Poaching - Knowledge

1627:: the bandwagon and snob effect. The former deals with people desiring a product due to many other people buying it, while the latter is similar but with one distinct difference: people will clamour to buy something if it denotes wealth that only a few elites could possibly afford. Therefore, the snob effect would offset some of the gains made by anti-poaching laws, regulations, or practices: if a portion of the supply is cut off, the rarity and price of the object would increase, and only a select few would have the desire and purchasing power for it. While approaches to dilute mitigate poaching from a supply-side may not be the best option as people can become more willing to purchase rarer items, especially in countries gaining more wealth and therefore higher demand for illicit goods—Frederick Chen still advocates that we should also focus on exploring ways to reduce the demand for these goods to better stop the problem of poaching. Indeed, there is some evidence that interventions to reduce consumer demand may be more effective for combatting poaching than continually increased policing to catch poachers. However, almost no groups deploying interventions that attempt to reduce consumer demand evaluate the impact of their actions. 1635:

trafficking; therefore, there is a need to raise social awareness and implement more protection and investigative techniques. For example, conservation groups raised more awareness amongst park rangers and the local communities to understand the impact of tiger poaching—they achieved this through targeted advertising that would impact the main audience. Targeting advertising using more violent imagery to show the disparity between tigers in nature and as a commodity made a great impact on the general population to combat poaching and indifference towards this problem. The use of spokespeople such as Jackie Chan and other famous Asian actors and models who advocated against poaching also helped the conservation movement for tigers too.

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or put them in a wildlife conservation habitat to preserve the species. Conducting a survey on 1,058 residents of Beijing, China, with 381 being university students and the other 677 being regular citizens, they tried to gauge public opinion about tigers and conservation efforts for them. They were asked questions regarding the value of tigers in relations to ecology, science, education, aestheticism, and culture. However, one reason emerged as to why tigers are still highly demanded in illegal trading: culturally, they are still status symbols of wealth for the upper class, and they are still thought to have mysterious medicinal and healthcare effects.

1122:. Usually, bushmeat is considered a subset of poaching because of the hunting of animals regardless of the laws that conserve certain species of animals. Many families consume more bushmeat if there are no alternative sources of protein available such as fish. The further the families were from the reserve, the less likely they were to illegally hunt wildlife for bushmeat. They were more likely to hunt for bushmeat right before the harvest season and during heavy rains, as before the harvest season, there is not much agricultural work, and heavy rainfall obscures human tracks and makes it easier for poachers to get away with their crimes. 773: 43: 1384: 747: 475: 1679: 483: 5935: 491: 392: 616: 1329: 1693: 1588:

adopted a shoot-to-kill policy against poachers in 2013 as a "legitimate conservation strategy" and "a necessary evil", which has reduced poaching to the point it is thought to be "virtually non-existent" in the country, and that neighbouring countries like South Africa should also adopt similar measures in order to save wildlife from extinction. In May 2018, the Kenyan government announced that poachers will face the

1150: 4797: 1442:(where horns are used for decoration). A sharp surge in demand for rhino horn in Vietnam was attributed to rumors that the horn cured cancer, though this has no basis in science. In 2012, one kilogram of crushed rhino horn has sold for as much as $ 60,000, more expensive than a kilogram of gold. Vietnam is the only nation which mass-produces bowls made for grinding rhino horn. 552:) and in Lackenhäuser, in the Bavarian forest, each household had to feed and accommodate one soldier for a month as part of a military mission to quell the disturbance. The people of Lackenhäuser had several skirmishes with Austrian foresters and military that started due to poached deer. The well-armed people set against the representatives of the state were known as 1577:, for military-style anti-poaching operations. Such military-style approaches have been criticised for failing to resolve the underlying reasons for poaching, but to neither tackle "the role of global trading networks" nor the continued demand for animal products. Instead, they "result in coercive, unjust and counterproductive approaches to wildlife conservation". 1058:, pleasure, and thrill in killing wildlife or because they disagree with certain hunting regulations, claim a traditional right to hunt, or have negative dispositions toward legal authority. In rural areas of the United States, the key motives for poaching are poverty. Interviews conducted with 41 poachers in the 2045:

Lindsey, P.; Balme, G.; Becker, M.; Begg, C.; Bento, C.; Bocchino, C.; Dickman, A.; Diggle, R.; Eves, H.; Henschel, P.; Lewis, D.; Marnewick, K.; Mattheus, J.; McNutt, J. W.; McRobb, R.; Midlane, N., Milanzi, J., Morley, R., Murphree, M., Nyoni, P., Opyene, V., Phadima, J., Purchase, N., Rentsch, D.,

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Poaching has many causes in both Africa and China. The issue of poaching is not a simple one to solve as traditional methods to counter poaching have not taken into the account the poverty levels that drive some poachers and the lucrative profits made by organized crime syndicates who deal in illegal

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In China, there are problems with wildlife conservation, specifically relating to tigers. Several authors collaborated on the piece "Public attitude toward tiger farming and tiger conservation in Beijing, China", and explored the option of whether it would be a better policy to raise tigers on a farm

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The development of modern hunting rights is closely connected to the comparatively modern idea of exclusive private ownership of land. In the 17th and the 18th centuries, the restrictions on hunting and shooting rights on private property were enforced by gamekeepers and foresters. They denied shared

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organise the trafficking of wildlife body parts through a complex interlinking network to markets outside the respective countries of origin. Armed conflict in Africa has been linked to intensified poaching and wildlife declines within protected areas, likely reflecting the disruption of traditional

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rulers of feudal territories from the king downward tried to enforce exclusive rights of the nobility to hunt and fish on the lands that they ruled. Poaching was deemed a serious crime punishable by imprisonment, but enforcement was comparably weak until the 16th century. Peasants were still allowed

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There are two main solutions according to Frederick Chen that would attack the supply side of this poaching problem to reduce its effects: enforcing and enacting more policies and laws for conservation and by encouraging local communities to protect the wildlife around them by giving them more land

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were interpreted as a general permission for poaching in Bavaria. The reform of the hunting law in 1849 restricted legal hunting to rich landowners and middle classes who could pay hunting fees, which led to disappointment among the general public, who continued to view poachers favourably. Some of

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and the peasants right to hunt and fish. However, by end of the 18th century, comparably-easy access to rifles increasingly allowed peasants and servants to poach. Hunting was used in the 18th century as a theatrical demonstration of the aristocratic rule of the land and also had a strong impact on

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Since the 1980s, the term "poaching" has also been used to refer to the illegal harvesting of wild plants. In agricultural terms, the term 'poaching' is also applied to the loss of soils or grass by the damaging action of feet of livestock, which can affect availability of productive land, water

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In 2013, the Tanzanian Minister of Natural Resources and Tourism urged that poachers be shot on sight in an effort to stop the mass killing of elephants. Since December 2016, anti-poaching police units in Namibia are permitted to return fire on poachers if fired upon. The government of Botswana

