3308:
7662:
Theoretically, gender discrimination has been described as (1) the unequal rewards that men and women receive in the workplace or academic environment because of their gender or sex difference (DiThomaso, 1989); (2) a process occurring in work or educational settings in which an individual is overtly or covertly limited access to an opportunity or a resource because of a sex or is given the opportunity or the resource reluctantly and may face harassment for picking it (Roeske & Pleck, 1983); or (3) both.
2336:
3076:, reporting bias is defined as "selective revealing or suppression of information" of undesirable behavior by subjects or researchers. It refers to a tendency to under-report unexpected or undesirable experimental results, while being more trusting of expected or desirable results. This can propagate, as each instance reinforces the status quo, and later experimenters justify their own reporting bias by observing that previous experimenters reported different results.
3119:
12390:
10435:
10425:
3987:: the phenomenon that perceptions, attitudes, and stereotypes operate without conscious intention. For example, researchers may have implicit bias when designing survey questions and as a result, the questions do not produce accurate results or fail to encourage survey participation. The existence of implicit bias is supported by a variety of scientific articles in psychological literature. Implicit stereotype was first defined by psychologists
2450:. It can be positive or negative, depending on the audience and what kind of information is being presented. For political purposes, framing often presents facts in such a way that implicates a problem that is in need of a solution. Members of political parties attempt to frame issues in a way that makes a solution favoring their own political leaning appear as the most appropriate course of action for the situation at hand. As understood in
3846:
Religious bias in textbooks is observed in countries where religion plays a dominant role. There can be many forms of educational bias. Some overlooked aspects, occurring especially with the pedagogical circles of public and private schoolsâsources that are unrelated to fiduciary or mercantile impoverishment which may be unduly magnifiedâinclude teacher bias as well as a general bias against women who are going into STEM research.
62:
12400:
2841:
27:
4007:
2680:, or the appearance of corruption, happens. "A conflict of interest is a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional judgement or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest." It exists if the circumstances are sensibly accepted to present a hazard that choices made may be unduly affected by auxiliary interests.
3941:, match fixing occurs when a match is played to a completely or partially pre-determined result, violating the rules of the game and often the law. There is a variety of reasons for this, but the most common is in exchange for a payoff from gamblers. Players might also intentionally perform poorly to get an advantage in the future (such as a better
2599:. It is the propensity to credit accomplishment to our own capacities and endeavors, yet attribute failure to outside factors, to dismiss the legitimacy of negative criticism, concentrate on positive qualities and accomplishments yet disregard flaws and failures. Studies have demonstrated that this bias can affect
2947:
that dominate the industry or sector it is charged with regulating. Regulatory capture occurs because groups or individuals with a high-stakes interest in the outcome of policy or regulatory decisions can be expected to focus their resources and energies in attempting to gain the policy outcomes they
2299:
about the causes of their own and others' behaviors; but these attributions do not necessarily precisely reflect reality. Rather than operating as objective perceivers, individuals are inclined to perceptual slips that prompt biased understandings of their social world. When judging others we tend to
3507:
Funding bias refers to the tendency of a scientific study to support the interests of the study's financial sponsor. This phenomenon is recognized sufficiently that researchers undertake studies to examine bias in past published studies. It can be caused by any or all of: a conscious or subconscious
3872:
to anticipate a particular output. To accomplish this, the learning algorithm is given training cases that show the expected connection. Then the learner is tested with new examples. Without further assumptions, this problem cannot be solved exactly as unknown situations may not be predictable. The
3798:
Gatekeeping is the way in which information and news are filtered to the public, by each person or corporation along the way. It is the "process of culling and crafting countless bits of information into the limited number of messages that reach people every day, and it is the center of the media's
3137:
Selection bias is the conscious or unconscious bias introduced into a study by the way individuals, groups or data are selected for analysis, if such a way means that true randomization is not achieved, thereby ensuring that the sample obtained is not representative of the population intended to be
3087:
respondents can tend to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed positively by others. It can take the form of over-reporting laudable behavior, or under-reporting undesirable behavior. This bias interferes with the interpretation of average tendencies as well as individual differences. The
2927:
Self-regulation is the process whereby an organization monitors its own adherence to legal, ethical, or safety standards, rather than have an outside, independent agency such as a third party entity monitor and enforce those standards. Self-regulation of any group can create a conflict of interest.
3982:
Implicit stereotypes are shaped by experience and based on learned associations between particular qualities and social categories, including race and/or gender. Individuals' perceptions and behaviors can be influenced by the implicit stereotypes they hold, even if they are unaware/unintentionally
7331:
Sexism is any act, attitude, or institutional configuration that systematically subordinates or devalues women. Built upon the belief that men and women are constitutionally different, sexism takes these differences as indications that men are inherently superior to women, which then is used to
3873:
inductive bias of the learning algorithm is the set of assumptions that the learner uses to predict outputs given inputs that it has not encountered. It may bias the learner towards the correct solution, the incorrect, or be correct some of the time. A classical example of an inductive bias is
7661:
Gender or Sex
Discrimination: This term refers to the types of gender bias that have a negative impact. The term has legal, as well as theoretical and psychological, definitions. Psychological consequences can be more readily inferred from the latter, but both definitions are of significance.
3845:
Bias in education refers to real or perceived bias in the educational system. The content of school textbooks is often the issue of debate, as their target audience is young people, and the term "whitewashing" is used to refer to selective removal of critical or damaging evidence or comment.
3160:
Bias and prejudice are usually considered to be closely related. Prejudice is prejudgment, or forming an opinion before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case. The word is often used to refer to preconceived, usually unfavorable, judgments toward people or a person because of
3813:
Sensationalism is when events and topics in news stories and pieces are overhyped to present skewed impressions of events, which may cause a misrepresentation of the truth of a story. Sensationalism may involve reporting about insignificant matters and events, or the presentation of
2928:
If any organization, such as a corporation or government bureaucracy, is asked to eliminate unethical behavior within their own group, it may be in their interest in the short run to eliminate the appearance of unethical behavior, rather than the behavior itself.
2176:, and thus may lead to success in the appropriate situation. Furthermore, cognitive biases may allow speedier choices when speed is more valuable than precision. Other cognitive biases are a "by-product" of human processing limitations, coming about because of an
2163:
A cognitive bias is a repeating or basic misstep in thinking, assessing, recollecting, or other cognitive processes. That is, a pattern of deviation from standards in judgment, whereby inferences may be created unreasonably. People create their own "subjective
3919:, trading based on insider information is illegal because it is seen as unfair to other investors who do not have access to the information as the investor with insider information could potentially make far larger profits that a typical investor could make.
2993:
Statistical bias is a systematic tendency in the process of data collection, which results in lopsided, misleading results. This can occur in any of a number of ways, in the way the sample is selected, or in the way data are collected. It is a property of a
2641:
ante, as when the current state of affairs is objectively superior to the available alternatives, or when imperfect information is a significant problem. A large body of evidence, however, shows that status quo bias frequently affects human decision-making.
2637:; a preference for the current state of affairs. The current baseline (or status quo) is taken as a reference point, and any change from that baseline is perceived as a loss. Status quo bias should be distinguished from a rational preference for the
2543:, wherein positive sentiments in one area cause questionable or unknown characteristics to be seen positively. If the observer likes one aspect of something, they will have a positive predisposition toward everything about it. A person's
11416:
1041:
5434:
2168:" from their own perceptions, their view of the world may dictate their behaviour. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called
9167:
7279:
as discrimination against either men or women on the grounds of sex, and also "any devaluation or denigration of women or men, but particularly women, which is embodied in institutions and social relationships".
2473:
Cultural bias is the related phenomenon of interpreting and judging phenomena by standards inherent to one's own culture. Numerous such biases exist, concerning cultural norms for color, location of body parts,
7786:
Ames, Barry; Barker, David C; Bonneau, Chris W; Carman, Christopher J (2005), "Hide the
Republicans, the Christians, and the Women: A Response to "Politics and Professional Advancement Among College Faculty"",
6549:
2140:, where it referred to balls made with a greater weight on one side. Which expanded to the figurative use, "a one-sided tendency of the mind", and, at first especially in law, "undue propensity or prejudice".
3276:, or more generally to people whose appearance matches cultural preferences. Many people make automatic judgments of others based on their physical appearance that influence how they respond to those people.
3215:
Ageism is the stereotyping and/or discrimination against individuals or groups on the basis of their age. It can be used in reference to prejudicial attitudes towards older people, or towards younger people.
2948:
prefer, while members of the public, each with only a tiny individual stake in the outcome, will ignore it altogether. Regulatory capture is a risk to which a regulatory agency is exposed by its very nature.
2385:
charged issues and for deeply entrenched beliefs. People also tend to interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing position. Biased search, interpretation and memory have been invoked to explain
2909:, stand to benefit by shaping the law to serve the interests of some private parties, there is a conflict of interest. This can lead to all sides in a debate looking to sway the issue by means of lobbyists.
7392:
lies in its consequences: if it supports male privilege, then it is by definition sexist. I specify 'male privilege' because in every known society where gender inequality exists, males are privileged over
3562:. Scholars can more easily discover and access articles that have their full text on the internet, which increases authors' likelihood of reading, quoting, and citing these articles, this may increase the
3779:
Agenda setting describes the capacity of the media to focus on particular stories, if a news item is covered frequently and prominently, the audience will regard the issue as more important. That is, its
2974:
to encourage other onlookers or audience members to purchase the goods or services (or accept the ideas being marketed). Shilling is illegal in some places, but legal in others. An example of shilling is
7674:
De Vos, M. (2020). The
European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 20(1), 62-87.
6524:
6131:
3738:
Practical limitations to media neutrality include the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent narrative,
3765:. The expense of early printing equipment restricted media production to a limited number of people. Historians have found that publishers often served the interests of powerful social groups.
10342:
3290:
Racism consists of ideologies based on a desire to dominate or a belief in the inferiority of another race. It may also hold that members of different races should be treated differently.
11385:
3431:. Claims of bias are often linked to claims by conservatives of pervasive bias against political conservatives and religious Christians. Some have argued that these claims are based upon
3024:
A forecast bias is when there are consistent differences between results and the forecasts of those quantities; that is: forecasts may have an overall tendency to be too high or too low.
1002:
4737:
2498:. Ordinary people may tend to imagine other people as basically the same, not significantly more or less valuable, probably attached emotionally to different groups and different land.
5399:
2470:, that individuals rely on to understand and respond to events. People use filters to make sense of the world, the choices they then make are influenced by their creation of a frame.
9157:
3201:, or other personal characteristics. Prejudice can also refer to unfounded beliefs and may include "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence".
2214:, individuals begin with an implicitly suggested reference point (the "anchor") and make adjustments to it to reach their estimate. For example, the initial price offered for a
7115:
racism: Belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior.
2786:
of bribery in some countries, while in the United States they are legal provided they adhere to election law. Tipping is considered bribery in some societies, but not others.
5513:
Chandon, Pierre; Wansink, Brian (2007). "The
Biasing Health Halos of Fast-Food Restaurant Health Claims: Lower Calorie Estimate and Higher Side-Dish Consumption Intentions".
2394:(when beliefs persist after the evidence for them is shown to be false), the irrational primacy effect (a greater reliance on information encountered early in a series) and
3799:
role in modern public life. This process determines not only which information is selected, but also what the content and nature of the messages, such as news, will be."
8952:
6543:"Small is beautiful, at least in high-income democracies: the distribution of policy-making responsibility, electoral accountability, and incentives for rent extraction"
7763:
6542:
5208:
2083:, or unfair. Biases can be innate or learned. People may develop biases for or against an individual, a group, or a belief. In science and engineering, a bias is a
11879:
1510:
8204:
3671:
on the basis of racially observed characteristics or behavior, rather than on individual suspicion. Racial profiling is commonly referred to regarding its use by
6599:
5886:
Campbell, W. Keith; Sedikides, Constantine; Reeder, Glenn D.; Elliot, Andrew J. (2000). "Among friends? An examination of friendship and the self-serving bias".
10925:
8219:
3957:, involves fixing small events within a match which can be gambled upon, but which are unlikely to prove decisive in determining the final result of the game.
534:
5718:
6521:
5448:
Wade, T Joel; DiMaria, Cristina (2003). "Weight Halo
Effects: Individual Differences in Perceived Life Success as a Function of Women's Race and Weight".
3591:
is likely to be published because of a tendency among researchers and journal editors to prefer some outcomes rather than others (e.g., results showing a
11133:
3727:
in the selection of events, the stories that are reported, and how they are covered. The term generally implies a pervasive or widespread bias violating
750:
6128:
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2804:
over out-group members. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways. This has been researched by
7983:
Brady, K. L.; Eisler, R. M. (1995). "Gender Bias in the
College Classroom: A Critical Review of the Literature and Implications for Future Research".
7941:
Boysen, Guy A; Vogel, David L; Cope, Marissa A; Hubbard, Asale (2009), "Incidents Of Bias in
College Classrooms: Instructor and Student Perceptions",
2566:. It works in a negative direction: if the observer dislikes one aspect of something, they will have a negative predisposition towards other aspects.
12274:
11657:
7009:
5689:
5011:
1919:
1282:
11084:
9257:
Mitchell, T. M. (1980). The need for biases in learning generalizations (Report). CBM-TR 5-110. New
Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University.
2562:
The opposite of the halo is the horn effect, when "individuals believe (that negative) traits are inter-connected." The term horn effect refers to
2051:
701:
8110:
4650:
3493:. It can also involve asking leading probes and not neutrally redirecting the subject back to the task when they ask for validation or questions.
10148:
10010:
5798:
3615:. However, statistically significant results have been shown to be three times more likely to be published compared to papers with null results.
9194:
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justify the nearly universal dominance of men in social and familial relationships, as well as politics, religion, language, law, and economics.
5567:
4511:
Welsh, Matthew B.; Delfabbro, Paul H.; Burns, Nicholas R.; Begg, Steve H. (2014). "Individual differences in anchoring: Traits and experience".
11005:
10120:
9305:
5931:
De
Michele, P.; Gansneder, B.; Solomon, G. (1998). "Success and failure attributions of wrestlers: Further Evidence of the Self-Serving Bias".
4729:
2295:
An attribution bias can happen when individuals assess or attempt to discover explanations behind their own and others' behaviors. People make
614:
3731:, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The level of media bias in different nations is debated. There are also
3439:
of conservatives choosing not to pursue academic careers. There is some evidence that perception of classroom bias may be rooted in issues of
12436:
9291:
6974:
Rhodes, Gillian; Simmons, Leigh; Peters, Marianne (2005). "Attractiveness and Sexual
Behavior: Does Attractiveness Enhance Mating Success?".
5391:
8969:
6477:
11662:
9985:
6129:"Don't Pay for the Misdeeds of Others: Intro to Avoiding Third-Party FCPA Liability," 6 BNA White Collar Crime Report 33 (January 14, 2011)
4405:
1287:
7031:
Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior:
6721:
11632:
11226:
10758:
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6637:
1257:
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359:
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is favoritism of long-standing friends, especially by appointing them to positions of authority, regardless of their qualifications.
