5815:. IBM Press. quote: "To help avoid inaccuracy (especially with the larger prefixes) and potential ambiguity, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2000 adopted a set of prefixes specifically for binary multipliers (See IEC 60027-2). Their use is now supported by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and incorporated into ISO 80000. They are also required by EU law and in certain contexts in the US. However, most documentation and products in the industry continue to use SI prefixes when referring to binary multipliers. In product documentation, follow the same standard that is used in the product itself (for example, in the interface or firmware). Whether you choose to use IEC prefixes for powers of 2 and SI prefixes for powers of 10, or use SI prefixes for a dual purpose ... be consistent in your usage and explain to the user your adopted system."
1602:, bytes, or bits), computer professionals also started using the long-established metric system prefixes "kilo", "mega", "giga", etc., defined to be powers of 10, to mean instead the nearest powers of two; namely, 2 = 1024, 2 = 1024, 2 = 1024, etc. The corresponding metric prefix symbols ("k", "M", "G", etc.) where used with the same binary meanings. The symbol for 2 = 1024 could be written either in lower case ("k") or in uppercase ("K"). The latter was often used intentionally to indicate the binary rather than decimal meaning. This convention, which could not be extended to higher powers, was widely used in the documentation of the
2699:
2667:
2685:
2497:'s (IUPAC) Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (IDCNS) proposed the prefixes "kibi" (short for "kilobinary"), "mebi" ("megabinary"), "gibi" ("gigabinary") and "tebi" ("terabinary"), with respective symbols "kb", "Mb", "Gb" and "Tb", for binary multipliers. The proposal suggested that the SI prefixes should be used only for powers of 10; so that a disk drive capacity of "500 gigabytes", "0.5 terabytes", "500 GB", or "0.5 TB" should all mean
2888:. The names and symbols for the prefixes corresponding to 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, and 2 are, respectively: kibi, Ki; mebi, Mi; gibi, Gi; tebi, Ti; pebi, Pi; and exbi, Ei. Thus, for example, one kibibyte would be written: 1 KiB = 2 B = 1024 B, where B denotes a byte. Although these prefixes are not part of the SI, they should be used in the field of information technology to avoid the incorrect usage of the SI prefixes.
5256:"These prefixes for binary multiples, which were developed by IEC Technical Committee (TC) 25, Quantities and units, and their letter symbols, with the strong support of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) and the IEEE, were adopted by the IEC as Amendment 2 to IEC International Standard IEC 60027-2: Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology – Part 2: Telecommunications and electronics."
2607:(NIST) supports the ISO/IEC standards for "Prefixes for binary multiples" and has a web page documenting them, describing and justifying their use. NIST suggests that in English, the first syllable of the name of the binary-multiple prefix should be pronounced in the same way as the first syllable of the name of the corresponding SI prefix, and that the second syllable should be pronounced as
3310:[Art. 8. In the weights and measures of capacity, each of the decimal measures of these two kinds will have its double and its half, in order to give to the sale of the various articles all the convenience that one can desire. There will therefore be the double-litre and the half-litre, the double-hectogram and the half-hectogram, and so on.]
5566:
persons who use computers without much concern for their construction or inner working. These persons will normally interpret kilo, mega, etc., in their proper decimal sense. The second goal speaks to specialists – the prefixes for binary multiples make it possible for persons who work in the information sciences to communicate with precision.
757:) continued using those same terms and symbols with the decimal meaning. Since then, the major standards organizations have expressly disapproved the use of SI prefixes to denote binary multiples, and recommended or mandated the use of the IEC prefixes for that purpose, but the use of SI prefixes in this sense has persisted in some fields.
3474:"The 8K core stores were getting fairly common in this country in 1954. The 32K store started mass production in 1956; it is the standard now for large machines and at least 200 machines of the size (or its equivalent in the character addressable machines) are in existence today (and at least 100 were in existence in mid-1959)." Note: The
2461:, alleging that Seagate overrepresented the amount of usable storage by 7% on hard drives sold between 22 March 2001 and 26 September 2007. The case was settled without Seagate admitting wrongdoing, but agreeing to supply those purchasers with free backup software or a 5% refund on the cost of the drives.
5892:
3380:
Also, random access devices are advantageous over serial access devices for backing store applications only when the memory capacity is less than 1 Mbyte. For capacities of 4 Mbyte and 16 Mbyte serial access stores with shift register lengths of 256 bit and 1024 bit, respectively, look
2431:
Although
Western Digital maintained that their usage of units is consistent with "the indisputably correct industry standard for measuring and describing storage capacity", and that they "cannot be expected to reform the software industry", they agreed to settle in March 2006 with 14 June 2006 as the
1926:
The most recent version of the physical hardware, the "3.5-inch diskette" cartridge, had 720 512-byte blocks (single-sided). Since two blocks comprised 1024 bytes, the capacity was quoted "360 KB", with the binary sense of "K". On the other hand, the quoted capacity of "1.44 MB" of the High
5565:
This standard is prepared with two goals in mind: (1) to preserve the SI prefixes as unambiguous decimal multipliers and (2) to provide alternative prefixes for those cases where binary multipliers are needed. The first goal affects the general public, the wide audience of technical and nontechnical
2583:
The BIPM standard JCGM 200:2012 "International vocabulary of metrology – Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM), 3rd edition" lists the IEC binary prefixes and states "SI prefixes refer strictly to powers of 10, and should not be used for powers of 2. For example, 1 kilobit should not
2442:
in fees and expenses to San
Francisco lawyers Adam Gutride and Seth Safier, who filed the suit. The settlement called for Western Digital to add a disclaimer to their later packaging and advertising. Western Digital had this footnote in their settlement. "Apparently, Plaintiff believes that he could
1677:
business computer (1973) could have "64K", "96K", or "128K" bytes of memory. The use of SI prefixes, and the use of "K" instead of "k" remained popular in computer-related publications well into the 21st century, although the ambiguity persisted. The correct meaning was often clear from the context;
2591:
The IEC 60027-2 standard recommended operating systems and other software were updated to use binary or decimal prefixes consistently, but incorrect usage of SI prefixes for binary multiples is still common. At the time, the IEEE decided that their standards would use the prefixes "kilo", etc. with
2405:
Vroegh claimed that a 256 MB Flash Memory Device had only 244 MB of accessible memory. "Plaintiffs allege that
Defendants marketed the memory capacity of their products by assuming that one megabyte equals one million bytes and one gigabyte equals one billion bytes." The plaintiffs wanted
1194:
The relative difference between the values in the binary and decimal interpretations increases, when using the SI prefixes as the base, from 2.4% for kilo to nearly 27% for the quetta prefix. Although the prefixes ronna and quetta have been defined, as of 2022 no names have been officially assigned
2355:
Early cases (2004–2007) were settled prior to any court ruling with the manufacturers admitting no wrongdoing but agreeing to clarify the storage capacity of their products on the consumer packaging. Accordingly, many flash memory and hard disk manufacturers have disclosures on their packaging and
5801:
ISS Technology Update – Hewlett
Packard Enterprise, volume 9, issue 1, quote: 'To reduce confusion, vendors are pursuing one of two remedies: they are changing SI prefixes to the new binary prefixes, or they are recalculating the numbers as powers of ten. HP is considering modifying its storage
2409:
The parties agreed that manufacturers could continue to use the decimal definition so long as the definition was added to the packaging and web sites. The consumers could apply for "a discount of ten percent off a future online purchase from
Defendants' Online Stores Flash Memory Device".
3307:
Art. 8. Dans les poids et mesures de capacité, chacune des mesures décimales de ces deux genres aura son double et sa moitié, afin de donner à la vente des divers objets toute la commodité que l'on peut désirer. Il y aura donc le double-litre et le demi-litre, le double-hectogramme et le
2334:
era. A common source of confusion was the discrepancy between the capacities of hard drives specified by manufacturers, using those prefixes in the decimal sense, and the numbers reported by operating systems and other software, that used them in the binary sense, such as the
2883:
These SI prefixes refer strictly to powers of 10. They should not be used to indicate powers of 2 (for example, one kilobit represents 1000 bits and not 1024 bits). The IEC has adopted prefixes for binary powers in the international standard IEC 60027-2: 2005, third edition,
2576::2008 standard cancels and replaces subclauses 3.8 and 3.9 of IEC 60027-2:2005 (those defining prefixes for binary multiples). The only significant change is the addition of explicit definitions for some quantities. In 2009, the prefixes kibi-, mebi-, etc. were defined by
2561:
Amendment 2) The standard reaffirmed the BIPM's position that the SI prefixes should always denote powers of 10. The third edition of the standard, published in 2005, added prefixes "zebi" and "yobi", thus matching all then-defined SI prefixes with binary counterparts.
4786:
the industry-standard definition of a megabyte (MByte) for flash devices is one million (1,000,000) bytes, where the operating system uses two to the twentieth power, or 1,048,576 bytes. Similarly, for a gigabyte (GByte), the number is 1,000,000,000 and 1,073,741,824
1714:
is organized in platters and tracks whose sizes and counts are determined by mechanical engineering constraints so that the capacity of a disk drive has hardly ever been a simple multiple of a power of 2. For example, the first commercially sold disk drive, the
2625:("Prefixes for Binary Multiples") was elevated to a full-use standard by the IEEE Standards Association after a two-year trial period. as of April 2008, the IEEE Publications division does not require the use of IEC prefixes in its major magazines such as
1733:, where each track was divided into blocks of user-specified size; and the block sizes were recorded on the disk, subtracting from the usable capacity. For example, the IBM 3336 disk pack was quoted to have a 200-megabyte capacity, achieved only with a single
4378:
kilo (K). (1) A prefix indicating 1000. (2) In statements involving size of computer storage, a prefix indicating 2, or 1024. mega (M). (1) A prefix indicating one million. (2) In statements involving size of computer storage, a prefix indicating 2, or
5642:"A lot can happen in a decade. You can hold the Nokia N800 in your hand, yet it's a near-exact match for a high-end desktop PC from 10 years ago. It has a 320-megahertz processor, 128 megabytes of RAM, and a few gigabytes of available mass storage."
2406:
the defendants to use the customary values of 1024 for megabyte and 1024 for gigabyte. The plaintiffs acknowledged that the IEC and IEEE standards define a MB as one million bytes but stated that the industry has largely ignored the IEC standards.
2789:
command, let the user choose between binary or decimal multipliers. However, some continue to use the SI symbols with the binary meanings, even when reporting disk or file sizes. Some programs may also use "K" instead of "k", with either meaning.
5900:
1583:
By the mid-1960s, binary addressing had become the standard architecture in most computer designs, and main memory sizes were most commonly powers of two. This is the most natural configuration for memory, as all combinations of states of their
2234:
The ambiguous usage of the prefixes "kilo ("K" or "k"), "mega" ("M"), and "giga" ("G"), as meaning both powers of 1000 or (in computer contexts) of 1024, has been recorded in popular dictionaries, and even in some obsolete standards, such as
4184:"The 1.44-megabyte (MB) value associated with the 3.5-inch disk format does not represent the actual size or free space of these disks. Although its size has been popularly called 1.44 MB, the correct size is actually 1.40 MB."
1625:
In other documents, however, the metric prefixes and their symbols were used to denote powers of 10, but usually with the understanding that the values given were approximate, often truncated down. Thus, for example, a 1967 document by
1885:
bytes, and thus was marketed as "1200 KB" with the binary sense of "KB". However, the capacity was also quoted "1.2 MB", which was a hybrid decimal and binary notation, since the "M" meant 1000 × 1024. The precise value was
3508:
In computing and storage systems, a kB (kiloByte) is actually 1,024 (2^10) bytes, since the measurement is based on a base 2, or binary, number system. The term kB comes from the fact that 1,024 is nominally, or approximately,
4503:"kB See kilobyte." "Kbyte Kilobyte. Indicates 2 bytes." "Kilobyte Either 1000 or 2 or 1024 bytes." The standard also defines megabyte and gigabyte with a note that an alternative notation for base 2 is under development.
2286:
responded with a suggestion to use bK as an abbreviation for 1024 and bK2 or bK for 1024, though he noted that neither the Greek letter nor lowercase letter b would be easy to reproduce on computer printers of the day.