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Another strategy being used to counter rhino poachers in Africa is called RhODIS, which is a database that compiles rhino DNA from confiscated horns and other goods that were being illegally traded, as well as DNA recovered from poaching sites. RhODIS cross-references the DNA as it searches for

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and served to protect game animals and their forest habitat from hunting by the common people of England, while reserving hunting rights for the new French-speaking Anglo-Norman aristocracy. Henceforth, hunting of game in royal forests by commoners was punishable by hanging. In 1087, the poem

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was about how to implement a multi-lateral strategy that targets different parties to conserve wild tiger populations in general. This multi-lateral approach include working with different agencies to fight and prevent poaching since organized crime syndicates benefit from tiger poaching and

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Another major cause of poaching is the cultural high demand of wildlife products, such as ivory, which are seen as symbols of status and wealth in China. According to Joseph Vandegrift, China saw an unusual spike in demand for ivory in the 21st century because the economic boom allowed more

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revealed that 37 of them hunt to provide food for themselves and their families; 11 stated that poaching is part of their personal or cultural history; nine earn money from the sale of poached game to support their families; and eight feel exhilarated and thrilled by outsmarting

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Keele, B. F.; Van Heuverswyn, F.; Li, Y.; Bailes, E.; Takehisa, J.; Santiago, M. L.; Bibollet-Ruche, F.; Chen, Y.; Wain, L. V.; Liegeois, F.; Loul, S.; Ngole, E. M.; Bienvenue, Y.; Delaporte, E.; Brookfield, J. F.; Sharp, P. M.; Shaw, G. M.; Peeters, M.; Hahn, B. H. (2006).

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to continue small game hunting, but the right of the nobility to hunt was restricted in the 16th century and transferred to land ownership. The low quality of guns made it necessary to approach the game as close as 30 m (100 ft). Poachers in the

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the frontier regions, where smuggling was important, showed especially strong resistance to that development. In 1849, the Bavarian military forces were asked to occupy a number of municipalities on the frontier with Austria. Both in Wallgau (now part of

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Georges-Courbot, M. C.; Sanchez, A.; Lu, C. Y.; Baize, S.; Leroy, E.; Lansout-Soukate, J.; Tévi-Bénissan, C.; Georges, A. J.; Trappier, S. G.; Zaki, S. R.; Swanepoel, R.; Leman, P. A.; Rollin, P. E.; Peters, C. J.; Nichol, S. T.; Ksiazek, T. G. (1997).

5425: 1596:, a UK-based wildlife advocacy organization notes that in Kenya, 23 rhinos and 156 elephants were killed by poachers between 2016 and 2017. As of March 2019, the measure is being put on the fast track to implementation by Kenyan lawmakers. 701:

venison from deer that was illegally hunted in the Sherwood Forest, the King overlooking the fact that this hunting was a capital offence. The widespread acceptance of the common criminal activity is encapsulated in the observation

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Wolfe, N. D.; Heneine, W.; Carr, J. K.; Garcia, A. D.; Shanmugam, V.; Tamoufe, U.; Torimiro, J. N.; Prosser, A. T.; Lebreton, M.; Mpoudi-Ngole, E.; McCutchan, F. E.; Birx, D. L.; Folks, T. M.; Burke, D. S.; Switzer, W. M. (2005).

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fail to stop the display and sale of these items in open markets, according to a 2008 report from TRAFFIC. Popular "medicinal" tiger parts from poached animals include tiger genitals, believed to improve virility, and tiger eyes.

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enshrines the sustainable use of all wildlife. It targets the taking of action on dealing with poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna to ensure their availability for present and future generations.

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have made use of robotic decoy animals placed in high visibility areas to draw out poachers for arrest after the decoys are shot. Decoys with robotics to mimic natural movements are also in use by law enforcement. The

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wildlife trafficking. Conservationists hope the new emerging multi-lateral approach, which would include the public, conservation groups, and the police, will be successful for the future of these animals.

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Other offenses of incorrect weaponry, such as the use of cartridge rifles in muzzleloader or archery season or in shotgun-only areas, or the killing of big game animals with insufficient firepower such as

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land use patterns. Poaching not only interfered with property rights but also clashed symbolically with the power of the nobility. Between 1830 and 1848, poaching and poaching-related deaths increased in

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of poachers. Deep-seated cultural beliefs in the potency of tiger parts are so prevalent across China and other east Asian countries that laws protecting even critically endangered species such as the

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brings to light many of the poaching areas and trafficking routes and helps to clamp down on the smuggling routes the poachers use to get the ivory to areas of high demand, predominantly Asia.

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Liu, Z.; Jiang, Z.; Li, C.; Fang, H.; Ping, X.; Luo, Z.; Tang, S.; Li, L.; Meng, Z. & Zeng, Y. (2015). "Public attitude toward tiger farming and tiger conservation in Beijing, China".

4081: 2014: 1129:, there are anecdotal accounts of the desire for a better life for children, which drive rural poachers to take the risk of poaching even though they dislike exploiting the wildlife. 4324: 4447: 572: (1952–1982) gained notoriety and have had a strong cultural impact, which has persisted until today. Poaching was used as a dare. It had a certain erotic connotation, as in 1448:, which is a natural material of several animals, plays a large part in the trade of illegal animal materials and poaching. Ivory is a material used in creating art objects and 603:

While poachers had strong local support until the early 20th century, Walder's case showed a significant change in attitudes. Urban citizens still had some sympathy for the

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middle-class Chinese to have a higher purchasing power, which incentivized them to show off their newfound wealth by using ivory, which has been a rare commodity since the

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Taylor, A. (2004). "Pig-Sticking Princes: Royal Hunting, Moral Outrage, and the Republican Opposition to Animal Abuse in Nineteenth-and Early Twentieth-Century Britain".

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MacColl, A. & Wilfred, P. (2015). "Local Perspectives on Factors Influencing the Extent of Wildlife Poaching for Bushmeat in a Game Reserve, Western Tanzania".

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The South Africa – Viet Nam Rhino Horn Trade Nexus: A deadly combination of institutional lapses, corrupt wildlife industry professionals and Asian crime syndicates

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efforts around the world. And research suggests that such work may be more effective at improving populations affected by poaching than protected area expansion.

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Grave of a poacher in Schliersee, quoting the first stanza of the Jennerwein song. Now and then, poached game is being placed on the grave to commemorate 'Girgl'.

3543: 714:. However, the English nobility and land owners were in the long term extremely successful in enforcing the modern concept of property, such as expressed in the 2891: 2142: 1580:

Chengeta Wildlife is an organization that works to equip and train wildlife protection teams and lobbies African governments to adopt anti-poaching campaigns.

