896:, and the Captive Wildlife Safety Act bans the interstate sale and transportation of these animals. The initial Captive Wildlife Safety Act (CWSA) was signed into law on December 19, 2003. To address problems associated with the increasing trade in certain big cat species, the CWSA regulations were strengthened by a law passed on September 17, 2007. The big cat species addressed in these regulations are the lion, tiger, leopard, snow leopard, clouded leopard, cheetah, jaguar, cougar, and any hybrid of these species (liger, tigon, etc.). Private ownership is not prohibited, but the law makes it illegal to transport, sell, or purchase such animals in interstate or foreign commerce. Although these regulations seem to provide a strong legal framework for controlling the commerce involving big cats, international organizations such as the
723:. The larynx is attached to the hyoid bone that is hanging from a sequence of bones. This sequence of bones the hyoid hangs from are tympanohyal, stylohyal, epihyal, and ceratohyal; these are located in the mandible and skull. In the larynx, there are vocal folds that produce the structure needed to stretch the ligament to a length that creates the roar effect. This tissue is made of thick collagen and elastic fiber that becomes denser as it approaches the epithelial mucosal lining. When this large pad folds it creates a low natural frequency, causing the cartilage walls of the larynx to vibrate. When it begins to vibrate the sound moves from a high to low air resistance which makes the roaring.
75:
31:
746:
Male and female lions typically weigh 150–250 kg (330–550 lb) and 110–182 kg (243–401 lb) respectively, and male and female tigers 100–306 kg (220–675 lb) and 75–167 kg (165–368 lb) respectively. Exceptionally heavy male lions and tigers have been recorded to
825:, big cats may only be owned in a qualified zoo which is overseen by a zoologist or veterinarian. Requirements must also be met for enclosures, feeding, and training practices. Both Russia and South Africa regulate private ownership of big cats native to each country. Some countries, including
789:
provides a refuge for animals to live out their natural lives in a protected environment. Usually, these animal sanctuaries are the organizations which provide a home to big cats whose private owners are no longer able or willing to care for their big cats. However, the use of the word
1728:
1356:"Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), tiger (Panthera tigris), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), liger (Panthera leo × Panthera tigris), Tigon (Panthera tigris x Panthera leo) and the domestic cat. (Felis silvestris f. catus)"
798:(FWS) as a bona fide animal sanctuary and to be eligible for an exemption from the prohibition of interstate movement of big cats under the Captive Wildlife Safety Act (CWSA), organizations must meet the following criteria:
2176:
900:(WWF) have encouraged the U.S. to further strengthen these laws. The WWF is concerned that weaknesses in the existing U.S. regulations could be unintentionally helping to fuel the black market for tiger parts.
742:
The range of weights exhibited by the species is large. At the bottom, adult snow leopards usually weigh 22 to 55 kg (49 to 121 lb), with an exceptional specimen reaching 75 kg (165 lb).
295:
family, sharing similar musculature, cardiovascular systems, skeletal frames, and behaviour. Both the cheetah and cougar differ physically from fellow big cats, and to a greater extent, other
726:
The lion's larynx is the longest, giving it the most robust roar. The roar in good conditions can be heard 8 or even 10 km (5 or 6 mi) away. All five extant members of the genus
1120:
Stein, A.B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J.F.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I.; Ghoddousi, A. (2020) .
2180:
734:
cannot roar. Unlike the roaring cats in their family, the snow leopard is distinguished by the lack of a large pad of fibro-elastic tissue that allows for a large vocal fold.
766:
of a lion and tiger, can grow to be much larger than its parent species. In particular, a liger called 'Nook' is reported to have weighed over 550 kg (1,210 lb).
