641:US
631:β
624:US
614:β
597:β
560:A
471:,
467:,
414:16
408:10
402:41
385:69
329:,
88:A
1303:.
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1209:.
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733:β
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255:(
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155:(
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64:(
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20:.
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