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and a parasiticide into the animals' horns, which enables tracking of the horns and deters consumption of the horn by purchasers. Since rhino horn is made of

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often incorporates ingredients from all parts of plants, the leaf, stem, flower, root, and also ingredients from animals and minerals. The use of parts of

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are slaughtered yearly to feed the demand for their ivory tusks. This ivory then goes on to be used in jewelry, musical instruments, and other trinkets.

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Muth, R. M.; Bowe, Jr. (1998). "Illegal harvest of renewable natural resources in North America: Toward a typology of the motivations for poaching".

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Martin, J. (2012). "The Transformation of Lowland Game Shooting in England and Wales in the Twentieth Century: The Neglected Metamorphosis".

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Power Bratton, S. (1985). "Effects of disturbance by visitors on two woodland orchid species in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA".

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are managed for the benefit of foreign tourists and safari groups at the expense of the livelihoods of tribal peoples such as the Kalahari

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it and using its body parts. They considered poaching as one of the most serious threats to the survival of plant and animal populations.

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and to bar them from hunting on their ancestral lands when they are declared as wildlife-only zones. Corry argues that parks such as the

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Poverty seems to be a large impetus to cause people to poach, something that affects both residents in Africa and Asia. For example, in

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of people from traditional land tenancies and erstwhile-common land. The 19th century saw the rise of acts of legislation, such as the

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for subsistence purposes and to supplement meager diets. It was set against the hunting privileges of nobility and territorial rulers.

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with "pouch". Poaching was dispassionately reported for England in "Pleas of the Forest", transgressions of the rigid Anglo-Norman

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In North America, the blatant defiance of the laws by poachers escalated to armed conflicts with law authorities, including the

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connected unlimited hunting with the pursuit of love. Further poaching related legends and stories ranged from the 1821 opera

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Musgrave, R. S.; Parker, S.; Wolok, M. (1993). "Status of Poaching in the United States – Are We Protecting Our Wildlife?".

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Allmende und Allmendaufhebung: vergleichende Studien zum Spätmittelalter bis Zu den Agrarreformen des 18./19. Jahrhunderts

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Rhino populations face extinction because of demand in Asia (for traditional medicine and as a luxury item) and in the

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Harrison, R., Sreekar, R., Brodie, J. F., Brook, S. et al. "Impacts of hunting on tropical forests in Southeast Asia"

1023:, has argued that the term "poaching" has at times been used to criminalize the traditional subsistence techniques of 672:, who was a great lover of hunting, established and enforced a system of forest law. This system operated outside the 5638: 4490: 3591: 3439: 2922: 2179: 2123: 1868: 1751: 867: 685:, expressed English indignation at the severe new laws. Poaching was romanticised in literature from the time of the 544: 1214:

destinations face a negative publicity; those holding a permit for wildlife-based land uses, tourism-based tour and

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is altered; tree species with large seeds progressively dominate a forest, while small-seeded plant species become

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was banned in 1989, but poaching of elephants continues in many parts of Africa stricken by economic decline. The

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Illegal hunting and the bush-meat trade in savanna Africa: drivers, impacts and solutions to address the problem

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that are typically punishable. The following violations and offenses are considered acts of poaching in the US:

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Forsyth, C. J.; Gramling, R.; Wooddell, G. (1998). "The game of poaching: Folk crimes in southwest Louisiana".

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Green, G. S. (2002). "The other criminalities of animal freeze-killers: Support for a generality of deviance".

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Archer, J. E. (1999). "Poaching gangs and violence: the urban-rural divide in nineteenth-century Lancashire".

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in some cultures to have certain positive effects on the human body, including increasing virility and curing

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Vandergrift, J. (2013). "Elephant Poaching: CITES Failure to Combat the Growth in Chinese Demand for Ivory".

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sells seashells to tourists, seashells which have been taken from the sea alive, killing the animal inside.

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Austria and Germany refer to poaching not as theft but as intrusion into third-party hunting rights. While

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Daskin, J. H. & Pringle, R. M. (2018). "Warfare and wildlife declines in Africa's protected areas".

2263: 1360:. These parts are sold in areas where these beliefs are practiced – mostly Asian countries particularly 5283: 5261: 2702: 1283: 1186:

cannot recover as fast as they are removed from a forest; as their populations decline, the pattern of

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reported on a large upsurge in ivory poaching, with about 70% of all illegal ivory flowing to China.

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region were typically unmarried men around 30 years of age and usually alone on their illegal trade.

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Crimes against Nature: Squatters, Poachers, Thieves, and the Hidden History of American Conservation

1857:"Die Konfrontation mit dem traditionalen Rechtsverständnis: Raub, Holzdiebstahl, Lebensmitteltumult" 1078:, the key motives for poaching are the lack of employment opportunities and a limited potential for 5214: 4939: 3268: 3000:"Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of Ebola viruses causing different outbreaks in Gabon" 1574: 678: 249: 34: 4521:

Fisher, J. (2000). "Property rights in pheasants: landlords, farmers and the game laws, 1860–80".

3793: 3367: 5420: 5387: 5167: 3517:"Rhino horn: Vietnam's new status symbol heralds conservation nightmare, Guardian September 2012" 2684: 2526:

Eliason, S (2003). "Illegal hunting and angling: The neutralization of wildlife law violations".

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is a consumer of the ivory trade and accounts for a significant amount of ivory sales. In 2012,

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Members of the Rhino Rescue Project have implemented a technique to combat rhino poaching in

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The effective size of protected areas is reduced as poachers use the edges of these areas as

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Holden, M. H.; Biggs, D.; Brink, H.; Bal, P.; Rhodes, J. & McDonald-Madden, E. (2018).

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The outlaw gunner: a journey from hunting for survival to a call for waterfowl conservation

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Large quantities of ivory are sometimes destroyed as a statement against poaching, a.k.a. "

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Liberg, O.; Chapron, G.; Wabakken, P.; Pedersen, H.C.; Hobbs, N.T. & Sand, H. (2011).

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August, R. (1993). "Cowboys v. Rancheros: The Origins of Western American Livestock Law".

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

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Kuempel, Caitlin D.; Adams, Vanessa M.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Bode, Michael (May 2018).

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Herrschaftspraxis in Bayern und Preussen im 19. Jahrhundert: ein historischer Vergleich

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at night to impair its natural defences and thus facilitate an easy kill is considered

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with food, decoys or recorded calls in order to increase chances for shooting wildlife.

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Dobson, A.; Lynes, L. (2008). "How does poaching affect the size of national parks?".

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followed suit and crushed six tons of ivory as a symbolic statement against poaching.

