Biofilm - Knowledge

846:"stockpile" of compounds to release to fight off pathogens. A primed defense system is much faster in responding to pathogen induced infection, and may be able to deflect pathogens before they are able to establish themselves. Plants increase the production of lignin, reinforcing cell walls and making it difficult for pathogens to penetrate into the cell, while also cutting off nutrients to already infected cells, effectively halting the invasion. They produce antimicrobial compounds such as phytoalexins, chitinases, and proteinase inhibitors, which prevent the growth of pathogens. These functions of disease suppression and pathogen resistance ultimately lead to an increase in agricultural production and a decrease in the use of chemical pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides because there is a reduced amount of crop loss due to disease. Induced systemic resistance and pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance are both potential functions of biofilms in the rhizosphere, and should be taken into consideration when applied to new age agricultural practices because of their effect on disease suppression without the use of dangerous chemicals. 160: 367: 313:, which is a complex polymer that contains many times its dry weight in water. Biofilms are not just bacterial slime layers but biological systems; the bacteria organize themselves into a coordinated functional community. Biofilms can attach to a surface such as a tooth or rock, and may include a single species or a diverse group of microorganisms. Subpopulations of cells within the biofilm differentiate to perform various activities for motility, matrix production, and sporulation, supporting the overall success of the biofilm. The biofilm bacteria can share nutrients and are sheltered from harmful factors in the environment, such as desiccation, antibiotics, and a host body's immune system. A biofilm usually begins to form when a free-swimming, planktonic bacterium attaches to a surface. 821:. These plant growth-promoters colonize the roots of plants, and provide a wide range of beneficial functions for their host including nitrogen fixation, pathogen suppression, anti-fungal properties, and the breakdown of organic materials. One of these functions is the defense against pathogenic, soil-borne bacteria and fungi by way of induced systemic resistance (ISR) or induced systemic responses triggered by pathogenic microbes (pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance). Plant exudates act as chemical signals for host specific bacteria to colonize. Rhizobacteria colonization steps include attractions, recognition, adherence, colonization, and growth. Bacteria that have been shown to be beneficial and form biofilms include 1743:, microorganisms attach to the surfaces and biofilms develop internally. During the washing process, biofilms resist sanitization and allow bacteria to spread across the produce, especially via kitchen utensils. This problem is also found in ready-to-eat foods, because the foods go through limited cleaning procedures before consumption Due to the perishability of dairy products and limitations in cleaning procedures, resulting in the buildup of bacteria, dairy is susceptible to biofilm formation and contamination. The bacteria can spoil the products more readily and contaminated products pose a health risk to consumers. One species of bacteria that can be found in various industries and is a major cause of foodborne disease is 838:. Biofilms in the rhizosphere often result in pathogen or plant induced systemic resistances. Molecular properties on the surface of the bacterium cause an immune response in the plant host. These microbe associated molecules interact with receptors on the surface of plant cells, and activate a biochemical response that is thought to include several different genes at a number of loci. Several other signaling molecules have been linked to both induced systemic responses and pathogen-induced systemic responses, such as jasmonic acid and ethylene. Cell envelope components such as bacterial flagella and lipopolysaccharides, which are recognized by plant cells as components of pathogens. Certain iron metabolites produced by 669: 1879: 613:, proteins and nucleic acids. A large proportion of the EPS is more or less strongly hydrated, however, hydrophobic EPS also occur; one example is cellulose which is produced by a range of microorganisms. This matrix encases the cells within it and facilitates communication among them through biochemical signals as well as gene exchange. The EPS matrix also traps extracellular enzymes and keeps them in close proximity to the cells. Thus, the matrix represents an external digestion system and allows for stable synergistic microconsortia of different species. Some biofilms have been found to contain water channels that help distribute 1895:

vesicles (containing genetic information) fuse with a recipient bacteria, and release genetic material into the bacteria's cytoplasm. Recent research has revealed that membrane vesicle HGT can promote single-strain biofilm formation, yet the role membrane vesicle HGT plays in the formation of multistrain biofilms is still unknown. GTAs, or gene transfer agents, are phage-like particles produced by the host bacteria and contain random DNA fragments from the host bacteria genome. HGT within biofilms can confer antibiotic resistance or increased pathogenicity across the biofilms' population, promoting biofilm homeostasis.