2694:
Bribery is giving of money, goods or other forms of recompense to in order to influence the recipient's behavior. Bribes can include
5605:
10840:
10728:
10471:
4942:
441:
329:
8765:
6501:
5151:
van der Pas, D. (2014). "Making Hay While the Sun Shines: Do Parties Only Respond to Media Attention When The Framing is Right?".
10015:
8350:
7686:
5234:
2304:, whereas we tend to assume our own actions arise because of the necessity of external circumstances. There are a wide range of
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2020:
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89:
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Song, F.; Parekh, S.; Hooper, L.; Loke, Y. K.; Ryder, J.; Sutton, A. J.; Hing, C.; Kwok, C. S.; Pang, C.; Harvey, I. (2010).
8176:
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7139:
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6860:
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6579:
6389:
6337:
6267:
6250:
6047:
5491:
4485:. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology: Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 724â746.
4257:. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology: Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 724â746.
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to act on behalf of others, such as elected officials with a duty to serve their constituents' interests or more broadly the
593:
524:
244:
9216:
4828:"Search for meanings: from pleistocene art to the worship of the mountains in early China. Methodological tools for Mimesis"
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Clinical Aspects of Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination: Psychological Consequences and Treatment Interventions
3916:
2800:
Favoritism, sometimes known as in-group favoritism, or in-group bias, refers to a pattern of favoring members of one's
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733:
6595:
4831:
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11290:
11121:
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8994:
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Forcible Rape Institutionalized Sexism in the Criminal Justice System| Gerald D. Robin Division of Criminal Justice,
5049:
4867:
Abramson, L.Y.; Seligman, M.E.; Teasdale, J.D. (1978). "Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation".
3953:
system. Match-fixing generally refers to fixing the final result of the game. Another form of match-fixing, known as
3693:
Victim blaming occurs when the victim of a wrongful act is held at fault for the harm that befell them. The study of
2849:
907:
738:
200:
178:
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4980:
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3569:
The related bias, no abstract available bias (NAA bias) is scholars' tendency to cite journal articles that have an
3352:, and may include the belief that one sex or gender is intrinsically superior to another. Extreme sexism may foster
2569:
Both of these bias effects often clash with phrases such as "words mean something" and "Your words have a history."
12037:
11874:
11774:
11221:
11111:
9412:
8539:
8374:
Murali, N. S.; Murali, H. R.; Auethavekiat, P.; Erwin, P. J.; Mandrekar, J. N.; Manek, N. J.; Ghosh, A. K. (2004).
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3747:
2255:
2250:
Apophenia, also known as patternicity, or agenticity, is the human tendency to perceive meaningful patterns within
1676:
1505:
1399:
838:
728:
6106:
5832:
Campbell, W.K.; Sedikides, C. (1999). "Self-threat magnifies the self-serving bias: A meta-analytic integration".
4205:
2398:(when people falsely perceive an association between two events or situations). Confirmation biases contribute to
11627:
11128:
10880:
10683:
10087:
10005:
9815:
7251:
Defines sexism as "thought or practice which may permeate language and which assumes women's inferiority to men".
3728:
3509:
2037:
1252:
745:
489:
284:
10743:
7496:
7437:
6934:
6790:
5277:
2390:(when a disagreement becomes more extreme even though the different parties are exposed to the same evidence),
344:
10890:
9934:
9337:
Greenwald, A. G.; Banaji, M. R. (1995). "Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes".
6947:
Eagly, Alice; Ashmore, Richard; Makhijani, Mona G.; Longo, Laura C. (1991). "What is beautiful is good, but".
2381:
while giving disproportionately less attention to information that contradicts it. The effect is stronger for
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499:
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12022:
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10428:
10402:
10106:
9820:
9474:
8908:
Fox, K. A.; Cook, C. L. (2011). "Is Knowledge Power? The Effects of a Victimology Course on Victim Blaming".
7146:
Defines sexism as "prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex".
5627:
Coombs, Timothy W; Holladay, Sherry J (2006). "Unpacking the halo effect: reputation and crisis management".
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4094:
3042:
expectations cause them to subconsciously influence the people participating in an experiment. It is usually
2556:
2313:
1951:
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324:
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Pareidolia is the visual or auditory form of apophenia. It has been suggested that pareidolia combined with
2226:
lower than the initial price seem more reasonable even if they are still higher than what the car is worth.
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usually refers to prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls.
5681:
5415:"Beautiful but Dangerous: Effects of Offender Attractiveness and Nature of the Crime on Juridic Judgment"
3793:
3668:
3186:
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The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Love, Courtship, and Sexuality through History, Volume 6: The Modern World
6804:
wrote: "A great many people think they are thinking when they are merely rearranging their prejudices."
5950:
Moon, Youngme (2003). "Don't Blame the Computer: When Self-Disclosure Moderates the Self-Serving Bias".
5582:
3781:
12326:
11101:
10778:
10509:
9928:
9454:
8721:
8491:"An exploratory analysis of PubMed's free full-text limit on citation retrieval for clinical questions"
8375:
8141:
7605:
6659:
Green S, Higgins S, editors: Glossary. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.5.
6161:
Taylor, Donald M.; Doria, Janet R. (April 1981). "Self-serving and group-serving bias in attribution".
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finding), which leads to a problematic bias in the published literature. This can propagate further as
3033:
2778:. Expectations of when a monetary transaction is appropriate can differ from place to place. Political
2309:
2193:
1971:
718:
379:
94:
8719:
Dickersin, K.; Chan, S.; Chalmers, T. C.; et al. (1987). "Publication bias and clinical trials".
6531:
ICE Australia, International Conferences and Events (PDF) (October 24, 2007). Retrieved April 14, 2011
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9782:
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Rosenberg, M (2016). "The Destruction of Clinical Medicine and What is Needed for its Resurrection".
5559:
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Welsh, Matthew; Begg, Steve (2016). "What have we learned? Insights from a decade of bias research".
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analyzed. This results in a sample that may be significantly different from the overall population.
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9263:
8111:"Do Financial Conflicts of Interest Bias Research? An Inquiry into the "Funding Effect" Hypothesis"
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Sexism, or prejudice toward one sex (almost always women), has existed throughout recorded history.
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Racial profiling, or ethnic profiling, is the act of suspecting or targeting a person of a certain
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in personal beliefs and can maintain or strengthen beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. Poor
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11096:
11069:
11054:
10457:
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10234:
9311:
7562:
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3435:
which would not reliably indicate systematic bias, and have suggested that this divide is due to
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3130:
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3003:
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1867:
1847:
1703:
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1267:
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922:
917:
860:
795:
780:
713:
686:
671:
45:
11280:
8966:
5065:
Nickerson, Raymond S. (June 1998). "Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises".
4356:
3979:, is the unconscious attribution of particular qualities to a member of a certain social group.
897:
12466:
12321:
12294:
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5885:
5522:
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3823:
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3486:
3468:
2801:
2779:
2459:
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1966:
1939:
1929:
1389:
1369:
1232:
1103:
987:
932:
902:
882:
810:
790:
765:
760:
755:
666:
629:
602:
573:
568:
494:
143:
133:
8038:
7839:
6741:
6621:
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4298:
Kahneman, D.; Tversky, A. (1972). "Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness".
12681:
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11954:
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10942:
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9762:
9737:
9682:
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7306:
however, it is commonly held that, in developed societies, women have been the usual victims.
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20:
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10535:
10129:
9800:
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9405:
8830:
Warren, Patricia Y.; Farrell, Amy (2009). "The Environmental Context of Racial Profiling".
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Shermer, Michael (2008). "Patternicity: Finding Meaningful Patterns in Meaningless Noise".
4618:
4435:
3474:
3448:
3428:
3381:
3369:
3364:. Discrimination in this context is defined as discrimination toward people based on their
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3043:
2962:
Shilling is deliberately giving spectators the feeling that one is an energetic autonomous
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2592:
2395:
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1805:
1319:
1193:
1012:
892:
850:
800:
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583:
546:
274:
128:
7176:'sexism' refers to a historically and globally pervasive form of oppression against women.
7070:
6927:
Why Men Earn More: The Startling Truth About the Pay Gap -- And What Women Can Do About It
4911:
3603:
will themselves be biased if the original literature is contaminated by publication bias.
2446:, and so on. It is an influence over how people organize, perceive, and communicate about
8:
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10998:
10803:
10278:
9955:
9872:
9772:
9707:
9647:
9637:
9632:
9496:
9162:
8616:"Dissemination and publication of research findings: An updated review of related biases"
8456:"The effect of online status on the impact factors of general internal medicine journals"
8277:"Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review"
7432:
7422:
inequality, it is usually women who are disadvantaged relative to similarly situated men.
5601:
5298:
5034:
3966:
3732:
3629:
3377:
2795:
2707:
2547:
has been found to produce a halo effect. The halo effect is also present in the field of
2455:
2427:
2317:
2258:
for gambling. Gamblers may imagine that they see patterns in the numbers which appear in
2177:
2092:
1981:
1842:
1463:
1359:
1339:
1128:
1036:
982:
962:
927:
820:
607:
404:
9244:"Crisis Counseling with Children," Van Ornum and Murdock, 1990, NY: Crossroad/Continuum.
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Giroux, Henry A. (2006), "Academic Freedom Under Fire: The Case for Critical Pedagogy",
7153:; Jones, Leslie E. (2008). "Sexism". In Frey, R. G.; Wellman, Christopher Heath (eds.).
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6498:
4622:
4439:
2672:, etc.) which could potentially corrupt. The potential conflict is autonomous of actual
12509:
12109:
12104:
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12042:
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11907:
11817:
11812:
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8935:
8855:
8847:
8757:
8701:
8596:
8515:
8490:
8250:
8166:
8133:
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7887:
7812:
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7089:"Racism" in R. Schefer. 2008 Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society. SAGE. p. 1113
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6708:
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Heider, F. (1958). "The psychology of interpersonal relations", New York: Wiley, 322 p.
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1580:
1538:
1448:
1443:
1438:
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8276:
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5977:
Samuelson, William; Zeckhauser, Richard (1988). "Status quo bias in decision making".
5230:
4706:
3481:
results bias the research outcome. Examples of experimenter bias include conscious or
12541:
12526:
12453:
12368:
12279:
12207:
12192:
11991:
11934:
11739:
11647:
11538:
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9965:
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9100:(June 22, 1999). "The Media and Modernity". In Mackay, Hugh; O'Sullivan, Tim (eds.).
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7513:
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7158:
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6856:
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Cain, D.M.; Detsky, A.S. (2008). "Everyone's a Little Bit Biased (Even Physicians)".
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2563:
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2013:
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1852:
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1565:
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1272:
1163:
1083:
912:
183:
8939:
8705:
8254:
8137:
7970:
7816:
7759:
5369:
5137:
4809:"The worship to the mountains: a study of the creation myths of the chinese culture"
4576:
3761:
Bias has been a feature of the mass media since its birth with the invention of the
2532:
influences their feelings about specifics of that entity's character or properties.
12671:
12563:
12331:
12316:
12244:
12165:
12135:
11966:
11802:
11508:
11064:
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10798:
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10251:
10032:
9892:
9832:
9757:
9742:
9602:
9555:
9464:
9459:
9444:
9376:
9356:
9158:"Proposed Texas textbooks are inaccurate, biased and politicized, new report finds"
8919:
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8730:
8683:
8674:
8627:
8600:
8580:
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8502:
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8011:
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7505:
7366:
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6172:
6072:
6035:
6016:
5996:
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5905:
5841:
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5339:
5269:
5160:
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4702:
4626:
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4031:
4021:
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3908:
3874:
3861:
3662:
3642:
3638:
3582:
3547:
3543:
3521:
3490:
3399:
3307:
2971:
2775:
2727:
2703:
2290:
2088:
2084:
1976:
1961:
1889:
1810:
1782:
1597:
1433:
1133:
681:
676:
514:
399:
7290:(3rd ed.). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hants.: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 631.
6381:
6329:
6278:
6247:
6176:
5483:
4630:
4447:
2281:
may have helped ancient societies organize chaos and make the world intelligible.
12656:
12505:
12346:
12254:
12150:
12099:
11959:
11944:
11924:
11889:
11602:
11513:
11448:
11238:
11188:
10969:
10823:
10229:
10163:
10000:
9990:
9767:
9747:
9662:
9565:
9540:
9535:
9508:
9486:
9398:
8973:
8324:
8106:
7905:
7077:
6922:
6852:
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Kelley, H.H. (1967). Attribution theory in social psychology. In D. Levine (Ed.)
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2123:
2076:
1991:
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1795:
1738:
1590:
1575:
1555:
1520:
1227:
1138:
1073:
855:
805:
578:
424:
30:
9224:
9217:"How to Get Your Ex Boyfriend Back â Tips to Win Back His Love and Get Him Back"
8954:
Strategic Maneuvering and Media Bias in Political News Magazine Opinion Articles
8275:
Lexchin, Joel; Bero, Lisa A; Djulbegovic, Benjamin; Clark, Otavio (2003-05-31).
8082:
Bias testing in market research: A framework to enable inclusive research design
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12269:
12259:
12177:
12170:
12155:
12145:
11981:
11917:
11859:
11854:
11839:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11498:
11433:
10947:
10920:
10768:
10480:
10308:
10266:
10042:
10037:
10027:
9950:
9867:
9827:
9777:
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9014:
McCombs, M; Reynolds, A (2002). "News influence on our pictures of the world".
8506:
7357:
men and women can experience sexism, but sexism against women is more pervasive
7312:
7205:
Sexism is an ideology or practices that maintain patriarchy or male domination.
5963:
5343:
4930:
4678:
3904:
3892:
3855:
3808:
3762:
3688:
3676:
3525:
3436:
3325:
3269:
3231:
3113:
3059:
3050:, and was an important reason for the development of double-blind experiments.
2999:
2944:
2813:
2731:
2634:
2600:
2475:
2267:
2245:
2165:
2154:
1986:
1944:
1914:
1904:
1822:
1815:
1800:
1790:
1612:
1548:
1490:
1485:
1470:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1123:
1058:
556:
529:
369:
53:
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8454:
Mueller, P. S.; Murali, N. S.; Cha, S. S.; Erwin, P. J.; Ghosh, A. K. (2006).
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7371:
The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology: A User's Guide to Sociological Language
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McGauran, N; Wieseler, B; Kreis, J; SchĂźler, YB; KĂślsch, H; Kaiser, T (2010).
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5461:
5129:
5078:
4880:
4758:
4134:
3607:
with significant results often do not appear to be superior to studies with a
2406:
due to these biases have been found in political and organizational contexts.
