Bharatanatyam - Knowledge

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perspective, the morality of people who performed Bharatanatyam was called into question. Accusations of prostitution were thrown around. Some women from traditionally performing communities were used as a way to showcase obscenity. New reforms disregarded local issues like production of the arts for the sake of liberalism and felt able to impose disruptive reforms that reshaped lives at all levels and subjected people to new standards. Colonial reforms were largely unsympathetic to local traditions, and dismissive of the industry surrounding producing art. The adoption of Anglo-Indian laws that imposed certain restrictions and regulations on certain expressions of sexuality, and more so regulations on bodies and sex in general, which in turn affected traditional dance practices. Temple dancing became caught in a web of multiple political agendas, hoping to bend this burgeoning morality issue to suit their cause. Colonial denunciations of the practice of temple dancing were caught up in liberal ideals of bringing modernity to India, where modernity was tied to Anglo-Protestant moral ideas about how bodies are viewed and how sexuality was presented.

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influenced by Western ideas of democratization of arts. Part of the revival movement was making the opportunity to dance open to more people. Nationalist movements that focused on revival were also influenced by Western ideology through their propagation that part of the revival movement is a reassertion of traditional values, as well as a moment to remind people of the country’s cultural heritage and reestablish a sense of identity. Fighting for freedom from the British and fighting for civil liberties included debates about morality, and how gender impacts morality. The revival movement moralized devadasis by democratizing the art, while also decorating it with the female performing class. Figures like Rukmini Devi Arundale, who are credited with revitalizing Bharatanatyam, also shifted the practice to appeal to middle to upper-class women. Rukmini Devi Arundale is credited with helping develop the

966: 519: 417: 1104:. A traditional Varnam may be as long as 30–45 minutes or sometimes an hour. Varnam offers huge scope for improvisation and an experienced dancer can stretch the Varnam to a desirable length. The artist presents the play or the main composition, reveling in all their movements, silently communicating the text through codified gestures and footwork, harmoniously with the music, rhythmically punctuated. The dancer performs complicated moves, such as expressing a verse at two speeds. Their hands and body tell a story, whether of love and longing or of a battle between the good and the evil, as the musicians envelop them with musical notes and tones that set the appropriate mood. 534: 6279: 620:) culture, suggesting a historical origin back to between 300 BCE and 300 CE. Modern scholars have questioned this theory for lack of any direct textual or archeological evidence. Historic sculptures and texts do describe and project dancing girls, as well as temple quarters dedicated to women, but they do not state them to be courtesans and prostitutes as alleged by early colonial Indologists. According to Davesh Soneji, a critical examination of evidence suggests that courtesan dancing is a phenomenon of the modern era, beginning in the late 16th or the 17th century of the 931: 7652: 1190: 1085: 742: 7585: 7595: 1687: 121: 684:, a lawyer who had learned from traditional practitioners of Sadir, questioned the cultural discrimination and the assumed connection, asking why prostitution needs years of training for performance arts, and how killing performance arts could end any evils in society. Iyer was arrested and sentenced to prison on charges of nationalism, who while serving out his prison term persuaded his fellow political prisoners to support Bharatanatyam. 7574: 2505:"A summation of the signal importance of the Natyasastra for Hindu religion and culture has been provided by Susan Schwartz, "In short, the Natyasastra is an exhaustive encyclopedic dissertation of the arts, with an emphasis on performing arts as its central feature. It is also full of invocations to deities, acknowledging the divine origins of the arts and the central role of performance arts in achieving divine goals (...)". 6025: 1459: 1450: 1430: 1419: 7605: 1439: 1410: 6017: 721:

Bharatanatyam’s successful revival meant that it was regarded as a classical dance tradition specific to India, as opposed to a cultural dance that had been changed by colonial censorship. It was becoming a modern nation to have a traditional dance that was practiced recreationally and was nationally recognized. With the standardization of Bharatanatyam, there came books based on historic texts, like