665: 5972: 5939: 5663: 5648: 5268: 5134: 5084: 5079: 4891: 4881: 4876: 4781: 4706: 4670: 4637: 4579:"The international ban on ivory sales and its effects on elephant poaching in Africa" 4542: 4486: 4288: 4198: 3737: 3695: 3638: 3587: 3326: 3243:"AK-47s, Quack Medicine, and Heaps of Cash: The Gruesome Rhino Horn Trade, Explained" 3196: 3138: 3078: 3029: 2979: 2797: 2744: 2547: 2454: 2431: 2421: 2330: 2175: 2119: 1968: 1905: 1864: 1791: 1736: 1383: 1260: 1059: 581: 498: 459: 264: 94: 61: 4300: 2876: 707: 5840: 5832: 5760: 5457: 5397: 5150: 5036: 5026: 5011: 4981: 4866: 4777: 4742: 4694: 4658: 4627: 4617: 4590: 4530: 4509: 4280: 4239: 4229: 4188: 3954: 3848: 3685: 3677: 3628: 3609:"Optimizing protected area expansion and enforcement to conserve exploited species" 3316: 3306: 3186: 3178: 3128: 3118: 3068: 3060: 3019: 3011: 2971: 2906: 2864: 2756: 2736: 2665: 2570: 2535: 2397:

Dacy, George H. (1933). "Poaching Made Big Business by Ruthless Gangs of Killers".

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Taking wildlife on land that is restricted, owned by, or licensed to somebody else.

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indicate that one of the major reasons of poaching is for consumption and sale of

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End of the poacher, illustration based on a painting by August Dieffenbacher, 1894

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Roche, C., Shaw, J., van der Westhuizen, H., Van Vliet, N., Zisadza, P. (2012).

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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were the first country to destroy their national seized ivory stock. In 2014,

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is the illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals, usually associated with

259: 140: 4373:"Partnership against Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trade in Africa and Asia" 4316:"Vietnam seizes 125kg of rhino horn worth £6m concealed in plaster shipment" 3852: 3182: 3123: 2085:"Leonhard Pöttinger | Berg und Totschlag (Poettinger – mountain and murder)" 585: 482: 5850: 5826: 5793: 5774: 5755: 5710: 5683: 5676: 5658: 5596: 5372: 5326: 5321: 5224: 5209: 5052: 4641: 4622: 4292: 3976:"Should rangers be allowed to kill poachers on sight? Yes' researchers say" 3923: 3330: 3200: 3142: 3082: 3064: 3015: 2983: 2748: 2372: 1678: 1623:

Nonetheless, Frederick Chen wrote about two types of effects stemming from

1535: 1427: 977: 933: 929: 835: 809: 781: 535: 531: 451: 363:

pollution through increased runoff and welfare issues for cattle. Stealing

284: 135: 4747: 4730: 4561:

Poaching, wildlife trafficking and security in Africa: Myths and realities

4513: 3881:

Strategies for success in the ivory war, The Guardian, Paula Kahumbu, 2015

3033: 2621: 1584:'s elephant walks are part of attempts in Kenya to reduce ivory poaching. 1558: 5818: 5618: 5503: 5392: 5367: 5355: 5336: 5219: 5199: 5109: 5006: 4595: 4578: 3834:"Waging a war to save biodiversity: the rise of militarized conservation" 3216:"Continued Poaching Will Result in the Degradation of Fragile Ecosystems" 1746: 1667:

radar system watches sensitive marine areas for illicit vessel movement.

1659: 1609: 1439: 1264: 1245: 1237: 1233: 1171: 1134: 1079: 1068: 1047: 989: 973: 913: 906: 789: 569: 510: 399: 27: 4261:"Characterizing efforts to reduce consumer demand for wildlife products" 4244: 3690: 2830: 2740: 1967:. Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International. pp. 36–38. 706:("It is not to be inquired, whence comes the venison") that was made by 5911: 5798: 5415: 4996: 4284: 4234: 4217: 4193: 4168: 3681: 2918: 2418:

Pirates of the Chesapeake Bay: from the colonial era to the Oyster Wars

1573:

is an advocate of the use of military equipment and tactics, including

1411: 1349: 1226: 1183: 981: 925: 817: 754: 715: 690: 673: 623:

farm dating to 1868, warning that poachers shall be shot on first sight

232: 207: 130: 2868: 2044: 490: 391: 5812: 5613: 5564: 5547: 5485: 5467: 5241: 5155: 4034: 2943: 1581: 1550:

matches; if a match is found, it is used to track down the poachers.

1415: 1256: 1179: 1063: 1043: 1001: 921: 639: 604: 593: 514: 463: 435: 364: 222: 2910: 1201:

Reduction of animal populations in the wild and possible extinction.

5700: 5569: 5382: 5360: 5256: 5204: 4962: 3346:"Will traditional Chinese medicine mean the end of the wild tiger?" 1863:(in German). Frankfurt, New York: Campus Verlag. pp. 321–352. 1731: 1566: 1473: 1419: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1298: 1175: 1126: 1119: 1115: 1111:

livelihoods, which causes people to seek alternative food sources.

1091: 997: 985: 959: 620: 615: 523: 427: 309: 274: 269: 145: 4377:

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

4030:"Kenya's Poachers To Face Execution For Killing Treasured Species" 3467:"Telegraph article, "Rhinos under 24 hour armed guard, Sept. 2012" 2486: 26:"Illegal hunting" redirects here. For making hunting illegal, see 5653: 5447: 5440: 5305: 5101: 3893:"Execute elephant poachers on the spot, Tanzanian minister urges" 1639: 1543: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1449: 1391:. Some of the pieces pictured include parts of animals such as a 1361: 1287: 1215: 1149: 1032: 993: 955: 881: 877: 828: 661: 540: 509:

allowed any free man, including peasants, to hunt, especially on

356: 227: 3544:"Elephants Dying in Epic Frenzy as Ivory Fuels Wars and Profits" 1472:

is also a natural material which is sought after by poachers. A

1114:

Results of an interview survey conducted in several villages in

1090:

for their survival and generate cash income through the sale of

5628: 5580: 5349: 4796: 1481: 1357: 1075: 917: 820: 758: 686: 4731:"Reimagining rural crime in England: a historical perspective" 2846: 2685:

Skinning the Cat: Crime and Politics of the Big Cat Skin Trade

1557:

populations from poaching activities in Tanzania. Hunting for

1387:

A vendor selling illegal items at a Chinese market for use in

5717: 5313: 3764:"Ex-soldier takes on poachers with hi-tech help for wildlife" 2996: 2682: 1613: 1457: 1445: 1423: 1392: 1365: 1345: 1314: 1306: 1241: 1106:

of professional poachers enter vulnerable areas to hunt, and

871: 847: 805: 439: 372: 1638:

In July 2019, rhino horns encased in plaster were seized in

1218:

operators lose income; employment opportunities are reduced.