3331:
Of 187 different relevant systems, 131 utilize a straight binary system internally, whereas 53 utilize the decimal system (primarily binary coded decimal) and 3 systems utilize a binary coded alphanumeric system of
600:), that were commonly used in the computer industry to indicate the nearest powers of two. For example, a memory module whose capacity was specified by the manufacturer as "2 megabytes" or "2 MB" would hold 2 × 2 =
3637:
All-monolithic storage ... (1024-bit NMOS) This new improvement of processor storage makes system expansion more economical. Real storage capacity is available in 512K increments ranging from 512K to 2,048K
2781:
Some operating systems and other software use either the IEC binary multiplier symbols ("Ki", "Mi", etc.) or the SI multiplier symbols ("k", "M", "G", etc.) with decimal meaning. Some programs, such as the
1678:
for instance, in a binary-addressed computer, the true memory size had to be either a power of 2, or a small integer multiple thereof. Thus a "512 megabyte" RAM module was generally understood to have
2778:. However, some disk manufacturers have used the IEC prefixes to avoid confusion. The decimal meaning of SI prefixes is usually also intended in measurements of data transfer rates, and clock speeds.
1857:, and their capacities was usually specified with SI-like prefixes "K" and "M" with either decimal or binary meaning. The capacity of the disks was often specified without accounting for the internal
5958:
The definitions of kilo, giga, and mega based on powers of two are included only to reflect common usage. IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997 states "This practice frequently leads to confusion and is deprecated."
2339:
in 1984. For example, a hard drive marketed as "1 TB" could be reported as having only "931 GB". The confusion was compounded by fact that RAM manufacturers used the binary sense too.
5802:
utilities to report disk capacity with correct decimal and binary values side-by-side (for example, "300 GB (279.4 GiB)"), and report cache sizes with binary prefixes ("1 GiB")'.
2644:(SI), expressly prohibits the use of SI prefixes to denote binary multiples, and recommends the use of the IEC prefixes as an alternative since units of information are not included in the SI.
2428:
was filed in the
Superior Court for the City and County of San Francisco, Case No. CGC-05-442812. The case was subsequently moved to the Northern District of California, Case No. 05-03353 BZ.
1842:, have released recommendations stating that properly-written software and documentation should specify clearly whether prefixes such as "K", "M", or "G" mean binary or decimal multipliers.
3241:
1762:
when formatted as 306 × 4 tracks and 32 256-byte sectors per track, which was quoted as "10 MB". Similarly, a "300 GB" hard drive can be expected to offer only slightly more than
2618:
describes the IEC prefixes in its online dictionary, but acknowledges that the SI prefixes and the symbols "K", "M" and "G" are still commonly used with the binary sense for memory sizes.
5178:
2907:
2658:) adopted the IEC-recommended binary prefixes via the harmonization document HD 60027-2:2003-03. The European Union (EU) has required the use of the IEC binary prefixes since 2007.
5825:
5603:: Elevate status of standard from trial-use to full-use. Editorial staff will be notified to implement the necessary changes. The standard will be due for a maintenance action in 2007.
2318:, who uses decimal notation like 1 MB = 1000 kB, proposed that the powers of 1024 be designated as "large kilobytes" and "large megabytes", with abbreviations KKB and MMB.
2347:
The different interpretations of disk size prefixes led to class action lawsuits against digital storage manufacturers. These cases involved both flash memory and hard disk drives.
760:
While the binary prefixes are almost always used with the units of information, bits and bytes, they may be used with any other unit of measure, when convenient. For example, in
3284:"La Loi Du 18 Germinal An 3: Décision de tracer le mètre, unité fondamentale, sur une règle de platine. Nomenclature des " mesures républicaines ". Reprise de la triangulation"
2240:
2236:
2083:
bits per second. Seagate specified the sustained transfer rate of some hard disk drive models with both decimal and IEC binary prefixes. The standard sampling rate of music
4462:
bytes or b) 2 bytes. ... As used in this document, the terms kilobyte (kB) means 2 or 1024 bytes, megabyte (MB) means 1024 kilobytes, and gigabyte (GB) means 1024 megabytes.
2706:
Some computer industry participants, such as
Hewlett-Packard (HP), and IBM have adopted or recommended IEC binary prefixes as part of their general documentation policies.
3854:
3239:
Brown, Richard J. C. (2022-04-27). "Reply to 'Facing a shortage of the Latin letters for the prospective new SI symbols: alternative proposal for the new SI prefixes'".
2244:
5693:"The processor has a memory subsystem with separate first-level 32-Kbyte instruction and data caches, and a 512-Kbyte unified second-level cache." Authors are with IBM.
2592:
their metric definitions, but allowed the binary definitions to be used in an interim period as long as such usage was explicitly pointed out on a case-by-case basis.
5780:
5762:
5416:
4876:
2248:
1673:
These three possible meanings of "k" and "K" ("1024", "1000", or "approximately 1000") were used loosely around the same time, sometimes by the same company. The
1811:
bytes) hard disk drive was introduced in 2007. Decimal prefixes were generally used by information processing publications when comparing hard disk capacities.
5529:
6446:
2024:
Tape drive and media manufacturers have generally used SI decimal prefixes to specify the maximum capacity, although the actual capacity would depend on the
6097:
4837:
4799:
2694:'s partition editor uses IEC prefixes to display partition sizes. The total capacity of the 120 × 10-byte disk is displayed as "111.79 GiB".
2471:
On 22 January 2020, the district court of the
Northern District of California ruled in favor of the defendant, SanDisk, upholding its use of "GB" to mean
4911:
3290:, Year 3: Decision to draw the fundamental unit metre on a platinum ruler. Nomenclature of "Republican measures". Resumption of the triangulation.].
2288:
4090:
1864:
The early 8-inch diskette formats could contain less than a megabyte with the capacities of those devices specified in kilobytes, kilobits or megabits.
4912:"Why is the capacity of my Secure Digital memory card (as reported by many operating systems) different than the capacity that is listed on its label?"
4243:
6108:
5339:
3661:
One type, designated as the small core memory (SCM) is a many bank coincident current type memory with a total of 64K words of 60 bit length (K=1024).
1838:, have been updated to use "MB" and "GB" to denote decimal prefixes when displaying disk drive capacities and file sizes. Some manufacturers, such as
1710:
In specifying disk drive capacities, manufacturers have always used conventional decimal SI prefixes representing powers of 10. Storage in a rotating
6581:
4474:
2554:(IEC). The prefixes "kibi", "mebi", "gibi" and "tebi" were retained, but with the symbols "Ki" (with capital "K"), "Mi", "Gi" and "Ti" respectively.
2543:
2494:
6137:
5685:
4062:
2744:. For example, a "512-megabyte" or "512 MB" memory module holds 512 MiB; that is, 512 × 2 bytes, not 512 × 10 bytes.
5833:
1175:
3085:
1548:
6564:
3818:
464:
6483:
3104:
726:
254:
5482:
2947:
2604:
2566:
2547:
715:
5375:
6525:
6315:
6227:
6173:"Toshiba Introduces Two 1.8-inch Hard Disk Drive Families For Both High Performance and Long Battery Life in Mobile Computing Applications"
2979:
2637:
1159:
708:
3918:
2557:
In
January 1999, the IEC published this proposal, with additional prefixes "pebi" ("Pi") and "exbi" ("Ei"), as an international standard (
2443:
sue an egg company for fraud for labeling a carton of 12 eggs a 'dozen', because some bakers would view a 'dozen' as including 13 items."
6612:
5944:"JEDEC Standard No. 100B.01 – Terms, Definitions, and Letter Symbols for Microcomputers, Microprocessors, and Memory Integrated Circuits"
2356:
web sites clarifying the formatted capacity of the devices or defining MB as 1 million bytes and 1 GB as 1 billion bytes.
2282:) to denote 1024, κ to denote 1024, and so on. (At the time, memory size was small, and only K was in widespread use.) In the same year,
6172:
5228:
3746:
2435:
Western
Digital offered to compensate customers with a free download of backup and recovery software valued at US$ 30. They also paid $
3295:
1564:
Early computers used one of two addressing methods to access the system memory; binary (base 2) or decimal (base 10). For example, the
6526:"When One Billion does not equal One Billion, or: Why your computer's disk drive capacity doesn't appear to match the stated capacity"
3674:
3573:
when describing the performance of IT systems the larger units 'kilobytes' (kB) Strictly speaking, k means the 'binary thousand' 1024
2758:
On the other hand, the SI prefixes with powers of ten meanings are generally used for the capacity of external storage units, such as
4734:
4138:
2570:
2551:
560:
6500:
6042:
2868:
30:
This article is about powers-of-two prefixes for measurement units like bit and byte. For notations for the radix of a numeral, see
5738:
4326:
4048:, 100628561, Rev D, March 2011, sec 5.2.3, p. 10 (18th page of the pdf), states the drive's sustained transfer speed as "89 to 160
3715:
4221:
4194:
4045:
2611:. NIST has stated the SI prefixes "refer strictly to powers of 10" and that the binary definitions "should not be used" for them.
2040:
frequencies are always quoted using SI prefixes in their decimal sense. For example, the internal clock frequency of the original
6256:
6074:
6014:
5784:
5766:
4691:
5578:
4767:
2259:
Before the IEC standard, several alternative proposals existed for unique binary prefixes, starting in the late 1960s. In 1996,
1942:. Some operating systems displayed the capacity of those disks using the binary sense of "MB", as "1.4 MB" (which would be
5321:
5232:
5203:
3246:
2367:
3863:
5547:
5092:
5011:
4496:
2862:
2651:(SAE) prohibits the use of SI prefixes with anything but a power-of-1000 meaning, but does not cite the IEC binary prefixes.
4022:
6203:
5449:
4977:
5400:
4947:
3627:
3029:
1969:, "megabyte" and "MB" usually meant 1024 bytes. Thus a "700-MB" (or "80-minute") CD has a nominal capacity of about
1927:
Density ("HD") version was again a hybrid decimal and binary notation, since it meant 1440 pairs of 512-byte sectors, or
704:
457:
4887:
623:
On the other hand, a hard disk whose capacity is specified by the manufacturer as "10 gigabytes" or "10 GB", holds
5199:
3566:
5798:
3964:
1818:, still use "MB" and "GB" to denote binary prefixes even when displaying disk drive capacities and file sizes, as did
4442:
4407:
4371:
3534:
3501:
6421:
3651:
6469:
6454:
5044:
4513:
2804:
2260:
699:
providing that measurement. This kind of ambiguity is often confusing to computer system users and has resulted in
5146:
3789:
2709:
As of 2023, the use of SI prefixes with the binary meanings is still prevalent for specifying the capacity of the
6605:
3993:
2336:
753:
in the binary sense, for use in storage capacity measurements. However, other computer industry sectors (such as
4852:
4810:
5516:
These devices contain the following number of bits: 4Gb has 4,294,967,296 bits ... 32Gb has 34,359,738,368 bits
2292:
2251:. Some of these standards specifically limited the binary meaning to multiples of "byte" ("B") or "bit" ("b").
450:
4922:
3399:
ACM '59: Preprints of Papers Presented at the 14th National Meeting of the Association for Computing Machinery
1186:(Qi, 1024) for their binary counterparts, but as of 2022, no corresponding binary prefixes have been adopted.
6759:
5266:
4098:
2641:
571:
17:
5921:
5171:
4254:
2900:
2600:
The IEC standard binary prefixes are supported by other standardization bodies and technical organizations.
6676:
6116:
5343:
5119:""Defendant Western Digital Corporation's Brief in Support of Plaintiff's Motion for Preliminary Approval""
4632:
4532:
3733:
Central Memory is organized into 32K, 65K, or 131K words (60-bit) in 8, 16, or 32 banks of 4096 words each.
3616:
Figure 1 gives storage (memory) capacity ranges of the various models in "Capacity 8-bit bytes, 1 K = 1024"
1599:
1588:
map to a valid address, allowing easy aggregation into a larger block of memory with contiguous addresses.
