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467:(governor or viceroy) of Egypt and Sudan, to head medical services in Egypt. He responded to the Wāli that he would accept the appointment only if his former student Theodor Bilharz was appointed as his assistant. Bilharz was still waiting for his medical certificate, and recounted that he could not sleep the night he received the official appointment out of excitement. Griesinger was to hold three positions such as Director of both
536:
1041:
53:
752:, a Greek for two mouthed. But the rolled-up body made him think that it was a roundworm. At the end of May, he found a female specimen from another corpse that was all wrapped up by the same kind of worm he had discovered. It occurred to him that the worm was an extraordinary fluke, exclaiming, "Something more wonderful, a trematode with divided sex." All previously known parasitic flukes were
475:), President of the Sanitary Council and personal physician to the Wāli. Von Siebold wrote of his recommendation to Bilharz’s father saying, "I can't help it to speak out the wish that the stay of your good Theodor may be a credit to him and to science... I won't believe anything else than that a longer stay in wonderful Egypt would be excellently used by your son. God may save his health."
380:. His mother Elisa Fehr (1800–1889) was from a Swiss family of Zollikhofer. He was the eldest of nine children, four of who died at infancy. He studied at the local school in Sigmaringen and completed his secondary education (Fürstlich Sigmaringer Gymnasium) in 1843 with the highest score. He developed keen interest in geology, biology and poetry. His surviving poem
515:. The German consul however managed to persuade the viceroy to reinstate Bilharz because of his scientific contributions. In 1856, Clot allowed Bilharz to become professor of anatomy. But he exchanged it with the position of professor of descriptive anatomy the same year. He also took charge as medico-legal adviser to the Egyptian government.
1028:. For this historical importance, Bilharz considered his research on electric organs more valuable than bilharzia, and published them as preliminary note in 1853 and as a full monograph in 1858. He discovered and made detailed description of the nervous system of electric fishes responsible for producing
433:
Bilharz passed the state exam in 1849 to obtain a license as medical doctor. There are sources which state that he graduated in 1848, and he was awarded the medical degree without having to appear the examination because of his excellent performance throughout the course. These information may not be
1079:
British parasitologist and biographer, Harry Arnold Baylis wrote of
Bilharz's death: "No one, probably, had ever been more universally or more sincerely mourned in the European colony in Cairo." Richard Alexander Alfons also lamented that "The plan , to further medical research by natural scientific
836:
Although he could not make observation on the further development of the miracidia, his discovery revealed half of the life cycle of the parasite. By then, he established that the disease (its pathology) was caused by the eggs and not the worms themselves. He reported his observations in the journal
981:
When
Bilharz found parasite eggs from infected individuals in March 1852, he noted unique characteristic of schistosome eggs, as each egg has a spine, which he called "pointed appendage." He observed the spiny eggs in the bladder as well as in the intestine. He wrote to von Siebold that some of the
490:
performer, it was an ideal assignment for
Bilharz because autopsy was generally opposed by religious and traditional establishments at the time. Bilharz thereby became the first person to legally perform autopsies in Egypt as the first chief of surgery. While in charge of autopsy between 1850 and
417:
where he enrolled in medicine. In 1846, he won the medical faculty's prize competition for his dissertation on topic "The microscopic characters of the blood of invertebrate animals." With the prize money he bought a compound microscope (Oberhaus microscope) that he used throughout his career. He
1083:
Bilharz's works and grave remained largely forgotten until the first
International Congress of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene held in Cairo in 1928. The meeting revealed the importance of bilharzia and his name became at the forefront of medicine, his grave was rediscovered by a search party soon
764:
You can imagine my surprise when I saw a trematode protruding from the frontal opening of the groove and moving back and forth; it was similar in shape as the first, only much finer and more delicate... was completely enclosed in the groove-shaped half canal of the male posterior, similar to a
735:
had a flat body and a spiral tail at least ten times as long as the body... The tail was a continuation of the flat body of the worm itself, rolled sideways towards the stomach surface in a half canal; the forked blind end of the intestinal canal extended into it very plainly. What then is this
805:
the journal he edited, in 1852. Bilharz then published in the following volume of the same journal the complete description of the parasite structure and the disease it caused. He referred to the disease as "endemic haematuria of warm climates" and the "dysenterische Veränderung des
Dickdarms"
438:
at the
University of Freiburg. Von Siebold became his major influence in parasitology and later discoveries. Bilharz initially planned to work in South America hoping to achieve good research in parasitology as he described: "The path to become a professor maybe shorter via America than via
524:
934:
in 1954, it specifically recommended that the disease be called bilharziasis. Following the valid scientific name, schistosomiasis became widely used, and the name urinary schistosomiasis is also commonly used to differentiate it from other schistosome infections.`
3633:
Records of the
Faculty of Medicine of the Egyptian University: Congress Volume Containing Papers Read by Members of the Staff at the Celebration of the Centenary of the School of Medicine and the Congress of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Held in Cairo, December
690:
connecting the urinary tract of a dead soldier. It was the first time anyone had seen a parasitic worm that lived inside a blood vessel. Not really knowing what kind of worm it was, he wrote to his former zoology professor von
Siebold at Breslau on 1 May
788:
By March 1852, Bilharz also found many eggs from the bladders of the fluke-infected individuals, indicating that those were of the parasites. He could not establish what the eggs did to cause the disease and suspected them as the cause of kidney stone
2671:
Bilharz, Theodor (1856). "Distomum haematobium und sein Verhältniss zu gewissen pathologischen Veränderungen der menschlichen
Harnorgane" [Distomum haematobium and its relation to certain pathological changes of the human urinary organs].