12702:
12696:
12353:
11976:
11912:
11897:
11759:
11724:
11704:
11575:
11518:
11453:
10845:
10748:
10193:
9980:
9960:
9923:
9897:
9882:
9862:
9842:
9805:
9717:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9545:
9449:
8923:
8843:
8758:"The stories, the statistics, and the law: Why 'Driving While Black' matters"
8129:
7962:
7883:
7808:
7743:
7399:
7283:
6805:
6801:
6473:
6184:
6076:
6008:
5845:
5361:
5164:
4532:
4180:
4066:
3720:
3563:
3559:
3410:
3155:
3019:
2976:
2767:
2451:
2417:
2169:
1998:
1607:
1543:
1528:
1384:
1349:
1329:
1200:
1143:
1078:
446:
349:
10343:
R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet (No 2)
9126:
6698:
6223:
6198:
5909:
12651:
12636:
12187:
12074:
11902:
11869:
11849:
11779:
11769:
11749:
11729:
11360:
11253:
11248:
10979:
10954:
10813:
10753:
10718:
10688:
10283:
10256:
10183:
10158:
10143:
9940:
9702:
9687:
8931:
8641:
8592:
8524:
8471:
8440:
8399:
8310:
8246:
7800:
7751:
7685:
Macfarlane, Christina; Coppack, Sean; Masters, James (September 12, 2019).
7673:
6876:
6717:
6084:
5917:
5779:
5752:
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4714:
4638:
4455:
4046:
3928:
3502:
3235:
3166:
3069:
2805:
2719:
2661:
2521:
1832:
1713:
1533:
1500:
1480:
1404:
1394:
1374:
1354:
977:
870:
865:
588:
563:
414:
354:
319:
289:
9368:
8873:
8742:
8697:
8238:
7875:
7710:"Differences in negativity bias underlie variations in political ideology"
7575:
7517:
7509:
7212:
7157:. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. p. 104.
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Klein, Jill; Dawar, Niraj (2004). "Evaluations in a Product-Harm Crisis".
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11597:
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Publication bias in meta-analysis: prevention, assessment and adjustments
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Nakdimen, K. A. (1984). "The Physiognomic Basis of Sexual Stereotyping".
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6138:(discussing bribery in the context of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act).
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Pal, G.C. (2007). "Is there a universal self-serving attribution bias?".
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2511:
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2203:
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Easterbrook, P. J.; Berlin, J. A.; Gopalan, R.; Matthews, D. R. (1991).
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The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition
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Foster, Carly Hayden (2011). "Sexism". In Kurian, George Thomas (ed.).
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3349:
3261:
3174:
3039:
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2894:
2870:
2866:
2677:
2638:
2588:
2467:
2443:
2435:
2378:
2366:
2278:
2251:
2239:
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2096:
2008:
2003:
1884:
1879:
1777:
1753:
1602:
1495:
1453:
1409:
1217:
1205:
1178:
1168:
1088:
463:
458:
429:
364:
205:
34:
12414:
8391:
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6967:
3645:
drivers. The phrase implies that a motorist might be pulled over by a
12608:
12588:
12496:
12471:
12264:
12212:
11929:
11528:
10638:
10214:
10063:
9550:
8632:
8615:
7954:
7639:
5430:
5273:
4973:"Rewind: Watch the Media Spend Two Years Hyping a Now-Debunked Story"
4041:
3877:, which assumes that the simplest consistent hypothesis is the best.
3865:
3321:
3265:
3190:
3151:
2817:
2584:
2263:
2235:
2211:
2080:
1909:
1857:
1560:
1153:
239:
7120:
5257:
4783:"Apophenia & Illusory Correlation ÂŤ Paul Xavier Waterstone"
4172:
3477:, experimenter bias occurs when experimenter expectancies regarding
12661:
12641:
12593:
12578:
12516:
12476:
12229:
12059:
11986:
11637:
11563:
11468:
11428:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10708:
10703:
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10349:
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10245:
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Barry H. Kantowitz; Henry L. Roediger, III; David G. Elmes (2009).
5536:
5325:"The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments"
4036:
3946:
3751:
3588:
3555:
3424:
3416:
3194:
3178:
2963:
2943:, instead advances the commercial or political concerns of special
2886:
2882:
2860:
2825:
2821:
2755:
2711:
2699:
2491:
2439:
2362:
2215:
1874:
1698:
1617:
1262:
1188:
1093:
1053:
394:
389:
384:
309:
304:
249:
26:
8832:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
8540:"Opening up the Evidence: Evidence-Based Practice and Open Access"
5930:
4357:"Reasoning the fast and frugal way: Models of bounded rationality"
3566:
of open access journals relative to journals without open access.
3092:
questionnaires; of special concern are self-reports of abilities,
12568:
12558:
12553:
12536:
10713:
10617:
10597:
10570:
10545:
10449:
6032:
Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice
4912:"Errors and mistakes: Evaluating the accuracy of social judgment"
4763:
4121:
Steinbock, Bonnie (1978). "Speciesism and the Idea of Equality".
4056:
3634:
3255:
3147:
2970:
for whom one is working. The effectiveness of shilling relies on
2829:
2751:
2689:
2665:
2552:
2479:
2447:
2382:
2335:
2259:
314:
210:
190:
163:
138:
61:
8667:
7687:"FIFA must act after death of Iran's 'Blue Girl,' says activist"
7263:(4th ed.). Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 551.
3587:
Publication bias is a type of bias with regard to what academic
2300:
assume their actions are the result of internal factors such as
12603:
12598:
12583:
12481:
11689:
10698:
10602:
10580:
10575:
10525:
4960:
Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment
3938:
3650:
3646:
3452:
3444:
3420:
3333:
3317:
3300:
3285:
3210:
3170:
3162:
2967:
2657:
2374:
1314:
299:
195:
173:
168:
118:
7406:(4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4.
7186:. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. pp. 748â751.
4495:
4354:
4282:
4267:
3983:
hold such stereotypes. Implicit bias is an aspect of implicit
3554:âthat is, journals that make their full text available on the
3053:
2901:
in order to serve their own interests. When people who have a
2840:
11699:
10530:
10198:
8373:
5201:"The Halo Effect: Definition, Advantages & Disadvantages"
3896:
3384:. Sexism may arise from social or cultural customs and norms.
3337:
3002:
of the results differs from the true underlying quantitative
2957:
2783:
2695:
2612:
2525:
2495:
2487:
2223:
2137:
1324:
123:
31:
Interpretations of the random patterns of craters on the Moon
7182:
Masequesmay, Gina (2008). "Sexism". In O'Brien, Jodi (ed.).
7101:
Sociology : exploring the architecture of everyday life
7044:
SCHMID, W. THOMAS (April 1996). "The Definition of Racism".
6676:
4826:
Bustamante, Patricio; Yao, Fay; Bustamante, Daniela (2010).
4807:
Bustamante, Patricio; Yao, Fay; Bustamante, Daniela (2010).
3697:
seeks to mitigate the perception of victims as responsible.
2202:
that describes the propensity to rely on the first piece of
12531:
12311:
8274:
6785:"bias ...; prejudice", The New MerriamâWebster Dictionary,
3357:
3341:
2902:
2723:
1956:
8817:
Merriam-Webster's CollegiateÂŽ Dictionary, Eleventh Edition
8197:"It's Not the Answers That Are Biased, It's the Questions"
6946:
5187:
Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience
4498:
Social cognition: How individuals construct social reality
4285:
Social cognition: How individuals construct social reality
4270:
Social cognition: How individuals construct social reality
3368:
or their gender or sex differences. An example of this is
9390:
7907:
Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care?
6679:"Reporting bias in medical research - a narrative review"
6520:
Gary Adams, Sharon Hayes, Stuart Weierter and John Boyd,
4481:
Haselton, M. G.; Nettle, D. & Andrews, P. W. (2005).
4253:
Haselton, M. G.; Nettle, D. & Andrews, P. W. (2005).
3750:, the selection of staff, the preferences of an intended
3573:
available online more readily than articles that do not.
3329:
2898:
2604:
9280:"Evaluation and selection of biases in machine learning"
9271:
8571:
Wentz, R. (2002). "Visibility of research: FUTON bias".
8482:
8447:
8376:"Impact of FUTON and NAA bias on visibility of research"
7684:
7567:
6824:
Rosnow, Ralph L. (March 1972). "Poultry and Prejudice".
4866:
2099:
process that does not give accurate results on average.
7785:
7678:
7627:
7625:
7130:
Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A., eds. (2011).
4825:
4806:
4510:
4421:
2979:
that give the impression of being autonomous opinions.
2122:, "sideways, askance, against the grain". Whence comes
2075:
an idea or thing, usually in a way that is inaccurate,
8654:
H. Rothstein, A. J. Sutton and M. Borenstein. (2005).
8489:
Krieger, M. M.; Richter, R. R.; Austin, T. M. (2008).
8415:"Online access to nephrology journals: The FUTON bias"
7940:
7462:
7288:
The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Political Thought
3491:
selective recording of experimental results themselves
8987:
The Printing Press (Inventions That Shaped the World)
8718:
8453:
7524:
7487:
6940:
4952:
4759:"Why Do We Need a Belief in God with Michael Shermer"
3558:
without chargeâin their own writing as compared with
3485:
influences on subject behavior including creation of
3372:. Sexism refers to violation of equal opportunities (
2865:
Lobbying is the attempt to influence choices made by
2339:
Confirmation bias has been described as an internal "
9028:
8613:
8488:
8002:
Sackett, D. L. (1979). "Bias in analytic research".
7622:
7593:
6147:
Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Akert, R. (2010).
5711:"The Halo and Horns Effects [Rating Errors]"
5583:"The 'halo effect' shields NGOs from media scrutiny"
4730:"Michael Shermer: The pattern behind self-deception"
4424:"Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases"
4328:(4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
4002:
2535:
The name halo effect is based on the concept of the
7427:
6973:
6806:
Quotable Quotes â Courtesy of The Freeman Institute
5976:
4604:"Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases"
4595:
3314:
organizations campaigned for women's right to vote.
2676:, it can be found and intentionally defused before
9013:
8823:
8190:
8188:
8164:
7631:
7532:
7443:(5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. p. 601.
7373:(2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
7256:
6844:
6575:FTC v. Greeting Cards of America, Inc. et al - USA
5406:
3746:, the influence of the owners of the news source,
3542:Full text on net (or FUTON) bias is a tendency of
3336:. Sexism can affect anyone, but primarily affects
33:. A common example of a perceptual bias caused by
12275:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
8566:
8564:
8369:
8367:
8079:Geisen, Emily; Sha, Mandy; Roper, Farren (2024).
8030:
7838:, American Federation of Teachers, archived from
7832:The "Faculty Bias" Studies: Science or Propaganda
7404:Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics
7129:
5831:
5223:
4272:. Hove and New York: Psychology Press. p. 2.
2889:, the implication is that people with inordinate
2595:by the individual's need to maintain and enhance
1920:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
12694:
9277:
9252:
9250:
9127:"Seven Forms of Bias in Instructional Materials"
7985:Journal of Research and Development in Education
7302:Either sex may be the object of sexist attitudes
7103:(9th ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 405.
6293:
4496:Bless, H.; Fiedler, K. & Strack, F. (2004).
4283:Bless, H.; Fiedler, K. & Strack, F. (2004).
4268:Bless, H.; Fiedler, K. & Strack, F. (2004).
3649:officer, questioned, and searched, because of a
2516:The halo effect and the horn effect are when an
2172:. However some cognitive biases are taken to be
11935:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
10149:Conflict of interest in the healthcare industry
9336:
9102:The Media Reader: Continuity and Transformation
8323:
8185:
7311:
6779:
6540:
5879:
5822:, 7th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill Education.
4601:
4297:
3415:Academic bias is the bias or perceived bias of
1566:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
11417:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
9182:
9016:Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research
8976:, Committee to Protect Journalists, 2 May 2006
8648:
8561:
8406:
8364:
8194:
8078:
5795:"Rep. Hank Johnson, Your Words Have a History"
5792:Rep. Hank Johnson, Your Words Have a History,
5656:International Journal of Research in Marketing
5626:
5512:
5323:Nisbett, Richard E; Wilson, Timothy D (1977).
5036:The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making
4355:Gigerenzer, G. & Goldstein, D. G. (1996).
2501:
1042:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
12430:
10465:
10439:Conflicts of interest on Knowledge (category)
10114:
9406:
9247:
8881:Canadian Resource Centre for Victims of Crime
8829:
8537:
7781:
7779:
6619:
5412:
5322:
5058:
4727:
3027:
2270:. One manifestation of this is known as the "
2045:
8749:
8661:
7184:Encyclopedia of Gender and Society, Volume 2
6744:. psychologyconcepts.com. 13 November 2011.
6151:. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
5682:"Mental Model: Horns Effect and Halo Effect"
5419:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
5332:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
5109:
4569:
4539:
4342:: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions
4154:
4152:
3715:Media bias is the bias or perceived bias of
3675:, and its leading to discrimination against
3618:
3376:) based on gender or refers to violation of
11633:List of people killed for being transgender
10319:Sponsorship of continuing medical education
8412:
8349:. Cochrane Bias Methods Group. 2009-06-19.
7982:
7573:
7235:(2005). "Sexism". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).
7210:
7181:
6767:Dictionary of Cancer Terms â selection bias
6160:
5447:
5258:"A constant error in psychological ratings"
5179:
5150:
5144:
4847:
4192:
4190:
3864:. In machine learning one seeks to develop
3125:is supposed to collect of a representative
3054:Reporting bias and social desirability bias
2885:, or not. Lobbying is often spoken of with
2881:, or not; they may engage in lobbying as a
1258:List of people killed for being transgender
12437:
12423:
10472:
10458:
10121:
10107:
10069:Heuristics in judgment and decision-making
9413:
9399:
9029:Shoemaker, Pamela J.; Vos, Tim P. (2009).
8658:. Wiley. Chichester, England; Hoboken, NJ.
8495:Journal of the Medical Library Association
8217:
7776:
7667:
6268:"In Praise of Nepotism: A Natural History"
6241:
6062:
5739:Deren, MM (2013). "Words mean something".
5674:
5653:
5189:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3860:Inductive bias occurs within the field of
3088:inclination represents a major issue with
3079:Social desirability bias is a bias within
2052:
2038:
9350:
9262:
9149:
9090:
9062:
8789:"Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man"
8687:
8631:
8607:
8514:
8430:
8300:
7822:
7733:
7602:Beyond Comparison: Sex and Discrimination
7468:
7239:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
7172:the more accurate and more specific sense
7149:
7083:
6736:
6734:
6707:
6697:
6613:
6511:(August 3, 2006). Retrieved April 1, 2011
5990:
5924:
5899:
5765:
5703:
5526:
5351:
5255:
5192:
5064:
4375:
4158:
4149:
4120:
3238:. It includes attitudes that benefit the
3038:The observer-expectancy effect is when a
2373:information in a way that confirms one's
10729:Social determinants of health in poverty
10128:
9330:
9256:
9191:"Texas school board whitewashes history"
9096:
9068:
8268:
8168:Influence: Science and Practice (5th ed)
7995:
7943:Journal of Diversity in Higher Education
7530:
7493:
7473:. Oxford University Press. p. 197.