1569:
6578:
5654:
2747:
JEDEC continues to include the customary binary definitions of "kilo", "mega", and "giga" in the document
2000:
have been generally specified in decimal gigabytes ("GB"), that is, 1000 bytes. In particular, a typical "
1957:). User complaints forced both Apple and Microsoft to issue support bulletins explaining the discrepancy.
6749:
6148:
5497:
The definitions of kilo, giga, and mega based on powers of two are included only to reflect common usage.
5126:
5019:
4985:
4742:
4073:
3840:
2799:
2304:
1854:
1499:
5197:
6598:
3897:
3558:
2296:
6561:
3826:
6491:
4623:
4414:
Kbyte. Kilobyte. Indicates 2 bytes. Mbyte. Megabyte. Indicates 2bytes. Gbyte is used in the Foreword.
3526:
3097:
6357:
5364:
3886:
IBM Tells MiniScribe It Is Cutting Back On Winchester Orders, Computer System News, 1 Jan 1984, p. 1
2927:
2698:
2311:. This convention is still used on some calculators to present binary floating point-numbers today.
6764:
6754:
5509:
3025:"A terminology standard for underwater acoustics and the benefits of international standardization"
3323:"A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems: Chapter III Analysis and Trends"
6574:
A summary of the organizations, software, and so on that have implemented the new binary prefixes
6536:
6235:
5857:
or similar refers to prefixes such as kilo, mega, giga, etc., borrowed from the similarly named
2271:"2" to mean "binary"; so that, for example, "one dikilobyte" would mean "1024 bytes", denoted "K
5365:"International vocabulary of metrology – Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM)"
3926:
3354:
Lin, Yeong; Mattson, R. (September 1972). "Cost-performance evaluation of memory hierarchies".
2886:
Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology – Part 2: Telecommunications and electronics
2752:
1591:
While early documentation specified those memory sizes as exact numbers such as 4096, 8192, or
1515:
537:
486:
5457:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 29. Archived from
3448:
Gruenberger, Fred; Burgess, C. R.; Gruenberger, Fred (October 1960). "Letters to the Editor".
1822:. Thus, for example, the capacity of a "10 MB" (decimal "M") disk drive could be reported as "
27:
Symbol placed before units of digital information to indicate multiplication by a power of two
6179:
5811:
DeRespinis, F., Hayward, P., Jenkins, J., Laird, A., McDonald, L., and Radzinski, E. (2011):
5236:
3761:
1997:
3322:
3283:
3098:"List of Resolutions for the 27th meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures"
6744:
6671:
6621:
5993:
5972:
3493:
3363:
3202:
3042:
2944:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: International System of Units (SI)
2714:
2391:
2025:
1905:
had 256 bytes per sector, 13 sectors per track, 35 tracks per side, or a total capacity of
1522:
490:
6035:
5325:
5229:"(IUCr) 1996 Report – IUPAC Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (IDCNS)"
4746:
4146:
2847:
8:
6508:
5727:
4806:
4713:
4688:
1826:", and that of a "300 GB" drive as "279.4 GB". Some operating systems, such as
549:
31:
5553:
5198:
IUCr IUPAC Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (IDCNS) (1997-02-13) .
4334:
3721:
3592:
3367:
3206:
3046:
6473:
6261:
6067:
5677:
5632:
5070:
4646:
4599:
4558:
4517:
4218:
4198:
4069:
3693:
3465:
3412:
3265:
3220:
3198:
3155:
3076:
3060:
2763:
2741:
2729:
2458:
2327:
1839:
692:
567:
6266:
5943:
5324:(Press release). International Electrotechnical Commission. 2005-08-15. Archived from
2999:
2702:
GNOME's system monitor uses IEC prefixes to show memory size and networking data rate.
2295:
proposed that, instead of prefixes, binary powers of two were indicated by the letter
6645:
5582:
5543:
5288:
4774:
4492:
4438:
4403:
4367:
4063:"Marketing Bulletin: Advanced Format 4K Sector Transition Frequently Asked Questions"
3562:
3530:
3497:
3269:
3224:
3159:
3147:
3129:
3080:
3068:
2858:
2819:
2666:
2648:
2395:
2331:
1815:
1726:
sectors of 100 characters each, for a total quoted capacity of 5 million characters.
761:
5681:
5636:
5118:
4650:
4603:
4562:
4478:
4392:
IEEE Standard Control and Status Register (CSR) Architecture for Microcomputer Buses
3697:
3416:
2542:
The proposal was not accepted by IUPAC at the time, but was taken up in 1996 by the
2062:
Similarly, digital information transfer rates are quoted using decimal prefixe. The
5871:
5669:
5624:
5535:
5278:
4989:
4636:
4589:
4548:
4484:
4430:
4395:
4359:
4244:"Data Interchange on 12,7 mm 384-Track Magnetic Tape Cartridges – Ultrium-1 Format"
3685:
3607:
3469:
3457:
3402:
3371:
3287:
3257:
3210:
3139:
3134:
3050:
2767:
2718:
2383:
2185:
1641:
words" as "65K words" (rather than "64K" or "66K"), while the documentation of the
754:
696:
6403:
5096:
5023:
4302:
3023:
Ainslie, Michael A.; Halvorsen, Michele B.; Robinson, Stephen P. (January 2022) .
2939:
1174:
for 1000. In analogy to the existing binary prefixes, a consultation paper of the
6585:
6568:
5267:"IUCR 1999 report on IUPAC Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols"
4695:
4473:
4225:
4014:
2423:
1858:
553:
6434:
6316:"Ubuntu implements units policy, will switch to base-10 units in future release"
6210:
5436:
4488:
4399:
2971:
5628:
5539:
5458:
4770:
4434:
4363:
3261:
3215:
3180:
3143:
2622:
2326:
The ambiguous meanings of "kilo", "mega", "giga", etc., has caused significant
2283:
1819:
1730:
1607:
719:
56:
6573:
5283:
4955:
3375:
1743:
Decimal megabytes were used for disk capacity by the CDC in 1974. The Seagate
6738:
3072:
3064:
3055:
3024:
2809:
2733:
2375:
1510:
712:
494:
6294:
5728:"Rules for SAE Use of SI (Metric) Units] – Section C.1.12 – SI prefixes"
5579:"IEEE-SA Standards Board Standards Review Committee (RevCom) Meeting Agenda"
5207:
2684:
2680:-byte capacity of these RAM modules is stated as "512 MB" on the label.
6382:
5292:
4700:
3956:
3151:
2771:
2737:
2573:
2399:
2315:
2127:
2084:
2063:
2037:
1989:
1981:
1966:
1850:
1585:
765:
657:
and a file whose size is listed as "2.3 GB" may have a size closer to
249:
5703:
4641:
4618:
4594:
4577:
4553:
4536:
4125:
CDS 100 ... stores over 600 kilobits, Model 650 ... store 1.5 megabits ...
3689:
3682:
ISCA '76: Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Symposium on Computer Architecture
3461:
3407:
3394:
2845:
2457:, San Francisco Superior Court, Case No. CGC-06-453195) was filed against
1580:(1953) used a decimal system, and could address ten thousand 7-bit words.
6425:
5447:
4278:
4168:
3588:
2857:(in French and English) (8th ed.). Paris: STEDI Media. p. 127.
2759:
2710:
2577:
2558:
725:
Prior to the 1999 IEC standard, some industry organizations, such as the
574:
564:
482:
5941:
5673:
5615:
Wallich, Paul (April 2008). "Tools & toys: Hacking the Nokia N800".
2580:
in their own right, independently of the kibibyte, mebibyte, and so on.
1912:
bytes. It was later upgraded to 16 sectors per track, giving a total of
6590:
6424:. International Electrotechnical Commission. 2007-02-12. Archived from
5653:
Gschwind, Michael; Erb, David; Manning, Sid; Nutter, Mark (June 2007).
4169:"Determining Actual Disk Size: Why 1.44 MB Should Be 1.40 MB"
3843:
unambiguously uses MB to characterize HDD capacity in millions of bytes
3611:
3185:
2300:
1711:
1619:
6484:"There is no such thing as a 1.44 MB standard format floppy disc"
6336:
5655:"An Open Source Environment for Cell Broadband Engine System Software"
5150:
4530:
3985:
3428:
data may be analyzed, ... without resorting to auxiliary tape storage.
5858:
5147:"Settlement Website for Cho v. Seagate Technology (US) Holdings, Inc"
2926:
See also Dinan v. SanDisk LLC, No. 20-15287 (9th Cir. Feb. 11, 2021)
2783:
2268:
2181:
1923:
bytes, which was described as "140KB" using the binary sense of "K".
1748:
1544:
769:
559:
The binary prefixes "kibi", "mebi", etc. were defined in 1999 by the
66:
38:
5514:. JEDEC Solid State Technology Association. August 2014. p. 7.
5179:
United States District Court for the Northern District of California
4575:
4537:"Letters to the editor: Abbreviations for computer and memory sizes"
3130:"How many yottabytes in a quettabyte? Extreme numbers get new names"
2908:
United States District Court for the Northern District of California
707:
standard and are supported by other standards bodies, including the
6723:
6718:
6713:
5483:"mega (M) (as a prefix to units of semiconductor storage capacity)"
3475:
3395:"A generalized analysis of variance program utilizing binary logic"
2972:"International System of Units (SI): Prefixes for binary multiples"
2371:
2099:
1827:
1611:
5597:(SCC14) IEEE Trial-Use Standard for Prefixes for Binary Multiples
6697:
6692:
4848:
4665:
3653:
Control Data 7600 Computer System: Preliminary System Description
3541:
kB (kilobyte; actually 1024 bytes) KB (kilobyte; kB is preferred)
3431:
Note: the IBM 704 core memory units had 4096 36-bit words. Up to
3344:
Hunting Trouble on 28 Megacycles, A. L. Blais, QST, January 1930.
2928:
https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16989791406584358656
2655:
2387:
2379:
2278:
In 1968, Donald Morrison proposed to use the Greek letter kappa (
1902:
1716:
1674:
1642:
1603:
1577:
1565:
1169:
700:
226:
5271:
Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations of Crystallography
4139:"Working with Disks: An intro to floppy disks and floppy drives"
2446:
1178:' Consultative Committee for Units (CCU) suggested the prefixes
703:. The IEC 60027-2 binary prefixes have been incorporated in the
6661:
6640:
3946:
1977 Disk/Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives, published June 1977
3747:"All Semiconductor Memory Selected for New Minicomputer Series"
3000:"Patent WO2012098399A2 – Low-power oscillator – Google Patents"
2814:
2775:
2726:
2264:
2102:
interface can receive or transmit up to 10 bits per second, or
2041:
1993:
1835:
1831:
1744:
1615:
1163:
210:
194:
178:
4356:
IEEE Standard Glossary of Mathematics of Computing Terminology
3717:
Control Data 6400/6500/6600 Computer Systems Reference Manual
3713:
3447:
2722:
2691:
2688:
2654:
The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (
2615:
2413:
2131:
1868:
1513:
adopted by France in 1795 included two binary prefixes named
577:
prefixes, such as "kilo" ("k", 10 = 1000), "mega" ("M", 10 =
421:
400:
379:
358:
336:
314:
292:
270:
146:
130:
114:
98:
82:
5781:"CENELEC – Standards Development – List of Technical Bodies"
5763:"CENELEC – Standards Development – List of Technical Bodies"
4052:/s" on one line, and "93 to 168 MB/s" on the next line.
3675:"Computer structures: What have we learned from the PDP-11?"
1719:(1956), had 50 physical disk platters containing a total of
1189:
787:
Specific units of IEC 60027-2 A.2 and ISO/IEC 80000:13-2008
6666:
6450:
6438:
5412:
5093:"NOTICE OF CLASS ACTION AND PROPOSED SETTLEMENT ("NOTICE")"
5090:
4578:"Letters to the editor: proposed abbreviation for 1024: bK"
3194:
3038:
2595:
545:
162:
5942:
JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (December 2002).
5487:
JEDEC – Global Standards for the Microelectronics Industry
3335:
This lengthy report describes many of the early computers.