982:
eggs were different in having terminal spines while some had lateral spines. Bilharz also noted that the adult flukes were different in anatomy and number eggs they produced. His drawings depicted which were later identified as those of
717:. My attention soon turned to the liver and associated structures; in the blood from v. portae I found a number of long, white worms that with the naked eye appeared to be nematodes. A look in the microscope revealed an excellent
683:'s army in the late 18th century called Egypt as "the land of menstruating men." This is because of the high prevalence of the disease that severely affected the French army. The cause of the disease was never known.
874:
In 1856, Heinrich Meckel von
Hemsbach critically argued that the usage of such names was inappropriate as it was a misnomer for the flukes since these animals do not have two mouths. Writing in his book
494:
In 1852, Griesinger left Egypt and Bilharz became professor of medicine in his place. The next year, Bilharz was appointed as chief surgeon of internal diseases. When Abbas I died in 1854, his successor
810:
had a long, cylindrical cone-shaped form which was thicker anteriorly and more rounded posteriorly, with a proboscis-like protuberance anteriorly. It was covered completely with rather long cilia.
797:
including haematuria as well. He made the first vivid diagrammatic description of the worms and the eggs on 1 December 1881 in a letter to von Siebold. In it he gave the full scientific name
1064:, requested him to work as personal physician to the Duchess on an expedition around the Red Sea. With research in mind, Bilharz accompanied the Duchess in early 1862. While staying at
482:
on 18 June. Bilharz held the position of senior consultant for the department of internal medicine, and also enlisted in the military where he was given the rank of lieutenant colonel (
398:). He soon developed a passion in natural science mainly from the library and specimens he inherited from his great uncle Kaspar Zollikofer von Altenklingen, a reputed Swiss biologist.
2032:
Renault, AJ (1808). "Notice sur l'hématurie qu'éprouvent les Européens dans la haute Egypte et la Nubie" [Note on hematuria experienced by Europeans in Upper Egypt and Nubia].
1048:
Bilharz returned to Germany in 1858 to visit his hometown and former universities, and giving lectures at Vienna. He made a brief trip to upper Egypt in the winter of 1859 around the
740:
As unique among flukes, the schistosomes have two bodies – a female which is like a roundworm and a male which is curled-up fluke – that are combined permanently (a condition called
3665:
Kéita, Bakary Sayon; Sogodogo, Tiémoko; Goïta, Drissa; Diawara, Ousmane; Doucouré, Djibril; Traoré, Madou; Sangaré, Sidy; Kéita, Mamadou Sayon; Théra, Manifa; Dao, Sounkalo (2021).
2104:
806:(dysenteric pathology of the colon). Bilharz then in early 1852 discovered the embryo (now called miracidia; singular, miracidium) developed from the egg in water, and recorded:
322:
in 1852. He further discovered that it was the eggs and not the flukes that caused the disease. He also unknowingly discovered another related blood fluke, later identified as
1052:, where he noticed a good research opportunity. He spent seven months there with his brother, Richard Alexander Alfons, who had just completed his medical degree at the
903:(a Greek term for "split body" reflecting the separation of male and female in an individual) in 1858. After a century of debate and confusion on the name, in 1954, the
388:) was composed during his school days. He scored the highest in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in his class. At age 14, he wrote a drama and translated an ancient comic epic
1735:
Soares Magalhães, Ricardo J.; Fançony, Cláudia; Gamboa, Dina; Langa, António J.; Sousa-Figueiredo, José Carlos; Clements, Archie C. A.; Vaz Nery, Susana (2013).
2421:"Ein Beitrag zur Helminthographia humana : aus brieflichen Mittheilungen des Dr. Bilharz in Cairo, nebst Bemerkungen von Prof. C.Th. v. Siebold in Breslau"
2423:[A contribution to the Helminthographia humana: from letters sent by Dr. Bilharz in Cairo, along with comments by Prof. C.Th. v. Siebold in Breslau].
895:, and with it von Hemsbach introduced the name of the disease as bilharzia. Not knowing von Hemsbach's publication which had limited circulation at the time,
942:
called it "schlimmerer feind der menschheit" ("the worse enemy of humankind"). A series of observations following the initial discovery by a British Surgeon
298:
in Cairo. He became the first autopsy performer there. From autopsies of children, he observed a variety of helminth parasites and discovered the tapeworm
1000:
showed that the lateral-spine eggs were produced only by schistosomes in the intestine. The intestinal flukes were established to be a new species, which
922:
The disease had been known as bilharzia (or bilharziasis), after the discoverer, the term that is broadly used for all types of infections with different
904:
1076:(reports are contradictory) and became seriously ill. When he returned to Egypt, he was in terminal condition and died on 6 May 1862, at the age of 37.
781:). The two mouth-like structures are the oral and ventral suckers of a male. The female is like a roundworm protruding below the ventral sucker of male.
110:
1884:"Studies on trematodes of the family Heterophyidae (Odhner, 1914) in Iran: 1. Preliminary epidemiological surveys in man and carnivores in Khuzestan"
785:
Bilharz was able to find the male fluke rolled itself up to form a canal in which the female resided, and he named the canal as gynaecophoric canal.
744:) to make up individual adult worms. Bilharz had discovered a male fluke. He knew it has similarities to other flukes, especially the two mouth-like
699:
in particular populate the intestines of the indigenous population in unimaginable quantities. It is not unusual to encounter 100 individuals of
736:
animal? In spite of its long tail, it probably cannot be called a cercaria , which is completely different, histologically and morphologically.
377:
434:
reliable as better biographical sources say he passed the exam in 1849. As he graduated, he immediately got an appointment as an assistant to
675:
of 5,000 years old have been found to contain the parasite eggs. The French army physician Adrien-Jacques Renoult reported the disease as
955:
260:
3513:
3382:
2442:
Bilharz, Theodor (1853). "Fernere Mittheilungen über Distomum haematobium" [Further communications on Distomum haematobium].