7254:
6626:. Oxford University Press. p. 275.
5580:
5198:
5115:
5104:The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam
5004:"How to Ignore the Yes-Man in Your Head"
4785:. Waterstone.wordpress.com. 2007-05-24.
4470:from the original on September 24, 2017.
4187:
3531:
3512:of researchers towards their employers,
3489:that influence subjects, and altered or
3306:
3117:
2998:technique or of its results whereby the
2877:. Lobbyists may be among a legislator's
2839:
2645:
2343:", echoing back a person's beliefs like
2334:
2254:data. Apophenia is well documented as a
2178:absence of appropriate mental mechanisms
330:Social determinants of health in poverty
25:
12444:
9188:
9155:
9118:
8907:
8670:"Publication bias in clinical research"
8118:Science, Technology, & Human Values
8105:
8001:
7910:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
7897:
7707:
7599:
7388:key test of whether something is sexist
7365:
7282:
7255:Jary, David; Jary, Julia, eds. (2005).
7231:
7092:
6522:"Regulatory Capture: Managing the Risk"
6491:
6404:"Self-regulation dictionary definition"
6257:Dictionary.com. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
6141:
6030:Lo, Bernard; Field, Marilyn J. (2009).
6029:
5557:
5413:Ostrove, Nancy; Sigall, Harold (1975).
5389:
5316:
4857:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press
4692:
4557:from the original on September 29, 2015
4422:Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1974).
12695:
10357:R v Sussex Justices, ex parte McCarthy
9278:DesJardins, M.; Gordon, D. F. (1995).
9156:Strauss, Valerie (12 September 2014).
8755:
8074:
8072:
7861:
7541:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 315.
7471:The Handbook of Culture and Psychology
7398:
7337:
7098:
7043:
6823:
6731:
5014:from the original on February 14, 2015
4962:, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
4909:
4838:
4740:from the original on 26 September 2015
4500:. Hove and New York: Psychology Press.
4287:. Hove and New York: Psychology Press.
3623:
2583:Self-serving bias is the tendency for
2218:sets the standard for the rest of the
12418:
10453:
10102:
9394:
9221:www.americanmentalhealthfundation.org
9170:from the original on 8 September 2015
9076:. New York: Oxford University Press.
9047:
8786:
8570:
8419:Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
7903:
7340:The Encyclopedia of Political Science
6640:from the original on 16 December 2016
5738:
5494:from the original on 18 November 2006
5237:from the original on November 6, 2017
5031:
5001:
4958:Nisbett, R.E. & Ross, L. (1980).
4683:(1 June 2004). Retrieved 29 May 2007.
4583:from the original on October 23, 2017
3742:influence including overt and covert
3393:
2982:
2361:Confirmation bias is the tendency to
12399:
11439:Capital punishment for homosexuality
10734:Social determinants of mental health
9137:from the original on 21 October 2015
8957:, Stefano Mario Rivolta, 7 June 2011
8413:Ghosh, A. K.; Murali, N. S. (2003).
7319:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
6908:. Bartleby.com. 2000. Archived from
6842:
6836:
6748:from the original on August 31, 2015
6440:from the original on October 3, 2015
6414:from the original on October 5, 2015
6109:from the original on October 1, 2015
6056:
5949:
5943:
5888:British Journal of Social Psychology
5608:from the original on 3 December 2013
5581:Balanson, Naftali (8 October 2008).
5402:from the original on 16 August 2017.
5211:from the original on October 1, 2015
4220:
3891:Insider trading is the trading of a
3822:manner contrary to the standards of
3462:
3388:
2912:
2572:
2330:
2180:, or just from human limitations in
1064:Capital punishment for homosexuality
335:Social determinants of mental health
11559:Genital modification and mutilation
10294:Pharmaceutical sales representative
8460:The Netherlands Journal of Medicine
8069:
8057:from the original on 1 January 2014
7828:
6362:from the original on 3 January 2009
5866:
5860:
5629:Journal of Communication Management
5484:"Apple shares surfs on big profits"
5392:"Hugo ChĂĄvez's reverse-halo effect"
4995:
4728:GrrlScientist (29 September 2010).
4547:"Anchoring bias in decision-making"
4513:Learning and Individual Differences
4208:from the original on 26 August 2018
3834:
3656:
3576:
2782:in the form of cash are considered
2308:of attribution biases, such as the
2284:
2148:
1184:Genital modification and mutilation
13:
10479:
10154:Conflicts of interest on Knowledge
9197:from the original on 28 March 2015
9124:
9057:Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting
7237:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
7058:10.1111/j.1468-5930.1996.tb00147.x
6996:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.08.014
6776:. Retrieved on September 23, 2009.
6620:Porta, Miquel, ed. (5 June 2008).
6596:"HOW TO IDENTIFY STATISTICAL BIAS"
6591:
6386:Random House Unabridged Dictionary
5040:. McGraw-Hill Education. pp.
5002:Zweig, Jason (November 19, 2009).
4983:from the original on 29 March 2019
4602:Tversky, A.; Kahneman, D. (1974).
3880:
3735:groups that report on media bias.
3700:
2622:
2129:, "a slant, a slope, an oblique".
14:
12729:
9386:
9189:Czitrom, Daniel (22 March 2010).
8911:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
8768:from the original on May 15, 2007
8165:Cialdini, Robert B (2008-08-08).
8043:. Cengage Learning. p. 371.
7924:from the original on 27 June 2014
5599:
5570:from the original on 1 July 2010.
5205:Psychology 104: Social Psychology
4707:10.1038/scientificamerican1208-48
3849:
3829:
3802:
3768:
3682:
3107:
2850:Member of the European Parliament
2656:A conflict of interest is when a
12398:
12389:
12388:
12038:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
11875:Law for Protection of the Nation
11775:White genocide conspiracy theory
10434:
10433:
10424:
10423:
9298:
9294:from the original on 2009-01-16.
9238:
9209:
9022:
9007:
8979:
8960:
8946:
8901:
8866:
8805:
8780:
8712:
8531:
8339:
8335:from the original on 2015-09-23.
8317:
8220:"Dishonesty in Medical Research"
8211:
8207:from the original on 2017-10-09.
8158:
8099:
7976:
7934:
7855:
7701:
7574:Masequesmay, Gina (5 Jan 2024).
7555:
7211:Masequesmay, Gina (5 Jan 2024).
7064:
7037:
7002:
6727:from the original on 2016-01-08.
6392:from the original on 2015-10-02.
6340:from the original on 2015-09-17.
5558:Jeffray, Nathan (24 June 2010).
5437:from the original on 2016-07-01.
5390:Glennie, Jonathan (3 May 2011).
5379:from the original on 2022-10-09.
4948:from the original on 2008-05-16.
4855:Nebraska Symposium on Motivation
4834:from the original on 2016-03-04.
4815:from the original on 2015-09-24.
4771:from the original on 2016-03-14.
4656:from the original on 2014-08-17.
4411:from the original on 2017-09-22.
4005:
3960:
3911:) by individuals with access to
3748:concentration of media ownership
3404:
3299:This section is an excerpt from
3013:
2931:Regulatory capture is a form of
2520:overall impression of a person,
1677:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1506:Law for Protection of the Nation
1400:White genocide conspiracy theory
60:
11880:MSM blood donation restrictions
11628:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
10429:Conflict of interest (category)
8989:, p. 53, Franklin Watts, 2005,
8890:from the original on 2015-03-25
8353:from the original on 2010-07-23
7766:from the original on 2019-12-21
7534:"Women: The Oppressed Majority"
7259:Collins Dictionary of Sociology
6916:
6894:
6869:
6817:
6795:
6760:
6670:
6652:
6602:from the original on 2018-02-14
6585:
6578: (S.D. Fla. 2004),
6567:
6555:from the original on 2013-10-05
6534:
6514:
6480:from the original on 2017-09-03
6452:
6434:"Regulatory Capture Definition"
6426:
6396:
6374:
6344:
6322:
6260:
6216:
6191:
6154:
6121:
6091:
6023:
5979:Journal of Risk and Uncertainty
5970:
5825:
5812:
5801:from the original on 2017-08-14
5786:
5759:
5732:
5721:from the original on 2017-08-23
5692:from the original on 2018-06-25
5647:
5620:
5593:
5574:
5551:
5506:
5476:
5441:
5383:
5291:
5280:from the original on 2019-07-13
5249:
5093:
5025:
4965:
4903:
4860:
4819:
4800:
4789:from the original on 2014-12-17
4775:
4751:
4721:
4686:
4660:
4504:
4489:
4483:The evolution of cognitive bias
4415:
4347:
4331:
4255:The evolution of cognitive bias
4234:from the original on 9 May 2016
3922:
3496:
1511:MSM blood donation restrictions
1253:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
11893:(as religious or racial quota)
8787:Gates, Henry L. (1995-10-16).
8425:(9): 1943, author reply 1943.
7497:American Journal of Psychiatry
7342:. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
7132:New Oxford American Dictionary
6334:Merriam-Webster Dictionary.Com
6275:Booknotes interview transcript
6127:See generally T. Markus Funk,
5952:Journal of Consumer Psychology
5668:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2003.12.003
4869:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
4344:. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
4318:
4291:
4276:
4261:
4246:
4228:"Definition of Cognitive Bias"
4198:"Online Etymology Dictionary,
4114:
3787:
3599:of claims about support for a
2557:non-governmental organizations
2327:Examples of attribution bias:
1524:(as religious or racial quota)
1:
12713:Barriers to critical thinking
12307:Second-generation gender bias
12023:Constitutional colorblindness
10724:Social determinants of health
9054:"Issue Area: Sensationalism."
8585:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11264-5
8195:David Michaels (2008-07-15).
8085:(published January 3, 2024).
7714:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
7531:Schaefer, Richard T. (2011).
7435:; Weaver, Charles A. (1999).
7155:A Companion to Applied Ethics
7046:Journal of Applied Philosophy
6177:10.1080/00224545.1981.9924371
5560:"Interview: Gerald Steinberg"
5262:Journal of Applied Psychology
4631:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
4448:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
4108:
4095:Ideological bias on Knowledge
3945:, or an easier opponent in a
3380:based on gender, also called
3141:
2789:
2440:political or social movements
2314:fundamental attribution error
2067:is a disproportionate weight
1952:Second-generation gender bias
1662:Constitutional colorblindness
325:Social determinants of health
10403:Who Killed the Electric Car?
9314:dictionaries. Archived from
8967:"10 Most Censored Countries"
8735:10.1016/0197-2456(87)90155-3
8689:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90201-Y
8620:Health Technology Assessment
8016:10.1016/0021-9681(79)90012-2
7904:Gross, Neil (9 April 2013),
7010:"Oxford English Dictionary,
6976:Evolution and Human Behavior
6623:A Dictionary of Epidemiology
6164:Journal of Social Psychology
5834:Review of General Psychology
5515:Journal of Consumer Research
5067:Review of General Psychology
4525:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.01.002
4312:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3
2664:has intersecting interests (
2539:, and is a specific type of
2229:
2187:
2102:
2095:of a population, or from an
7:
12708:Communication of falsehoods
12218:Medical model of disability
12070:Hate speech laws by country
9935:DĂŠformation professionnelle
8626:(8): iii, iixâxi, iixâ193.
8004:Journal of Chronic Diseases
7829:Lee, John (November 2006),
7632:Sharyn Ann Lenhart (2004).
7134:. Oxford University Press.
6961:10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.109
5820:Exploring Social Psychology
4386:10.1037/0033-295X.103.4.650
3998:
3794:Gatekeeping (communication)
3729:the standards of journalism
3611:with respect to quality of
3219:
2951:
2835:
2609:interpersonal relationships
2502:Halo effect and horn effect
2490:validity, acceptability of
1863:Medical model of disability
1709:Hate speech laws by country
10:
12734:
12327:Social model of disability
10779:Discrimination against men
9929:Basking in reflected glory
9420:
8722:Controlled Clinical Trials
8507:10.3163/1536-5050.96.4.010
8218:Wilmshurst, Peter (2007).
7606:Cambridge University Press
6742:"Social Desirability Bias"
6358:. London. 1 October 2008.
5964:10.1207/153276603768344843
5344:10.1037/0022-3514.35.4.250
4931:10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.75
4090:Systemic bias in Knowledge
3964:
3926:
3884:
3853:
3838:
3806:
3791:
3772:
3704:
3686:
3660:
3637:while black refers to the
3627:
3580:
3535:
3500:
3466:
3408:
3397:
3298:
3283:
3253:
3249:
3223:
3208:
3145:
3111:
3057:
3034:Observer-expectancy effect
3031:
3028:Observer-expectancy effect
3017:
2986:
2955:
2916:
2858:
2793:
2687:
2683:
2649:
2626:
2576:
2551:, affecting perception of
2505:
2415:
2409:
2354:
2310:ultimate attribution error
2288:
2243:
2233:
2191:
2152:
1972:Social model of disability
380:Discrimination against men
18:
16:Inclination for or against
12617:
12564:Parsimony (Occam's razor)
12452:
12384:
12123:
12000:
11793:
11680:Opposition to immigration
11404:
11034:
10871:
10631:
10581:Race / Ethnicity
10518:
10487:
10419:
10366:
10327:
10207:
10169:Judicial disqualification
10136:
10077:
10059:Cognitive bias mitigation
10051:
9916:
9791:
9428:
9361:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4
9104:. Sage Publications Ltd.
8544:Faculty Scholarship (PUL)
8293:10.1136/bmj.326.7400.1167
7726:10.1017/S0140525X13001192
7469:Matsumoto, David (2001).
5933:Journal of Sport Behavior
5641:10.1108/13632540610664698
5153:Journal of Press/Politics
5079:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175
4881:10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49
4394:21.11116/0000-0000-B771-2
4135:10.1017/S0031819100016582
3619:Biases in law enforcement
3293:
3279:
3204:
2828:is favoritism granted to
2422:Framing (social sciences)
2132:It seems to have entered
1305:Opposition to immigration
174:Race / Ethnicity
11675:Occupational segregation
11444:Compulsory sterilization
10289:Pharmaceutical marketing
9643:Illusion of transparency
9284:Machine Learning Journal
8924:10.1177/0886260511403752
8844:10.1177/0002716208330485
8329:"Supping with the Devil"
8227:The Medico-Legal Journal
8130:10.1177/0162243912456271
7708:Hibbing, John D (2014),
7315:, ed. (2007). "Sexism".