2398:
alleging that their descriptions of the capacity of their
2279:
2188:
bus, transferring 8 bytes per cycle with a clock speed of
6635:
4886:. Poorman-Douglas Corporation. 2005-03-10. Archived from
4877:"Vreogh Third Amended Complaint (Case No. GCG-04-428953)"
4049:
3720:(Pub No. 60100000 ed.). pp. 2–1. Archived from
2751:, and, as of 2010, still used those definitions in their
2614:
As of 2014, the microelectronics industry standards body
2359:
2113:
1985:
1627:
1573:
541:
5813:
The IBM style guide: conventions for writers and editors
5652:
3649:
3022:
1795:
bytes or "322 GB"). The first terabyte (SI prefix,
6478:—a 1996–1999 paper on bits, bytes, prefixes and symbols
5437:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
4427:
IEEE Standard Glossary of Computer Hardware Terminology
2976:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
2786:
2076:
bytes per second, and a "56 Kb/s" modem transmits
1729:
Moreover, since the 1960s, many disk drives used IBM's
6280:
hda: 120064896 sectors (61473 MB) w/2048KiB Cache
4518:"Standardized units for use in information technology"
6551:—White-paper on the controversy over drive capacities
4975:
3523:
The ACS style guide: a manual for authors and editors
6178:(Press release). Toshiba. 2009-11-04. Archived from
6059:
5519:
Free registration required to download the standard.
4832:
4830:
1568:(1952) used a binary methods and could address 2048
764:
one may need binary multiples of the frequency unit
3852:
2846:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. (2006).
6422:"When is a kilobyte a kibibyte? And an MB an MiB?"
6027:
5448:Barry N. Taylor & Ambler Thompson Ed. (2008).
4576:Wallace Givens, Applied National Lab (June 1968).
4827:
4475:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
4449:gigabyte (gig, GB). This term may mean either a)
3898:"It's the oldest working Seagate drive in the UK"
2544:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
2495:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
640:bytes, or a little more than that, but less than
6736:
5277:(6). Journals.iucr.org: 609–642. November 2000.
5012:"Notice of Class Action and Proposed Settlement"
4663:
2254:
2126:Decimal SI prefixes are also generally used for
1176:International Committee for Weights and Measures
37:"Gibi" redirects here. Not to be confused with
6498:
6282:the MB are megabytes and the KiB are kibibytes.
5511:Low Power Double Data Rate 4 (LPDDR4) JESD209-4
3816:
3787:
3421:On a 32K core size 704 computer, approximately
3327:Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. 1115
6006:
4664:Schwartz, Jake; Grevelle, Rick (2003-10-20) .
3552:
2948:National Institute of Standards and Technology
2605:National Institute of Standards and Technology
2548:International Organization for Standardization
2464:
2263:proposed the extra prefix "di" and the symbol
1543:×). However, these were not retained when the
570:(Amendment 2). They were meant to replace the
6606:
5068:
4954:. Poorman-Douglas Corporation. Archived from
3520:
2455:Cho v. Seagate Technology (US) Holdings, Inc.
2448:Cho v. Seagate Technology (US) Holdings, Inc.
1814:Some programs and operating systems, such as
497:. The most commonly used binary prefixes are
458:
6481:
6329:
5935:
5071:"Western Digital settles drive size lawsuit"
4976:Gutride, Adam; Seth A. Safier (2006-03-29).
4041:
4039:
3181:"A further short history of the SI prefixes"
2980:National Institute of Science and Technology
2638:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
2378:Company, Kingston Technology Company, Inc.,
2222:
2176:
1740:-byte block in each of its 808 × 19 tracks.
1160:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
6523:
6383:"How iOS and macOS report storage capacity"
6308:
5985:
5964:
5914:
5847:
5773:
5755:
4619:"Letters to the editor: On binary notation"
4219:Understanding Recordable and Rewritable DVD
3957:"How iOS and macOS report storage capacity"
3760:(2). Hewlett-Packard: 15–20. Archived from
3744:
3583:
3581:
1462:
1434:
1406:
1378:
6613:
6599:
6375:
6249:
6220:
6165:
5123:Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation
5016:Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation
4982:Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation
3919:"Hitachi Introduces 1-Terabyte Hard Drive"
3797:HP 3000 Computer System and Subsystem Data
3650:Control Data Corporation (November 1968).
3353:
2415:Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation
1965:When specifying the capacities of optical
1861:overhead, leading to more irregularities.
1322:
1294:
1266:
1238:
1210:
465:
451:
47:Prefixes for decimal and binary multiples
6350:
6130:
6101:
6091:
6036:"Memory Configurations Table of Contents"
5885:
5818:
5646:
5608:
5502:
5475:
5441:
5282:
5164:
5139:
5009:
4760:
4706:
4681:
4640:
4593:
4552:
4166:
4160:
4046:Seagate Seag2011 10K.5 SAS Product Manual
4036:
3738:
3546:
3487:
3481:
3441:
3406:
3338:
3232:
3214:
3172:
3054:
2552:International Electrotechnical Commission
1547:were internationally adopted by the 11th
1350:
1190:Comparison of binary and decimal prefixes
729:(JEDEC), attempted to redefine the terms
727:Joint Electron Device Engineering Council
561:International Electrotechnical Commission
6620:
6287:
6196:
5805:
5791:
5696:
5571:
5534:. Reaffirmed 27 March 2008. 2003-02-12.
5522:
5392:
5357:
5332:
5259:
5221:
5191:
5110:
5062:
5037:
5003:
4969:
4939:
4904:
4869:
4792:
4657:
4610:
4569:
4524:
4506:
4467:
4419:
4384:
4348:
4295:
4236:
4230:
4187:
4055:
3911:
3889:
3846:
3666:
3578:
3514:
3386:
3347:
3314:
3294:(in French). histoire.du.metre.free.fr.
3276:
2697:
2683:
2665:
2596:Other standards bodies and organizations
2505:, exactly or approximately, rather than
2112:bytes per second within each packet. A "
2019:
1747:, one of several types installed in the
6520:—Another description of binary prefixes
6447:"Get Ready for the mebi, gibi and tebi"
5961:(Requires free registration and login.)
5864:
5720:
5614:
5430:
5314:
5305:
5250:
5084:
5045:"Western Digital Settles Capacity Suit"
4727:
4667:HP16C Emulator Library for the HP48S/SX
4271:
4136:
3940:
3880:
3833:
3810:
3707:
3643:
3619:
3600:IBM Journal of Research and Development
3555:Information Technology: Agent of Change
3121:
3090:
3016:
2992:
2966:
2964:
2920:
2893:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2370:against Lexar Media, Dane–Elec Memory,
2066:"100 MB/s" disk interface can transfer
2031:
1980:On the other hand, capacities of other
14:
6737:
6579:Storage Capacity Measurement Standards
5451:The International System of Units (SI)
5398:
5233:International Union of Crystallography
5204:International Union of Crystallography
5116:
4616:
4319:
4212:
3895:
3781:
3714:Control Data Corporation (1965–1967).
3702:memory size (8k bytes to 4 megabytes).
3587:
3490:Webster's New World Telecom Dictionary
3308:demi-hectogramme, et ainsi des autres.
3127:
2855:The International System of Units (SI)
2749:Terms, Definitions, and Letter Symbols
2361:Willem Vroegh v. Eastman Kodak Company
2229:
2004:" DVD has a nominal capacity of about
1195:to the corresponding binary prefixes.
6594:
6278:When the Linux kernel boots and says
5991:
5970:
3478:was a character addressable computer.
3238:
3178:
2321:
2299:followed by the exponent, similar to
1867:The 5.25-inch diskette sold with the
6468:
6430:– An introduction to binary prefixes
5091:Western Digital Corporation (2006).
4838:"Secure Digital Capacity Disclaimer"
4800:"SanDisk Ultra® CompactFlash® cards"
4512:
4123:. May 1972. pp. 154, 162, 164.
3745:Frankenberg, Robert (October 1974).
3672:
3593:"Architecture of the IBM System/360"
3392:
3320:
2961:
2932:
2832:
2621:On 19 March 2005, the IEEE standard
2588:bits (2 bits), which is 1 kibibit."
2488:
2138:clock and 64 bits wide can transfer
2098:samples per second. A "1 Gb/s"
1162:(BIPM) adopted the decimal prefixes
5861:but used to denote a power of 1024.
5668:(6). IEEE Computer Society: 37–47.
4617:Martin, Bruce Alan (October 1968).
3625:
3242:Accreditation and Quality Assurance
3030:IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering
2661:
2420:On 7 July 2005, an action entitled
2116:" modem can encode or decode up to
1554:
711:, which defines the SI system, the
24:
6414:
5853:As used in this article, the term
5172:"Order Granting Motion to Dismiss"
4945:
4137:Brutman, Michael B. (2001-07-08).
3853:Seagate Corporation (April 1982).
2901:"Order Granting Motion to Dismiss"
1645:real-time computer (1974) denoted
548:, when expressing the capacity of
25:
6776:
6555:
6065:
6033:
6012:
4735:"WD Caviar SE16 SATA Hard Drives"
3788:Hewlett-Packard (November 1973).
2546:(IEEE) in collaboration with the
2402:cards were false and misleading.
2342:
1504:
6396:
5893:"Consumer Electronics – Sony US"
5691:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3128:Gibney, Elizabeth (2022-11-18).
2805:B notation (scientific notation)
2307:. Thus one would write 3B20 for
1960:
741:, and the corresponding symbols
6535:(Press release). Archived from
6435:"Prefixes for binary multiples"
6080:from the original on 2022-10-09
6048:from the original on 2022-10-09
5744:from the original on 2022-10-09
5419:from the original on 2022-05-28
5399:Barrow, Bruce (January 1997) .
5381:from the original on 2022-10-09
5340:"niso, New Specs and Standards"
5117:Baskin, Scott D. (2006-02-01).
4689:The Art of Computer Programming
4483:. IEEE Computer Society Press.
4197:. Videohelp.com. Archived from
4130:
4112:
4083:
4025:from the original on 2021-12-03
4007:
3996:from the original on 2021-11-18
3978:
3967:from the original on 2020-04-09
3949:
3298:from the original on 2022-11-26
3110:from the original on 2022-11-18
2874:from the original on 2006-08-13
2649:Society of Automotive Engineers
1845:
536:). They are most often used in
6499:Michael Quinion (1999-08-21).
6228:"Client: Client HDD – Toshiba"
3817:IBM Corporation (2003-01-23).
3673:Bell, Gordon (November 1975).
3356:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
3321:Weik, Martin H. (March 1961).
3179:Brown, Richard J. C. (2023) .
2350:
2293:Brookhaven National Laboratory
2128:processor-memory data transfer
1559:
779:
32:Integer literal § Affixes
13:
1:
5799:"How many bytes are in a GB?"
5311:IEC 60027-2 (2000-11) Ed. 2.0
5235:. 1997-02-14 . Archived from
5200:"IUCr annual report for 1995"
3790:"HP 3000 Configuration Guide"
3629:System/370 Model 158 brochure
3553:F. J. M. Laver (1989-05-11).
2825:
2774:chips intended to be used as
2642:International System of Units
2432:Final Approval hearing date.
2368:Willem Vroegh filed a lawsuit
2255:Early binary prefix proposals
2173:, which is usually quoted as
1705:
6482:de Boyne Pollard, Jonathan.
6453:. 1999-03-02. Archived from
6265:. 2001-12-22. Archived from
6204:"WD Model and Order Numbers"
5581:. 2005-03-19. Archived from
5069:Jeremy Reimer (2006-06-30).
4948:"Frequently Asked Questions"
4921:. 2012-04-13. Archived from
4633:Associated Universities Inc.
4097:. 2012-03-07. Archived from
3925:. 2007-01-04. Archived from
3896:Mellor, Chris (2011-04-06).
2640:(BIPM), which maintains the
2148:64-bit words per second, or
7:
6404:"Ls(1) – Linux manual page"
6337:"UnitsPolicy – Ubuntu Wiki"
5127:Western Digital Corporation
5020:Western Digital Corporation
5010:Zimmerman, Bernard (2006).