1110:
3998:
3868:
Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)
1061:
793:) and other kidney problems. Griesinger had thought that the fluke caused dysentery, but Bilharz found that it was responsible for
349:
695:
As helminths in general and those who attack humans in particular are concerned, I think Egypt is the best country to study them.
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3949:
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801:; the specific name referring to the unique habitat of the fluke in the blood vessels. Von Siebold reported the discovery in
620:
in 1852. In 1851, Bilharz also discovered a novel intestinal flatworm from an infected child in Cairo. Von Siebold named it
1325:
1109:, and is still used in technical publications, as well as by official organizations like the World Health Organization and
938:
Towards the end of the 19th century, Cobbold noted as "without question, the most dangerous parasite." German anatomist,
3277:"Human schistosomiasis in Egypt: Historical review, assessment of the current picture and prediction of the future trends"
3993:
1024:
popularly known as thunderfish. Electric fishes had been well known in Egyptian history and commonly depicted in ancient
1690:
1590:
3884:
3648:
El-Halawani, A. A. (1963). "Theodor Bilharz: The history of bilharziasis research with particular reference to Egypt".
1117:
357:
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that he recovered from the small intestine of an Egyptian boy in Cairo in 1851. Von Siebold gave the original name as
314:
Early in that year he found a male worm from a dead soldier. As a novel worm with two mouth-like suckers, he named it
3615:
3558:
2932:
McManus, Donald P.; Dunne, David W.; Sacko, Moussa; Utzinger, Jürg; Vennervald, Birgitte J.; Zhou, Xiao-Nong (2018).
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1453:
839:
4008:
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2079:
1936:"History of schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) in humans: from Egyptian medical papyri to molecular biology on mummies"
3973:
2751:"On the mechanism of aquatic respiration and on the structure of the organs of breathing in invertebrate animals"
2051:
Contis, G.; David, A.R. (1996). "The epidemiology of Bilharzia in Ancient Egypt: 5000 years of schistosomiasis".
409:
and took up natural science and philosophy. After completing the degree in 1845, he followed his anatomy teacher
2846:
Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Volume 4 Part 16)
3988:
2507:"A Call for Systems Epidemiology to Tackle the Complexity of Schistosomiasis, Its Control, and Its Elimination"
435:
319:
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adult fluke. OS – oral sucker, PH – pharynx, IN – intestine, AC – ventral sucker or acetabulum, UT – uterus.
402:
376:, Germany. His father Josef Antony Bilharz (1788–1877), a councilor of the exchequer, was an advisor to the
283:
851:
967:
2693:"Opinion 1865 Eudistoma Caullery, 1909 (Tunicata): given precedence over Paessleria Michaelsen, 1907"
927:
212:
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Berry, A.; Iriart, X.; Fillaux, J.; Magnaval, J.-F. (2017). "Schistosomose urogénitale et cancer ".
414:
287:
153:
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748:(now called oral sucker or acetabulum and ventral sucker), for which he immediately used the name
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17:
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with flat body and a twisted tail. These are a few leaves of a saga as wonderful as the best of
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496:
201:
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2333:"Selfing and outcrossing in a parasitic hermaphrodite helminth (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae)"
1737:"Extending helminth control beyond STH and schistosomiasis: the case of human hymenolepiasis"
1001:
963:
912:
548:
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295:
205:
3418:"The part played by electric fish in the early history of bioelectricity and electrotherapy"
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van Tong, Hoang; Brindley, Paul J.; Meyer, Christian G.; Velavan, Thirumalaisamy P. (2017).
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353:
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Di Bella, Stefano; Riccardi, Niccolò; Giacobbe, Daniele Roberto; Luzzati, Roberto (2018).
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Bilharz in his first year in Egypt found and reported different human parasites including
8:
3724:"History of Human Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) in China: From Discovery to Elimination"
2849:. Vol. 4. London: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. pp. 177–200.
814:
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with both male and female reproductive organs in the same individual, a condition called
560:
472:
440:
333:
324:
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Bergquist, Robert; Kloos, Helmut; Adugna, Aynalem (2017). Jamieson, Barrie G. M. (ed.).
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Bergquist, Robert; Kloos, Helmut; Adugna, Aynalem (2017). Jamieson, Barrie G. M. (ed.).
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Krauth, Stefanie J.; Balen, Julie; Gobert, Geoffrey N.; Lamberton, Poppy H. L. (2019).
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1159:"Theodor BILHARZ (1825-1862), one of the founders of German tropical medicine research"
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While he was professor of anatomy at the Qasr El Eyni Medical School (now part of the
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Colley, Daniel G.; Bustinduy, Amaya L.; Secor, W. Evan; King, Charles H. (2014).
1850:
1796:"Infectivity and development of the human strain of Hymenolepis nana in ICR mice"
1753:
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adopted the name bilharzia for medical terminology. When ICZN validated the name
790:
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Tübingen." The next year, a recently appointed professor of anatomy at Freiburg,
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2420:
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3739:
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2000:
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760:. Describing his observation in a letter to von Siebold on 18 August, he wrote:
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2829:
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Trouvé, Sandrine; Renaud, François; Durand, Patrick; Jourdane, Joseph (1996).