738:. c. 32) in the United Kingdom, and various laws elsewhere. 4931: 4807: 4576: 4558: 4418:"Poachers are still getting duped into shooting robot Deer" 3713: 3514: 3437: 3155: 1485: 1426:

bones and claws) has created controversy and resulted in a

1259:

is attributed to contact with and consumption of meat from

1252: 1103: 969: 859: 777: 632: 3655: 1546:, advocates say the procedure is painless for the animal. 854:

Hunting, killing or collecting wildlife that is listed as

5690: 4677: 4082:"In Global First, Philippines to Destroy Its Ivory Stock" 3944: 3159:"Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1" 1539: 1469: 1244:

in the 1990s have been associated with the butchering of

652: 596:

locksmith and poacher who struck a special deal with the

419: 418:

and defined as any illegal activity that contravenes the

5767:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

1815:. Vol. 15. Springfield: Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2005. 4610:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2647: 1480:, a tuft of hair traditionally worn as a decoration on 891:

Capturing wildlife outside legal hours and outside the

697:. In one tale, Robin Hood is depicted as offering King 4112:"China Crushes Six Tons of Confiscated Elephant Ivory" 2620:

Weisheit, R. A.; Falcone, D. N.; Wells, L. E. (1994).

2361:. Auguste Aubry, Paris. Reported by Sir Walter Scott, 1019:

Stephen Corry, the director of the human rights group

2304: 607:

rebel, but the local community were much supportive.

4552:

Crime, Policing and Punishment in England, 1660-1914

4002:"Wildlife poachers in Kenya 'to face death penalty'" 3563:"In Gabon, Lure of Ivory Is Hard for Many to Resist" 2700: 2619: 2453:(Second ed.). Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. 1674: 1054:

people poach for commercial gain, home consumption,

1010:

The animal or plant has been tagged by a researcher.