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hydrodynamic efficiency of ships and propellers, lead to pipeline blockage and sensor malfunction, and increase the weight of appliances deployed in seawater. Numerous studies have shown that biofilm can be a reservoir for potentially pathogenic bacteria in freshwater aquaculture. Moreover, biofilms are important in establishing infections on the fish. As mentioned previously, biofilms can be difficult to eliminate even when antibiotics or chemicals are used in high doses. The role that biofilm plays as reservoirs of bacterial fish pathogens has not been explored in detail but it certainly deserves to be studied.

1285:, and intervertebral disc. The first visual evidence of a biofilm was recorded after spine surgery. It was found that in the absence of clinical presentation of infection, impregnated bacteria could form a biofilm around an implant, and this biofilm can remain undetected via contemporary diagnostic methods, including swabbing. Implant biofilm is frequently present in "aseptic" pseudarthrosis cases. Furthermore, it has been noted that bacterial biofilms may impair cutaneous wound healing and reduce topical antibacterial efficiency in healing or treating infected skin wounds. The diversity of 1305:, unlike the controls without biofilms who had normal cilia and goblet cell morphology. Biofilms were also found on samples from two of 10 healthy controls mentioned. The species of bacteria from intraoperative cultures did not correspond to the bacteria species in the biofilm on the respective patient's tissue. In other words, the cultures were negative though the bacteria were present. New staining techniques are being developed to differentiate bacterial cells growing in living animals, e.g. from tissues with allergy-inflammations. 144: 10215: 543:

velocities but could not recolonize fresh surfaces. In contrast, biofilm disassembly by degradation of a biofilm exopolysaccharide released immotile aggregates at high initial velocities, enabling the bacteria to recolonize fresh surfaces and cause infections in the hosts efficiently. Hence, biofilm dispersal is more complex than previously thought, where bacterial populations adopting distinct behavior after biofilm departure may be the key to survival of bacterial species and dissemination of diseases.

1890:. These connections can often foster cross-species transfer events due to the diverse heterogeneity of many biofilms. Additionally, biofilms are structurally confined by a polysaccharide matrix, providing the close spatial requirements for conjugation. Transformation is also frequently observed in biofilms. Bacterial autolysis is a key mechanism in biofilm structural regulation, providing an abundant source of competent DNA primed for transformative uptake. In some instances, inter-biofilm 432: 681: 602: 11372: 10782: 547: 2035: 47: 1024:(CSP) that controls genetic competence. Genetic competence is the ability of a cell to take up DNA released by another cell. Competence can lead to genetic transformation, a form of sexual interaction, favored under conditions of high cell density and/or stress where there is maximal opportunity for interaction between the competent cell and the DNA released from nearby donor cells. This system is optimally expressed when 11382: 3259: 1769:

groundwater reservoirs. As a response to the aggressive methods employed in controlling biofilm formation, there are a number of novel technologies and chemicals under investigation that can prevent either the proliferation or adhesion of biofilm-secreting microbes. Latest proposed biomolecules presenting marked anti-biofilm activity include a range of metabolites such as bacterial

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can affect the heat flow across a surface and increase surface corrosion and frictional resistance of fluids. These can lead to a loss of energy in a system and overall loss of products. Along with economic problems, biofilm formation on food poses a health risk to consumers due to the ability to make the food more resistant to disinfectants As a result, from 1996 to 2010 the

886:. In cooling- or heating-water systems, they are known to reduce heat transfer. Biofilms in marine engineering systems, such as pipelines of the offshore oil and gas industry, can lead to substantial corrosion problems. Corrosion is mainly due to abiotic factors; however, at least 20% of corrosion is caused by microorganisms that are attached to the metal subsurface (i.e., 855:

gut. This is especially important because the appendix holds a mass amount of these bacterial biofilms. This discovery helps to distinguish the possible function of the appendix and the idea that the appendix can help reinoculate the gut with good gut flora. However, modified or disrupted states of biofilms in the gut have been connected to diseases such as