1899:
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1021:
646:
578:
337:
125:
112:
3667:"Vulva bilharzia in a 10-year-old girl living in Kirane-Mali: a case report"
2595:
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1795:
1703:
1603:
1463:
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had been interchangeably used to describe different species of flukes. Even
3755:
3708:
3498:
3449:
3417:
3261:
3204:
3122:
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2018:
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1158:
773:
508:
427:
235:
191:
3465:"On the Electrical Apparatus in Torpedo, Gymnotus, Malapterurus, and Raia"
3367:
3300:"Bilharziasis: A Granulomatous Parasitic Disorder with Grave Implications"
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2488:
1907:
1883:
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757:
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423:
369:
275:
243:
73:
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However, the generic name was not a good choice. A closely related name
686:
In 1851, during an autopsy, Bilharz discovered an obvious worm from the
507:, dismissed all Germans from official services. Bilharz was replaced by
3153:
3081:"Remarks on Injurious Parasites of Egypt in Relation to Water-Drinking"
1985:"Epidemiology of Schistosomiasis in Egypt: Travel through Time: Review"
1056:. In 1861, he was transferred to the department of infectious disease (
996:
produced both lateral and terminal-spine eggs. But a British physician
512:
479:
282:, Germany. After graduating in natural science and philosophy from the
252:
855:
696:
676:
652:
444:
268:
231:
164:
104:
35:
3888:. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 127–128.
2389:
255:) known since ancient times in Egypt. The parasite, as the cause of
3654:. Vol. 1. Cairo: Ministry of Science Research. pp. 69–71.
1057:
1040:
766:
680:
483:
187:
52:
1800:
The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health
1734:
1637:"Kasr Al Ainy, the story of a palace that became a medical school"
667:
infection. 16th-century BCE medical papyri mention the disease as
1065:
1049:
705:
672:
645:
Bilharz's specimen became the first known helminth in the family
487:
345:
3514:"On the Origin of the Electric Organ in Malapterurus Electricus"
523:
464:
2892:"Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis): from antiquity to the present"
1933:
1073:
341:
3651:
Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Bilharziasis
2811:
Mikrogeologie: Ueber die Concremente im thierischen Organismus
1195:
877:
Mikrogeologie: Ueber die Concremente im thierischen Organismus
1196:
Chitsulo, L.; Engels, D.; Montresor, A.; Savioli, L. (2000).
92:
3225:
2691:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1997).
2198:. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: C.A.B. International. p. 188.
1414:"Theodor Bioharz (1825-1862): discoverer of schistosomiasis"
1016:
After the discovery of bilharzia, Bilharz researched on the
881:
Microgeology: About the Accumulations in the Animal Organism
3936:(in German). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 162–164.
3306:. Oxford (UK): Eolss Publishers Co. Ltd. pp. 374–400.
1136:
1125:
3580:
Tropical Medicine and Parasitology: Classic Investigations
3182:
2814:(Reprint 2018 ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 114.
2504:
2330:
2153:"The making of oncology: Helminthology as the cornerstone"
1084:
after the conference. His is in Old Cairo next to that of
3664:
3302:. In Mansourian, B.P.; Wojtczak, A.; Sayers, B.M (eds.).
3228:"Parasite Infection, Carcinogenesis and Human Malignancy"
2931:
2034:
Journal Général de Médecine, de Chirurgie et de Pharmacie
430:
who was working as an internist at Tübingen at the time.
3577:
Kean, B.H.; Mott, Kenneth E.; Russell, Adair J. (1978).
2226:
663:
had recorded urinary disease which can be attributed to
1092:
doctor, who was convicted by the US military court for
318:, the description of which was published by his mentor
1835:"Fishborne zoonotic heterophyid infections: An update"
1198:"The global status of schistosomiasis and its control"
610:). His first major discovery was that of the tapeworm
1448:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 48.
2280:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
1688:
1588:
1044:
Bilharz's grave in Old Cairo at the German Cemetery.
401:
In the winter semester of 1843, Bilharz entered the
30:"Bilharz" redirects here. For the lunar crater, see
3882:Schadewaldt, Hans (1970–1980). "Bilharz, Theodor".
2807:
2600:
British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition)
1488:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
973:
905:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
2797:. Cambridge (UK): Metcalf and Company. p. 87.
2594:Group, British Medical Journal Publishing (1985).
2418:
1543:[From Swabia to Egypt – Theodor Bilharz].
1445:Bilharzia: A History of Imperial Tropical Medicine
478:Griesinger and Bilharz left on 25 May and reached
3583:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 474.
3138:"Zur Anatomie der Bilharzia haematobia (Cobbold)"
2794:Human Cestoides: An Essay on the Tapeworms of Man
1881:
290:in 1849. In 1850, he followed his former teacher
242:. He is best remembered as the discoverer of the
3960:
3881:
915:. However, if true priority was to be followed,
271:or bilharziasis, as well as by schistosomiasis.
234:who made pioneering discoveries in the field of
3722:Zhou, Yibiao; Chen, Yue; Jiang, Qingwu (2021).
3576:
3380:
1326:"Biographical Notes on Bilharz, Looss and Lühe"
1105:Bilharzia or bilharziasis is another term for
671:that indicates symptoms of urinary bilharzia.
267:. The infection is known by an eponymous term
3721:
3637:. Cairo: Government Press. 1932. p. 320.
3603:
3546:
3185:Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique
1541:"Von Schwaben nach Ägypten – Theodor Bilharz"
1375:
491:1852, he performed more than 400 operations.
286:in 1845, he earned a medical degree from the
238:. His contributions led to the foundation of
2419:Bilharz, Theodor; von Siebold, Carl (1852).
2150:
2080:"How a Schistosoma Parasite Prevented a War"
1698:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 8–33.
1692:Schistosoma: Biology, Pathology, and Control
1598:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 8–33.
1592:Schistosoma: Biology, Pathology, and Control
1382:. American Mathematical Society. p. 9.
821:egg can be identified by its terminal spine.
727:– if I succeeded in putting it all together.
3647:
3387:. Oxford University Press. pp. 19–28.
2896:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
2050:
1156:
992:Until 1902, it was generally believed that
956:International Agency for Research on Cancer
803:Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie,
363:
261:International Agency for Research on Cancer
3930:Ebstein, Erich (1920). "Theodor Bilharz".