4215: 3607:Timms, Liam; Holden, Matthew H. (1 February 2024). 2953: 2613: 2262:. New York: Oxford University Press. Archived from 1833:(15th ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010 1630:Another solution to alleviate poaching proposed in 1301:indicate that they are naturally infected with the 4728: 4314: 3046: 2513:The Trade in Wildlife: Regulation for Conservation 450:consider poaching to have a detrimental effect on 3269:"Quackery and superstition: species pay the cost" 1271:and other small carnivores that are available in 1167:The detrimental effects of poaching can include: 1102:for poached wildlife implies that well-organised 422:and regulations established to protect renewable 5964: 3515:David Smith in Johannesburg (4 September 2012). 3492:Randall, David; Owen, Jonathan (29 April 2012). 3438:Jonathan Watts in Hong Kong (25 November 2011). 2796:(Second ed.). Academic Press. p. 118. 2253: 631:, has a long history in the United Kingdom. The 560:). Some poachers and their violent deaths, like 4680:"Rural and urban poaching in Victorian England" 2816: 2683:Banks, D.; Lawson, S. & Wright, B. (2006). 2506: 2504: 2502: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 462:are depleted locally, and the functionality of 4758: 3752:, Scientific American, retrieved 8 August 2013 3047:Bell, D.; Roberton, S.; Hunter, P. R. (2004). 2769: 2708:(Report). Johannesburg, South Africa: TRAFFIC. 2107: 2105: 2040: 2038: 2036: 1965:Environmental Impacts of Pasture-based Farming 1790:(2nd ed.). New York: Random House. 2002. 355:. Poaching was once performed by impoverished 33:"Poacher" redirects here. For other uses, see 4947: 4823: 4651:International Journal of the History of Sport 4570:The long affray: the poaching wars, 1760–1914 4499: 3414:"Rhino horn trade triggers extinction threat" 3364:"Rhino rescue plan decimates Asian antelopes" 3343: 2772:International Journal of Conservation Science 2718: 2712: 1961:"Impacts of Pastoral Grazing on Soil Quality" 1883: 329: 4485:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4258: 3945:Mogomotsi, G.; Kefilwe Madigele, P. (2017). 2510: 2499: 2467: 2068:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1850: 1848: 1788:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 4577:Lemieux, A. M. & Clarke, R. V. (2009). 4567: 4559:Haenlein, C. & Smith, M. L. R. (2017). 4549: 3606: 3491: 2694: 2298: 2102: 2033: 1742:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 1153:Memorial to rhinos killed by poachers near 592:'s 1871 story about the Brandner Kasper, a 4954: 4940: 4830: 4816: 4767: 4735:International Journal of Rural Criminology 4648: 4520: 4480: 4259:Veríssimo, D. & Wan, A. K. Y. (2019). 3780: 2589:"Indigenous Communities and Biodiversity". 2335:"Staffordshire Forest Pleas: Introduction" 2329: 2305:Merriam-Webster, Inc. (2003). "Poaching". 2137: 2135: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1225:caused by transmission of highly variable 903:during which wildlife is protected by law; 800:of 1891 over the hunting of seals. In the 336: 322: 4746: 4678:Osborne, H. & Winstanley, M. (2006). 4631: 4621: 4594: 4399:"Animal robots help enforce hunting laws" 4396: 4243: 4233: 4192: 3958: 3689: 3632: 3583:Randkulturen: Theorie der Unanständigkeit 3560: 3554: 3541: 3535: 3469:. London: Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from 3388: 3320: 3310: 3190: 3132: 3122: 3072: 3023: 2676: 2308:The Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary 1845: 1819: 1727:Federal and state environmental relations 1553:Africa's Wildlife Trust seeks to protect 4062:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 2013 3761: 3464: 3411: 3207: 2581: 2247: 1923: 1503: 1382: 1344:The body parts of many animals, such as 1327: 1148: 771: 745: 614: 489: 481: 473: 390: 41: 3579: 3561:Gettleman, Jeffrey (26 December 2012). 3542:Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 September 2012). 3292: 3266: 2889: 2525: 2415: 2222: 2167: 2132: 2111: 1912: 1050:research on poaching indicates that in 965:Scouting game animals from an aircraft. 704:Non est inquirendum, unde venit venison 414:proposed the concept of poaching as an 5965: 4027: 3999: 3973: 3714:"TRAFFIC | Wildlife trade specialists" 2942:, Vol. 30. No. 5 (2016). pp. 972–981. 1994: 1958: 1854: 1563:International Anti-Poaching Foundation 167:International environmental agreements 4935: 4811: 3916: 3890: 3831: 2842: 2840: 2791: 2787: 2785: 2605:"Tourists urged to boycott Botswana". 2560: 2515:. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd. 2448: 2218: 2216: 2082: 693:, as an aspect of the "greenwood" of 517:restricted hunting to the rulers. In 469: 4327:from the original on 12 January 2022 4166: 3822:. Australia Unlimited, 19 April 2013 3494:"Slaughter of rhinos at record high" 3213: 2701:Milliken, T. & Shaw, J. (2012). 2396: 2339:Staffordshire Historical Collections 1642:that were being trafficked from the 1538:by injecting a mixture of indelible 1098:and ceremonies. The existence of an 980:. This hunting method is illegal in 187:Supranational environmental agencies 4761:Ivory: power and poaching in Africa 3869:. huffingtonpost.com. 30 July 2014. 3267:Le Roux, Mariëtte (25 March 2018). 3218:. The International. Archived from 2311:. Springfield: Merriam-Webster, Inc 2229:www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de 2145:[Rebels of the mountains]. 870:and international treaties such as 798:Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations 761:survived a poaching attempt in the 426:, including the illegal harvest of 412:University of Massachusetts Amherst 13: 4729:Smith, K. & Byrne, R. (2018). 4474: 3960:10.17159/2413-3108/2017/v0n60a1787 3750:Dye and Poison Stop Rhino Poachers 3586:(in German). Wien: Böhlau Verlag. 3412:Norgaard, Kim (15 November 2011). 3366:. Newscientist.com. Archived from 3344:Weirum, B. K. (11 November 2007). 3240: 2837: 2819:Virginia Environmental Law Journal 2782: 2763: 2260:The new Oxford American dictionary 2213: 2174:(in German). Lucius & Lucius. 2118:(in German). Wien: Böhlau Verlag. 1653: 1311:acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 14: 5984: 4789: 4454:. 8 February 2019. Archived from 4142:"China crushes six tons of ivory" 3792:(February): 52–55. Archived from 2587:Harvey, Gemima (1 October 2015). 2420:. Charleston, SC: History Press. 1997:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 1752:Rhino poaching in Southern Africa 868:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 862:and protected by law such as the 610: 458:as wildlife populations decline, 402:, Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto 5934: 5933: 4872:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4795: 4782:10.1111/j.0018-2648.2004.00286.x 4415: 2603:Smith, Oliver (1 October 2010). 2115:Wilderer: Rebellen in den Bergen 1691: 1677: 741: 718:of common land and later in the 386: 68: 4572:. London: Secker & Warburg. 4440: 4409: 4390: 4365: 4339: 4307: 4252: 4209: 4160: 4134: 4104: 4074: 4049: 4021: 3993: 3967: 3938: 3910: 3884: 3873: 3859: 3825: 3803: 3774: 3755: 3742: 3731: 3706: 3649: 3600: 3573: 3508: 3485: 3458: 3431: 3405: 3382: 3356: 3337: 3286: 3260: 3234: 3149: 3089: 3040: 2990: 2956:Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2947: 2932: 2883: 2810: 2650:Society & Natural Resources 2641: 2597: 2554: 2519: 2442: 2409: 2390: 2349: 2323: 2188: 2161: 2076: 1926:Society & Natural Resources 380:Sustainable Development Goal 15 85:Environmental impact assessment 5499:Right of way (property access) 4583:British Journal of Criminology 4502:British Journal of Criminology 4088:. 18 June 2013. Archived from 3389:Wednesday (13 February 2008). 2089:bergundtotschlag.wordpress.com 2007: 1988: 1952: 1877: 1804: 1779: 1522:Traffic conservation programme 1305:and constitute a reservoir of 1248:and consumption of their meat. 808:one of the biggest threats to 576:'s Hunter's love song, (1828, 300:Right to a healthy environment 1: 3951:South African Crime Quarterly 3465:Wildlife (8 September 2012). 2416:Goodall, Jamie L. H. (2020). 2056:Wildlife Conservation Society 1772: 1286:were closely exposed to wild 1029:Central Kalahari Game Reserve 545:German revolutions of 1848–49 172:Environmental laws by country 49:by Frédéric Rouge (1867–1950) 4961: 4837: 4802:Poaching (criminal activity) 4663:10.1080/09523367.2012.690226 3634:10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110463 3004:Emerging Infectious Diseases 2052:Zoological Society of London 1963:. In McDowell, R. W. (ed.). 1906:10.1016/0006-3207(85)90068-0 1757:Species affected by poaching 1400:Traditional Chinese medicine 1389:traditional Chinese medicine 1368:– on the black market. Such 1293:Results of research on wild 1163:Species affected by poaching 846:schemes constitute wildlife 7: 5805:Two Treatises of Government 3496:. London: Independent.co.uk 1670: 1515: 1323: 838:and regulations concerning 578:Schubert Thematic Catalogue 16:Illegal hunting of wildlife 10: 5989: 4763:. Oxford University Press. 