4986:Western Digital Corporation
4743:Western Digital Corporation
4714:"Knuth: Recent News (1999)"
4489:10.1109/IEEESTD.2000.322230
4400:10.1109/IEEESTD.1992.106981
3862:. p. 3. Archived from
3819:"IBM 350 disk storage unit"
3393:Real, P. (September 1959).
2800:Binary engineering notation
2793:
2466:Dinan et al. v. SanDisk LLC
2305:decimal scientific notation
2219:, which would be quoted as
1500:Timeline of binary prefixes
1115:
1065:
1018:
974:
933:
895:
860:
831:
610:bytes, instead of 2 × 10 =
10:
6781:
6629:Platform-independent units
6524:James Wiebe (2003-10-09).
6358:"Snow Leopard's new maths"
5629:10.1109/MSPEC.2008.4476441
5540:10.1109/IEEESTD.2003.94236
5342:. Niso.org. Archived from
4435:10.1109/IEEESTD.1995.79522
4364:10.1109/IEEESTD.1986.79649
4091:"IBM100 – The Floppy Disk"
3559:Cambridge University Press
3262:10.1007/s00769-022-01499-7
3144:10.1038/d41586-022-03747-9
1618:/70 (1975) and of the DEC
1497:
1493:
36:
29:
6706:
6685:
6654:
6628:
6474:"What is a Megabyte ...?"
6262:Linux Programmer's Manual
6138:"Storage Solutions Guide"
5322:"HERE COME ZEBI AND YOBI"
5284:10.1107/S0108767300012873
4739:Western Digital: Products
4624:Communications of the ACM
4582:Communications of the ACM
4541:Communications of the ACM
4303:"Definitions of Megabyte"
3527:American Chemical Society
3450:Communications of the ACM
3376:10.1109/TMAG.1972.1067329
1973:, which is approximately
1206:
1203:
1200:
794:
791:
446:
437:
432:
253:
248:
245:
238:
65:
62:
55:
46:
6655:Platform-dependent units
6488:Frequently Given Answers
5971:JEDEC (September 2009).
5797:Hewlett-Packard (2009):
4978:"Class Action Complaint"
4307:Dictionary.reference.com
4279:"Definition of megabyte"
4167:Microsoft (2003-05-06).
4015:"ConsistentUnitPrefixes"
3438:words could be installed
3401:. ACM Press: 78–1–78–5.
3216:10.1088/1681-7575/ac6afd
3183:. Letter to the editor.
3056:10.1109/JOE.2021.3085947
2241:ANSI/IEEE 1212-1991
2237:ANSI/IEEE 1084-1986
1628:Control Data Corporation
587:) and "giga" ("G", 10 =
552:or the size of computer
6385:. Apple Inc. 2018-02-27
6068:"Terms and Definitions"
6015:"Memory Configurations"
5992:JEDEC (November 2009).
5855:customary binary prefix
5401:"A Lesson in Megabytes"
4952:Flash Memory Settlement
4716:. Cs-staff.stanford.edu
3754:Hewlett-Packard Journal
1630:(CDC) abbreviated "2 =
5826:"IBM Knowledge Center"
4251:Ecma-international.org
4224:2 January 2011 at the
4195:"Data capacity of CDs"
3521:Janet S. Dodd (1997).
2703:
2695:
2681:
1787:(which would be about
768:(Hz), for example the
538:information technology
5994:"DDR2 SDRAM Standard"
5973:"DDR3 SDRAM Standard"
5405:IEEE Standards Bearer
4642:10.1145/364096.364107
4595:10.1145/363347.363351
4554:10.1145/362929.362962
4327:"AskOxford: megabyte"
3841:CDC Product Line Card
3776:196K-word memory size
3690:10.1145/800110.803541
3494:John Wiley & Sons
3462:10.1145/367415.367419
3408:10.1145/612201.612294
2701:
2687:
2669:
2584:be used to represent
2366:On 20 February 2004,
2245:IEEE 610.10-1994
2028:used when recording.
2020:Tape drives and media
1312:0.9095 (−9.1%)
1284:0.9313 (−6.9%)
1256:0.9537 (−4.6%)
1228:0.9766 (−2.3%)
6760:Units of information
6622:Units of information
5704:"BIPM – SI prefixes"
4531:Donald R. Morrison,
3856:ST506/412 OEM Manual
3635:. IBM. G520-261871.
3362:(3). IEEE: 390–392.
3292:L'Histoire Du Mètre
2392:Verbatim Corporation
2330:, especially in the
2032:Data and clock rates
1998:magneto-optical (MO)
1855:a variety of formats
1751:, had a capacity of
1274:1.074 (+7.4%)
1246:1.049 (+4.9%)
1218:1.024 (+2.4%)
501:(symbol Ki, meaning
6232:Toshiba-tdmt.com.tw
5674:10.1109/MC.2007.192
4849:SanDisk Corporation
4807:SanDisk Corporation
4768:"Jack Flash F.A.Q."
4670:. 1.20 (1 ed.)
3684:. ACM Press: 1–14.
3368:1972ITM.....8..390L
3286:[The Law of 18
3207:2023Metro..60a3001B
3047:2022IJOE...47..179A
2742:computer processors
2426:Corporation, et al.
2388:SanDisk Corporation
2372:Fuji Photo Film USA
2230:Ambiguous standards
2192:has a bandwidth of
1984:storage media like
1692:bytes, rather than
788:
691:, depending on the
491:unit of measurement
6750:Naming conventions
6584:2015-01-02 at the
6567:2021-03-06 at the
6295:"ESR post on LKML"
5073:. Ars Technica LLC
4694:2016-03-05 at the
4533:Sandia Corporation
4173:Article ID: 121839
4070:Seagate Technology
3612:10.1147/rd.82.0087
3606:(2). IBM: 87–101.
3488:Ray Horak (2008).
3199:IOP Publishing Ltd
2848:"§3.1 SI prefixes"
2770:, except for some
2764:solid state drives
2704:
2696:
2682:
2603:The United States
2459:Seagate Technology
2328:consumer confusion
2322:Consumer confusion
2249:IEEE 100-2000
1840:Seagate Technology
1660:as "196K" and 2 =
1606:(1964) and of the
786:
540:as multipliers of
6732:
6731:
6707:Metric byte units
6562:A plea for sanity
6449:(Press release).
6339:. Wiki.ubuntu.com
5872:"Hewlett-Packard"
5549:978-0-7381-3385-0
4498:978-0-7381-2601-2
2864:978-92-822-2213-3
2713:of computers, of
2489:IEC 1999 Standard
2396:Viking Interworks
2332:personal computer
2289:Bruce Alan Martin
2123:bits per second.
2012:, which is about
1816:Microsoft Windows
1491:
1490:
1207:Decimal ÷ Binary
1204:Binary ÷ Decimal
1156:
1155:
772:(KiHz), equal to
762:signal processing
485:that indicates a
475:
474:
442:
441:
232:
231:
16:(Redirected from
6772:
6686:Metric bit units
6615:
6608:
6601:
6592:
6591:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6541:
6530:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6507:. Archived from
6505:World Wide Words
6495:
6490:. Archived from
6477:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6442:
6429:
6408:
6407:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6234:. Archived from
6224:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6209:. Archived from
6208:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6184:
6177:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6153:
6147:. Archived from
6142:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6115:. Archived from
6105:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6079:
6072:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6047:
6040:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6010:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5968:
5962:
5960:
5955:
5954:
5948:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5924:. 4AllMemory.com
5922:"4AllMemory.com"
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5899:. Archived from
5889:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:. Welcome.hp.com
5868:
5862:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5832:. Archived from
5822:
5816:
5809:
5803:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5783:. Archived from
5777:
5771:
5770:
5765:. Archived from
5759:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5743:
5732:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5700:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5659:
5650:
5644:
5640:
5612:
5606:
5605:
5591:
5590:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5552:. Archived from
5526:
5520:
5518:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5493:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5463:
5456:
5445:
5439:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5380:
5374:(3rd ed.).
5369:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5286:
5263:
5257:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5206:. Archived from
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5176:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5149:. Archived from
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5095:. Archived from
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5022:. Archived from
5007:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4988:. Archived from
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4946:Safier, Seth A.
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4927:
4916:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4892:
4881:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4857:
4851:. Archived from
4842:
4834:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4815:
4809:. Archived from
4804:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4773:. Archived from
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4745:. Archived from
4731:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4710:
4704:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4644:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4597:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4556:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4333:. Archived from
4323:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4259:
4253:. Archived from
4248:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4145:. Archived from
4134:
4128:
4127:
4119:"Disc Storage".
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4072:. Archived from
4067:
4059:
4053:
4043:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3868:
3861:
3850:
3844:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3825:. Archived from
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3766:
3751:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3679:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3634:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3597:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3410:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3303:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3250:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3218:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3058:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2905:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2852:
2843:
2768:USB flash drives
2753:memory standards
2679:
2678:
2675:
2662:Current practice
2587:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2441:
2440:
2384:PNY Technologies
2382:Products, Inc.;
2310:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2191:
2186:double data rate
2179:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2003:
1976:
1972:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1825:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1739:
1738:
1725:
1724:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1597:
1596:
1576:each, while the
1555:Storage capacity
1542:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1198:
1197:
1152:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1099:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1049:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1002:
1000:
992:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
958:
956:
948:
947:
944:
941:
938:
917:
915:
907:
906:
903:
900:
879:
877:
869:
868:
865:
844:
842:
834:
795:Representations
789:
785:
775:
755:magnetic storage
697:operating system
690:
689:
686:
683:
677:
673:
672:
669:
666:
660:
656:
655:
652:
649:
643:
639:
638:
635:
632:
626:
619:
618:
615:
609:
608:
605:
599:
598:
595:
592:
586:
585:
582:
535:
534:
531:
528:
518:
517:
514:
504:
467:
460:
453:
236:
235:
53:
52:
44:
43:
21:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6765:Numeral systems
6755:Binary prefixes
6735:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6702:
6681:
6650:
6624:
6619:
6586:Wayback Machine
6569:Wayback Machine
6558:
6545:
6543:
6539:
6528:
6514:
6512:
6460:
6458:
6445:
6433:
6420:
6417:
6415:Further reading
6412:
6411:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6388:
6386:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6367:
6365:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6342:
6340:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6321:
6319:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6300:
6298:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6279:
6272:
6270:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6241:
6239:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6213:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6140:
6136:
6135:
6131:
6122:
6120:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6092:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6070:
6064:
6060:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6038:
6032:
6028:
6019:
6017:
6011:
6007:
5998:
5996:
5990:
5986:
5977:
5975:
5969:
5965:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5940:
5936:
5927:
5925:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5906:
5904:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5877:
5875:
5870:
5869:
5865:
5852:
5848:
5839:
5837:
5830:Pic.dhe.ibm.com
5824:
5823:
5819:
5810:
5806:
5796:
5792:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5730:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5712:
5710:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5688:
5657:
5651:
5647:
5613:
5609:
5588:
5586:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5559:
5557:
5550:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5491:
5489:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5454:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5431:
5422:
5420:
5397:
5393:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5349:
5347:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5297:
5295:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5242:
5240:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5213:
5211:
5196:
5192:
5183:
5181:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5156:
5154:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5131:
5129:
5115:
5111:
5102:
5100:
5089:
5085:
5076:
5074:
5067:
5063:
5054:
5052:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5029:
5027:
5008:
5004:
4995:
4993:
4974:
4970:
4961:
4959:
4944:
4940:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4828:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4780:
4778:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4752:
4750:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4719:
4717:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4703:, pp. 24 and 94
4696:Wayback Machine
4686:
4682:
4673:
4671:
4662:
4658:
4615:
4611:
4574:
4570:
4529:
4525:
4511:
4507:
4499:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4445:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4374:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4340:
4338:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4311:
4309:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4287:
4285:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4226:Wayback Machine
4217:
4213:
4204:
4202:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4165:
4161:
4152:
4150:
4135:
4131:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4104:
4102:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4076:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4044:
4037:
4028:
4026:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3999:
3997:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3970:
3968:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3932:
3930:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3903:
3901:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3838:
3834:
3815:
3811:
3802:
3800:
3792:
3786:
3782:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3749:
3743:
3739:
3727:
3725:
3712:
3708:
3677:
3671:
3667:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3595:
3589:Amdahl, Gene M.