1167:
2291:
2276:
2229:
2147:
1233:
Davis, Brian W.; Li, Gang & Murphy, William J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats,
1032:
539:
epoch, approximately 3.2 Ma. The ancestor of the lion, leopard, and jaguar split from other big cats from 4.3–3.8 Ma. Between 3.6 and 2.5 Ma, the jaguar
1983:
Goodrich, J.; Lynam, A.; Miquelle, D.; Wibisono, H.; Kawanishi, K.; Pattanavibool, A.; Htun, S.; Tempa, T.; Karki, J.; Jhala, Y.; Karanth, U. (2015).
861:. All species currently have populations that are decreasing. The principal threats to big cats vary by geographic location but primarily consist of
1866:
873:
or government "problem animal control" officers. Certain protected areas exist that shelter large and exceptionally visible populations of
949:
Davis, B.W.; Li, G.; Murphy, W.J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats,
794:
in an organization's name is by itself no guarantee that it is a true animal sanctuary in the sense of a refuge. To be accepted by the
543:
from the ancestor of lions and leopards. Lions and leopards split from one another approximately 2 Ma. The earliest big cat fossil,
2243:
795:
2201:
2344:
1712:
1641:
1616:
1586:
1559:
1520:
1209:
1007:
503:
531:
are more closely related to each other. The tiger and snow leopard diverged from the ancestral big cats approximately 3.9
780:
486:
about 6.37 million years ago. The
Felinae, on the other hand, comprises mostly small to medium-sized cats, including
2299:
1305:
Z. Jack Tseng; Xiaoming Wang; Graham J. Slater; Gary T. Takeuchi; Qiang Li; Juan Liu; Guangpu Xie (7 January 2014).
1191:
1752:
805:
Cannot engage in commercial trade in big cat species, including their offspring, parts, and products made from them
2158:
929:
1043:
1843:"Regulations Concerning the Private Possession of Big Cats: Comparative Analysis | Law Library of Congress"
1733:
University Press of Africa, with contributions from the Kenya
National Chamber of Commerce & Industry
892:
In the United States, 19 states have banned ownership of big cats and other dangerous exotic animals as
1280:
1061:
2336:
2332:
The Big Cats and Their Fossil
Relatives: An Illustrated Guide to Their Evolution and Natural History
1929:
1144:
74:
2124:
2046:
2007:
1968:
1821:
2085:
1172:
886:
854:
540:
802:
Must be a non-profit entity that is tax-exempt under section 501(a) of the
Internal Revenue Code
1199:
1537:
2270:
1882:"Regulations Concerning the Private Possession of Big Cats: Austria| Law Library of Congress"
1551:
1541:
858:
817:
Must allow the service to inspect their facilities, records, and animals at reasonable hours
1354:
Weissengruber, GE; G Forstenpointner; G Peters; A Kübber-Heiss; WT Fitch (September 2002).
1246:
1073:
962:
914:
889:; outside these conservation areas, hunting poses the dominant threat to large carnivores.
1304:
8:
1187:
897:
878:
862:
712:
1250:
1077:
966:
2257:(158). U.S. Congress. August 16, 2007. Archived from the original on September 22, 2008
1842:
1680:
1486:
1453:
1429:
1404:
1380:
1355:
1331:
1307:"Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats"
1306:
846:
69:
2023:
1906:
1452:
Erickson-DiRenzo, Elizabeth; Sivasankar, M. Preeti; Thibeault, Susan L. (2014-12-15).
1121:
2380:
2340:
2223:
2101:
1984:
1945:
1860:
1708:
1702:
1637:
1612:
1582:
1576:
1555:
1516:
1491:
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1434:
1416:
1385:
1371:
1336:
1262:
1215:
1205:
1099:
1013:
1003:
978:
545:
2326:
2099:
1454:"Utility of cell viability assays for use with ex vivo vocal fold epithelial tissue"
1353:
2119:
2080:
2062:
2041:
2002:
1963:
1924:
1881:
1670:
1603:
1481:
1465:
1424:
1375:
1367:
1326:
1318:
1254:
1139:
1089:
1081:
970:
786:
763:
2022:
Quigley, H.; Foster, R.; Petracca, L.; Payan, E.; Salom, R.; Harmsen, B. (2018) .