3381:Finger, Stanley; Piccolino, Marco (2011).
3320:
2573:. Cambridge University Press. p. 50.
2444:Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie
2425:Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie
2310:. Cambridge University Press. p. 49.
1882:Massoud, J.; Jalali, H.; Reza, M. (1981).
1268:"Theodor Bilharz and a life trip to Egypt"
1011:
962:in 2009. It became the first fully proven
471:and its medical school (later part of the
450:
251:, the causative parasite of bloody urine (
230:(23 March 1825 – 9 May 1862) was a German
51:
3850:
3698:
3488:
3393:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195366723.003.0002
3281:Journal of the Medical Research Institute
3251:
3112:
3055:
2998:
2949:
2869:. Cambridge University Press. p. 5.
2627:
2540:
2522:
2478:
2371:
2348:
2252:
2168:
2008:
1959:
1858:
1833:Chai, Jong-Yil; Jung, Bong-Kwang (2017).
1770:
1752:
1652:
1515:
1283:
1221:
1111:Centre for Disease Control and Prevention
887:should not be used, but be replaced with
455:In 1850, Wilhelm Griesinger, then at the
3610:. American Mathematical Soc. p. 6.
3553:. American Mathematical Soc. p. 5.
3415:
3333:Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
2980:
2790:
2748:
2709:
2596:"Carry on up the Nile: the BMA in Cairo"
2511:Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
2269:
1832:
1062:Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1039:
850:had been introduced by French zoologist
832:egg is characterised by a lateral spine.
824:
813:
772:
534:
522:
350:Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
3929:
3511:
3462:
3384:The Shocking History of Electric Fishes
3219:
3135:
3078:
3029:
2889:
2842:
2808:Meckel von Hemsbach, Heinrich (2018) .
2670:
2460:
2441:
2044:
2031:
1982:
1035:
731:He also added an identification puzzle:
14:
3961:
3905:Encyclopedic Reference of Parasitology
3326:
2927:
2925:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2755:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
2716:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
2566:
2303:
2275:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2077:
1634:
1584:
1582:
1441:
1323:
1265:
3933:Ärzte — Briefe aus Vier Jahrhunderten
3572:
3570:
3349:
3274:
2786:
2784:
2593:
2562:
2560:
2500:
2498:
2299:
2297:
2191:
2102:
2084:The American Society for Microbiology
1929:
1927:
1925:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1261:
2378:Trends in Urology & Men's Health
1538:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1411:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1163:Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift
418:also became closely associated with
3422:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
3297:
3291:
2922:
2853:
2697:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
2135:
2071:
1793:
1628:
1579:
777:Anterior portion of a blood fluke (
638:in 1866; thus, the parasite became
329:the most prevalent human helminth.
24:
3885:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
3875:
3567:
3354:. Sir Patrick Manson, 1844–1922".
3142:Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie
2791:Weinland, David Friedrich (1858).
2781:
2557:
2495:
2467:Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
2294:
1922:
1677:
1396:
1364:
1118:Theodor Bilharz Research Institute
511:(known in Egypt as Clot Bey) from
358:Theodor Bilharz Research Institute
348:during an expedition organised by
25:
4020:
3327:Sambon, L.W. (1907). "Remarks on
3032:"Urinary schistosomiasis: review"
2674:Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift
1545:Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie
1470:
1300:
1238:
840:Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift
378:Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern
274:Bilharz was born and educated in
34:. For the eponymous disease, see
2981:Bamgbola, Oluwatoyin F. (2014).
2195:A History of Human Helminthology
1839:Food and Waterborne Parasitology
1741:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
883:), he remarked: "The genus name
518:
3859:
3837:(5290): 1492–1494. 1962-05-26.
3819:
3794:
3770:
3715:
3671:The Pan African Medical Journal
3658:
3641:
3624:
3597:
3540:
3505:
3456:
3409:
3374:
3343:
3268:
3176:
3129:
3072:
3023:
2974:
2883:
2836:
2801:
2742:
2703:
2699:. Vol. 54. pp. 70–71.
2684:
2664:
2587:
2480:10.1590/s0074-02761997000500021
2454:
2435:
2412:
2372:Brightman, Christopher (2011).
2365:
2324:
2220:
2185:
2096:
2025:
1976:
1875:
1826:
1787:
1728:
891:." The parasite thereby became
854:in 1816 for other animals, the
352:. He died of it at age 37. The
3604:Menzler-Trott, Eckart (2016).
3547:Menzler-Trott, Eckart (2016).
1983:Barakat, Rashida M.R. (2013).
1532:
1435:
1376:Menzler-Trott, Eckart (2016).
1272:Parasitologists United Journal
1189:
1150:
966:, and is classified among the
632:created a better generic name
436:Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold
320:Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold
13:
1:
4004:University of Freiburg alumni
3999:University of Tübingen alumni
3778:"Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia)"
3683:10.11604/pamj.2021.39.2.28693
2245:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61949-2
2078:Khanna, Kanika (2021-10-28).
1952:10.1080/20477724.2018.1495357
1214:10.1016/s0001-706x(00)00122-4
1143:
1008:in 1907 in honour of Manson.
958:(IARC) declared the fluke as
213:Author abbrev. (zoology)
3942:10.1007/978-3-642-91494-2_46
3036:Journal of Advanced Research
2890:Mahmoud, Adel A. F. (2004).
2463:"Diagnosing schistosomiasis"
2065:10.1016/0169-4758(96)30007-0
1989:Journal of Advanced Research
1851:10.1016/j.fawpar.2017.09.001
1754:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002321
1641:Kasr al Ainy Medical Journal
1285:10.21608/puj.2019.10929.1036
405:(University of Freiburg) in
390:Battle of the Frogs and Mice
368:Theodor Bilharz was born in
7:
3304:Medical Sciences – Volume I
3244:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.034
3030:Barsoum, Rashad S. (2013).