6460:"Regulatory Capture 101"
6077:10.1001/jama.299.24.2893
6040:National Academies Press
5846:10.1037/1089-2680.3.1.23
5165:10.1177/1940161213508207
4100:Gender bias on Knowledge
4085:Racial bias on Knowledge
4027:List of cognitive biases
3560:toll access publications
3455:as much or more than in
3344:. It has been linked to
3064:Social desirability bias
2939:, created to act in the
2919:Industry self-regulation
2159:List of cognitive biases
2143:
1300:Occupational segregation
1069:Compulsory sterilization
12203:Internalized oppression
12065:Fighting Discrimination
12055:Fat acceptance movement
12013:Anti-discrimination law
11653:Native American mascots
10336:Nemo iudex in causa sua
9033:. New York: Routledge.
8762:84 Minnesota Law Review
8380:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
8040:Experimental Psychology
7580:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
7563:University of New Haven
7217:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
6699:10.1186/1745-6215-11-37
6465:The Wall Street Journal
6305:New Catholic Dictionary
6134:March 16, 2014, at the
5910:10.1348/014466600164444
5604:. Ronald House Durham.
5462:10.1023/A:1023582629538
5299:"Horns and halo effect"
5130:10.1023/A:1015006907312
4668:Avoiding Decision Traps
3824:professional journalism
3818:topics in a trivial or
3274:physical attractiveness
3081:social science research
2875:administrative agencies
2200:psychological heuristic
2091:results from an unfair
1848:Internalized oppression
1704:Fighting Discrimination
1694:Fat acceptance movement
1652:Anti-discrimination law
1278:Native American mascots
12322:Social identity threat
12295:Reverse discrimination
12285:Racial color blindness
11765:Violence against women
11745:Sex-selective abortion
10220:Arm's length principle
8538:Gilman, Isaac (2009).
7801:10.2202/1540-8884.1075
7600:Macklem, Tony (2003).
7099:Newman, D. M. (2012).
6949:Psychological Bulletin
6103:Black's Law Dictionary
5256:Thorndike, EL (1920).
4919:Psychological Bulletin
4577:"Anchoring Definition"
4340:Predictably Irrational
3915:about the company. In
3913:non-public information
3487:demand characteristics
3315:
3242:at the expense of the
3134:
2935:that can occur when a
2856:
2780:campaign contributions
2760:campaign contributions
2633:Status quo bias is an
2352:
2182:information processing
1967:Social identity threat
1940:Reverse discrimination
1930:Racial color blindness
1390:Violence against women
1370:Sex-selective abortion
38:
12619:Theories of deduction
12290:Religious intolerance
12250:Political correctness
12080:Intersex human rights
12028:Cultural assimilation
11710:Religious persecution
11474:Disability hate crime
11249:Jewish / Antisemitism
10011:ArabâIsraeli conflict
9738:Social influence bias
9683:Out-group homogeneity
9059:. Accessed June 2011.
8239:10.1258/rsmmlj.75.1.3
7876:10.1353/lit.2006.0051
7510:10.1176/ajp.141.4.499
7418:Although we speak of
6843:Kadi, Joanna (1996).
6541:Hamilton, Alexander.
5869:Psychological Studies
5032:Plous, Scott (1993).
4910:Funder, D.C. (1987).
4326:Thinking and Deciding
3775:Agenda-setting theory
3532:Full text on net bias
3360:, and other forms of
3310:
3165:, political opinion,
3121:
2843:
2646:Conflicts of interest
2426:Framing involves the
2388:attitude polarization
2338:
1935:Religious intolerance
1895:Political correctness
1719:Intersex human rights
1667:Cultural assimilation
1335:Religious persecution
1099:Disability hate crime
866:Jewish / Antisemitism
29:
21:Bias (disambiguation)
11695:Political repression
10684:Anti-left handedness
10674:Anti-intellectualism
10130:Conflict of interest
9653:Mere-exposure effect
9583:Extrinsic incentives
9529:Selective perception
9339:Psychological Review
8764:. pp. 265â326.
7539:Sociology in Modules
7433:Loftus, Elizabeth F.
6912:on December 5, 2008.
6499:"Entangling the Web"
6311:on February 24, 2007
6281:on 26 September 2010
5818:Myers, D.G. (2015).
5688:. 12 November 2011.
5686:www.joshuakennon.com
5564:The Jewish Chronicle
5199:Long-Crowell, Erin.
5185:Goffman, E. (1974).
4364:Psychological Review
4300:Cognitive Psychology
3754:, and pressure from
3429:scientific community
3382:substantive equality
3378:equality of outcomes
3370:workplace inequality
3226:Class discrimination
2933:political corruption
2873:or individuals from
2810:social psychologists
2652:Conflict of interest
2396:illusory correlation
2210:. According to this
2107:The word appears to
1320:Political repression
285:Anti-left handedness
275:Anti-intellectualism
19:For other uses, see
12446:Philosophical logic
12198:Historical eugenics
11735:Segregation academy
11715:Religious terrorism
11504:Enemy of the people
11412:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
10916:Jehovah's Witnesses
10804:Perpetual foreigner
10279:Medical ghostwriter
9878:Social desirability
9773:von Restorff effect
9648:Mean world syndrome
9623:Hostile attribution
9163:The Washington Post
8756:Harris, D. (1999).
8287:(7400): 1167â1170.
8201:The Washington Post
7429:Wortman, Camille B.
7080:Oxford Dictionaries
6988:2005EHumB..26..186R
6881:The Free Dictionary
6228:The Free Dictionary
6203:The Free Dictionary
5490:. 13 January 2005.
5303:The Free Dictionary
5008:Wall Street Journal
4695:Scientific American
4623:1974Sci...185.1124T
4617:(4157): 1124â1131.
4440:1974Sci...185.1124T
4434:(4157): 1124â1131.
4337:Ariely, D. (2008).
3977:implicit stereotype
3967:implicit stereotype
3630:Driving while black
3624:Driving while black
3510:sense of obligation
3469:Experimenter's bias
3048:double-blind system
2891:socioeconomic power
2796:In-group favoritism
2428:social construction
2392:belief perseverance
2318:actor-observer bias
1843:Historical eugenics
1360:Segregation academy
1340:Religious terrorism
1129:Enemy of the people
1037:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
525:Jehovah's Witnesses
405:Perpetual foreigner
12510:Unity of opposites
12110:Social integration
12105:Self-determination
12095:Racial integration
12043:Diversity training
12033:Cultural pluralism
12008:Affirmative action
11908:Racial segregation
11818:Crime of apartheid
11720:Religious violence
11213:Indigenous people
10608:Sexual orientation
10179:Regulatory capture
9793:Statistical biases
9571:Curse of knowledge
9318:on August 31, 2015
9070:Stephens, Mitchell
9031:Gatekeeping Theory
8972:2015-10-16 at the
8432:10.1093/ndt/gfg247
8331:. OvercomingBias.
7864:College Literature
7076:2012-09-11 at the
6826:Psychologist Today
6811:2023-02-21 at the
6772:2014-07-05 at the
6664:2010-03-09 at the
6593:Rumsey, Deborah J.
6527:2011-07-20 at the
6509:The New York Times
6504:2011-05-11 at the
6301:"Article Nepotism"
6253:2016-01-25 at the
6099:"What is BRIBERY?"
6001:10.1007/bf00055564
5602:"Corporate Donors"
5587:The Jerusalem Post
5118:Political Behavior
5106:. New York: Knopf.
4673:2013-06-14 at the
4324:Baron, J. (2007).
3711:Media manipulation
3597:literature reviews
3433:anecdotal evidence
3394:Biases in academia
3316:
3135:
3074:empirical research
2983:Statistical biases
2923:Regulatory capture
2857:
2772:secret commissions
2617:consumer decisions
2462:, a collection of
2353:
1749:Social integration
1744:Self-determination
1734:Racial integration
1682:Diversity training
1672:Cultural pluralism
1647:Affirmative action
1539:Racial segregation
1449:Crime of apartheid
1345:Religious violence
830:Indigenous people
201:Sexual orientation
39:
12690:
12689:
12542:List of fallacies
12527:Explanatory power
12454:Critical thinking
12412:
12411:
12280:Racism by country
12208:Intersectionality
12193:Heteronormativity
11992:Voter suppression
11740:Sexual harassment
11539:Forced conversion
11459:Cultural genocide
11112:African Americans
10926:postâCold War era
10911:Eastern Orthodoxy
10669:Anti-drug addicts
10664:Anti-homelessness
10591:Scientific racism
10447:
10446:
10299:Pharmacovigilance
10096:
10095:
9733:Social comparison
9514:Choice-supportive
9111:978-0-7619-6250-2
9083:978-0-19-518991-9
9074:A History of News
9003:978-0-531-16722-9
8918:(17): 3407â3427.
8682:(8746): 867â872.
8392:10.4065/79.8.1001
8178:978-0-205-60999-4
8171:. Prentice Hall.
8050:978-0-495-59533-5
7917:978-0-674-07448-4
7649:978-1-135-94131-4
7615:978-0-521-82682-2
7548:978-0-07-802677-5
7480:978-0-19-513181-9
7450:978-0-0707-1931-6
7413:978-0-1953-7522-0
7380:978-0-631-21681-0
7367:Johnson, Allan G.
7349:978-1-9331-1644-0
7326:978-0-3133-3646-1
7297:978-0-230-62509-9
7270:978-0-00-718399-9
7246:978-0-19-103747-4
7233:Hornsby, Jennifer
7193:978-1-4522-6602-2
7164:978-1-4051-7190-8
7141:978-0-19-989153-5
7110:978-1-4129-8729-5
6862:978-0-89608-548-0
6633:978-0-19-157844-1
6149:Social psychology
6049:978-0-309-13188-9
5456:(9/10): 461â465.
4161:The APPEA Journal
4062:Personal equation
4013:Psychology portal
3993:Anthony Greenwald
3917:various countries
3868:that are able to
3841:Bias in education
3548:academic journals
3463:Experimenter bias
3389:Contextual biases
3354:sexual harassment
3246:, or vice versa.
2989:Bias (statistics)
2937:regulatory agency
2913:Regulatory issues
2855:in September 2013
2846:tobacco lobbyists
2579:Self-serving bias
2573:Self-serving bias
2541:confirmation bias
2444:political leaders
2357:Confirmation bias
2331:Confirmation bias
2322:self-serving bias
2272:gambler's fallacy
2206:encountered when
2062:
2061:
1925:Racism by country
1853:Intersectionality
1838:Heteronormativity
1623:Voter suppression
1365:Sexual harassment
1164:Forced conversion
1084:Cultural genocide
729:African Americans
535:postâCold War era
520:Eastern Orthodoxy
270:Anti-drug addicts
265:Anti-homelessness
184:Scientific racism
12725:
12672:Platonic realism
12439:
12432:
12425:
12416:
12415:
12402:
12401:
12392:
12391:
12332:Social privilege
12317:Social exclusion
12245:Police brutality
12166:Multiculturalism
12136:Amatonormativity
11967:Social exclusion
11803:Age of candidacy
11603:Homeless dumping
11509:Ethnic cleansing
10474:
10467:
10460:
10451:
10450:
10437:
10436:
10427:
10426:
10410:Taken for a Ride
10304:Political ethics
10252:Follow the money
10123:
10116:
10109:
10100:
10099:
9893:Systematic error
9848:Omitted-variable
9763:Trait ascription
9603:Frog pond effect
9431:Cognitive biases
9415:
9408:
9401:
9392:
9391:
9381:
9380:
9354:
9334:
9328:
9327:
9325:
9323:
9302:
9296:
9295:
9275:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9254:
9245:
9242:
9236:
9235:
9233:
9232:
9223:. Archived from
9213:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9202:
9186:
9180:
9179:
9177:
9175:
9153:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9142:
9122:
9116:
9115:
9094:
9088:
9087:
9066:
9060:
9051:
9045:
9044:
9026:
9020:
9019:
9011:
9005:
8983:
8977:
8964:
8958:
8950:
8944:
8943:
8905:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8895:
8889:
8878:
8874:"Victim Blaming"
8870:
8864:
8863:
8827:
8821:
8820:
8819:. 9 August 2023.
8809:
8803:
8802:
8800:
8799:
8784:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8773:
8753:
8747:
8746:
8716:
8710:
8709:
8691:
8665:
8659:
8652:
8646:
8645:
8635:
8633:10.3310/hta14080
8611:
8605:
8604:
8568:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8555:
8546:. Archived from
8535:
8529:
8528:
8518:
8486:
8480:
8479:
8474:. Archived from
8451:
8445:
8444:
8434:
8410:
8404:
8403:
8386:(8): 1001â1006.
8371:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8358:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8321:
8315:
8314:
8304:
8272:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8257:. Archived from
8224:
8215:
8209:
8208:
8192:
8183:
8182:
8162:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8152:
8146:
8140:. Archived from
8115:
8107:Krimsky, Sheldon
8103:
8097:
8096:
8076:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8062:
8034:
8028:
8027:
7999:
7993:
7992:
7980:
7974:
7973:
7955:10.1037/a0017538
7938:
7932:
7931:
7930:
7929:
7901:
7895:
7894:
7859:
7853:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7844:
7837:
7826:
7820:
7819:
7783:
7774:
7773:
7772:
7771:
7737:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7694:
7682:
7676:
7671:
7665:
7664:
7658:
7656:
7629:
7620:
7619:
7597:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7571:
7565:
7559:
7553:
7552:
7536:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7491:
7485:
7484:
7466:
7460:
7457:
7442:
7424:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7362:
7360:
7356:
7334:
7308:
7305:
7274:
7262:
7250:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7207:
7204:
7178:
7175:
7171:
7145:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7096:
7090:
7087:
7081:
7068:
7062:
7061:
7041:
7035:
7034:
7027:
7025:
7016:. Archived from
7006:
7000:
6999:
6971:
6965:
6964:
6944:
6938:
6920:
6914:
6913:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6873:
6867:
6866:
6850:
6840:
6834:
6833:
6821:
6815:
6799:
6793:
6783:
6777:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6738:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6711:
6701:
6683:
6674:
6668:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6589:
6583:
6577:
6571:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6554:
6547:
6538:
6532:
6518:
6512:
6497:Timothy B. Lee,
6495:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6436:. Investopedia.
6430:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6378:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6307:. Archived from
6297:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6277:. Archived from
6264:
6258:
6245:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6158:
6152:
6145:
6139:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6071:(24): 2893â289.
6060:
6054:
6053:
6036:Washington, D.C.
6027:
6021:
6020:
5994:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5903:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5829:
5823:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5678:
5672:
5671:
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5510:
5504:
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5501:
5499:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5431:10.1037/h0076472
5410:
5404:
5403:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5355:
5329:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5274:10.1037/h0071663
5253:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5233:. Investopedia.
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5196:
5190:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5113:
5107:
5100:Tuchman, Barbara
5097:
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4599:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4579:. Investopedia.
4573:
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4194:
4185:
4184:
4156:
4147:
4146:
4129:(204): 247â256.