2375:
2330:
1510:
1085:
997:
924:
874:
1797:
1258:
974:
821:
Internationally, a variety of regulations are placed on big cat possession. In
811:
Cannot allow direct contact between big cats and the public at their facilities
752:
340:
2369:
2110:
2071:
2032:
1993:
1982:
1954:
1915:
1477:
1420:
1195:
1130:
1103:
919:
842:
304:
1904:
1219:
1119:
1017:
249:" is typically used to refer to any of the five living members of the genus
1943:
1495:
1389:
1340:
1322:
1266:
982:
731:
575:
512:
487:
454:
410:
272:
220:
61:
2021:
1438:
2060:
1094:
870:
356:
276:
1944:
McCarthy, T.; Mallon, D.; Jackson, R.; Zahler, P.; McCarthy, K. (2017).
1905:
Bauer, H.; Packer, C.; Funston, P.F.; Henschel, P.; Nowell, K. (2017) .
730:
contain this elongated hyoid but owing to differences in the larynx the
482:
It is estimated that the ancestors of most big cats split away from the
1684:
1469:
1168:"This Fossil Skull Unearthed in Tibet Is the Oldest Big Cat Ever Found"
882:
850:
748:
720:
308:
136:
2177:"Captive Wildlife Safety Act: A Good Start in Banning Exotics as Pets"
535:. The tiger then evolved into a unique species towards the end of the
2360:
1611:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 1–334.
909:
532:
508:
300:
126:
86:
2100:
Nielsen, C.; Thompson, D.; Kelly, M.; Lopez-Gonzalez, C.A. (2016) .
1675:
1658:
1451:
1002:(Illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 79–81.
866:
857:. Cheetahs are also classified as Vulnerable, and the cougar is of
536:
434:
364:
312:
251:
146:
106:
40:
1204:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–545.
829:, Thailand and India, prohibit all private ownership of big cats.
311:
without natural predators of their own. Native ranges include the
1547:
1201:
Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
826:
822:
660:
524:
495:
483:
440:
426:
400:
348:
291:
279:
268:
200:
170:
156:
57:
1822:"Captive Wildlife Safety Act - What Big Cat Owners Need to Know"
2292:"America's 5,000 Backyard Tigers a Ticking Time Bomb, WWF Says"
2202:"Captive Wildlife Safety Act: What Big Cat Owners Need to Know"
1060:
Ordiz, Andrés; Bischof, Richard; Swenson, Jon E. (2013-12-01).
716:
622:
528:
491:
460:
390:
328:
324:
316:
283:
264:
190:
180:
116:
96:
53:
30:
2361:
People Not
Poaching: The Communities and IWT Learning Platform
1601:
948:
759:
590:
516:
370:
256:
230:
45:
1827:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Law Enforcement.
549:, dating to 4.1−5.95 MA, was discovered in southwest Tibet.
995:
893:
645:
520:
380:
320:
260:
210:
49:
2244:"Regulations To Implement the Captive Wildlife Safety Act"
511:
relationships of the big cats. The study reveals that the
2179:. The Humane Society of the United States. Archived from
1773:
296:
2061:
Durant, S.; Mitchell, N.; Ipavec, A.; Groom, R. (2015).
1535:
1062:"Saving large carnivores, but losing the apex predator?"
845:: the lion, leopard and snow leopard are categorized as
841:
genus are classified as some level of threatened by the
814:
Must keep records of transactions involving covered cats
1755:. Vol. 130. Leonard Scott Publishing Company. 1941
323:; the ranges of the leopard and tiger also extend into
1605:
2324:
1059:
1595:
2367:
2275:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2228:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1226:
1165:
1930:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15951A107265605.en
1145:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T15954A163991139.en
1115:
1113:
2125:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18868A50663436.en
2047:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15953A50658693.en
2008:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en
1969:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.en
1790:
715:comes from an elongated and specially adapted
1636:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1508:
1232:
751:, and weigh around 450 kg (990 lb)
2086:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T219A50649567.en
1865:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1405:"The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats"
1110:
701:
1704:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats
1696:
1694:
1574:
1568:
1502:
2211:. Archived from the original on 2008-09-22
1774:"The Liger - Meet the World's Largest Cat"
1766:
1581:. Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Books.