3586:
3579:
3569:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3529:. p. 124.
3519:
3515:
3504:
3496:. p. 271.
3486:
3482:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3432:
3424:
3422:
3391:
3387:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3319:
3315:
3301:
3299:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3244:
3237:
3233:
3177:
3173:
3164:
3162:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3021:
3017:
3008:
3006:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2984:
2982:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2953:
2951:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2912:
2910:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2850:
2844:
2833:
2828:
2796:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2664:
2598:
2585:
2565:The harmonized
2535:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2491:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2451:
2438:
2436:
2424:Western Digital
2422:Orin Safier v.
2418:
2364:
2353:
2345:
2337:Apple Macintosh
2324:
2308:
2274:
2257:
2232:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2034:
2022:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1848:
1823:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1736:
1734:
1722:
1720:
1708:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1610:(1972), of the
1598:units (usually
1594:
1592:
1562:
1557:
1549:CGPM conference
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1480:0.7889 (−21.1%)
1477:
1476:
1459:
1458:
1452:0.8078 (−19.2%)
1449:
1448:
1431:
1430:
1424:0.8272 (−17.3%)
1421:
1420:
1403:
1402:
1396:0.8470 (−15.3%)
1393:
1392:
1375:
1374:
1368:0.8674 (−13.3%)
1365:
1364:
1347:
1346:
1340:0.8882 (−11.2%)
1337:
1336:
1319:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1235:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1192:
1182:(Ri, 1024) and
1148:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1095:
1093:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1045:
1043:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1019:
998:
996:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
975:
954:
952:
945:
942:
939:
936:
934:
913:
911:
904:
901:
898:
896:
875:
873:
866:
863:
861:
840:
838:
832:
782:
773:
687:
684:
681:
679:
675:
670:
667:
664:
662:
658:
653:
650:
647:
645:
641:
636:
633:
630:
628:
624:
616:
613:
611:
606:
603:
601:
596:
593:
590:
588:
583:
580:
578:
550:storage devices
532:
529:
526:
524:
515:
512:
510:
502:
471:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6778:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6632:
6630:
6626:
6625:
6618:
6617:
6610:
6603:
6595:
6589:
6588:
6576:
6571:
6557:
6556:External links
6554:
6553:
6552:
6521:
6496:
6494:on 2016-10-07.
6479:
6472:(1996-12-29).
6466:
6443:
6431:
6428:on 2009-04-03.
6416:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6395:
6374:
6349:
6328:
6307:
6286:
6248:
6219:
6216:on 2005-08-24.
6195:
6164:
6129:
6100:
6090:
6058:
6026:
6005:
5984:
5963:
5934:
5913:
5884:
5863:
5846:
5817:
5804:
5790:
5787:on 2012-07-22.
5772:
5769:on 2013-02-13.
5754:
5719:
5695:
5645:
5607:
5601:Recommendation
5570:
5548:
5521:
5501:
5474:
5440:
5429:
5391:
5356:
5331:
5328:on 2007-06-11.
5313:
5304:
5258:
5249:
5220:
5190:
5163:
5138:
5109:
5083:
5061:
5036:
5002:
4968:
4938:
4903:
4868:
4826:
4791:
4759:
4726:
4705:
4680:
4656:
4609:
4568:
4535:(March 1968).
4523:
4516:(1996-12-29).
4505:
4497:
4466:
4443:
4429:. 1994-06-24.
4418:
4408:
4394:. 1992-07-22.
4383:
4372:
4358:. 1986-10-30.
4347:
4318:
4294:
4270:
4235:
4229:
4211:
4186:
4159:
4129:
4111:
4095:www-03.ibm.com
4082:
4079:on 2010-07-15.
4054:
4035:
4006:
3977:
3963:. 2018-02-27.
3948:
3939:
3910:
3900:. The Register
3888:
3879:
3845:
3832:
3829:on 2005-04-09.
3809:
3780:
3737:
3706:
3665:
3642:
3618:
3577:
3568:978-0521350358
3567:
3561:. p. 35.
3545:
3535:
3513:
3502:
3480:
3440:
3385:
3346:
3337:
3313:
3275:
3256:(3): 143–144.
3231:
3171:
3120:
3103:. 2022-11-18.
3089:
3015:
2991:
2960:
2931:
2919:
2892:
2863:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2734:memory modules
2663:
2660:
2623:IEEE 1541-2002
2597:
2594:
2490:
2487:
2468:
2463:
2450:
2445:
2417:
2412:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2343:Legal disputes
2341:
2323:
2320:
2284:Wallace Givens
2272:
2256:
2253:
2231:
2228:
2033:
2030:
2021:
2018:
1962:
1959:
1901:The 5.25-inch
1888:1.2288 MB
1847:
1844:
1820:Classic Mac OS
1707:
1704:
1608:IBM System/370
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1506:
1505:Early prefixes
1503:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:1.268 (+26.8%)
1468:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:1.238 (+23.8%)
1440:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:1.209 (+20.9%)
1412:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:1.181 (+18.1%)
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:1.153 (+15.3%)
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:1.126 (+12.6%)
1328:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:1.100 (+10.0%)
1300:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1191:
1188:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1040:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
993:
973:
970:
967:
964:
960:
959:
949:
932:
929:
926:
923:
919:
918:
908:
894:
891:
888:
885:
881:
880:
870:
859:
856:
853:
850:
846:
845:
835:
830:
827:
824:
821:
817:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
797:
796:
793:
781:
778:
720:European Union
563:(IEC), in the
493:by an integer
473:
472:
470:
469:
462:
455:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
435:
434:
430:
429:
427:
424:
419:
416:
413:
409:
408:
406:
403:
398:
395:
392:
388:
387:
385:
382:
377:
374:
371:
367:
366:
364:
361:
356:
353:
350:
346:
345:
342:
339:
334:
331:
328:
324:
323:
320:
317:
312:
309:
306:
302:
301:
298:
295:
290:
287:
284:
280:
279:
276:
273:
268:
265:
262:
258:
257:
252:
247:
243:
242:
233:
230:
229:
224:
221:
218:
214:
213:
208:
205:
202:
198:
197:
192:
189:
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
170:
166:
165:
160:
157:
154:
150:
149:
144:
141:
138:
134:
133:
128:
125:
122:
118:
117:
112:
109:
106:
102:
101:
96:
93:
90:
86:
85:
80:
77:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
49:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6777:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6705:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6684:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6616:
6611:
6609:
6604:
6602:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6587:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6542:on 2013-12-04
6538:
6534:
6527:
6522:
6511:on 2004-06-12
6510:
6506:
6502:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6457:on 2016-08-20
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6418:
6405:
6399:
6384:
6378:
6363:
6359:
6353:
6338:
6332:
6317:
6311:
6296:
6290:
6283:
6269:on 2007-09-02
6268:
6264:
6263:
6258:
6252:
6238:on 2021-04-26
6237:
6233:
6229:
6223:
6212:
6205:
6199:
6185:on 2009-11-22
6181:
6174:
6168:
6154:on 2010-03-31
6150:
6146:
6139:
6133:
6119:on 2011-06-16
6118:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6094:
6076:
6069:
6062:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6016:
6009:
5995:
5988:
5974:
5967:
5959:
5945:
5938:
5923:
5917:
5903:on 2011-06-16
5902:
5898:
5897:Sonystyle.com
5894:
5888:
5873:
5867:
5860:
5856:
5850:
5836:on 2014-03-17
5835:
5831:
5827:
5821:
5814:
5808:
5800:
5794:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5740:
5736:
5729:
5723:
5709:
5705:
5699:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5656:
5649:
5643:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5617:IEEE Spectrum
5611:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5585:on 2007-09-22
5584:
5580:
5574:
5567:
5556:on 2012-10-14
5555:
5551:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5532:
5525:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5464:on 2018-12-25
5460:
5453:
5452:
5444:
5438:
5433:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5377:
5373:
5366:
5360:
5346:on 2008-12-08
5345:
5341:
5335:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5308:
5294:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5253:
5239:on 2013-06-13
5238:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5210:on 2009-08-27
5209:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5180:
5173:
5167:
5153:on 2019-01-18
5152:
5148:
5142:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5113:
5099:on 2010-05-07
5098:
5094:
5087:
5072:
5065:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5026:on 2007-09-22
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5006:
4992:on 2007-10-16
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4958:on 2007-09-28
4957:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4928:on 2012-04-13
4924:
4920:
4913:
4907:
4893:on 2008-03-09
4889:
4885:
4878:
4872:
4858:on 2013-02-27
4854:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4816:on 2013-08-10
4812:
4808:
4801:
4795:
4788:
4787:respectively.
4777:on 2016-03-05
4776:
4772:
4769:
4763:
4749:on 2007-09-02
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4715:
4709:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4684:
4669:
4668:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4527:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4500:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4463:
4446:
4444:1-55937-492-6
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4415:
4411:
4409:0-7381-4336-7
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4380:
4375:
4373:0-7381-4541-6
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4337:on 2005-05-25
4336:
4332:
4331:Askoxford.com
4328:
4322:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4260:on 2013-09-17
4256:
4252:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4215:
4201:on 2006-07-15
4200:
4196:
4190:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4149:on 2024-02-19
4148:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4101:on 2012-04-03
4100:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4058:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4010:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3986:"UnitsPolicy"
3981:
3966:
3962:
3961:Apple Support
3958:
3952:
3943:
3929:on 2007-01-12
3928:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3899:
3892:
3883:
3869:on 2016-10-08
3865:
3858:
3857:
3849:
3842:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3767:on 2007-11-29
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3724:on 2014-01-02
3723:
3719:
3718:
3710:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3654:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3630:
3622:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3538:
3536:9780841234611
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3505:
3503:9780471774570
3499:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3429:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3341:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3309:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3235:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3175:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3106:
3099:
3093:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2940:"SI prefixes"
2935:
2929:
2923:
2909:
2902:
2896:
2889:
2887:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:ISO/IEC 80000
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2736:, and of the
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2668:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2503:10 bytes
2496:
2493:In 1995, the
2486:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2444:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2376:Eastman Kodak
2373:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2348:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2275:B" or "K2B".