4118:
4077:Source criticism
4072:Scholarly method
4032:Detection theory
4022:Algorithmic bias
4015:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3985:social cognition
3862:machine learning
3835:Educational bias
3663:Racial profiling
3657:Racial profiling
3643:African American
3639:racial profiling
3583:Publication bias
3577:Publication bias
3522:publication bias
3475:science research
3400:Statistical bias
3272:on the basis of
3234:on the basis of
2972:crowd psychology
2812:, and linked to
2744:sweetheart deals
2708:rights in action
2674:improper actions
2591:processes to be
2432:social phenomena
2291:Attribution bias
2285:Attribution bias
2208:making decisions
2149:Cognitive biases
2136:via the game of
2089:Statistical bias
2085:systematic error
2054:
2047:
2040:
1977:Social privilege
1962:Social exclusion
1890:Police brutality
1811:Multiculturalism
1783:Amatonormativity
1598:Social exclusion
1434:Age of candidacy
1228:Homeless dumping
1134:Ethnic cleansing
64:
41:
40:
12733:
12732:
12728:
12727:
12726:
12724:
12723:
12722:
12693:
12692:
12691:
12686:
12657:Logical atomism
12613:
12506:Socratic method
12457:
12448:
12443:
12413:
12408:
12380:
12255:Polyculturalism
12151:Civil liberties
12119:
12100:Reappropriation
12001:Countermeasures
11996:
11925:Racial steering
11891:Numerus clausus
11795:
11789:
11514:Ethnic conflict
11449:Corrective rape
11400:
11030:
10985:minority Muslim
10867:
10759:HIV/AIDS stigma
10627:
10576:Mental disorder
10514:
10483:
10478:
10448:
10443:
10415:
10362:
10323:
10230:Business ethics
10203:
10189:Self-regulation
10164:Insider trading
10132:
10127:
10097:
10092:
10073:
10047:
9912:
9787:
9768:Turkey illusion
9536:Compassion fade
9433:
9424:
9419:
9389:
9384:
9352:10.1.1.411.2919
9335:
9331:
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9319:
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9210:
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9173:
9171:
9154:
9150:
9140:
9138:
9125:Sadker, David.
9123:
9119:
9112:
9095:
9091:
9084:
9067:
9063:
9052:
9048:
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9027:
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9008:
8985:Ann Heinrichs,
8984:
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8974:Wayback Machine
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8487:
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8452:
8448:
8411:
8407:
8372:
8365:
8356:
8354:
8347:"Types of Bias"
8345:
8344:
8340:
8325:Anders Sandberg
8322:
8318:
8273:
8269:
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8216:
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7350:
7327:
7313:Sears, James T.
7303:
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7078:Wayback Machine
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6923:Farrell, Warren
6921:
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6875:
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6853:South End Press
6841:
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6666:Wayback Machine
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6598:. Dummies.com.
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5715:Right Attitudes
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4675:Wayback Machine
4666:Edward Teach, "
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4106:
4011:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3989:Mahzarin Banaji
3969:
3963:
3949:), or to rig a
3935:
3927:Main articles:
3925:
3889:
3887:Insider trading
3883:
3881:Insider trading
3858:
3852:
3843:
3837:
3832:
3811:
3805:
3796:
3790:
3784:will increase.
3777:
3771:
3713:
3705:Main articles:
3703:
3701:Biases in media
3691:
3685:
3673:law enforcement
3665:
3659:
3632:
3626:
3621:
3585:
3579:
3540:
3534:
3505:
3499:
3471:
3465:
3423:to shape their
3419:allowing their
3413:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3374:formal equality
3366:gender identity
3362:sexual violence
3328:based on one's
3304:
3296:
3288:
3282:
3258:
3252:
3228:
3222:
3213:
3207:
3158:
3146:Main articles:
3144:
3116:
3110:
3098:sexual behavior
3066:
3058:Main articles:
3056:
3036:
3030:
3022:
3016:
2991:
2985:
2960:
2954:
2945:interest groups
2941:public interest
2925:
2917:Main articles:
2915:
2863:
2853:Kartika Liotard
2844:Box offered by
2838:
2798:
2792:
2692:
2686:
2654:
2648:
2631:
2629:Status quo bias
2625:
2623:Status quo bias
2581:
2575:
2549:brand marketing
2514:
2506:Main articles:
2504:
2454:, framing is a
2424:
2416:Main articles:
2412:
2359:
2345:Charles Dickens
2333:
2293:
2287:
2268:roulette wheels
2256:rationalization
2248:
2242:
2234:Main articles:
2232:
2198:Anchoring is a
2196:
2190:
2161:
2153:Main articles:
2151:
2146:
2105:
2058:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
1900:Polyculturalism
1796:Civil liberties
1770:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1739:Reappropriation
1639:
1638:Countermeasures
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1556:Racial steering
1522:Numerus clausus
1426:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1139:Ethnic conflict
1074:Corrective rape
1029:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
654:
643:
642:
641:
640:
639:
594:minority Muslim
482:
472:
471:
470:
469:
468:
360:HIV/AIDS stigma
232:
224:
223:
222:
221:
220:
169:Mental disorder
111:
103:
102:
101:
100:
99:
72:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12731:
12721:
12720:
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12710:
12705:
12688:
12687:
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12684:
12679:
12674:
12669:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12629:
12627:Constructivism
12623:
12621:
12615:
12614:
12612:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12586:
12581:
12576:
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12514:
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12512:
12494:
12489:
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12479:
12474:
12469:
12463:
12461:
12459:informal logic
12450:
12449:
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12427:
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12410:
12409:
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12396:
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12350:
12349:
12344:
12339:
12329:
12324:
12319:
12314:
12309:
12304:
12303:
12302:
12300:Reverse racism
12292:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12270:Prisoner abuse
12267:
12262:
12260:Power distance
12257:
12252:
12247:
12242:
12237:
12232:
12227:
12226:
12225:
12215:
12210:
12205:
12200:
12195:
12190:
12185:
12180:
12178:Ethnic penalty
12175:
12174:
12173:
12171:Neurodiversity
12168:
12158:
12156:Dehumanization
12153:
12148:
12146:Cisnormativity
12143:
12138:
12133:
12127:
12125:
12124:Related topics
12121:
12120:
12118:
12117:
12112:
12107:
12102:
12097:
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12087:
12082:
12077:
12072:
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12046:
12045:
12035:
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12025:
12020:
12015:
12010:
12004:
12002:
11998:
11997:
11995:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11982:State religion
11979:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11963:
11962:
11957:
11952:
11947:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11921:
11920:
11918:Nuremberg Laws
11915:
11905:
11900:
11895:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11860:Ghetto benches
11857:
11855:Gerrymandering
11852:
11847:
11842:
11840:Gender pay gap
11837:
11836:
11835:
11830:
11820:
11815:
11810:
11805:
11799:
11797:
11794:Discriminatory
11791:
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11782:
11777:
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11645:
11640:
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11623:Lavender scare
11620:
11618:Kill Haole Day
11615:
11613:Indian rolling
11610:
11605:
11600:
11595:
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11589:
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11578:
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11499:Eliminationism
11496:
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11486:
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11476:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11436:
11434:Cancel culture
11431:
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11408:
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11405:Manifestations
11402:
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11291:Middle Eastern
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11026:Zoroastrianism
11023:
11018:
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10991:
10990:
10989:
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10948:Untouchability
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10769:Leprosy stigma
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10635:
10633:
10629:
10628:
10626:
10625:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10594:
10593:
10588:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10522:
10520:
10516:
10515:
10513:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10491:
10489:
10485:
10484:
10481:Discrimination
10477:
10476:
10469:
10462:
10454:
10445:
10444:
10442:
10441:
10431:
10420:
10417:
10416:
10414:
10413:
10406:
10399:
10392:
10385:
10378:
10370:
10368:
10364:
10363:
10361:
10360:
10353:
10346:
10339:
10331:
10329:
10325:
10324:
10322:
10321:
10316:
10314:Revolving door
10311:
10309:Political bias
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10275:
10274:
10267:Medical ethics
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10211:
10209:
10205:
10204:
10202:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10140:
10138:
10134:
10133:
10126:
10125:
10118:
10111:
10103:
10094:
10093:
10091:
10090:
10085:
10078:
10075:
10074:
10072:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10055:
10053:
10052:Bias reduction
10049:
10048:
10046:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10028:Political bias
10025:
10020:
10019:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9956:Infrastructure
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9931:
9926:
9920:
9918:
9914:
9913:
9911:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9873:Self-selection
9870:
9865:
9860:
9855:
9850:
9845:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9824:
9823:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9797:
9795:
9789:
9788:
9786:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9708:Pro-innovation
9705:
9700:
9695:
9693:Overton window
9690:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9574:
9573:
9563:
9561:DunningâKruger
9558:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9532:
9531:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9500:
9499:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9478:
9477:
9475:Correspondence
9472:
9470:Actorâobserver
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9436:
9434:
9429:
9426:
9425:
9418:
9417:
9410:
9403:
9395:
9388:
9387:External links
9385:
9383:
9382:
9329:
9297:
9270:
9264:10.1.1.19.5466
9246:
9237:
9208:
9181:
9148:
9117:
9110:
9098:Thompson, John
9089:
9082:
9061:
9046:
9040:978-0415981392
9039:
9021:
9006:
8978:
8959:
8945:
8900:
8865:
8822:
8804:
8793:The New Yorker
8779:
8748:
8729:(4): 343â353.
8711:
8660:
8647:
8606:
8579:(9341): 1256.
8560:
8530:
8501:(4): 351â355.
8481:
8478:on 2011-07-19.
8446:
8405:
8363:
8338:
8327:(2007-01-14).
8316:
8267:
8264:on 2013-05-21.
8233:(Pt 1): 3â12.
8210:
8184:
8177:
8157:
8124:(4): 566â587.
8098:
8092:979-8862902785
8091:
8068:
8049:
8029:
8010:(1â2): 51â63.
7994:
7975:
7949:(4): 219â231,
7933:
7916:
7896:
7854:
7821:
7775:
7720:(3): 297â350,
7700:
7677:
7666:
7648:
7621:
7614:
7592:
7566:
7554:
7547:
7523:
7504:(4): 499â503.
7486:
7479:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7449:
7425:
7421:
7412:
7400:Lorber, Judith
7396:
7379:
7363:
7348:
7335:
7325:
7309:
7296:
7284:Scruton, Roger
7280:
7269:
7252:
7245:
7229:
7209:
7192:
7179:
7163:
7147:
7140:
7119:
7109:
7091:
7082:
7063:
7036:
7001:
6982:(2): 186â201.
6966:
6939:
6915:
6893:
6868:
6861:
6847:Thinking Class
6835:
6816:
6794:
6778:
6759:
6730:
6669:
6651:
6632:
6612:
6584:
6566:
6533:
6513:
6490:
6468:. 2014-10-06.
6451:
6425:
6408:YourDictionary
6395:
6373:
6343:
6321:
6292:
6259:
6240:
6215:
6190:
6171:(2): 201â211.
6153:
6140:
6120:
6105:. 2011-11-04.
6090:
6055:
6048:
6022:
5969:
5958:(1): 125â137.
5942:
5923:
5894:(2): 229â239.
5878:
5859:
5824:
5811:
5785:
5758:
5731:
5717:. 2010-05-01.
5702:
5673:
5646:
5619:
5600:Jones, Nancy.
5592:
5573:
5550:
5537:10.1086/519499
5505:
5475:
5440:
5405:
5382:
5315:
5290:
5248:
5222:
5191:
5178:
5143:
5124:(3): 225â256.
5108:
5092:
5073:(2): 175â220.
5057:
5050:
5024:
4994:
4964:
4951:
4902:
4859:
4846:
4837:
4818:
4799:
4774:
4767:. 2011-08-19.
4750:
4720:
4685:
4659:
4594:
4568:
4538:
4503:
4488:
4473:
4414:
4370:(4): 650â669.
4353:For instance:
4346:
4330:
4317:
4306:(3): 430â454.