40: 656:) and "devadasis" of south India (Bharatanatyam) as evidence of "harlots, debased erotic culture, slavery to idols and priests" tradition, and Christian missionaries demanded that this must be stopped, launching the "anti-dance movement" in 1892. The anti-dance camp accused the dance form as a front for prostitution, while revivalists questioned the constructed colonial histories. 633: 297:(Consists of the elements of drama). A program of bharatanatyam usually lasts two hours without interruption and includes a specific list of procedures, all performed by one dancer, who does not leave the stage or change costume. The accompanying orchestra—composed of drums, drone, and singer—occupies the back of the stage, led by the guru, or the teacher, of the dancer. 1074:(expressed words). This is the first item of Margam where expressions are introduced. The solo dancer, the vocalist(s), and the musical team, in this stage of the production, present short compositions, with words and meaning, in a spectrum of moods. This performance praises God (such as Krishna, Shiva, Rama, and Murugan) and their qualities. 1692: 1688: 1689: 1611:

in 1947. It is now the most popular classical Indian dance style in India, enjoys a high degree of support in expatriate Indian communities, and is considered to be synonymous with Indian dance by many foreigners unaware of the diversity of dances and performance arts in Indian culture. In the second

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Long hair on both male and female dancers is either secured by a bun or a braid. Female dancers with short hair often use braid extensions or bun hair pieces to simulate long hair. Female dancers also wear imitation flowers made of either cloth or paper around their braids or buns. These are known as

1401:(literally, "carrying to the spectators"), that is applying body-speech-mind and scene, wherein the actors communicate to the audience, through song and music. Drama in this ancient Sanskrit text, thus is an art that engages every aspect of life to glorify and give a state of joyful consciousness. 906:, the dance-acting expands to include silent expression of words through gestures and body motion set to musical notes. The actor articulates a legend or a spiritual message. This part of a Bharatanatyam repertoire is more than sensory enjoyment, it aims to engage the emotions and mind of the viewer. 695:

The Indian independence movement in the early 20th century, already in progress, became a period of cultural foment and initiated an effort by its people to reclaim their culture and rediscover history. In this period of cultural and political turmoil, Bharatanatyam was revived as a mainstream dance

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When the British government tried to attempt to ban Bharatanatyam traditions, it went on and revived by moving outside the Hindu temple and religious ideas. However, post-independence, with rising interest in its history, the ancient traditions, the invocation rituals and the spiritually expressive

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For classes, training, practice, or rehearsals, dancers traditionally wear a special dance sari. These saris are always cotton and have a shorter breadth than normal saris, falling at the knees rather than the ankles. These are paired with cotton pyjamas and blouses. The sari is worn with pleats at

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Both female and male dancers wear elaborate jewelry on their ears, nose, neck, and wrists. Female dancers wear additional jewelry on their heads that emphasizes their hairline and parting. They also wear a smaller piece of jewelry on each side of their parting. These represent the sun and the moon.

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The overall sequence of Bharatanatyam, states Balasaraswati, thus moves from "mere meter; then melody and meter; continuing with music, meaning and meter; its expansion in the centerpiece of the varnam; thereafter, music and meaning without meter; (...) a non-metrical song at the end. We see a most

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He also points out that these stances are very similar to Yoga Asanas, and in the Gopuram walls at Chidambaram, at least twenty different classical Yoga Asanas are depicted by the dancers, including Dhanurasana, Chakrasana, Vrikshasana, Natarajasana, Trivikramasana, Ananda Tandavasana, Padmasana,

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performance is an abstract, fast, and rhythmic aspect of the dance. The viewer is presented with pure movement in Bharatanatyam, wherein the emphasis is the beauty in motion, form, speed, range, and pattern. This part of the repertoire has no interpretative aspect, no telling of the story. It is a

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of Bharatanatyam. There was an emphasis on building a modern India through Indian nationalism, which tied in with protecting traditional artistic traditions. The decommercialization and sanitation of Bharatanatyam for the sake of protecting the spirit of the art is part of Bharatanatyam’s revival.