2270:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2227:
2187:
2183:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2115:
2101:
2089:44.1 kHz
2086:
2085:compact disks
2065:
2060:
2046:4.77 MHz
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2017:
2014:4.38 GiB
2010:10 bytes
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1967:compact discs
1961:Optical disks
1958:
1924:
1904:
1903:Apple Disk II
1899:
1890:(decimal) or
1870:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1783:, bytes, not
1750:
1746:
1741:
1732:
1727:
1718:
1713:
1703:
1676:
1671:
1644:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1614:, of the DEC
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1589:
1587:
1586:address lines
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1511:metric system
1509:The original
1501:
1482:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1454:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1426:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1370:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1342:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1314:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1286:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1258:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1230:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1199:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1168:for 1000 and
1167:
1166:
1161:
1158:In 2022, the
1144:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1091:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1041:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
994:
971:
968:
965:
962:
961:
950:
930:
927:
924:
921:
920:
909:
892:
889:
886:
883:
882:
871:
857:
854:
851:
848:
847:
836:
828:
825:
822:
819:
818:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
798:
790:
784:
777:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
714:
710:
706:
705:ISO/IEC 80000
702:
698:
694:
621:
576:
575:decimal power
573:
569:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
522:
508:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:binary prefix
468:
463:
461:
456:
454:
449:
448:
445:
436:
431:
428:
425:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
410:
407:
404:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
389:
386:
383:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
368:
365:
362:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
347:
343:
340:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
325:
321:
318:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
303:
299:
296:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
281:
277:
274:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
259:
256:
251:
244:
241:
237:
234:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
61:
58:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
18:Binary Prefix
6544:. Retrieved
6537:the original
6532:
6513:. Retrieved
6509:the original
6504:
6492:the original
6487:
6470:Kuhn, Markus
6459:. Retrieved
6455:the original
6426:the original
6398:
6387:. Retrieved
6377:
6366:. Retrieved
6364:. 2009-08-28
6361:
6352:
6341:. Retrieved
6331:
6320:. Retrieved
6318:. Neowin.net
6310:
6299:. Retrieved
6289:
6277:
6271:. Retrieved
6267:the original
6260:
6251:
6240:. Retrieved
6236:the original
6231:
6222:
6211:the original
6198:
6187:. Retrieved
6180:the original
6167:
6156:. Retrieved
6149:the original
6144:
6132:
6121:. Retrieved
6117:the original
6112:
6103:
6093:
6082:. Retrieved
6061:
6050:. Retrieved
6029:
6018:. Retrieved
6008:
5997:. Retrieved
5987:
5976:. Retrieved
5966:
5957:
5951:. Retrieved
5937:
5926:. Retrieved
5916:
5905:. Retrieved
5901:the original
5896:
5887:
5876:. Retrieved
5866:
5854:
5849:
5838:. Retrieved
5834:the original
5829:
5820:
5812:
5807:
5793:
5785:the original
5775:
5767:the original
5757:
5746:. Retrieved
5734:
5722:
5711:. Retrieved
5707:
5698:
5665:
5661:
5648:
5641:
5620:
5616:
5610:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5587:. Retrieved
5583:the original
5573:
5564:
5558:. Retrieved
5554:the original
5530:
5524:
5515:
5510:
5504:
5496:
5490:. Retrieved
5486:
5477:
5466:. Retrieved
5459:the original
5450:
5443:
5432:
5421:. Retrieved
5408:
5404:
5394:
5383:. Retrieved
5371:
5359:
5348:. Retrieved
5344:the original
5334:
5326:the original
5316:
5307:
5296:. Retrieved
5274:
5270:
5261:
5252:
5241:. Retrieved
5237:the original
5223:
5212:. Retrieved
5208:the original
5193:
5182:. Retrieved
5166:
5155:. Retrieved
5151:the original
5141:
5130:. Retrieved
5122:
5112:
5101:. Retrieved
5097:the original
5086:
5075:. Retrieved
5064:
5053:. Retrieved
5051:. 2006-06-28
5049:Betanews.com
5048:
5039:
5028:. Retrieved
5024:the original
5015:
5005:
4994:. Retrieved
4990:the original
4981:
4971:
4960:. Retrieved
4956:the original
4951:
4941:
4930:. Retrieved
4923:the original
4918:
4906:
4895:. Retrieved
4888:the original
4883:
4871:
4860:. Retrieved
4853:the original
4844:
4818:. Retrieved
4811:the original
4794:
4785:
4779:. Retrieved
4775:the original
4762:
4751:. Retrieved
4747:the original
4738:
4729:
4718:. Retrieved
4708:
4701:Donald Knuth
4687:
4683:
4672:. Retrieved
4666:
4659:
4628:
4622:
4612:
4585:
4581:
4571:
4544:
4540:
4526:
4514:Kuhn, Markus
4508:
4479:
4469:
4448:
4426:
4421:
4413:
4391:
4386:
4377:
4355:
4350:
4339:. Retrieved
4335:the original
4330:
4321:
4310:. Retrieved
4306:
4297:
4286:. Retrieved
4282:
4273:
4262:. Retrieved
4255:the original
4250:
4238:
4232:
4214:
4203:. Retrieved
4199:the original
4189:
4177:. Retrieved
4172:
4162:
4151:. Retrieved
4147:the original
4142:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4103:. Retrieved
4099:the original
4094:
4085:
4074:the original
4057:
4027:. Retrieved
4018:
4009:
3998:. Retrieved
3989:
3980:
3969:. Retrieved
3960:
3951:
3942:
3931:. Retrieved
3927:the original
3922:
3913:
3902:. Retrieved
3891:
3882:
3871:. Retrieved
3864:the original
3855:
3848:
3835:
3827:the original
3823:IBM Archives
3822:
3812:
3801:. Retrieved
3796:
3783:
3775:
3769:. Retrieved
3762:the original
3757:
3753:
3740:
3732:
3726:. Retrieved
3722:the original
3716:
3709:
3701:
3681:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3645:
3636:
3628:
3626:IBM (1972).
3621:
3603:
3599:
3572:
3554:
3548:
3540:
3522:
3516:
3507:
3489:
3483:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3420:
3398:
3388:
3379:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3340:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3306:
3300:. Retrieved
3291:
3278:
3253:
3240:
3234:
3190:
3184:
3174:
3163:. Retrieved
3133:
3123:
3112:. Retrieved
3092:
3034:
3028:
3018:
3007:. Retrieved
3003:
2994:
2983:. Retrieved
2975:
2952:. Retrieved
2950:. 2010-01-13
2943:
2934:
2922:
2911:. Retrieved
2895:
2885:
2882:
2876:. Retrieved
2854:
2780:
2772:flash memory
2757:
2748:
2746:
2708:
2705:
2653:
2646:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2590:
2582:
2574:IEC 80000-13
2564:
2556:
2541:
2492:
2470:
2465:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2434:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2400:flash memory
2365:
2360:
2354:
2346:
2325:
2316:Donald Knuth
2313:
2277:
2258:
2233:
2190:200 MHz
2184:memory on a
2125:
2091:, is indeed
2087:, quoted as
2064:Parallel ATA
2061:
2035:
2023:
1990:Blu-ray Disc
1982:optical disc
1979:
1971:700 MiB
1964:
1925:
1900:
1866:
1863:
1851:Floppy disks
1849:
1846:Floppy disks
1813:
1742:
1728:
1709:
1672:
1624:
1590:
1582:
1563:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1193:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1164:
1157:
783:
774:1024 Hz
759:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
724:
622:
558:
520:
506:
498:
495:power of two
478:
476:
239:
6745:Measurement
6113:Samsung.com
5949:. p. 8
5859:SI prefixes
4919:Sandisk.com
4845:sandisk.com
4175:. Microsoft
4143:Brutmanlabs
4019:Debian Wiki
3990:Ubuntu Wiki
3245: [
3229:(1+4 pages)
3041:: 179–200.
2760:disk drives
2711:main memory
2578:ISO 80000-1
2559:IEC 60027-2
2483: bytes
2453:A lawsuit (
2351:Early cases
2261:Markus Kuhn
2160: bit/s
2136:66 MHz
2002:4.7 GB
1977:(decimal).
1975:730 MB
1955: bytes
1940: bytes
1873:1200 × 1024
1871:could hold
1760: bytes
1731:disk format
1560:Main memory
1545:SI prefixes
792:IEC prefix
780:Definitions
572:metric (SI)
565:IEC 60027-2
483:unit prefix
6739:Categories
6546:2010-01-22
6515:2002-11-13
6501:"Kibibyte"
6461:2017-07-13
6389:2021-06-27
6368:2011-04-13
6343:2012-01-26
6322:2012-01-26
6301:2012-01-26
6273:2007-05-20
6242:2017-12-30
6189:2017-12-30
6158:2010-03-04
6123:2017-12-30
6084:2010-02-04
6052:2010-02-04
6020:2010-02-04
5999:2010-02-04
5978:2010-02-04
5953:2010-03-07
5928:2012-01-26
5907:2017-12-30
5878:2012-01-26
5840:2017-12-30
5748:2017-12-30
5713:2017-12-30
5589:2007-02-25
5560:2007-07-29
5492:2021-04-14
5468:2010-04-27
5423:2022-12-24
5385:2017-12-30
5350:2012-01-26
5298:2012-01-26
5243:2012-01-26
5231:(Report).
5214:2012-01-26
5202:(Report).
5184:2020-01-24
5157:2011-04-12
5132:2007-09-09
5103:2010-02-10
5077:2010-02-10
5055:2017-12-30
5030:2007-09-09
4996:2007-09-09
4962:2007-09-09
4932:2017-12-30
4897:2007-09-09
4884:pddocs.com
4862:2014-06-20
4820:2014-06-20
4781:2014-06-20
4753:2007-09-09
4720:2012-01-26
4699:Volume 1,
4674:2015-08-15
4588:(6): 391.
4547:(3): 150.
4341:2017-12-30
4312:2017-12-30
4288:2017-12-30
4264:2017-12-30
4205:2012-01-26
4179:2007-07-07
4153:2024-02-19
4121:Datamation
4105:2023-10-17
4029:2022-01-09
4000:2022-01-09
3992:. Ubuntu.
3971:2022-01-09
3933:2010-02-04
3904:2012-01-26
3873:2016-09-06
3803:2010-01-22
3771:2007-06-18
3728:2013-11-07
3381:favorable.
3302:2015-10-12
3201:: 013001.
3186:Metrologia
3165:2022-11-21
3114:2022-11-18
3087:(22 pages)
3009:2016-06-23
3004:Google.com
2985:2007-09-09
2954:2017-04-03
2913:2020-01-24
2878:2007-02-25
2826:References
2550:(ISO) and
2130:speeds. A
2048:, that is
2026:block size
1898:(binary).
1859:formatting
1712:disk drive
1706:Hard disks
1680:512 × 1024
1651:192 × 1024
1620:VAX-11/780
1498:See also:
809:Base 1024
718:, and the
6533:WiebeTech
6297:. Lwn.net
5623:(4): 25.
5595:1541-2002
5531:1541-2002
3332:notation.
3270:248397680
3227:. 013001.
3225:253966045
3160:253671538
3081:243948953
3073:0364-9059
3065:1558-1691
2784:Linux/GNU
2314:In 1969,
2269:subscript
2221:3.2
2217: B/s
2175:528
2171: B/s
2134:bus with
2036:Computer
1896: MiB
1869:IBM PC AT
1749:IBM PC/XT
1670:as "1M".
1632:64 × 1024
1551:in 1960.
1520:(2×) and
770:kibihertz
523:(Gi, 2 =
509:(Mi, 2 =
39:Gibi ASMR
6724:gigabyte
6719:megabyte
6714:kilobyte
6672:syllable
6582:Archived
6565:Archived
6362:Macworld
6075:Archived
6043:Archived
5739:Archived
5708:Bipm.org
5686:Archived
5682:10877922
5662:Computer
5637:20129812
5417:Archived
5376:Archived
5372:Bipm.org
5293:11058849
4692:Archived
4651:28248410
4604:22205692
4563:22934466
4480:100-2000
4477:(2000).
4379:1048576.
4222:Archived
4023:Archived
3994:Archived
3965:Archived
3923:PC World
3698:14496112
3591:(1964).
3476:IBM 1401
3417:14701651
3329:: 1027.
3296:Archived
3288:Germinal
3152:36400954
3105:Archived
2869:Archived
2794:See also
2631:Computer
2627:Spectrum
2526:(=
2509:(=
2100:Ethernet
2057: Hz
1929:1440 × 2
1828:Mac OS X
1622:(1977).
1612:CDC 7600
1467: —
1439: —
815:Base 10
739:gigabyte
735:megabyte
731:kilobyte
701:lawsuits
676:2.3 × 10
568:standard
503:2 = 1024
487:multiple
438:—
433:—
6698:megabit
6693:kilobit
6257:"Units"
6145:Seagate
6066:JEDEC.
6034:JEDEC.
6013:JEDEC.
5735:Sae.org
4771:Corsair
4635:: 658.
4283:M-w.com
3470:3199685
3364:Bibcode
3203:Bibcode
3043:Bibcode
2776:EEPROMs
2656:CENELEC
2524:0.5 × 2
2507:500 × 2
2380:Memorex
2203:× 8 × 2
1944:1.4 × 2
1914:140 × 2
1824:9.56 MB
1785:300 × 2
1717:IBM 350
1675:HP 3000
1643:HP 21MX
1604:IBM 360
1578:IBM 702
1566:IBM 701
1541:
1529:
1494:History
1201:Prefix
806:Base 2
803:Symbol
693:program
659:2.3 × 2
625:10 × 10
519:), and
426:—
405:—
384:—
363:—
57:Decimal
6662:nibble
6641:hextet
6109:"FAQs"
5680:
5635:
5546:
5291:
4649:
4631:(10).
4602:
4561:
4495:
4441:
4406:
4370:
3696:
3638:bytes.