4290:
4275:
4260:
4245:
4219:
4186:
4148:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4000:
3997:
3965:Main article:
3962:
3959:
3924:
3921:
3893:public company
3885:Main article:
3882:
3879:
3856:Inductive bias
3854:Main article:
3851:
3850:Inductive bias
3848:
3839:Main article:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Other contexts
3828:
3809:Sensationalism
3807:Main article:
3804:
3803:Sensationalism
3801:
3792:Main article:
3789:
3786:
3773:Main article:
3770:
3769:Agenda setting
3767:
3763:printing press
3721:news producers
3702:
3699:
3689:Victim blaming
3687:Main article:
3684:
3683:Victim blaming
3681:
3661:Main article:
3658:
3655:
3628:Main article:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3581:Main article:
3578:
3575:
3536:Main article:
3533:
3530:
3526:reporting bias
3501:Main article:
3498:
3495:
3467:Main article:
3464:
3461:
3437:self-selection
3409:Main article:
3406:
3403:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3326:discrimination
3305:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3284:Main article:
3281:
3278:
3270:discrimination
3254:Main article:
3251:
3248:
3232:discrimination
3224:Main article:
3221:
3218:
3209:Main article:
3206:
3203:
3143:
3140:
3114:Selection bias
3112:Main article:
3109:
3108:Selection bias
3106:
3060:Reporting bias
3055:
3052:
3032:Main article:
3029:
3026:
3018:Main article:
3015:
3012:
3000:expected value
2987:Main article:
2984:
2981:
2956:Main article:
2953:
2950:
2914:
2911:
2879:constituencies
2867:administrators
2859:Main article:
2837:
2834:
2814:group conflict
2794:Main article:
2791:
2788:
2688:Main article:
2685:
2682:
2650:Main article:
2647:
2644:
2635:emotional bias
2627:Main article:
2624:
2621:
2577:Main article:
2574:
2571:
2503:
2500:
2478:, concepts of
2476:mate selection
2460:interpretation
2411:
2408:
2400:overconfidence
2355:Main article:
2332:
2329:
2289:Main article:
2286:
2283:
2246:Hindsight bias
2231:
2228:
2192:Main article:
2189:
2186:
2166:social reality
2155:Cognitive bias
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2104:
2101:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1945:Reverse racism
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1915:Prisoner abuse
1912:
1907:
1905:Power distance
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1823:Ethnic penalty
1820:
1819:
1818:
1816:Neurodiversity
1813:
1803:
1801:Dehumanization
1798:
1793:
1791:Cisnormativity
1788:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1769:Related topics
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
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1736:
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1726:
1721:
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1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1613:State religion
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1549:Nuremberg Laws
1546:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1491:Ghetto benches
1488:
1486:Gerrymandering
1483:
1478:
1473:
1471:Gender pay gap
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
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1413:
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1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
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1377:
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1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
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1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1248:Lavender scare
1245:
1243:Kill Haole Day
1240:
1238:Indian rolling
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1124:Eliminationism
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1059:Cancel culture
1056:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1028:Manifestations
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
908:Middle Eastern
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
874:
873:
863:
858:
853:
848:
847:
846:
841:
836:
828:
823:
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813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
742:
741:
736:
731:
721:
716:
711:
710:
709:
704:
699:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
658:
657:
656:
655:
649:
648:
645:
644:
638:
637:
635:Zoroastrianism
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
611:
610:
600:
599:
598:
597:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
561:
560:
559:
557:Untouchability
554:
544:
539:
538:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
507:
502:
497:
492:
486:
485:
484:
483:
478:
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467:
466:
461:
456:
455:
454:
449:
444:
434:
433:
432:
427:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
370:Leprosy stigma
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
236:
235:
234:
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:
219:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
187:
186:
181:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
115:
114:
113:
112:
109:
108:
105:
104:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
76:
75:
74:
73:
70:
69:
66:
65:
57:
56:
54:Discrimination
50:
49:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12730:
12719:
12716:
12714:
12711:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12700:
12698:
12683:
12680:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12670:
12668:
12665:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12628:
12625:
12624:
12622:
12620:
12616:
12610:
12607:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12543:
12540:
12539:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12511:
12507:
12503:
12500:
12499:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12464:
12462:
12460:
12455:
12451:
12447:
12440:
12435:
12433:
12428:
12426:
12421:
12420:
12417:
12405:
12397:
12395:
12387:
12386:
12383:
12377:
12374:
12370:
12367:
12366:
12365:
12362:
12360:
12357:
12355:
12354:Social stigma
12352:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12338:
12335:
12334:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12305:
12301:
12298:
12297:
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12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12231:
12228:
12224:
12221:
12220:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12194:
12191:
12189:
12186:
12184:
12181:
12179:
12176:
12172:
12169:
12167:
12164:
12163:
12162:
12159:
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12147:
12144:
12142:
12139:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12128:
12126:
12122:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12044:
12041:
12040:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12019:
12016:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12006:
12005:
12003:
11999:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11977:State atheism
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11942:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11913:Jim Crow laws
11911:
11910:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11898:One-drop rule
11896:
11894:
11892:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11826:
11825:
11824:
11821:
11819:
11816:
11814:
11813:Blood quantum
11811:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11800:
11798:
11792:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11760:Victimisation
11758:
11756:
11755:Trans bashing
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11725:Religious war
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11705:Racialization
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11655:
11654:
11651:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11587:
11584:
11583:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11576:Glass ceiling
11574:
11570:
11567:
11566:
11565:
11562:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11535:
11532:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11520:
11519:Ethnic hatred
11517:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11454:Counter-jihad
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11430:
11427:
11425:
11422:
11418:
11415:
11414:
11413:
11410:
11409:
11407:
11403:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11255:
11252:
11251:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11228:
11227:United States
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11214:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11109:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11091:
11090:United States
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11077:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11042:
11040:
11038:
11033:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11011:Protestantism
11009:
11007:
11004:
11000:
10997:
10996:
10995:
10992:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10962:
10961:
10958:
10957:
10956:
10953:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10940:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10921:LDS or Mormon
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10903:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10878:
10876:
10874:
10870:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10846:Transmisogyny
10844:
10842:
10839:
10838:
10837:
10834:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10821:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10749:Gerontophobia
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10679:Anti-intersex
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10654:Anti-albinism
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10636:
10634:
10630:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10583:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10523:
10521:
10517:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10495:Institutional
10493:
10492:
10490:
10486:
10482:
10475:
10470:
10468:
10463:
10461:
10456:
10455:
10452:
10440:
10432:
10430:
10422:
10421:
10418:
10412:
10411:
10407:
10405:
10404:
10400:
10398:
10397:
10393:
10391:
10390:
10386:
10384:
10383:
10379:
10377:
10376:
10372:
10371:
10369:
10365:
10359:
10358:
10354:
10352:
10351:
10347:
10345:
10344:
10340:
10338:
10337:
10333:
10332:
10330:
10326:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10273:
10270:
10269:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10247:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10212:
10210:
10206:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10194:State capture
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10141:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10124:
10119:
10117:
10112:
10110:
10105:
10104:
10101:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10080:
10079:
10076:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10056:
10054:
10050:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10006:United States
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9981:False balance
9979:
9978:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9936:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9921:
9919:
9915:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9864:
9861:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9853:Participation
9851:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9822:
9821:Psychological
9819:
9818:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9794:
9790:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9588:Fading affect
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9572:
9569:
9568:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9530:
9527:
9526:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9498:
9495:
9494:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9467:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9427:
9423:
9416:
9411:
9409:
9404:
9402:
9397:
9396:
9393:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9333:
9322:September 23,
9317:
9313:
9309:
9308:
9301:
9293:
9289:
9285:
9281:
9274:
9265:
9260:
9253:
9251:
9241:
9227:on 2018-06-28
9226:
9222:
9218:
9212:
9196:
9192:
9185:
9169:
9165:
9164:
9159:
9152:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9121:
9113:
9107:
9103:
9099:
9093:
9085:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9065:
9058:
9055:
9050:
9042:
9036:
9032:
9025:
9017:
9010:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8995:0-531-16722-4
8992:
8988:
8982:
8975:
8971:
8968:
8963:
8956:
8955:
8949:
8941:
8937:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8912:
8904:
8886:
8882:
8875:
8869:
8861:
8857:
8853:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8826:
8818:
8814:
8808:
8794:
8790:
8783:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8752:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8724:
8723:
8715:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8676:
8671:
8664:
8657:
8651:
8643:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8610:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8567:
8565:
8550:on 2011-02-21
8549:
8545:
8541:
8534:
8526:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8485:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8450:
8442:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8409:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8370:
8368:
8352:
8348:
8342:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8320:
8312:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8271:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8221:
8214:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8191:
8189:
8180:
8174:
8170:
8169:
8161:
8147:on 2012-10-17
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8112:
8108:
8102:
8094:
8088:
8084:
8083:
8075:
8073:
8056:
8052:
8046:
8042:
8041:
8033:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
7998:
7990:
7986:
7979:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7937:
7923:
7919:
7913:
7909:
7908:
7900:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7858:
7845:on 2013-12-17
7841:
7834:
7833:
7825:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7782:
7780:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7704:
7688:
7681:
7675:
7670:
7663:
7651:
7645:
7642:. p. 6.
7641:
7637:
7636:
7628:
7626:
7617:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7596:
7581:
7577:
7570:
7564:
7558:
7550:
7544:
7540:
7535:
7527:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7498:
7490:
7482:
7476:
7472:
7465:
7456:
7452:
7446:
7441:
7440:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7394:
7382:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7361:
7351:
7345:
7341:
7336:
7333:
7328:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7307:
7299:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7278:
7272:
7266:
7261:
7260:
7253:
7248:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7218:
7214:
7206:
7200:
7195:
7189:
7185:
7180:
7177:
7166:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7143:
7137:
7133:
7128:
7127:
7123:
7116:
7112:
7106:
7102:
7095:
7086:
7079:
7075:
7072:
7067:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7040:
7033:
7032:
7020:on 2015-08-29
7019:
7015:
7013:
7005:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6970:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6943:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6919:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6897:
6886:September 30,
6882:
6878:
6872:
6864:
6858:
6854:
6849:
6848:
6839:
6831:
6827:
6820:
6814:
6810:
6807:
6803:
6802:William James
6798:
6792:
6788:
6782:
6775:
6771:
6768:
6763:
6747:
6743:
6737:
6735:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6655:
6639:
6635:
6629:
6625:
6624:
6616:
6601:
6597:
6594:
6588:
6581:
6576:
6570:
6564:, World Bank.
6551:
6544:
6537:
6530:
6526:
6523:
6517:
6510:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6494:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6466:
6461:
6455:
6439:
6435:
6429:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6399:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6377:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6347:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6325:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6296:
6280:
6276:
6274:
6269:
6263:
6256:
6252:
6249:
6244:
6233:September 24,
6229:
6225:
6219:
6204:
6200:
6194:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6157:
6150:
6144:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6124:
6113:September 30,
6108:
6104:
6100:
6094:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6059:
6051:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6026:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5973:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5946:
5938:
5934:
5927:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5882:
5874:
5870:
5863:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5828:
5821:
5815:
5800:
5796:
5789:
5781:
5777:
5774:(6): 369â73.
5773:
5769:
5762:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5735:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5669:
5665:
5662:(3): 203â17.
5661:
5657:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5635:(2): 123â37.
5634:
5630:
5623:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5554:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5521:(3): 301â14.
5520:
5516:
5509:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5425:(3): 410â14.
5424:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5386:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5354:
5353:2027.42/92158
5349:
5345:
5341:
5338:(4): 250â56.
5337:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5308:September 30,
5304:
5300:
5294:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5252:
5241:September 30,
5236:
5232:
5231:"Halo Effect"
5226:
5215:September 30,
5210:
5207:. study.com.
5206:
5202:
5195:
5188:
5182:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5101:
5096:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5061:
5053:
5051:9780070504776
5047:
5043:
5038:
5037:
5028:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4998:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4961:
4955:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4850:
4841:
4833:
4829:
4822:
4814:
4810:
4803:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4663:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4587:September 29,
4582:
4578:
4572:
4561:September 29,
4556:
4552:
4551:Science Daily
4548:
4542:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4499:
4492:
4484:
4477:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4350:
4343:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4279:
4271:
4264:
4256:
4249:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4193:
4191:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4153:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4113:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:Proof (truth)
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4003:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:implicit bias
3968:
3961:Implicit bias
3958:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3937:In organized
3934:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3909:stock options
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3875:Occam's Razor
3871:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3847:
3842:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3800:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3690:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3574:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3564:impact factor
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3411:Academic bias
3405:Academic bias
3401:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3156:Cultural bias
3153:
3149:
3139:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3094:personalities
3091:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3025:
3021:
3020:Forecast bias
3014:Forecast bias
3011:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2869:, frequently
2868:
2862:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2808:, especially
2807:
2806:psychologists
2803:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2784:criminal acts
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2768:stock options
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2736:return favors
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Devil's horns
2560:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2452:social theory
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2418:Cultural bias
2414:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2369:, favor, and
2368:
2364:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2170:irrationality
2167:
2160:
2156:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2113:Old Provençal
2110:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:closed-minded
2074:
2070:
2066:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:Social stigma
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1608:State atheism
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Jim Crow laws
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1529:One-drop rule
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:Blood quantum
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:Victimisation
1383:
1381:
1380:Trans bashing
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:Religious war
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:Racialization
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1201:Glass ceiling
1199:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:Ethnic hatred
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1079:Counter-jihad
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
872:
869:
868:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
845:
844:United States
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
708:
707:United States
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
653:
647:
646:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
620:Protestantism
618:
616:
613:
609:
606:
605:
604:
601:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
570:
567:
566:
565:
562:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
545:
543:
540:
536:
533:
531:
530:LDS or Mormon
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
481:
476:
475:
465:
462:
460:
457:
453:
450:
448:
447:Transmisogyny
445:
443:
440:
439:
438:
435:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
350:Gerontophobia
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
280:Anti-intersex
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
255:Anti-albinism
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
228:
227:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
107:
106:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
80:Institutional
78:
77:
68:
67:
63:
59:
58:
55:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
36:
32:
28:
22:
12652:Intuitionism
12637:Fictionalism
12486:
12188:Gender-blind
12140:
12075:Human rights
11903:Racial quota
11890:
11870:Jewish quota
11850:Gerontocracy
11845:Gender roles
11823:Disabilities
11808:Blood purity
11780:Wife selling
11770:White flight
11750:Slut-shaming
11730:Scapegoating
11648:Murder music
11311:Palestinians
11254:Anti-Zionism
11122:South Africa
11107:Black people
11085:South Africa
10901:Christianity
10891:Bahåʟà Faith
10814:Sectarianism
10754:Heterosexism
10719:Ephebiphobia
10689:Anti-Masonry
10556:Hair texture
10408:
10401:
10396:Side Effects
10394:
10387:
10380:
10373:
10355:
10348:
10341:
10334:
10284:Moral hazard
10257:Legal ethics
10244:
10224:
10184:Self-dealing
10159:Funding bias
10144:Chinese wall
9966:In education
9933:
9917:Other biases
9903:Verification
9888:Survivorship
9838:Non-response
9811:Healthy user
9753:Substitution
9728:Self-serving
9524:Confirmation
9492:Availability
9440:Acquiescence
9421:
9342:
9338:
9332:
9320:. Retrieved
9316:the original
9307:match-fixing
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9229:. Retrieved
9225:the original
9220:
9211:
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9184:
9172:. Retrieved
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9130:
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8548:the original
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8466:(2): 39â44.
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7831:
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7768:, retrieved
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7680:
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7634:
7604:. New York:
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7579:
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7052:(1): 31â40.
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7018:the original
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6880:
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6750:. Retrieved
6689:
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6642:. Retrieved
6622:
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6587:
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6557:. Retrieved
6536:
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6463:
6454:
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6428:
6416:. Retrieved
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6364:. Retrieved
6355:
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6324:
6313:. Retrieved
6309:the original
6304:
6295:
6285:10 September
6283:. Retrieved
6279:the original
6271:
6262:
6243:
6231:. Retrieved
6227:
6218:
6206:. Retrieved
6202:
6193:
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6123:
6111:. Retrieved
6102:
6093:
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6064:
6058:
6031:
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5827:
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5803:. Retrieved
5788:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5747:(4): 245â6.
5744:
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5734:
5723:. Retrieved
5714:
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5694:. Retrieved
5685:
5676:
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5649:
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5622:
5610:. Retrieved
5595:
5586:
5576:
5563:
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5496:. Retrieved
5487:
5478:
5453:
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5396:The Guardian
5395:
5385:
5335:
5331:
5318:
5306:. Retrieved
5302:
5293:
5282:. Retrieved
5268:(1): 25â29.
5265:
5261:
5251:
5239:. Retrieved
5225:
5213:. Retrieved
5204:
5194:
5186:
5181:
5159:(1): 42â65.
5156:
5152:
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5117:
5111:
5103:
5095:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5035:
5027:
5016:. Retrieved
5007:
4997:
4985:. Retrieved
4976:
4967:
4959:
4954:
4925:(1): 75â90.
4922:
4918:
4905:
4875:(1): 49â74.