2105:"Ancient Egyptian Medicine"
1940:Pathogens and Global Health
1484:"Theodor Bilharz (1825-62)"
968:neglected tropical diseases
907:(ICZN) officially declared
858:. Adding to the confusion,
653:Discovery of bilharzia and
10:
4025:
3994:German tropical physicians
3913:10.1007/3-540-29835-5_2067
3740:10.1007/s11686-021-00357-9
3048:10.1016/j.jare.2012.08.004
2524:10.3390/tropicalmed4010021
2121:10.1136/bmj.312.7039.1166a
2001:10.1016/j.jare.2012.07.003
919:should have been adopted.
911:as valid on the ground of
403:Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
386:The Travels of the Seraphs
284:Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
228:Theodor Maximilian Bilharz
29:
3469:Edinburgh Medical Journal
3197:10.1007/s13149-017-0547-4
3000:10.1007/s00467-013-2723-1
2983:"Urinary schistosomiasis"
2951:10.1038/s41572-018-0013-8
2908:10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.003
2843:Hemming, Francis (1954).
2767:10.1080/03745485709495052
2749:Williams, Thomas (1853).
2728:10.1080/00222933809496626
2710:Johnston, George (1838).
2612:10.1136/bmj.291.6504.1247
2151:Lalchhandama, K. (2017).
1900:10.1017/s0022149x00027851
1342:10.1017/S0031182000020205
1099:
928:World Health Organization
870:was sometimes written as
852:Marie Jules César Savigny
221:
211:
197:
183:
176:
159:
149:
141:
100:
81:
59:
50:
43:
3526:10.1242/jcs.s3-97.39.455
3512:Johnels, Alf G. (1956).
3136:Fritsch, Gustav (1887).
2192:Grove, David I. (1990).
2170:10.33493/scivis.17.02.04
1888:Journal of Helminthology
1654:10.4103/1687-4625.155653
1635:El Dib, Nadia A (2015).
1157:Schadewaldt, H. (1962).
897:David Friedrich Weinland
679:(bloody urine) in 1808.
374:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
364:Early life and education
294:to Egypt to work at the
280:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
4009:People from Sigmaringen
3969:German military doctors
3831:British Medical Journal
3802:"CDC - Schistosomiasis"
3520:. s3-97 (39): 455–463.
3518:Journal of Cell Science
3085:British Medical Journal
3079:Cobbold, T. S. (1882).
2712:"Miscellanea zoologica"
2229:"Human schistosomiasis"
2109:British Medical Journal
1704:10.1201/9781315368900-7
1604:10.1201/9781315368900-7
1539:Weiß, Johannes (2015).
1120:was established by the
1090:Nazi concentration camp
1012:Electric organs of fish
932:Schistosoma haematobium
909:Schistosoma haematobium
819:Schistosoma haematobium
724:Thousand and One Nights
655:Schistosoma haematobium
641:Heterophyes heterophyes
585:Echinococcus granulosus
540:Heterophyes heterophyes
451:Career and achievements
360:in his honour in 1962.
307:Heterophyes heterophyes
248:Schistosoma haematobium
170:Schistosoma haematobium
3974:German parasitologists
3463:Goodsir, John (1855).
3097:10.1136/bmj.2.1133.503
2276:Jordan, Peter (1985).
1557:10.1055/s-0034-1397610
1324:Baylis, H. A. (1924).
1266:El-Dib, Nadia (2019).
1094:crime against humanity
1080:methods, had failed."
1060:and skin infections).
1045:
926:species. In 1949, the
833:
822:
812:
795:urinary tract diseases
782:
771:
738:
729:
630:Thomas Spencer Cobbold
607:Dracunculus medinensis
543:
532:
415:University of Tübingen
288:University of Tübingen
202:University of Freiburg
154:University of Tübingen
3989:Qasr El Eyni Hospital
3416:Kellaway, P. (1946).
2863:Farley, John (2003).
2567:Farley, John (2003).
2461:Rabello, Ana (1997).
2304:Farley, John (2003).
1500:10.1136/jnnp.63.6.718
1442:Farley, John (1991).
1043:
1002:Louis Westenra Sambon
964:carcinogenic organism
917:Bilharzia haematobium
893:Bilharzia haematobium
828:
817:
808:
776:
762:
733:
701:Strongylus duodenalis
693:
549:Ancylostoma duodenale
538:
526:
469:Qasr El Eyni Hospital
443:recruited him as his
382:Die Trane des Seraphs
296:Qasr El Eyni Hospital
259:, is declared by the
206:Qasr El Eyni Hospital
3903:"Bilharz, Theodor".
3329:Schistosomum mansoni
3275:Lofty, W.M. (2009).
2987:Pediatric Nephrology
2350:10.1038/hdy.1996.101
2103:Paton, Alex (1996).
1139:was named after him.
1122:United Arab Republic
1054:University of Vienna
1036:Later life and death
1006:Schistosomum mansoni
872:Distoma haematobium.
868:Distomum haematobium
799:Distomum haematobium
555:Ascaris lumbricoides
486:). As an authorised
407:Freiburg im Breisgau
354:United Arab Republic
316:Distomum haematobium
3728:Acta Parasitologica
3352:Schistosoma mansoni
3350:Birch, CA (1974). "
2606:(6504): 1247–1252.
2239:(9936): 2253–2264.
2115:(7039): 1166–1168.
1794:Fan, P. C. (2005).
1412:Tan, SY; Ahana, A.
1379:Logic's Lost Genius
976:Schistosoma mansoni
830:Schistosoma mansoni
622:Distoma heterophyes
604:) and guinea-worm (
561:Trichuris trichiura
497:Mohamed Sa'id Pasha
473:University of Cairo
459:, was appointed by
441:Georg Ludwig Kobelt
334:University of Cairo
325:Schistosoma mansoni
122: /
3298:Akl, M.M. (2009).