1186:
769:
29:
2123:
2084:
2045:
2006:
1967:
1928:
1674:
1656:
1650:
1485:
1428:
1379:
1330:
1143:
1093:
877:, lions and cheetahs, such as Botswana's
869:. In Africa, many big cats are hunted by
1745:
1721:
1691:
1602:Nowell, Kristin; Jackson, Peter (1996).
1550:: University of Chicago Press. pp.
1529:
779:For the population of the big cats, see
747:exceed 306 kg (675 lb) in the
490:, but also some larger cats such as the
1578:Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals
999:The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives
796:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
2368:
2145:
1879:
996:Turner, Alan; Anton, Mauricio (1997).
2289:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1631:
1625:
1239:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1030:
955:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
504:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2148:"Carnivores in Crisis: The Big Cats"
1700:
1402:
2174:
2111:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2072:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2033:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1994:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1955:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1916:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1536:Sunquist, M.; Sunquist, F. (2002).
1281:"Tiger's ancient ancestry revealed"
1180:
1131:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
38:Images of the members of the genus
13:
2318:
1831:
1753:"The Nineteenth Century and After"
1311:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
14:
2392:
2354:
2290:Braun, David (October 21, 2010).
781:List of carnivorans by population
507:has given insight into the exact
1509:Kathy Darling (1 January 2000).
1372:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x
73:
2283:
2236:
2194:
2168:
2139:
2093:
2054:
2015:
1976:
1937:
1898:
1873:
1814:
1445:
1396:
1347:
1298:
1166:Joseph Stromberg (2013-11-12).
774:
737:
2209:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1729:"East African Business Digest"
1273:
1159:
1053:
1024:
989:
942:
930:International Big Cat Alliance
853:; and the jaguar is listed as
519:are sister species, while the
1:
1841:Zhang, Laney; Palmer (2013).
1634:Walker's Mammals of the World
935:
16:Paraphyletic group of mammals
1798:"Liger Nook - Liger Profile"
1086:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.09.024
477:
7:
1259:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036
1042:(13): 36−43. Archived from
975:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036
903:
10:
2397:
2146:Hunter, Luke (June 2004).
832:
778:
706:
501:A 2010 study published in
338:
334:
303:, big cats are considered
289:All cats descend from the
44:, from top to bottom: the
2337:Columbia University Press
1632:Nowak, Ronald M. (1999).
849:; the tiger is listed as
702:Description and abilities
658:
643:
636:
620:
613:
588:
573:
566:
558:
167:
162:
70:Scientific classification
68:
37:
28:
23:
1403:Hast, M H (April 1989).
1198:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
2157:: 28–41. Archived from
1707:. Sterling Publishing.
1515:. Lerner Publications.
1237:(Carnivora: Felidae)".
1173:Smithsonian Institution
1066:Biological Conservation
953:(Carnivora: Felidae)".
770:Interaction with humans
2040:: e.T15953A123791436.
1923:: e.T15951A115130419.
1880:Palmer, Edith (2013).
1543:Wild Cats of the World
1323:10.1098/rspb.2013.2686
1138:: e.T15954A163991139.
2118:: e.T18868A97216466.
2001:: e.T15955A50659951.
1962:: e.T22732A50664030.
808:Cannot breed big cats
275:, as well as the non-
1701:Wood, G. L. (1983).
1575:Boitani, L. (1984).
915:List of largest cats
2296:National Geographic
2079:: e.T219A50649567.
1317:(177 4): 20132686.
1251:2010MolPE..56...64D
1078:2013BCons.168..128O
967:2010MolPE..56...64D
898:World Wildlife Fund
863:habitat destruction
837:The members of the
301:obligate carnivores
2164:on April 15, 2010.