4872:
4868:
4862:
4854:
4849:
4840:
4821:
4802:
4791:. Retrieved
4777:
4762:
4753:
4742:. Retrieved
4733:
4723:
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4694:
4688:
4679:
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4610:
4597:
4585:. Retrieved
4571:
4559:. Retrieved
4550:
4541:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4497:
4491:
4482:
4476:
4431:
4427:
4417:
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4363:
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4320:
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4299:
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4284:
4278:
4269:
4263:
4254:
4248:
4236:. Retrieved
4222:
4210:. Retrieved
4199:
4164:
4160:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4047:Impartiality
3981:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3936:
3929:Match fixing
3923:Match fixing
3890:
3869:
3859:
3844:
3812:
3797:
3778:
3760:
3737:
3714:
3692:
3666:
3633:
3586:
3568:
3541:
3506:
3503:Funding bias
3497:Funding bias
3472:
3414:
3346:gender roles
3289:
3259:
3236:social class
3230:Classism is
3229:
3214:
3167:social class
3159:
3136:
3078:
3070:epidemiology
3067:
3040:researcher's
3037:
3023:
2992:
2977:paid reviews
2961:
2930:
2926:
2864:
2799:
2764:sponsorships
2693:
2655:
2632:
2582:
2568:
2561:
2537:saint's halo
2534:
2522:organization
2515:
2472:
2425:
2413:
2360:
2347:' character
2326:
2297:attributions
2294:
2276:
2249:
2220:negotiations
2197:
2162:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2106:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:
1833:Gender-blind
1714:Human rights
1534:Racial quota
1521:
1501:Jewish quota
1481:Gerontocracy
1476:Gender roles
1454:Disabilities
1439:Blood purity
1405:Wife selling
1395:White flight
1375:Slut-shaming
1355:Scapegoating
1273:Murder music
928:Palestinians
871:Anti-Zionism
739:South Africa
724:Black people
702:South Africa
510:Christianity
500:Bahåʟà Faith
415:Sectarianism
355:Heterosexism
320:Ephebiphobia
290:Anti-Masonry
149:Hair texture
12632:Dialetheism
12522:Explanation
12492:Credibility
12090:Nonviolence
12085:LGBT rights
12050:Empowerment
12018:Anti-racism
11940:Segregation
11885:No kid zone
11685:Persecution
11598:Hate speech
11549:Gay bashing
11524:Ethnic joke
11479:Dog whistle
11424:Blood libel
11102:Azerbaijani
11006:Neopaganism
10999:Persecution
10960:Persecution
10943:Persecution
10906:Catholicism
10886:Exclusivism
10836:Transphobia
10819:Supremacism
10774:Lesbophobia
10694:Aporophobia
10659:Anti-autism
10510:Taste-based
10505:Statistical
10033:Publication
9986:Vietnam War
9833:Length time
9816:Information
9758:Time-saving
9618:Horn effect
9608:Halo effect
9556:Distinction
9465:Attribution
9460:Attentional
9345:(1): 4â27.
9201:3 September
9174:3 September
9141:3 September
8813:"Profiling"
8061:7 September
7870:(4): 1â42,
6955:: 109â128.
6832:(10): 53â6.
6273:Adam Bellow
6248:"Nepotism."
5985:(1): 7â59.
5875:(1): 85â89.
5612:26 November
4519:: 131â140.
4238:1 September
4081:Knowledge:
4052:Metascience
3955:spot-fixing
3933:Spot-fixing
3788:Gatekeeping
3756:advertisers
3723:within the
3717:journalists
3695:victimology
3651:racial bias
3609:null result
3593:significant
3552:open access
3518:malpractice
3483:unconscious
3350:stereotypes
3312:Suffragette
3262:stereotypes
3260:Lookism is
3244:lower class
3240:upper class
3199:nationality
3090:self-report
2996:statistical
2907:common good
2698:(including
2662:association
2597:self-esteem
2512:Horn effect
2508:Halo effect
2468:stereotypes
2383:emotionally
2302:personality
2204:information
2081:prejudicial
2069:in favor of
1729:Nonviolence
1724:LGBT rights
1689:Empowerment
1657:Anti-racism
1571:Segregation
1516:No kid zone
1310:Persecution
1223:Hate speech
1174:Gay bashing
1149:Ethnic joke
1104:Dog whistle
1049:Blood libel
719:Azerbaijani
615:Neopaganism
608:Persecution
569:Persecution
552:Persecution
515:Catholicism
495:Exclusivism
437:Transphobia
420:Supremacism
375:Lesbophobia
295:Aporophobia
260:Anti-autism
95:Taste-based
90:Statistical
12718:Prejudices
12697:Categories
12677:Pragmatism
12667:Nominalism
12574:Propaganda
12549:Hypothesis
12502:Antithesis
12364:Stereotype
12359:Speciesism
12240:Oppression
12235:Oikophobia
12131:Allophilia
12115:Toleration
11972:Sodomy law
11865:Internment
11785:Witch-hunt
11663:Blackhawks
11593:Hate group
11581:Hate crime
11554:Gendercide
11544:Freak show
11534:Excellence
11494:Employment
11464:Defamation
11391:Vietnamese
11386:Venezuelan
11271:Lithuanian
10933:Falun Gong
10863:Xenophobia
10858:Vegaphobia
10841:Non-binary
10799:Pedophobia
10764:Homophobia
10586:Skin color
10546:Disability
10519:Attributes
10500:Structural
10389:Inside Job
10382:Big Pharma
10375:Bad Pharma
10240:Corruption
9996:South Asia
9971:Liking gap
9783:In animals
9748:Status quo
9663:Negativity
9566:Egocentric
9541:Congruence
9519:Commitment
9509:Blind spot
9497:Mean world
9487:Automation
9231:2017-09-08
9131:sadker.org
8894:2018-08-31
8798:2017-03-14
8573:The Lancet
8554:2015-09-02
8357:2010-08-04
8151:2015-09-23
7991:(1): 9â19.
7928:2014-01-24
7849:2014-01-24
7770:2019-09-02
7735:1911/77132
7439:Psychology
7208:Also see:
6935:0814472109
6929:. AMACOM,
6791:0877799008
6606:2018-08-24
6559:2013-05-24
6484:2017-09-08
6444:October 2,
6418:October 2,
6382:"lobbyist"
6352:"lobbying"
6330:"lobbying"
6315:2007-07-12
6224:"Nepotism"
6208:October 1,
6199:"Cronyism"
5805:2017-08-14
5725:2017-09-08
5696:2017-09-08
5498:18 January
5284:2019-12-20
5018:2010-06-13
4793:2011-06-29
4744:2011-06-29
4736:. London.
4167:(1): 435.
4123:Philosophy
4109:References
3943:draft pick
3901:securities
3866:algorithms
3816:newsworthy
3744:censorship
3740:government
3725:mass media
3707:Media bias
3677:minorities
3601:hypothesis
3538:FUTON bias
3514:misconduct
3398:See also:
3175:disability
3142:Prejudices
3131:population
3044:controlled
2895:corrupting
2790:Favoritism
2776:promotions
2678:corruption
2639:status quo
2611:, playing
2589:perceptual
2545:appearance
2518:observer's
2484:linguistic
2436:mass media
2379:hypotheses
2363:search for
2349:Uriah Heep
2279:hierophany
2264:card games
2244:See also:
2240:Pareidolia
2222:, so that
2117:Old French
2097:estimation
2009:Stereotype
2004:Speciesism
1885:Oppression
1880:Oikophobia
1778:Allophilia
1754:Toleration
1603:Sodomy law
1496:Internment
1410:Witch-hunt
1288:Blackhawks
1218:Hate group
1206:Hate crime
1179:Gendercide
1169:Freak show
1159:Excellence
1119:Employment
1089:Defamation
1008:Vietnamese
1003:Venezuelan
888:Lithuanian
542:Falun Gong
464:Xenophobia
459:Vegaphobia
442:Non-binary
400:Pedophobia
365:Homophobia
179:Skin color
139:Disability
110:Attributes
85:Structural
35:pareidolia
12647:Formalism
12609:Vagueness
12589:Relevance
12584:Reasoning
12497:Dialectic
12472:Ambiguity
12337:Christian
12265:Prejudice
12213:Masculism
12161:Diversity
11955:religious
11930:Redlining
11529:Ethnocide
11489:Education
11376:Ukrainian
11306:Pakistani
11296:Mongolian
11217:Australia
11199:Hungarian
11154:Colombian
11134:Bulgarian
11016:Rastafari
10965:Ahmadiyya
10873:Religious
10851:Trans men
10809:Pregnancy
10744:Gayphobia
10739:Fatphobia
10644:Acephobia
10639:Arophobia
10623:Viewpoint
10215:AllTrials
10064:Debiasing
10043:White hat
10038:Reporting
9951:Inductive
9868:Selection
9828:Lead time
9801:Estimator
9778:Zero-risk
9743:Spotlight
9723:Restraint
9713:Proximity
9698:Precision
9658:Narrative
9613:Hindsight
9598:Frequency
9578:Emotional
9551:Declinism
9482:Authority
9455:Anchoring
9445:Ambiguity
9347:CiteSeerX
9259:CiteSeerX
8860:146368789
8838:: 52â63.
7963:1938-8934
7892:143909432
7884:1542-4286
7809:1540-8884
7789:The Forum
7744:1939-1323
7655:April 20,
7640:Routledge
7126:Sources:
6902:"Lookism"
6877:"Lookism"
6474:0099-9660
6185:0022-4545
6009:0895-5646
5987:CiteSeerX
5939:(3): 242.
5896:CiteSeerX
5854:144756539
5840:: 23â43.
5523:CiteSeerX
5470:141143275
5450:Sex Roles
5362:1939-1315
5173:220652512
4701:(6): 48.
4647:143452957
4533:1041-6080
4464:143452957
4372:CiteSeerX
4230:. Chegg.
4181:1326-4966
4143:170331649
3995:in 1995.
3903:(such as
3899:or other
3441:sexuality
3322:prejudice
3266:prejudice
3191:ethnicity
3183:sexuality
3152:Prejudice
3008:estimated
3004:parameter
2871:lawmakers
2848:to Dutch
2830:relatives
2818:prejudice
2756:donations
2748:kickbacks
2740:discounts
2720:emolument
2716:privilege
2666:financial
2615:, and in
2605:workplace
2593:distorted
2585:cognitive
2553:companies
2464:anecdotes
2438:sources,
2404:decisions
2367:interpret
2260:lotteries
2236:Apophenia
2230:Apophenia
2212:heuristic
2194:Anchoring
2188:Anchoring
2103:Etymology
1982:Christian
1910:Prejudice
1858:Masculism
1806:Diversity
1586:religious
1561:Redlining
1154:Ethnocide
1114:Education
993:Ukrainian
923:Pakistani
913:Mongolian
834:Australia
816:Hungarian
771:Colombian
751:Bulgarian
625:Rastafari
574:Ahmadiyya
480:Religious
452:Trans men
410:Pregnancy
345:Gayphobia
340:Fatphobia
245:Acephobia
240:Arophobia
216:Viewpoint
12662:Logicism
12642:Finitism
12594:Rhetoric
12579:Prudence
12517:Evidence
12477:Argument
12467:Analysis
12394:Category
12376:The talk
12312:Snobbery
12230:Net bias
12060:Feminism
11987:Ugly law
11828:Catholic
11796:policies
11643:Mortgage
11638:Lynching
11569:examples
11564:Genocide
11484:Economic
11469:Democide
11429:Bullying
11341:Scottish
11336:Romanian
11301:Nigerian
11244:Japanese
11179:Georgian
11164:Filipino
11097:Assyrian
11070:Armenian
11060:American
11055:Albanian
11037:National
11021:Yazidism
10938:Hinduism
10896:Buddhism
10794:Nepotism
10789:Misogyny
10784:Misandry
10709:Clannism
10704:Biphobia
10649:Adultism
10566:Language
10350:R v Neil
10262:Lobbying
10246:Cui bono
10235:Cochrane
10174:Nepotism
9961:Inherent
9924:Academic
9898:Systemic
9883:Spectrum
9863:Sampling
9843:Observer
9806:Forecast
9718:Response
9678:Optimism
9673:Omission
9668:Normalcy
9638:In-group
9633:Implicit
9546:Cultural
9450:Affinity
9292:Archived
9290:: 1â17.
9195:Archived
9168:Archived
9135:Archived
9072:(2007).
8970:Archived
8940:25378556
8932:21602202
8885:Archived
8852:40375886
8766:Archived
8706:36570135
8642:20181324
8593:12401287
8525:18974812
8472:16517987
8441:12937253
8400:15301326
8351:Archived
8333:Archived
8311:12775614
8255:26915448
8247:17506338
8205:Archived
8138:42598982
8109:(2012).
8055:Archived
7971:11334709
7922:archived
7817:14322810
7764:archived
7760:54466287
7752:24970428
7693:June 20,
7576:"Sexism"
7402:(2010).
7393:females.
7369:(2000).
7286:(2007).
7275:Defines
7213:"Sexism"
7074:Archived
6925:(2005).
6851:. U.S.:
6809:Archived
6770:Archived
6746:Archived
6722:Archived
6718:20388211
6662:Archived
6644:27 March
6638:Archived
6600:Archived
6550:Archived
6525:Archived
6502:Archived
6478:Archived
6438:Archived
6412:Archived
6390:Archived
6388:. 2006.
6366:24 March
6360:Archived
6356:BBC News
6338:Archived
6251:Archived
6132:Archived
6107:Archived
6085:18577735
5918:10907097
5799:Archived
5780:27509646
5768:Conn Med
5753:23691741
5741:Conn Med
5719:Archived
5690:Archived
5606:Archived
5568:Archived
5492:Archived
5488:BBC News
5435:Archived
5400:Archived
5374:Archived
5370:17867385
5278:Archived
5235:Archived
5209:Archived
5138:10584001
5102:(1984).
5012:Archived
4987:29 March
4981:Archived
4943:Archived
4832:Archived
4813:Archived
4787:Archived
4769:Archived
4738:Archived
4734:Guardian
4715:19143444
4671:Archived
4651:Archived
4639:17835457
4581:Archived
4555:Archived
4468:Archived
4456:17835457
4406:Archived
4232:Archived
4206:Archived
4037:Evidence
3999:See also
3951:handicap
3782:salience
3752:audience
3733:watchdog
3589:research
3571:abstract
3556:internet
3546:to cite
3544:scholars
3457:religion
3427:and the
3425:research
3417:scholars
3220:Classism
3195:language
3179:religion
3123:Sampling
3102:drug use
3046:using a
2952:Shilling
2887:contempt
2883:business
2861:Lobbying
2836:Lobbying
2826:Nepotism
2822:Cronyism
2802:in-group
2732:skimming
2712:property
2670:personal
2601:behavior
2559:(NGOs).
2492:evidence
2216:used car
2174:adaptive
2093:sampling
2021:The talk
1957:Snobbery
1875:Net bias
1699:Feminism
1618:Ugly law
1459:Catholic
1425:Policies
1268:Mortgage
1263:Lynching
1194:examples
1189:Genocide
1109:Economic
1094:Democide
1054:Bullying
958:Scottish
953:Romanian
918:Nigerian
861:Japanese
796:Georgian
781:Filipino
714:Assyrian
687:Armenian
677:American
672:Albanian
652:national
630:Yazidism
547:Hinduism
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395:Nepotism
390:Misogyny
385:Misandry
310:Clannism
305:Biphobia
250:Adultism
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12537:Fallacy
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11608:Housing
11371:Turkish
11316:Pashtun
11286:Mexican
11266:Kurdish
11239:Italian
11189:Haitian
11174:Finnish
11149:Chinese
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11050:African
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