3154:10.1007/BF02955707
2656:has generic name (
2053:Parasitology Today
1482:Haas, L F (1997).
1421:Medicine in Stamps
1046:
960:Group 1 carcinogen
899:proposed the name
834:
823:
783:
713:and close to 1000
628:English biologist
544:
533:
457:University of Kiel
420:Wilhelm Griesinger
292:Wilhelm Griesinger
265:Group 1 carcinogen
3951:978-3-642-89637-8
3922:978-3-540-66829-9
3895:978-0-684-10114-9
3590:978-0-8014-0992-9
3402:978-0-19-536672-3
3313:978-1-84826-733-6
3091:(1133): 503–504.
2993:(11): 2113–2120.
2934:"Schistosomiasis"
2821:978-3-11-171606-0
2374:"Schistosomiasis"
2205:978-0-85198-689-0
1713:978-1-4987-4426-3
1613:978-1-4987-4426-3
1423:. Singapore Med J
1389:978-1-4704-2812-9
944:Reginald Harrison
661:Ancient Egyptians
582:), dog tapeworm (
395:Batrachomyomachia
336:), he contracted
304:and the flatworm
240:tropical medicine
225:
224:
178:Scientific career
126:30.017°N 31.233°E
16:(Redirected from
4016:
3955:
3926:
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3372:
3371:
3356:The Practitioner
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2100:
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2090:
2075:
2069:
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2042:
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2029:
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2012:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
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1920:
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1879:
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1321:
1298:
1297:
1287:
1263:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1154:
1020:of the Egyptian
613:Hymenolepis nana
529:Hymenolepis nana
527:Dwarf tapeworm (
461:Abbas I of Egypt
411:Friedrich Arnold
301:Hymenolepis nana
137:
136:
134:
133:
132:
127:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
88:
69:
67:
55:
41:
40:
32:Bilharz (crater)
27:German physician
21:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4013:
3959:
3958:
3952:
3923:
3902:
3896:
3878:
3876:Further reading
3873:
3872:
3864:
3860:
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3799:
3795:
3786:
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3591:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3545:
3541:
3510:
3506:
3461:
3457:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3379:
3375:
3362:(1277): 730–2.
3348:
3344:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3296:
3292:
3273:
3269:
3224:
3220:
3181:
3177:
3134:
3130:
3077:
3073:
3028:
3024:
2979:
2975:
2930:
2923:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2861:
2854:
2841:
2837:
2822:
2806:
2802:
2789:
2782:
2761:(71): 333–348.
2747:
2743:
2708:
2704:
2689:
2685:
2669:
2665:
2653:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2565:
2558:
2503:
2496:
2459:
2455:
2440:
2436:
2417:
2413:
2390:10.1002/tre.224
2370:
2366:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2278:Schistosomiasis
2274:
2270:
2225:
2221:
2206:
2190:
2186:
2149:
2136:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2086:
2076:
2072:
2049:
2045:
2030:
2026:
1981:
1977:
1932:
1923:
1880:
1876:
1831:
1827:
1792:
1788:
1733:
1729:
1714:
1695:
1687:
1678:
1633:
1629:
1614:
1595:
1587:
1580:
1537:
1533:
1480:
1471:
1456:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1397:
1390:
1374:
1365:
1322:
1301:
1264:
1239:
1194:
1190:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1107:schistosomiasis
1102:
1088:(1912–1967), a
1038:
1030:electric fields
1018:electric organs
1014:
979:
791:nephrolithiasis
658:
576:pork tapeworm (
521:
453:
366:
204:
150:Alma mater
130:
128:
124:
121:
116:
113:
111:
109:
108:
107:
96:
90:
86:
77:
71:
65:
63:
46:
45:Theodor Bilharz
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4022:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3957:
3956:
3950:
3927:
3921:
3900:
3894:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3858:
3827:"Medical News"
3818:
3793:
3769:
3734:(3): 760–769.
3714:
3657:
3640:
3623:
3616:
3596:
3589:
3566:
3559:
3539:
3504:
3475:(3): 277–282.
3455:
3428:(2): 112–137.
3408:
3401:
3373:
3342:
3319:
3312:
3290:
3267:
3218:
3175:
3148:(1): 192–223.
3128:
3071:
3042:(5): 453–459.
3022:
2973:
2938:Nature Reviews
2921:
2902:(2): 207–218.
2882:
2875:
2852:
2835:
2820:
2800:
2780:
2741:
2722:(6): 431–437.
2702:
2683:
2663:
2586:
2579:
2556:
2494:
2473:(5): 669–676.
2453:
2434:
2411:
2364:
2323:
2316:
2293:
2286:
2268:
2219:
2204:
2184:
2157:Science Vision
2134:
2095:
2070:
2059:(7): 253–255.
2043:
2024:
1995:(5): 425–432.
1975:
1946:(5): 268–273.
1921:
1894:(4): 255–260.
1874:
1825:
1786:
1727:
1712:
1676:
1627:
1612:
1578:
1531:
1469:
1454:
1434:
1395:
1388:
1363:
1336:(3): 332–340.
1299:
1237:
1188:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1129:
1114:
1101:
1098:
1068:he contracted
1037:
1034:
1013:
1010:
998:Patrick Manson
994:S. haematobium
978:
972:
952:bladder cancer
948:S. haematobium
940:Gustav Fritsch
754:hermaphrodites
711:Trichocephalus
665:S. haematobium
657:
651:
520:
517:
452:
449:
365:
362:
257:bladder cancer
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
209:
208:
199:
195:
194:
185:
181:
180:
174:
173:
161:
160:Known for
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
131:30.017; 31.233
102:
98:
97:
91:
89:(aged 37)
83:
79:
78:
72:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4021:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3953:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3867:
3862:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3617:9781470428129
3613:
3609:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3573:
3571:
3562:
3560:9781470428129
3556:
3552:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3404:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3144:(in German).