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believes the student is ready for a solo performance. This solo debut is synonymous with a "coming-of-age" celebration. The arangetram is a culmination of multiple years of hard work by the student and the guru, and it is an opportunity for the dancer to showcase his or her dedication and skills

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dated around (171 CE), while temple sculptures of the 6th to 9th century CE suggest dance was a refined performance art by the mid-1st millennium CE. Sadiraattam, which was renamed Bharatanatyam in 1932, is the oldest classical dance tradition in India. Bharatanatyam is the state dance form of

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Sadiraattam remained exclusive to Hindu temples through the 19th century. It was banned by the colonial British government in 1910, but the Indian community protested against the ban and expanded its performance outside temples in the 20th century as Bharatanatyam. Modern stage productions of

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Nationalist movements that brought revitalizing devadasis up as an issue to focus on viewed it as a way to critique the imposition of colonial morality on India. However, the revival movement was not without Western influence. Nationalist movements that also focused on devadasis revival were

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The banning of temple dancing stemmed from the 1892 anti-dance movement and new, liberal colonial perspectives. What the English imagined nineteenth-century modernity to be did not include what they regarded Bharatanatyam to be, which they regarded as indecent. Coming from a deep orientalist

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text, which defines drama in verse 6.10 as something that aesthetically arouses joy in the spectator, through the medium of the actor's art of communication, that helps connect and transport the individual into a sensual inner state of being. A performance art, asserts

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developed over the years. Throughout this debut, the dancer performs a series of dances. The dancer must build up his or her concentration and stamina to perform solo dances for approximately three hours. Each dance performed symbolizes various aspects of

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The 1910 ban triggered protests against the stereotyping and dehumanization of temple dancers. Tamil people were concerned that a historic and rich dance tradition was being victimized under the excuse of social reform. Classical art revivalists such as

488:, expression, gestures, acting techniques, basic steps, standing postures—all of which are part of Indian classical dances. Dance and performance arts, states this text, are a form of expression of spiritual ideas, virtues and the essence of scriptures. 729:

was the introduction of state-sponsored dance festivals in 1955 in an independent India. These festivals were put on to display art with religious, social, and cultural connotations that have some regional diversity on a common national platform.

1583:, the pose of dancing Shiva. 108 karanas of classical temple dance are represented in temple statuary; they depict the devadasi temple dancers who made use of yoga asanas in their dancing. Bharatanatyam is also considered a form of 687:

While the British colonial government enforced laws to suppress Hindu temple dances, some from the West, such as the American dancer Esther Sherman moved to India in 1930, learned Indian classical dances, changed her name to

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part of the dance has returned. Many innovations and developments in modern Bharatanatyam, states Anne-Marie Geston, are of a quasi-religious type. Major cities in India now have numerous schools that offer lessons in

1287:. These are made of small bells attached to a broad leather strap with belts that secure them at the back of the ankle. The bells are arranged in uniform rows and can be heard when the dancer moves their feet. The 509:

of Madhavi in verses 113 through 159. The carvings in Kanchipuram's Shiva temple that have been dated to 6th to 9th century CE suggest dance was a well-developed performance art by about the mid 1st millennium CE.

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in the 18th century, and British colonial rule in the 19th, classical Indian dance forms were ridiculed and discouraged, and these performance arts declined. Christian missionaries and British officials presented

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In modern adaptations, Bharatanatyam dance troupes may involve many dancers who play specific characters in a story, creatively choreographed to ease the interpretation and expand the experience by the audience.

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and the gathered performance team. It also serves as a preliminary warm-up dance, without melody, to enable the dancer to loosen their body, and journey away from distractions and towards single-minded focus.

1690: 1599: 1667:. For expat Indian and Tamil communities in many countries, it is a source and means for social life and community bonding. Contemporary Bharatanatyam choreographies include both male and female dancers. 799:

and historic drama texts. The dancer deploys turns or specific body movements to mark punctuations in the story or the entry of a different character in the play or legend being acted out through dance.

756:, accompanied by musicians and one or more singers. It is described as classical art because the theory of musical notes, vocal performance, and the dance movement reflect ideas of the Sanskrit treatise 624:

of Tamil Nadu. According to James Lochtefeld, classical dance remained exclusive to Hindu temples through the 19th century, only in the 20th century appearing on stage outside the temples. Further, the

1245:, then upwards along the front torso, over the left shoulder, and then down the back with its end held at the waist by a jeweled belt. The costume of a male Bharatanatyam dancer is usually either a 1814:. It is a reverential greeting, a thank you or a prayer to one or more gods, goddesses or to one's teacher. This is a post-performance, where a Sanskrit verse (Shloka) is danced out in the form of 913:

is a play, typically a team performance, but can be acted out by a solo performer where the dancer uses certain standardized body movements to indicate a new character in the underlying story. A

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Katrak, Ketu H. (2004). "Cultural Translation of Bharata Natyam into Contemporary Indian Dance. Second-generation South Asian Americans and cultural politics in diasporic locations".