3565:
3533:
3509:1,000.
3500:
3468:
3456:(10).
3415:
3268:
3223:
3197:&
3158:
3150:
3135:Nature
3079:
3071:
3063:
2861:
2815:Nibble
2766:, and
2727:EEPROM
2725:, and
2394:, and
2386:Inc.,
2265:suffix
2247:, and
2182:PC3200
2042:IBM PC
1994:HD DVD
1836:Debian
1834:, and
1832:Ubuntu
1745:ST-412
1616:PDP-11
1572:of 36
1516:double
1485:
1475:
1464:quetta
1457:
1447:
1429:
1419:
1401:
1391:
1373:
1363:
1345:
1335:
1317:
1307:
1289:
1279:
1261:
1251:
1233:
1223:
1171:quetta
812:Value
749:, and
737:, and
674:or to
642:10 × 2
246:Value
240:Binary
227:quetta
63:Value
6646:octet
6540:(PDF)
6529:(PDF)
6214:(PDF)
6207:(PDF)
6183:(PDF)
6176:(PDF)
6152:(PDF)
6141:(PDF)
6078:(PDF)
6071:(PDF)
6046:(PDF)
6039:(PDF)
5947:(PDF)
5742:(PDF)
5731:(PDF)
5689:(PDF)
5678:S2CID
5658:(PDF)
5633:S2CID
5462:(PDF)
5455:(PDF)
5415:: 5.
5379:(PDF)
5368:(PDF)
5175:(PDF)
4926:(PDF)
4915:(PDF)
4891:(PDF)
4880:(PDF)
4856:(PDF)
4841:(PDF)
4814:(PDF)
4803:(PDF)
4647:S2CID
4600:S2CID
4559:S2CID
4258:(PDF)
4247:(PDF)
4077:(PDF)
4066:(PDF)
3867:(PDF)
3860:(PDF)
3793:(PDF)
3765:(PDF)
3750:(PDF)
3694:S2CID
3678:(PDF)
3657:(PDF)
3633:(PDF)
3596:(PDF)
3466:S2CID
3413:S2CID
3266:S2CID
3249:]
3221:S2CID
3193:(1).
3156:S2CID
3108:(PDF)
3101:(PDF)
3077:S2CID
3061:eISSN
3037:(1).
2904:(PDF)
2872:(PDF)
2851:(PDF)
2820:Octet
2738:cache
2730:chips
2723:EPROM
2692:GNOME
2689:Linux
2616:JEDEC
2522:) or
2309:3 × 2
2132:PCI-X
2038:clock
1892:1.171
1853:used
1647:3 × 2
1600:words
1570:words
1436:ronna
1411:yobi
1408:yotta
1383:zebi
1380:zetta
1355:exbi
1327:pebi
1299:tebi
1271:gibi
1243:mebi
1215:kibi
1184:quebi
1165:ronna
1147:1.209
1113:1024
1104:yobi
1094:1.181
1063:1024
1054:zebi
1044:1.153
1016:1024
1007:exbi
997:1.126
972:1024
963:pebi
953:1.100
931:1024
922:tebi
912:1.074
893:1024
884:gibi
874:1.049
858:1024
849:mebi
839:1.024
829:1024
820:kibi
800:Name
766:hertz
554:files
489:of a
481:is a
412:1024
391:1024
370:1024
349:1024
344:tera
327:1024
322:giga
305:1024
300:mega
283:1024
278:kilo
261:1024
255:JEDEC
217:1000
211:ronna
201:1000
195:yotta
185:1000
179:zetta
169:1000
153:1000
137:1000
121:1000
105:1000
89:1000
73:1000
6677:word
6667:byte
6451:NIST
6439:NIST
5544:ISBN
5413:IEEE
5289:PMID
4493:ISBN
4439:ISBN
4404:ISBN
4368:ISBN
3839:The
3799:: 59
3563:ISBN
3531:ISBN
3498:ISBN
3195:BIPM
3148:PMID
3069:ISSN
3039:IEEE
2859:ISBN
2732:and
2670:The
2647:The
2636:The
2586:1024
2239:and
2223:GB/s
2180:. A
2177:MB/s
2044:was
1996:and
1574:bits
1523:demi
1324:peta
1296:tera
1268:giga
1240:mega
1212:kilo
1180:robi
833:1024
716:NIST
709:BIPM
546:byte
544:and
521:gibi
507:mebi
499:kibi
422:yobi
401:zebi
380:exbi
359:pebi
337:tebi
315:gibi
293:mebi
271:kibi
147:peta
131:tera
115:giga
99:mega
83:kilo
6636:bit
5670:doi
5625:doi
5536:doi
5279:doi
4637:doi
4590:doi
4549:doi
4485:doi
4459:000
4456:000
4453:000
4431:doi
4396:doi
4360:doi
4050:MiB
3686:doi
3608:doi
3458:doi
3435:768
3425:000
3403:doi
3372:doi
3258:doi
3211:doi
3140:doi
3051:doi
2740:of
2719:ROM
2715:RAM
2677:912
2674:870
2672:536
2633:.
2629:or
2609:bee
2571:IEC
2567:ISO
2539:).
2536:888
2533:813
2530:755
2528:549
2519:000
2516:912
2513:870
2511:536
2499:500
2481:000
2478:000
2475:000
2439:000
2437:500
2303:in
2291:of
2267:or
2215:000
2212:000
2209:200
2200:000
2197:000
2195:200
2169:000
2166:000
2164:528
2158:000
2155:000
2152:224
2145:000
2142:000
2120:000
2114:56k
2109:000
2106:000
2104:125
2095:100
2080:000
2073:000
2070:000
2068:100
2055:000
2052:770
2006:4.7
1986:DVD
1953:000
1950:468
1938:560
1935:474
1920:360
1918:143
1909:480
1907:116
1894:875
1882:800
1879:228
1808:000
1805:000
1802:000
1799:000
1789:322
1780:000
1777:000
1774:000
1772:300
1764:300
1758:008
1755:027
1737:030
1723:000
1699:000
1696:000
1694:512
1689:912
1686:870
1684:536
1667:576
1664:048
1657:608
1655:196
1638:536
1595:384
1352:exa
1140:176
1137:706
1134:174
1131:629
1128:614
1125:819
1122:925
1119:208
1107:Yi
1087:424
1084:303
1081:411
1078:717
1075:620
1072:591
1069:180
1057:Zi
1037:976
1034:846
1031:606
1028:504
1025:921
1022:152
1010:Ei
990:624
987:842
984:906
981:899
978:125
966:Pi
946:776
943:627
940:511
937:099
925:Ti
905:824
902:741
899:073
887:Gi
867:576
864:048
852:Mi
823:Ki
695:or
688:000
685:000
682:300
671:000
668:000
665:470
654:240
651:418
648:737
637:000
634:000
631:000
617:000
614:000
607:152
604:097
597:000
594:000
591:000
584:000
581:000
542:bit
533:824
530:741
527:073
516:576
513:048
505:),
250:IEC
220:10
204:10
188:10
172:10
163:exa
156:10
140:10
124:10
108:10
92:10
76:10
6741::
6531:.
6503:.
6486:.
6437:.
6360:.
6276:.
6259:.
6230:.
6143:.
6111:.
6073:.
6041:.
5956:.
5895:.
5828:.
5737:.
5733:.
5706:.
5684:.
5676:.
5666:40
5664:.
5660:.
5631:.
5621:45
5619:.
5592:.
5563:.
5542:.
5495:.
5485:.
5411:.
5409:11
5407:.
5403:.
5370:.
5287:.
5275:56
5273:.
5269:.
5177:.
5125:.
5121:.
5047:.
5018:.
5014:.
4984:.
4980:.
4950:.
4917:.
4882:.
4847:.
4843:.
4829:^
4805:.
4784:.
4741:.
4737:.
4645:.
4629:11
4627:.
4621:.
4598:.
4586:11
4584:.
4580:.
4557:.
4545:11
4543:.
4539:.
4491:.
4447:.
4437:.
4412:.
4402:.
4376:.
4366:.
4329:.
4305:.
4281:.
4249:.
4171:.
4141:.
4093:.
4068:.
4038:^
4021:.
4017:.
3988:.
3959:.
3921:.
3821:.
3795:.
3774:.
3758:26
3756:.
3752:.
3731:.
3700:.
3692:.
3680:.
3659:.
3602:.
3598:.
3580:^
3571:.
3557:.
3539:.
3525:.
3506:.
3492:.
3464:.
3452:.
3433:32
3423:28
3419:.
3411:.
3397:.
3378:.
3370:.
3358:.
3325:.
3305:.
3264:.
3254:27
3252:.
3247:de
3219:.
3209:.
3191:60
3189:.
3154:.
3146:.
3138:.
3132:.
3075:.
3067:.
3059:.
3049:.
3035:47
3033:.
3027:.
3002:.
2978:.
2974:.
2963:^
2946:.
2942:.
2906:.
2881:.
2867:.
2853:.
2834:^
2787:ls
2762:,
2755:.
2721:,
2717:,
2485:.
2390:,
2374:,
2243:,
2226:.
2205:=
2162:=
2140:66
2118:56
2093:44
2078:56
2059:.
2016:.
1992:,
1988:,
1946:≈
1931:=
1916:=
1875:=
1830:,
1793:10
1770:=
1768:10
1753:10
1735:13
1721:50
1702:.
1682:=
1653:=
1649:=
1636:65
1634:=
1593:16
1151:10
1145:≈
1110:2
1098:10
1092:≈
1060:2
1048:10
1042:≈
1013:2
1001:10
995:≈
969:2
957:10
951:≈
928:2
916:10
910:≈
890:2
878:10
872:≈
855:2
843:10
837:=
826:2
776:.
751:GB
747:MB
745:,
743:KB
733:,
722:.
713:US
678:=
661:≈
646:10
644:=
629:10
627:=
620:.
556:.
477:A
418:Yi
415:2
397:Zi
394:2
376:Ei
373:2
355:Pi
352:2
333:Ti
330:2
311:Gi
308:2
289:Mi
286:2
267:Ki
264:2
67:SI
6614:e
6607:t
6600:v
6549:.
6518:.
6476:.
6464:.
6441:.
6406:.
6392:.
6371:.
6346:.
6325:.
6304:.
6245:.
6192:.
6161:.
6126:.
6087:.
6055:.
6023:.
6002:.
5981:.
5931:.
5910:.
5881:.
5843:.
5751:.
5716:.
5672::
5639:.
5627::
5538::
5471:.
5426:.
5388:.
5353:.
5301:.
5281::
5246:.
5217:.
5187:.
5160:.
5135:.
5106:.
5080:.
5058:.
5033:.
4999:.
4965:.
4935:.
4900:.
4865:.
4823:.
4756:.
4723:.
4677:.
4653:.
4639::
4606:.
4592::
4565:.
4551::
4520:.
4501:.
4487::
4451:1
4433::
4398::
4362::
4344:.
4315:.
4291:.
4267:.
4208:.
4182:.
4156:.
4108:.
4032:.
4003:.
3974:.
3936:.
3907:.
3876:.
3806:.
3688::
3614:.
3610::
3604:8
3472:.
3460::
3454:3
3405::
3374::
3366::
3360:8
3272:.
3260::
3213::
3205::
3168:.
3142::
3117:.
3083:.
3053::
3045::
3012:.
2988:.
2957:.
2916:.
2569:/
2501:×
2473:1
2301:E
2297:B
2280:κ
2273:2
2207:3
2150:4
2050:4
2008:×
1948:1
1933:1
1877:1
1797:1
1791:×
1766:×
1662:1
1538:2
1535:/
1532:1
1527:(
1525:-
1518:-
1149:×
1117:1
1096:×
1067:1
1046:×
1020:1
999:×
976:1
955:×
935:1
914:×
897:1
876:×
862:1
841:×
680:2
663:2
612:2
602:2
589:1
579:1
525:1
511:1
466:e
459:t
452:v
341:T
319:G
297:M
275:K
223:Q
207:R
191:Y
175:Z
159:E
143:P
127:T
111:G
95:M
79:k
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.