3143:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2876:9780521530606
2872:
2868:
2867:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2676:(in German).
2675:
2667:
2659:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2580:9780521530606
2576:
2572:
2571:
2563:
2561:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2449:
2446:(in German).
2445:
2438:
2430:
2427:(in German).
2426:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2317:9780521530606
2313:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2287:0-521-30312-5
2283:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2036:(in French).
2035:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:(1): 97–102.
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1747:(10): e2321.
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1547:(in German).
1546:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1455:0-521-40086-4
1451:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:: 1730–1734.
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:typhoid fever
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:hieroglyphics
1023:
1022:electric fish
1019:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
989:
985:
977:
974:Discovery of
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
946:in 1889 that
945:
941:
936:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
913:priority rule
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
841:
831:
827:
820:
816:
811:
807:
804:
800:
796:
792:
786:
780:
775:
770:
768:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
737:
732:
728:
726:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:
702:
698:
692:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
656:
650:
648:
647:Heterophyidae
644:
642:
637:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:
609:
608:
603:
602:
597:
596:
591:
587:
586:
581:
580:
579:Taenia solium
575:
571:
567:
564:
562:
557:
556:
551:
550:
541:
537:
530:
525:
519:Helminthology
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
492:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
448:
446:
442:
437:
431:
429:
425:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:typhoid fever
335:
330:
328:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:
303:
302:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
220:
216:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
172:
171:
166:
163:Discovery of
162:
158:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
106:
103:
101:Resting place
99:
94:
84:
80:
75:
70:23 March 1825
62:
58:
54:
49:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3932:
3907:: 71. 2001.
3904:
3883:
3861:
3834:
3830:
3821:
3810:. Retrieved
3808:. 2021-01-13
3805:
3796:
3785:. Retrieved
3781:
3772:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3650:
3643:
3632:
3626:
3606:
3599:
3579:
3549:
3542:
3517:
3507:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3383:
3376:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3303:
3293:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3235:
3232:eBioMedicine
3231:
3221:
3191:(1): 68–75.
3188:
3184:
3178:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3039:
3035:
3025:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2941:
2937:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2865:
2845:
2838:
2810:
2803:
2793:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2696:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2646:cite journal
2603:
2599:
2589:
2569:
2514:
2510:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2384:(5): 38–42.
2381:
2377:
2367:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2306:
2277:
2271:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2194:
2187:
2163:(2): 78–93.
2160:
2156:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2087:. Retrieved
2083:
2073:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2027:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1943:
1939:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1691:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1591:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1491:
1487:
1444:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1420:
1378:
1333:
1330:Parasitology
1329:
1275:
1271:
1208:(1): 41–51.
1205:
1202:Acta Tropica
1201:
1191:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1082:
1078:
1047:
1015:
1005:
993:
991:
987:
983:
980:
975:
947:
937:
931:
923:
921:
916:
908:
900:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
847:
845:
838:
835:
829:
818:
809:
802:
798:
787:
784:
778:
763:
749:
741:
739:
734:
730:
722:
718:
714:
710:
704:
700:
694:
685:
668:
664:
659:
654:
639:
633:
625:
621:
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
589:
583:
577:
573:
569:
559:
553:
547:
545:
539:
528:
509:Antoine Clot
493:
477:
454:
432:
428:psychiatrist
400:
393:
389:
385:
381:
367:
356:established
331:
323:
315:
311:
305:
299:
273:
246:
236:parasitology
227:
226:
198:Institutions
192:Parasitology
177:
168:
87:(1862-05-09)
3984:1862 deaths
3979:1825 births
3806:www.cdc.gov
3782:www.who.int
2654:|last=
1131:The crater
1124:in 1962 at
1086:Hans Eisele
924:Schistosoma
901:Schistosoma
779:Schistosoma
765:sword in a
758:gonochorism
688:portal vein
635:Heterophyes
618:Taenia nana
595:Ancylostoma
592:hookworms (
505:Francophile
501:Francophone
424:neurologist
370:Sigmaringen
276:Sigmaringen
244:blood fluke
142:Citizenship
129: /
74:Sigmaringen
3963:Categories
3812:2022-01-26
3787:2022-01-26
3339:: 303–304.
2830:1029825577
2450:: 454–456.
2343:(1): 1–8.
2089:2022-01-24
2040:: 366–370.
1551:(3): 178.
1494:(6): 718.
1427:3 December
1278:(1): 3–7.
1144:References
984:S. mansoni
954:, the WHO
889:Billharzia
677:haematurea
513:Marseilles
480:Alexandria
253:haematuria
85:9 May 1862
66:1825-03-23
3843:0007-1447
3764:232217953
3748:1896-1851
3691:1937-8688
3534:1477-9137
3481:0367-1038
3434:0007-5140
3287:(1): 1–7.
3238:: 12–23.
3213:195078476
3162:0176-7364
3105:0007-1447
2968:231984728
2944:(1): 13.
2775:0374-5481
2736:0374-5481
2638:220203816
2533:2414-6366
2517:(1): 21.
2406:222194050
2398:2044-3730
1845:: 33–63.
1812:0125-1562
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1722:969446445
1671:219182033
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1175:0027-2973
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742:in copula
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232:physician
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3499:29645878
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3262:27956028
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3123:20750313
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1464:22119786
1358:84398225
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860:Distoma
848:Distoma
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715:Oxyuris
706:Ascaris
673:Mummies
624:in 1852
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570:Oxyuris
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488:autopsy
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310:in 1851
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