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translates to "ascending the stage". This performance is typically done ten to twelve years after a dancer begins learning Bharatanatyam. Still, more importantly, it is done when the

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the dancer, who dissolves her identity in rhythm and music, makes her body an instrument, at least for the duration of the dance, for the experience and expression of the spirit.

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is a slower and more expressive aspect of the dance that attempts to communicate feelings, and storyline, particularly with spiritual themes in Hindu dance traditions. In a

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Srividya Natarajan Another Stage in the Life of the Nation: Sadir, Bharatanatyam, Feminist Theory. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Dept of English, University of Hyderabad, 1997.

1487:(mood) of the underlying story. In the Hindu texts on dance, the dancer successfully expresses the spiritual ideas by paying attention to four aspects of a performance: 1544:

stage of Bharatanatyam, these symbols set in a certain sequence become sentences with meaning, with emotions expressed through facial expressions and other aspects of

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Planet, Lonely; Benanav, Michael; Bindloss, Joe; Brown, Lindsay; Butler, Stuart; Elliott, Mark; Harding, Paul; Holden, Trent; Mahapatra, Anirban (1 October 2019).

1826:(supreme soul), to you the auspicious, I reverentially bow." Original: गुरुर्ब्रह्मा गुरुर्विष्णुर्गुरुर्देवो महेश्वरः । गुरुरेव परं ब्रह्म तस्मै श्रीगुरवे नमः ।। 810:; footwork, body language, postures, musical notes, the tones of the vocalist, aesthetics and costumes integrate to express and communicate the underlying text. 1001:, and the audience as a mark of respect. The beginning of the dance symbolizes supplication, from which the dancer then commences the rest of the performance. 944:

is a solo debut performance that signifies the completion of initial formal training of a young dancer, female or male in Indian classical dance. The term

580:. The image, 5 feet (1.5 m) tall, has 18 arms in a form that expresses the dance positions arranged in a geometric pattern. The arms of Shiva express 7668: 464:, and its first complete compilation is dated to between 500 BCE and 200 CE, but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE. Richmond et al. estimate the 432: 8842: 301:

Bharatanatyam have become popular throughout India and include performances that are purely dance-based on non-religious ideas and fusion themes. The

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The communication through symbols is in the form of expressive gestures and pantomime set to music. The gestures and facial expressions convey the

261:, or "tradition", is a term used to describe the dance technique and style specific to a guru or school, often named for the village of the guru. 1228:

when the dancer flexes her knees or performs footwork, a hip piece that covers the seat of the pant/skirt, and a torso piece that looks like an

965: 2830: 344:, to give the dance form a measure of respect, at a meeting of the Madras Music Academy. They also were instrumental in modifying mainly the 8918: 551:

A famous example of illustrative sculpture is in the southern gateway of the Chidambaram temple (≈12th century) dedicated to the Hindu god

3984: 1875: 1503:(artist's mental disposition and emotional connection with the story and audience, wherein the artist's inner and outer state resonates). 1848: 779:, adorned with jewelry and presents a dance and it is synchronized with Indian classical music. The hand and facial gestures are a coded 7641: 3832: 1329:

of the dancer and may also be playing cymbals or one of the musical instruments. The recited verses and text in Bharatanatyam are in

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or director-conductor of the performance and art. The performance repertoire of Bharatanatyam, like other classical dances, includes

8969: 8467: 8305: 5258: 4756: 1587:. However, Natarajasana is not found in any medieval hatha yoga text; it was among the many asanas introduced into modern yoga by 8923: 3038:"Colonial Material Collections and Representations of Devadasi Bodies in the Public Sphere in the Early 20th-Century South India" 973:

A traditional Bharatanatyam arangetram dance performance follows a seven to eight-part order of presentation. This set is called

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The repertoire of Bharatanatyam, like all major classical Indian dance forms, follows the three categories of performance in the

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based on gestures of hands, eyes, and face muscles. The dance is accompanied by music and a singer, and typically the dancer's

1674:, India, to break the world record for the largest Bharatanatyam performance. The previous record of 7,190 dancers was set in 8474: 8062: 7655: 6006: 5160: 5075: 5054: 4979: 4958: 4937: 4896: 4848: 4825: 4627: 4600: 4573: 4531: 4460: 4430: 4371: 4344: 4317: 4290: 4263: 4236: 4141: 4114: 4069: 4039: 3967: 3924: 3869: 3757: 3727: 3487: 3360: 3333: 3303: 3276: 3249: 3222: 2943: 2916: 2889: 2859: 2814: 2754: 2712: 2695: 2651: 2631: 2604: 2574: 2495: 2403: 2376: 2334: 2301: 2196: 2169: 2117: 2063: 1927: 1885: 1858: 1253:. During performances, the upper body of the male dancer remains bare. Male dancers typically do not wear stitched costumes. 639:, pictured in 1940, proposed Bharatanatyam after Hindu temple dancing was banned by the British colonial government in 1910. 8817: 4477: 3799: 8908: 8822: 472:

text consists of about 6000 verses structured into 36 chapters. The text, states Natalia Lidova, describes the theory of

1822:(teacher) is the Brahma, the Guru is the Vishnu, the Guru is the Maheshvara (Shiva). The Guru is the pathway to Supreme 8913: 8827: 8516: 8443: 5131: 2090: 733:

In the late 20th century, Tamil Hindu migrants reintroduced the traditions of temple dancing in British Tamil temples.

6670: 454:, a Sanskrit text of performance arts and later in a Tamil text called Kootha nool taken from Tholkappiyam (250 BCE). 5034: 5016: 4993: 2249: 7502: 1100:

stage. This marks the arrival into the sanctum sanctorum core of the performance. It is the longest section and the

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Ann David (2007), Religious Dogma or Political Agenda? Bharatanatyam and its Reemergence in British Tamil Temples,

7682: 7490: 7021: 1644: 5227: 1021:. It is a pure dance, which combines a thank you and benediction for blessings from the gods and goddesses, the 993:, which translates to "offering of flowers". In this dance, the performer offers flowers and salutations to the 8767: 8697: 8378: 8315: 8295: 8058: 7703: 7634: 7608: 7319: 3957: 1627:

Outside India, Bharatanatyam is a sought-after and studied dance, states Meduri, in academic institutes in the

725:, which described the different movements. Evidence of a successful revival movement of Bharatanatyam through 17: 1202:

The costume of a female Bharatanatyam dancer resembles a Tamil Hindu bridal dress. It typically consists of a

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style, where a series of pure movement and music are rhythmically performed. Therewith the performance ends.

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Vijaya Rao, (1987), Abbild des Göttlichen. Bharata Natyam. Der klassische Indische Tanz. Freiburg (Germany)

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Alice Boner (1990), Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period, Motilal Banarsidass,

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Bharatanatyam shares the dance poses of many ancient Shiva sculptures in Hindu temples. The Cave 1 of the

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The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia

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Both male and female dancers wear makeup, including foundation, blush, lipstick, and thick eyeliner or

1126:). The music is lighter, the chant intimate, the dance emotional. The choreography attempts to express 416: 8964: 8954: 8564: 8551: 7800: 7780: 7651: 7627: 7619: 7559: 6485: 5999: 5947: 2707:

Fred Kleiner (2009), Gardner's Art through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives, Wadsworth Publishing,

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the front and tied tightly around the torso and hips. However, in recent times, dancers also opt for

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Indian classical dance and the making of Postcolonial National Identities: Dancing on Empire's stage