1657:Mazák, V. (1981).
1470:10.1002/lary.25100
1409:Journal of Anatomy
1360:Journal of Anatomy
1031:Balme, G. (2005).
327:, specifically in
2346:978-0-231-10228-5
2155:Africa Geographic
1714:978-0-85112-235-9
1667:Mammalian Species
1643:978-0-8018-5789-8
1618:978-2-8317-0045-8
1588:978-0-671-42805-1
1561:978-0-226-77999-7
1522:978-1-57505-404-9
1211:978-0-8018-8221-0
1192:"Order Carnivora"
1188:Wozencraft, W. C.
1040:Africa Geographic
1009:978-0-231-10228-5
885:, and Tanzania's
698:
697:
689:
688:
680:
679:
671:
670:
601:
600:
546:Panthera blytheae
243:
242:
2388:
2350:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2298:. Archived from
2287:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2251:Federal Register
2248:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:on 19 April 2007
2175:Pacelle, Wayne.
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2152:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2065:Acinonyx jubatus
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1877:
1871:
1870:
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1854:
1853:
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1826:
1818:
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1811:
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1808:
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1787:
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1770:
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1763:
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1749:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1740:
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1592:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1464:(5): E180–E185.
1458:The Laryngoscope
1449:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1302:
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1230:
1224:
1223:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1097:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1037:
1028:
1022:
1021:
993:
987:
986:
946:
875:African leopards
787:animal sanctuary
639:
638:
616:
615:
569:
568:
561:
560:
553:
552:
445:Acinonyx jubatus
307:, topping their
175:Acinonyx jubatus
78:
77:
33:
21:
20:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2347:
2321:
2319:Further reading
2316:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2302:on May 15, 2011
2288:
2284:
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2260:
2258:
2246:
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2220:
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2195:
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2184:
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2161:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2098:
2094:
2059:
2055:
2020:
2016:
1987:Panthera tigris
1981:
1977:
1942:
1938:
1903:
1899:
1890:
1888:
1878:
1874:
1858:
1857:
1851:
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1804:
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1750:
1746:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1699:
1692:
1676:10.2307/3504004
1661:Panthera tigris
1655:
1651:
1644:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1573:
1569:
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1534:
1530:
1523:
1507:
1503:
1450:
1446:
1401:
1397:
1352:
1348:
1303:
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1279:
1278:
1274:
1231:
1227:
1212:
1185:
1181:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1124:Panthera pardus
1118:
1111:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1035:
1033:"Counting Cats"
1029:
1025:
1010:
994:
990:
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405:Panthera pardus
375:Panthera tigris
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2306:November 20,
2304:. Retrieved
2300:the original
2295:
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2271:cite journal
2259:. Retrieved
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2017:
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1909:Panthera leo
1908:
1900:
1889:. Retrieved
1885:
1875:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:
1816:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:
1792:
1781:. Retrieved
1777:
1768:
1757:. Retrieved
1747:
1737:, retrieved
1732:
1723:
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1669:(152): 1–8.
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1289:. Retrieved
1287:. 2010-02-12
1284:
1275:
1245:(1): 64–76.
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1149:. Retrieved
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1044:the original
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991:
961:(1): 64−76.
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871:pastoralists
838:
836:
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775:Conservation
757:
753:in captivity
745:
741:
738:Weight range
732:snow leopard
727:
725:
710:
659:
644:
621:
611:3.6 Ma
589:
576:Snow leopard
574:
564:3.2 Ma
556:3.9 Ma
544:
513:snow leopard
509:evolutionary
502:
500:
481:
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411:Snow leopard
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273:snow leopard
250:
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221:Snow leopard
215:Panthera leo
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184:
174:
62:snow leopard
39:
18:
1886:www.loc.gov
1847:www.loc.gov
1802:Liger World
1778:Liger Facts
1415:: 117–121.
