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278:. These types of missiles have the advantage of not requiring the launching aircraft to illuminate the target with radar energy for the entire flight of the missile, and in fact do not require a radar lock to launch at all, only target tracking information. This gives the target less warning that a missile has been launched and also allows the launching aircraft to turn away once the missile is in its terminal homing phase or engage other aircraft. The very longest-range missiles like the
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than previous ones. Fighter pilots have been reluctant to use BVR missiles at BVR range because of difficulty in distinguishing friends and foes. As a result, most BVR missiles are fired at visual range. Western airforces only scored 4 BVR kills out of 528 kills made during 1965β1982; most kills during that period were made with guns or WVR missiles (
324:
officer
Patrick Higby showed that BVR missiles fell short of expected performance, despite incurring great cost. Because such missiles required large radars, they made aircraft heavier and increased drag, increasing aircraft procurement and operating costs. Fighters with BVR tended to be less agile
213:
onto the target in a single target track (STT) mode, directing radar energy at the target that the missile seeker can "see" as it reflects off the target. The radar antenna must "illuminate" the target until impact. Missiles like the
239:
An AIM-7 variant called
Sparrow II was the first attempt at producing a semi-active radar homing missile, however the first air-to-air missile to introduce a terminal active seeker operationally was the AIM-54 Phoenix carried by the
122:
In addition to the range capability, the missile must also be capable of tracking its target at this range or of acquiring the target in flight. Systems in which a mid-course correction is transmitted to the missile have been used.
348:, as well as enemy incompetence. None of the Iraqi pilots took any evasive measures, either because of poor training or their radar warning receivers malfunctioned. One major issue with BVR is still unreliable IFF technology (
274:(INS) combined with initial target information from the launching aircraft and updates from a one or two-way data link in order to launch beyond visual range, and then switch to a terminal homing mode, typically
194:
guidance, that is the missile used the radiation produced by the launching aircraft to guide it to the target. The latest generation of BVR missiles use a combination of semi-active and active radar.
244:
Tomcat, which entered service in 1972. This relieved the launch platform of the need to illuminate the target until impact, putting it at risk. The
Phoenix and its associated Tomcat radar, the
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missiles but will still guide to the target even if radar lock is broken in the crucial final seconds of the engagement and may be harder to spoof with
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BVR missiles had a kill rate of 34%. By contrast, WVR missiles had a kill rate of 67%, despite costing less than half of a BVR missile.
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248:
was capable of multiple track and launch capability, which was unique to the Tomcat/Phoenix until the advent of AMRAAM in 1991.
402:
During these conflicts, a total of 61 BVR shots were taken, of which 4 killed their target, resulting in a kill rate of 6.6%.
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107:
that is capable of engaging at ranges of 20 nmi (37 km) or beyond. This range has been achieved using dual pulse
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homes in on the reflected laser radiation. Some of the longest-range missiles in use today still use this technology.
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became the first operational BVR missile in 1954. These primitive BVR missiles were soon replaced by missiles using
57:
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guidance for the final stage. This type of missile requires active guidance for a longer part of the flight than
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493:
In 2015, United States Naval Air Forces commander Vice
Admiral Mike Shoemaker cited the sensor fusion of the
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as the way to "bring that long-range ID capability and then share that information" with other platforms.
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Sprey, Pierre (2011). "Evaluating
Weapons: Sorting the Good from the Bad". In Wheeler, Winslow (ed.).
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Number of air-to-air kills by
Western air forces by method, according to a 2005 study.
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Some variants of the Vympel R-27 use SARH for the initial guidance and then passive
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1275:"Navy Air Boss: F-35C Advanced Sensors, Situational Awareness a 'Game-Changer'"
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may have significantly depended on other factors, such as assistance of
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1192:"Promise and Reality: Beyond Visual Range (BVR) Air-To-Air Combat"
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The efficiency of BVR air-to-air missiles has been criticized.
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1150:"How Active Radar Homing Missiles Changed Warfare Forever"
294:(NATO designation AA-9 "Amos") use this technique also.
209:(SARH). This is where the launching aircraft's radar is
1137:
http://ig.space/a-brief-history-of-air-to-air-missiles
332:
The increased success rate of BVR combat during 1991
384:1965β1982 (US-Vietnam and Arab-Israeli conflicts)
201:designs. The Sparrow 1 mounted on the US Navy's
1323:
197:The first such missiles were relatively simple
232:home in on the reflected radiation, much as a
144:The examples and perspective in this section
34:Range classification of air-to-air missiles
162:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
27:"BVR" redirects here. For other uses, see
1302:"Revealed: Japan's New Fighter Prototype"
178:Learn how and when to remove this message
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
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536:was the first BVR missile to utilize an
50:This article includes a list of general
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520:is the most widely used BVR missile.
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56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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498:Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
1190:Higby, Patrick (30 March 2005).
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1273:Fuentes, Gidget (9 June 2015).
1114:"Guided Missiles ride Navy Jet"
309:due to the dual-type guidance.