4403:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel 2976:10.1016/j.tree.2007.08.019 2575:10.1163/156853002760030851 2540:10.1163/156853003322773032 2511:Oldfield, S., ed. (2002). 1284:human T-lymphotropic virus 1160: 1144: 1038: 580: 909). The lyrics of 530:usage of forests, such as 32: 25: 18: 5929: 5726: 5528: 5408: 5301: 5294: 5143: 5100: 5045: 4969: 4843: 4699:10.1017/s0956793306001877 4535:10.1017/s0956793300002089 3980:The Herald (South Africa) 2670:10.1080/08941929809381059 2489:Natural Resources Journal 2385:Remarks on Forest Scenery 2254:McKean, E. (ed.) (2005). 1946:10.1080/08941929809381058 1376:and are not supported by 1014: 842:, local or international 812:was local poachers using 796:and the joint US-British 590:Wolfgang Franz von Kobell 497:at the Riederstein, near 305:War and environmental law 213:Climate change litigation 105:Environmental cleanup law 21:Poaching (disambiguation) 5857:The Great Transformation 5215:Labor theory of property 4862:Central African Republic 4554:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3440:"article, November 2011" 3312:10.1177/1362480618787170 2623:Rural Crime and Policing 2449:Walsh, Harry M. (2020). 2147:Bayerische Staatszeitung 1575:Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 679:The Rime of King William 619:Brass plaque on door at 454:both within and outside 408:environmental scientists 250:Environmental personhood 182:Environmental ministries 35:Poacher (disambiguation) 5426:Forest-dwelling (India) 5388:restraint on alienation 5168:Common good (economics) 4759:Somerville, K. (2017). 3919:"No mercy for poachers" 3853:10.1111/1468-2346.12142 3613:Biological Conservation 3350:San Francisco Chronicle 3299:Theoretical Criminology 3183:10.1126/science.1126531 3124:10.1073/pnas.0501734102 1886:Biological Conservation 1831:Encyclopædia Britannica 1813:World book Encyclopedia 1762:Tiger poaching in India 1599: 1492:formerly was worn as a 1488:regions of Austria and 1378:evidence-based medicine 728:Night Poaching Act 1828 5865:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 5639:Primitive accumulation 5494:Right of way (transit) 5279:Tragedy of the commons 5161:fictitious commodities 4623:10.1098/rspb.2011.1275 4424:. Vice. Archived from 4118:. 2014. Archived from 3293:van Uhm, D.P. (2018). 3065:10.1098/rstb.2004.1492 3016:10.3201/eid0301.970107 2379:, 1995:137, reporting 2050:. New York: Panthera, 1959:Cuttle, S. P. (2008). 1396: 1354:traditionally believed 1341: 1269:Chinese ferret-badgers 1158: 1086:. Poor people rely on 1021:Survival International 954:Hunting from a moving 864:Endangered Species Act 785: 769: 699:Richard the Lion Heart 683:Peterborough Chronicle 624: 550:Garmisch-Partenkirchen 502: 487: 479: 430:with the intention of 403: 177:Environmental lawsuits 162:Environmental journals 50: 5918:The Wealth of Nations 5898:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 5890:The Ethics of Liberty 3917:Smith, J.-M. (2016). 3841:International Affairs 3818:17 March 2014 at the 3282:– via phys.org. 3214:Pederson, Stephanie. 2792:Nyhus, P. J. (2010). 2563:Society & Animals 2528:Society & Animals 2364:The Fortunes of Nigel 2358:Traitte de la vénerie 1707:African vulture trade 1625:demand-side economics 1504:Anti-poaching efforts 1386: 1331: 1309:, a precursor of the 1206:open-access resources 1161:Further information: 1152: 844:wildlife conservation 775: 749: 722:, both of which were 712:Traitte de la vénerie 670:William the Conqueror 618: 493: 485: 477: 394: 290:Public trust doctrine 255:Environmental justice 113:Natural resources law 77:Pollution control law 45: 5781:Progress and Poverty 5115:Common-pool resource 4804:at Wikimedia Commons 4716:on 23 September 2020 4568:Hopkins, H. (1985). 4550:Gray, D. D. (2016). 4265:Conservation Biology 4222:Conservation Letters 4173:Conservation Letters 3783:"Rise of the drones" 3662:Conservation Letters 3580:Girtler, R. (1996). 3273:Agence France-Presse 2940:Conservation Biology 2928:on 11 November 2013. 2890:Redford, K. (1992). 2377:Landscape and Memory 2266:on 28 September 2013 2235:on 14 September 2016 2223:Freitag, W. (2013). 2168:Zückert, H. (2003). 2143:"Rebellen der Berge" 2112:Girtler, R. (1998). 1644:United Arab Emirates 1508:There are different 1278:Bushmeat hunters in 1100:international market 1096:traditional medicine 1084:livestock production 763:Juneau Raptor Center 681:", contained in the 562:Matthias Klostermayr 507:ancient Germanic law 378:The United Nations' 100:Waste management law 19:For other uses, see 5904:The Social Contract 5592:population transfer 5509:prior-appropriation 5188:homestead principle 4748:10.18061/1811/86152 4514:10.1093/bjc/39.1.25 4481:Jacoby, K. (2001). 4452:Global Conservation 4277:2019ConBi..33..623V 4185:2016ConL....9...65C 4116:National Geographic 4086:National Geographic 4028:Chavez, H. (2019). 4000:Dalton, J. (2018). 3974:Carnie, T. (2017). 3809:Jacobs, H. (2013). 3781:Mander, D. (2013). 3748:Angler, M. (2013). 3674:2018ConL...11E2433K 3625:2024BCons.29010463T 3473:on 9 September 2012 3175:2006Sci...313..523K 3115:2005PNAS..102.7994W 3059:(1447): 1107–1114. 2968:2008TEcoE..23..177D 2861:2015AnCon..18..367L 2849:Animal Conservation 2794:Tigers of the World 2741:10.1038/nature25194 2733:2018Natur.553..328D 2662:1998SNatR..11...25F 2021:on 4 September 2017 1938:1998SNatR..11....9M 1898:1985BCons..31..211P 1855:Krauss, M. (1997). 1722:Environmental crime 1632:Tigers of the World 1370:alternative medical 1295:central chimpanzees 899:is declared as the 840:wildlife management 823:that killed entire 724:forced displacement 720:Highland Clearances 444:Wildlife biologists 416:environmental crime 375:, not as poaching. 238:Environmental crime 218:Earth jurisprudence 154:Reference materials 126:Water resources law 56:Part of a series on 5884:Murray N. Rothbard 5195:Free-rider problem 4596:10.1093/bjc/azp030 4397:Jones, M. (2001). 4285:10.1111/cobi.13227 4235:10.1111/conl.12618 4194:10.1111/conl.12181 4122:on 10 January 2014 4057:"U.S. Ivory Crush" 3891:Smith, D. (2013). 3832:Duffy, R. (2014). 3682:10.1111/conl.12433 3567:The New York Times 3548:The New York Times 3222:on 28 January 2013 2892:"The Empty Forest" 2290:has generic name ( 2083:Bauer, D. (2013). 1717:Cruelty to animals 1527:As many as 35,000 1463:The New York Times 1404:endangered species 1397: 1342: 1303:simian foamy virus 1282:infected with the 1261:masked palm civets 1159: 1074:In rural areas in 1025:indigenous peoples 947:Prohibited use of 912:Prohibited use of 786: 770: 650:literally meaning 625: 503: 488: 480: 470:Continental Europe 404: 203:Administrative law 121:Species protection 51: 5960: 5959: 5871:What Is Property? 5664:human trafficking 5649:Regulatory taking 5524: 5523: 5269:Right to property 4929: 4928: 4800:Media related to 4616:(1730): 910–915. 4351:RTI International 4167:Chen, F. (2016). 3790:Africa Geographic 3762:Dunn, M. (2012). 3738:African elephants 3169:(5786): 523–526. 3109:(22): 7994–7999. 2869:10.1111/acv.12181 2803:978-0-8155-1570-8 2727:(7688): 328–332. 2460:978-0-7643-6061-9 2427:978-1-4671-4116-1 2355:Budé, G. (1861). 2200:www.sehepunkte.de 2015:"Goal 15 targets" 1974:978-1-84593-411-8 1797:978-0-375-42599-8 1737:Game preservation 1565:has a structured 1529:African elephants 1275:wildlife markets. 1232:Outbreaks of the 1223:zoonotic diseases 1182:and fruit-eating 1088:natural resources 1060:Atchafalaya River 768:on 15 August 2015 736:1 & 2 Will. 4 658:enclosed in a bag 582:Franz von Schober 499:Baumgartenschneid 424:natural resources 398:, 1916 sketch by 346: 345: 265:International law 95:Water quality law 62:Environmental law 5980: 5937: 5936: 5841:John Stuart Mill 5761:Friedrich Engels 5742:Frédéric Bastiat 5735: 5587:Forced migration 5555:Collectivization 5299: 5298: 5178:First possession 5151:Bundle of rights 4956: 4949: 4942: 4933: 4932: 4832: 4825: 4818: 4809: 4808: 4799: 4785: 4764: 4752: 4750: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4715: 4709:. Archived from 4684: 4674: 4657:(8): 1141–1158. 4645: 4635: 4625: 4600: 4598: 4573: 4564: 4555: 4546: 4517: 4496: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4458:on 17 March 2020 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4318: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4237: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4196: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4061: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3888: 3882: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3838: 3829: 3823: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3799:on 2 April 2015. 