8559: 8495: 8119: 8084: 8079: 8013: 7756: 7353: 7011: 6935: 6641: 6423: 6398: 5785: 2366: 505:, includes a story of a dancing girl named Madhavi; it describes the dance training regimen called 65: 6173: 1060:) to the rhythm of the beat, presenting to the audience the unity of music, rhythm and movements. 8779: 8717: 8233: 7953: 7189: 7049: 6720: 6260: 6203: 5244: 2326: 7084: 8949: 8944: 8579: 8488: 8282: 7908: 7845: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7532: 7485: 6695: 6418: 5906: 5316: 4859: 2518: 1520: 1469: 293: 202: 169: 82: 5984: 4870: 4736:"Thousands of dancers mesmerize in world record attempt for largest Bharatanatyam performance" 4334: 4307: 4059: 3859: 3717: 2594: 2393: 2291: 2239: 2053: 8210: 8048: 7850: 7554: 7507: 7480: 7443: 6700: 5942: 3914: 3293: 2933: 2906: 2159: 1917: 697: 636: 621: 421: 318: 214: 7016: 4361: 3836: 8959: 8870: 8794: 8737: 8607: 8238: 8089: 7825: 7805: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7438: 6915: 6408: 6393: 6045: 5992: 5927: 5655: 2726:

Dancing Architecture: the parallel evolution of Bharatanātyam and South Indian Architecture

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Dancing Architecture: the parallel evolution of Bharatanātyam and South Indian Architecture

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A girl performing a Bharatanatyam dance at a Pongal Festival in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India

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Dance helped inspire musicians, poets, painters, singers, and sculptors in Indian history.

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that is draped specially, with the single piece of cloth starting around the legs like a

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Temple Architecture and Art of the Early Chalukyas: Badami, Mahakuta, Aihole, Pattadakal

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Dance Research Journal. Congress on Research in Dance 36/2. Winter 2004. ISSN 0149-7677

4717: 4675: 4667: 3695: 3634: 3599: 3564: 3520: 3418: 3410: 3193: 3158: 3119: 3073: 3065: 2995: 2987: 2782: 2319: 1710: 941: 644: 91: 6603: 6578: 2352:"The Celebrated Sadir Dancer Tanjore Gnyana (1857-1922): A Life in Words and Pictures" 8875: 8712: 8423: 8142: 8137: 8129: 8109: 7973: 7958: 7795: 7594: 7588: 7468: 7458: 7324: 7259: 6652: 6593: 6448: 6438: 5952: 5871: 5156: 5137: 5127: 5111: 5090: 5071: 5050: 5030: 5012: 4989: 4975: 4954: 4933: 4918: 4892: 4844: 4821: 4679: 4623: 4619:

Migration and Religion in Europe: Comparative Perspectives on South Asian Experiences

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Migration and Religion in Europe: Comparative Perspectives on South Asian Experiences

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World Musics in Context: A Comprehensive Survey of the World's Major Musical Cultures

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banned temple dancing, and with it the classical dance tradition in Hindu temples.

8885: 8865: 8860: 8732: 8373: 8243: 8205: 8185: 8152: 8104: 8033: 7968: 7928: 7903: 7898: 7750: 7732: 7329: 7239: 7130: 6730: 6725: 6690: 6665: 6551: 6508: 6195: 6055: 5835: 5186: 4914: 4794: 4709: 4659: 4519: 3687: 3626: 3591: 3556: 3512: 3394: 3185: 3049: 2979: 1786: 1750: 1271: 764: 6513: 4645:"Bharatanatyam as a Global Dance: Some Issues in Research, Teaching, and Practice" 3457: 2968:"Bharatanatyam as a Global Dance: Some Issues in Research, Teaching, and Practice" 1249:

or a white cotton cloth draped around the legs and bottom half of the body like a

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half of the 20th century, Bharatanatyam has been to Indian dance tradition what

692:, and joined the movement to revive Bharatanatyam and other ancient dance arts. 598:

and modern authors have argued that Bharatanatyam is a descendant of an ancient

589: 8903: 8752: 8742: 8677: 8672: 8403: 8268: 8190: 8167: 8162: 8099: 8028: 7943: 7835: 7785: 7741: 7714: 7433: 7369: 7212: 6556: 6433: 6403: 6238: 5780: 5510: 5397: 5351: 5267: 4713: 1330: 1314: 1307: 1302:, a tradition that helps the audience easily see their hand and foot gestures. 895:

technical performance and aims to engage the senses (Prakriti) of the audience.