1072:: 128–133.
357:Pantherinae
2370:Categories
2215:2024-04-17
2187:2007-04-01
1891:2021-04-20
1852:2021-04-20
1807:2018-04-23
1783:2016-07-17
1759:2018-03-17
1739:2018-03-18
1291:2010-04-26
936:References
883:Masai Mara
881:, Kenya's
851:Endangered
847:Vulnerable
749:wilderness
634:2 Ma
424:Subfamily
354:Subfamily
339:See also:
309:food chain
297:small cats
277:pantherine
245:The term "
137:Feliformia
133:Suborder:
60:, and the
2327:Antón, M.
2261:April 17,
1478:0023-852X
1421:0021-8782
1104:0006-3207
910:Megafauna
887:Serengeti
792:sanctuary
478:Evolution
127:Carnivora
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
24:Big cats
2381:Big cats
2329:(1997).
2224:cite web
2131:20 April
1861:cite web
1496:25511412
1390:12363272
1341:24225466
1285:BBC News
1267:20138224
1235:Panthera
1220:62265494
1190:(2005).
1151:20 April
1018:34283113
983:20138224
951:Panthera
904:See also
867:poaching
839:Panthera
728:Panthera
541:diverged
537:Pliocene
515:and the
435:Acinonyx
365:Panthera
313:Americas
252:Panthera
163:Species
153:Family:
147:Feloidea
117:Mammalia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
41:Panthera
1685:3504004
1552:377–394
1548:Chicago
1487:4414688
1439:2606766
1430:1256521
1381:1570911
1332:3843846
1247:Bibcode
1074:Bibcode
963:Bibcode
833:Threats
827:Denmark
823:Austria
707:Roaring
661:Leopard
525:leopard
496:cheetah
484:Felinae
441:Cheetah
427:Felinae
401:Leopard
349:Felidae
346:Family
335:Species
292:Felidae
280:cheetah
269:leopard
247:big cat
201:Leopard
171:Cheetah
157:Felidae
123:Order:
113:Class:
58:leopard
2376:Felids
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1735:, 1963
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1016:
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981:
764:hybrid
717:larynx
623:Jaguar
529:jaguar
527:, and
492:cougar
461:Cougar
452:Genus
432:Genus
391:Jaguar
362:Genus
329:Russia
325:Europe
319:, and
317:Africa
284:cougar
271:, and
265:jaguar
191:Jaguar
181:Cougar
56:, the
54:jaguar
52:, the
48:, the
2247:(PDF)
2205:(PDF)
2162:(PDF)
2151:(PDF)
1825:(PDF)
1681:JSTOR
1609:(PDF)
1512:Lions
1194:. In
1047:(PDF)
1036:(PDF)
879:Chobe
760:liger
591:Tiger
517:tiger
371:Tiger
299:. As
257:tiger
231:Tiger
46:tiger
2341:ISBN
2308:2023
2277:link
2263:2024
2230:link
2133:2021
2116:2015
2077:2015
2038:2017
1999:2015
1960:2017
1921:2016
1867:link
1709:ISBN
1638:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1556:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1492:PMID
1474:ISSN
1435:PMID
1417:ISSN
1386:PMID
1337:PMID
1263:PMID
1216:OCLC
1206:ISBN
1153:2021
1136:2020
1100:ISSN
1014:OCLC
1004:ISBN
979:PMID
894:pets
865:and
762:, a
758:The
719:and
713:roar
646:Lion
521:lion
494:and
455:Puma
381:Lion
321:Asia
282:and
261:lion
211:Lion
50:lion
2120:doi
2081:doi
2042:doi
2003:doi
1964:doi
1925:doi
1671:doi
1482:PMC
1466:doi
1462:125
1425:PMC
1413:163
1376:PMC
1368:doi
1364:201
1327:PMC
1319:doi
1315:281
1255:doi
1140:doi
1090:hdl
1082:doi
1070:168
971:doi
785:An
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