3798: 3787: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3759: 3753: 3746: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3693: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3636: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3324: 3314: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3194: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3136: 3126: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3076: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3027: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2951: 2945: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2921:. Archived from 2896: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2844: 2835: 2834: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2789: 2780: 2779: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2628: 2617: 2611: 2601: 2595: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2508: 2497: 2496: 2484: 2465: 2464: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2394: 2388: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2289: 2285: 2283: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2231:. Archived from 2220: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2139: 2130: 2129: 2109: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2067: 2059: 2042: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2017:. Archived from 2011: 2005: 2004: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1921: 1910: 1909: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1852: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1783: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1687: 1682: 1681: 1555:African elephant 1374:pseudoscientific 1273:southern Chinese 1251:The outbreak of 1212:Wildlife tourism 1155:St Lucia Estuary 1108:crime syndicates 568:(1848–1877) and 566:Georg Jennerwein 532:resin collection 448:conservationists 338: 331: 324: 295:Rights of nature 72: 53: 52: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5925: 5729: 5728: 5722: 5672:husband-selling 5609:Illegal logging 5604:Illegal fishing 5533: 5520: 5431:Freedom to roam 5404: 5317:(agrarian land) 5290: 5247:Property rights 5139: 5096: 5058:Estate (landed) 5041: 4965: 4960: 4930: 4925: 4839: 4836: 4792: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4682: 4493: 4477: 4475:Further reading 4472: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4414: 4410: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4257: 4253: 4214: 4210: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4092:on 20 June 2013 4080: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4007:The Independent 3998: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3972: 3968: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3874: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3836: 3830: 3826: 3820:Wayback Machine 3812:The Eco-Warrior 3808: 3804: 3796: 3785: 3779: 3775: 3760: 3756: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3718:www.traffic.org 3712: 3711: 3707: 3654: 3650: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3578: 3574: 3559: 3555: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3342: 3338: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3223: 3212: 3208: 3154: 3150: 3094: 3090: 3045: 3041: 2995: 2991: 2952: 2948: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2911:10.2307/1311860 2894: 2888: 2884: 2845: 2838: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2790: 2783: 2768: 2764: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2681: 2677: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2602: 2598: 2586: 2582: 2559: 2555: 2524: 2520: 2509: 2500: 2485: 2468: 2461: 2447: 2443: 2428: 2414: 2410: 2399:Popular Science 2395: 2391: 2354: 2350: 2328: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2303: 2299: 2287: 2286: 2277: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2252: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2221: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2166: 2162: 2152: 2150: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2126: 2110: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2081: 2077: 2061: 2060: 2043: 2034: 2024: 2022: 2013: 2012: 2008: 1993: 1989: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1957: 1953: 1922: 1913: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1853: 1846: 1836: 1834: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1798: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1683: 1676: 1673: 1656: 1608:". In 2013 the 1602: 1518: 1506: 1454:ivory is carved 1326: 1196:locally extinct 1165: 1147: 1041: 1017: 897:breeding season 744: 627:Poaching, like 613: 519:medieval Europe 472: 456:protected areas 438:, consuming or 389: 353:land use rights 342: 90:Air quality law 38: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5986: 5976: 5975: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5942: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5881: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5796: 5791: 5789:Garrett Hardin 5786: 5785: 5784: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5758: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5738: 5736: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5666: 5661: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5584: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5560:Eminent domain 5557: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5543:Bioprospecting 5539: 5537: 5535:redistribution 5526: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5477: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5450: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5370: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5353: 5346: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5319: 5311: 5302: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5244: 5239: 5237:Natural rights 5234: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5106: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5082: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4959: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4936: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4791: 4790:External links 4788: 4787: 4786: 4776:(293): 30–48. 4765: 4756: 4726: 4693:(2): 187–212. 4675: 4646: 4601: 4589:(4): 451–471. 4574: 4565: 4556: 4547: 4529:(2): 165–180. 4518: 4497: 4491: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4439: 4428:on 2 June 2016 4408: 4389: 4364: 4338: 4306: 4271:(3): 623–633. 4251: 4208: 4159: 4133: 4103: 4073: 4048: 4020: 3992: 3966: 3937: 3909: 3883: 3872: 3858: 3847:(4): 819–834. 3824: 3802: 3773: 3754: 3741: 3730: 3705: 3648: 3599: 3592: 3572: 3553: 3534: 3507: 3484: 3457: 3430: 3404: 3381: 3370:on 17 May 2013 3355: 3336: 3305:(3): 384–401. 3285: 3259: 3241:Jacobs, Ryan. 3233: 3206: 3148: 3088: 3039: 2989: 2962:(4): 177–180. 2946: 2931: 2905:(6): 412–422. 2882: 2855:(4): 367–376. 2836: 2825:(1): 102–135. 2809: 2802: 2781: 2762: 2711: 2693: 2675: 2640: 2612: 2596: 2580: 2553: 2534:(3): 225–244. 2518: 2498: 2495:(4): 977–1014. 2466: 2459: 2441: 2426: 2408: 2389: 2381:William Gilpin 2348: 2331:Wrottesley, G. 2322: 2297: 2246: 2212: 2187: 2180: 2160: 2131: 2124: 2101: 2075: 2032: 2006: 1987: 1973: 1951: 1911: 1892:(3): 211–227. 1876: 1869: 1844: 1818: 1803: 1796: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1767:Wildlife trade 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1699:Ecology portal 1688: 1685:Animals portal 1672: 1669: 1665:Marine Monitor 1655: 1652: 1601: 1598: 1594:Save the Rhino 1517: 1514: 1505: 1502: 1500:' lower neck. 1456:with designs. 1432:Sumatran tiger 1325: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1291: 1280:Central Africa 1276: 1249: 1219: 1209: 1202: 1199: 1188:seed predation 1157:, South Africa 1146: 1143: 1048:criminological 1040: 1037: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1005: 966: 963: 952: 945: 942:.22 Long Rifle 937: 910: 907:Canned hunting 904: 895:; usually the 893:hunting season 889: 875: 834:Violations of 802:Chesapeake Bay 794:Chesapeake Bay 751:Lady Baltimore 743: 740: 708:Guillaume Budé 644:Middle English 612: 611:United Kingdom 609: 574:Franz Schubert 558:kecke Wilderer 471: 468: 466:is disturbed. 388: 385: 371:classifies as 369:cattle raiding 344: 343: 341: 340: 333: 326: 318: 315: 314: 313: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 280:Law of the sea 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 246: 245: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 208:Bankruptcy law 205: 197: 196: 195:Related topics 192: 191: 190: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 156: 155: 151: 150: 149: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 115: 114: 110: 109: 108: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 79: 78: 74: 73: 65: 64: 58: 57: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5985: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938:Categories: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5879:David Ricardo 5877: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5846:Elinor Ostrom 5844: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5777: 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