190:Early air-to-air missiles used
1293:
1266:
1239:Center for Defense Information
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1141:
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270:AA-12 "Adder") instead use an
13:
1:
1300:Mizokami, Kyle (2016-01-28).
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495:fifth-generation jet fighter
458:January 5 incident over Iraq
350:Identification friend or foe
312:
7:
1148:Gao, Charlie (2021-06-01).
474:6 BVR missiles were fired (
158:, discuss the issue on the
101:beyond-visual-range missile
18:Beyond Visual Range missile
10:
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272:inertial navigation system
230:designation AA-10 'Alamo')
126:
26:
1124:Popular Mechanics Company
207:semi-active radar homing
192:semi-active radar homing
255:type missiles like the
71:more precise citations.
1234:The Pentagon Labyrinth
1154:The National Interest
1126:: 116. November 1954.
276:active radar guidance
600:List of BVR missiles
286:Phoenix missile and
156:improve this section
146:may not represent a
29:BVR (disambiguation)
1332:Air-to-air missiles
594:on static display.
486:), but all missed.
435:Banja Luka incident
357:
268:NATO reporting name
1212:on 20 October 2017
776:GΓΆkdoΔan (missile)
376:BVR AAMs fired BVR
373:BVR AAMs fired WVR
355:
105:air-to-air missile
1306:Popular Mechanics
1252:978-0-615-44624-0
1119:Popular Mechanics
575:Fulcrum fires an
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234:laser-guided bomb
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119:sustainer motor.
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16:(Redirected from
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1205:. Archived from
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559:sustainer motor.
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327:AIM-9 Sidewinder
320:A 2005 paper by
262:and the Russian
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67:this article by
58:inline citations
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282:(now Raytheon)
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63:Please help to
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260:AIM-120 AMRAAM
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168:September 2015
150:of the subject
148:worldwide view
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113:booster rocket
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77:September 2015
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1309:. Retrieved
1305:
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1283:. Retrieved
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1256:. Retrieved
1233:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1207:the original
1157:. Retrieved
1153:
1143:
1132:
1117:
1108:
1065:Sky Sword II
1043:South Africa
1009:Soviet Union
975:Soviet Union
674:AIM-260 JATM
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83:
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55:
1258:7 September
1241:. pp.
1216:7 September
1199:Maxwell AFB
364:Total kills
223:Vympel R-27
199:beam riding
69:introducing
1326:Categories
1311:2020-04-29
1159:2021-08-16
1100:References
742:Astra MK-3
725:Astra MK-2
708:Astra MK-1
592:Astra Mk.1
361:Engagement
344:system of
115:motor and
52:references
1048:Sky Spear
313:Criticism
299:infra-red
203:Skyknight
160:talk page
1243:105, 106
1082:Skyflash
1031:R-Darter
771:Pakistan
579:"Alamo".
409:Gulf War
370:WVR AAMs
334:Gulf War
257:Raytheon
216:Raytheon
211:"locked"
154:You may
540:seeker.
504:Gallery
476:AIM 120
127:History
65:improve
1285:9 June
1281:. USNI
1249:
1091:
1077:Taiwan
1074:
1060:Israel
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1026:Russia
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992:Russia
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941:Israel
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827:Meteor
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788:Turkey
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573:MiG-29
557:ramjet
553:Meteor
534:AAM-4B
518:AMRAAM
480:AIM-54
379:Notes
346:F-15Cs
329:).
288:Vympel
284:AIM-54
280:Hughes
251:Newer
117:ramjet
103:is an
54:, but
1210:(PDF)
1195:(PDF)
924:China
912:PL-21
907:China
895:PL-17
890:China
878:PL-15
873:China
810:K-100
793:Derby
754:India
737:India
720:India
618:Japan
606:AAM-4
577:AA-10
555:uses
484:AIM-7
456:1999
433:1994
407:1991
338:AWACS
307:chaff
246:AWG-9
1287:2015
1260:2015
1247:ISBN
1218:2015
1014:R-77
946:R-27
844:MICA
759:Faaz
538:AESA
532:The
367:Guns
342:NCTR
322:USAF
292:R-33
264:R-77
242:F-14
228:NATO
221:and
393:308
390:144
387:528
352:).
111:or
1328::
1304:.
1277:.
1245:.
1237:.
1201::
1197:.
1168:^
1152:.
1122:.
1116:.
1094:UK
1084:β
1067:β
1050:β
1033:β
1016:β
999:β
982:β
965:β
948:β
931:β
914:β
897:β
880:β
863:β
846:β
839:EU
829:β
812:β
795:β
778:β
761:β
727:β
710:β
703:US
693:β
686:US
676:β
669:US
659:β
652:US
642:β
635:US
625:β
608:β
571:A
482:,
478:,
425:16
419:10
413:41
396:69
340:,
99:A
1314:.
1289:.
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1220:.
1162:.
744:β
471:0
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443:3
422:8
416:2
399:4
266:(
226:(
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175:(
170:)
166:(
152:.
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75:(
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20:)
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