556: 493: 329: 238: 194: 6102: 5190: 8938: 8627: 8622: 8597: 8428: 8418: 8383: 8340: 8003: 7988: 7873: 7790: 7762: 7723: 7549: 7453: 7232: 7006: 6744: 6635: 6546: 6480: 5893: 5720: 5615: 5600: 5565: 5485: 5382: 5141: 5094: 4695:"At Home in the World? The Bharatanatyam Dancer As Transnational Interpreter" 4541: 4224: 4129: 3811: 3406: 3115: 3061: 2105: 1742: 1701: 1628: 1388: 1189: 1158:

portion, the movements exit the temple of expressive dance, returning to the

1122:(expression) of the solemn spiritual message or devotional religious prayer ( 994: 881: 780: 758: 722: 701: 450: 270: 233: 55: 4015: 1130:(emotional taste) and a mood, while the recital may include items such as a 1084: 8722: 8657: 8602: 8325: 8023: 7978: 7913: 7878: 7104: 7069: 6966: 6583: 5815: 5765: 5750: 5550: 5525: 5490: 5407: 5356: 5115: 4504: 3773: 1580: 461: 153: 75: 4785:

Wallace Dace (1963). "The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory".

3437: 3398: 3383:"State Patronage in India: Appropriation of the "Regional" and "National"" 2908:

Resonances of the Raj: India in the English Musical Imagination, 1897-1947

2851:

Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu

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Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu

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helps emphasize the rhythm of the music as well as the dancer's footwork.

872:

is the correct sequence in the practice of this art, which is an artistic

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Bharatanatyam, like all classical dances of India, uses symbolism in its

1325:, typically also the conductor of the entire performance, who may be the 1318: 989: 785: 752:

Bharatanatyam is traditionally a team performance art that consists of a

741: 689: 664: 649: 305:

developed the basic structure of modern Bharatanatyam by formalizing it.

4671: 3162: 3149:

Amrit Srinivasan (1983). "The Hindu Temple-dancer: Prostitute or Nun?".

3123: 3099: 3069: 3037: 2991: 2967: 2786: 2773:

Amrit Srinivasan (1983). "The Hindu Temple-dancer: Prostitute or Nun?".

1274:, which helps the audience see and understand their facial expressions. 8642: 8438: 8388: 7983: 7309: 7277: 7222: 7079: 6788: 6625: 6598: 6380: 6153: 5850: 5805: 5795: 5775: 5735: 5665: 5540: 5530: 5500: 5286: 5172:"In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing" 4806: 3699: 3603: 3568: 3524: 3414: 3382: 3197: 2728:, MA Thesis, Awarded by University of Waterloo, Canada, pages 21-27, 46 1810:

After the Tillana, the dancer may continue to the seventh part, called

1660: 1564: 1353: 1299: 1232:(i.e. the draped part of a regular sari). Some dancers also opt for an 753: 595: 265:

style is noted for its fixed upper torso, bent legs, and flexed knees (

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Narayanan Chittoor Namboodiripad, "Revealing the Art of Natyasastra."

4524:

The Path of Modern Yoga: the history of an embodied spiritual practice

1224:-shaped pants), a pleated piece which falls in front and opens like a 468:

to have been composed around 600 BCE. The most studied version of the

448:

The theoretical foundations of dance Bharatanatyam are found first in

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A Dictionary of Theatre Anthropology: The Secret Art of the Performer

1966: 1964: 1758: 1664: 1648: 1640: 1356:(long type of oboe made from black wood), nattuvangam (cymbals), the 1349: 525: 353: 217:, and expresses South Indian religious themes and spiritual ideas of 120: 5043:

Richmond, Farley P.; Swann, Darius L.; Zarrilli, Phillip B. (1993).

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Unfinished Gestures: Devadasis, Memory, and Modernity in South India

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or athletic wear (like T-shirts and leggings) when not performing.

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The Arangetram performance typically begins with a dance called the

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Swarajya Prakash Gupta; Krishna Lal; Mahua Bhattacharyya (2002).

4018:, Centre for Cultural Resources and Training, Government of India 2218:

Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India

1823: 1671: 1338: 1174: 1150: 1036:

The next stage of the performance adds melody to the movement of

1017: 796: 572: 222: 6168: 6024: 4448: 4418: 4278: 3456:, Volume 14, Number 4, Fall 2007, University of Illinois Press, 3325:

Geographies of Dance: Body, Movement, and Corporeal Negotiations

1949: 1458: 1449: 1429: 1418: 1277:

All dancers wear leather anklets on each foot, which are called

1212:

embroidery on the borders. The costume can be stitched from the

8617: 8413: 8408: 8335: 7883: 7868: 7406: 7384: 7197: 7150: 7109: 6991: 6981: 6920: 6828: 6771: 6766: 6620: 6307: 6143: 6129: 6114: 6014: 5876: 5800: 5755: 5700: 5685: 5645: 5605: 5595: 5585: 5392: 5361: 5336: 5291: 5231: 4526:. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. pp. 223, 395–398. 4191:

Compositions for Bharatanāṭyam: A Soulful Worship of the Divine

2139:, MA Thesis, Awarded by University of Waterloo, Canada, page 25 1636: 1632: 1613: 1594: 1438: 1409: 1361: 1220: 1131: 1123: 868: 653: 632: 362: 287: 3130: 291:(Conveys a meaning to the audience through hand gestures) and 8652: 8587: 7938: 7302: 7297: 7001: 6971: 6905: 6885: 6823: 6803: 6776: 6615: 6317: 6217: 6163: 6119: 6097: 5810: 5715: 5710: 5695: 5590: 5575: 5555: 5465: 5442: 4057: 3857: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2391: 2214:"'Tanjore Quartet' and the birth of modern-day Bharatanatyam" 1552: 1365: 1357: 1263: 1241: 590:

Devadasis, anti-dance movement, colonial ban, and the decline

581: 552: 477: 428:. The temple has been a center for dance since about 1000 CE. 425: 372: 210: 4385: 4383: 2592: 2531: 2529: 2465: 2364: 2271:

Compositions for Bharatanāṭyam: A Soulful Worship the Divine

1321:, as is the recitation and chanting. The vocalist is called 1011:

The presentation can also begin with a rhythmic invocation (

491:

Historical references to dance are found in the Tamil epics

7343: 7272: 7254: 7202: 6986: 6930: 6890: 6850: 6833: 6818: 6783: 6212: 6124: 4258:. Indraprastha Museum of Art and Archaeology. p. 198. 2562: 2516: 2441: 2191:. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 26–38, 55–57, 83–87. 1819: 1326: 1214: 1208: 1203: 1182:. The dancer calls for blessings on the people all around. 1172:

The seventh and final item in the sequence can be either a

1118:

is next. This is the stage of reverence, of simplicity, of

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Paromitra Kar (2013). Adam M. Pine and Olaf Kuhlke (ed.).

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Dance Matters: Performing India on Local and Global Stages

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Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003).

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Lastly, all dancers outline their hands and feet with red

586:(symbolic hand gestures), that are used in Bharatanatyam. 6016: 4395: 4380: 4211:

Bhavaṁ, ragaṁ, talam, natyaṁ: a hand-book of Indian dance

3678:

Meduri, Avanthi (1988). "Bharatha Natyam-What Are You?".

3582:

Meduri, Avanthi (1988). "Bharatha Natyam-What Are You?".

3547:

Meduri, Avanthi (1988). "Bharatha Natyam-What Are You?".

3503:

Meduri, Avanthi (1988). "Bharatha Natyam-What Are You?".

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Meduri, Avanthi (1988). "Bharatha Natyam-What Are You?".

2526: 1976: 1218:, with individual pieces for a bottom (either a skirt or 842:

Bharata Natyam is an art which consecrates the body (...)

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Bhavanani, Ananda Balayogi; Bhavanani, Devasena (2001).

4255:

Cultural tourism in India: museums, monuments & arts

4225:

Gurcharan Singh Randhawa; Amitabha Mukhopadhyay (1986).

4130:

Swami Paramatmananda Puri; Amritanandamayi Devi (2015).

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