1792: 996:, or cavity. By preventing the dental plaque biofilm from maturing or by returning it back to a non-cariogenic state, dental caries can be prevented and arrested. This can be achieved through the behavioral step of reducing the supply of fermentable carbohydrates (i.e. sugar intake) and frequent removal of the biofilm (i.e., 572:, although they can form as floating mats on liquid surfaces and also on the surface of leaves, particularly in high humidity climates. Given sufficient resources for growth, a biofilm will quickly grow to be macroscopic (visible to the naked eye). Biofilms can contain many different types of microorganism, e.g. bacteria, 1963:, and among many other bacterial species. Even though membrane vesicle HGT has been shown as a contributing factor in biofilm formation, research is still required to prove that membrane vesicle mediated HGT occurs within biofilms. Membrane vesicle HGT has also been shown to modulate phage-bacteria interactions in 902:

of seagoing vessels. Once a film of bacteria forms, it is easier for other marine organisms such as barnacles to attach. Such fouling can reduce maximum vessel speed by up to 20%, prolonging voyages and consuming fuel. Time in dry dock for refitting and repainting reduces the productivity of shipping

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is often facilitated within bacterial and archaeal biofilms and can leads to a more stable biofilm structure. Extracellular DNA is a major structural component of many different microbial biofilms. Enzymatic degradation of extracellular DNA can weaken the biofilm structure and release microbial cells

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rely on biofilm development in the same way to filter surface water from lake, spring or river sources for drinking purposes. What is regarded as clean water is effectively a waste material to these microcellular organisms. Biofilms can help eliminate petroleum oil from contaminated oceans or marine

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may result from the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in agriculture, or during the normal course of antibiotic therapy. The biofilm formation induced by low-level methicillin was inhibited by DNase, suggesting that the sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotic also induce extracellular DNA release.

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Plants that have been colonized by PGPR forming a biofilm have gained systemic resistances and are primed for defense against pathogens. This means that the genes necessary for the production of proteins that work towards defending the plant against pathogens have been expressed, and the plant has a

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There is a wide variety of biofilm cultivation devices to mimic natural or industrial environments. Although it is important to consider that the particular experimental platform for biofilm research determines what kind of biofilm is cultivated and the data that can be extracted. These devices can

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can enhance the competence of free floating eDNA, further promoting transformation. Stx gene transfer through bacteriophage carriers has been witnessed within biofilms, which suggests that biofilms are also a suitable environment for transduction. Membrane vesicles HGT occurs when released membrane

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The rapidly expanding worldwide industry for biomedical devices and tissue engineering related products is already at $ 180 billion per year, yet this industry continues to suffer from microbial colonization. No matter the sophistication, microbial infections can develop on all medical devices

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Research suggests that biofilm formation by S. marcescens is a process controlled by both nutrient cues and the quorum-sensing system. Quorum sensing influences the bacterium's ability to adhere to surfaces and establish mature biofilms, whereas the availability of specific nutrients can enhance or

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cells within a biofilm is thought to make it harder to treat the infected lungs of people with cystic fibrosis. Early detection of biofilms in wounds is crucial to successful chronic wound management. Although many techniques have developed to identify planktonic bacteria in viable wounds, few have

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can also affect the ability of bacteria to form biofilms. Bacteria with increased hydrophobicity have reduced repulsion between the substratum and the bacterium. Some bacteria species are not able to attach to a surface on their own successfully due to their limited motility but are instead able to

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is the lateral transfer of genetic material between cellular organisms. It happens frequently in prokaryotes, and less frequently in eukaryotes. In bacteria, horizontal gene transfer can occur through transformation (uptake of free floating DNA in the environment), transduction (virus mediated DNA

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Biofilms have become problematic in several food industries due to the ability to form on plants and during industrial processes. Bacteria can survive long periods of time in water, animal manure, and soil, causing biofilm formation on plants or in the processing equipment. The buildup of biofilms

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and related oral streptococci, is subjected to acid stress, the competence regulon is induced, leading to resistance to being killed by acid. As pointed out by Michod et al., transformation in bacterial pathogens likely provides for effective and efficient recombinational repair of DNA damages. It

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worms. The surface biofilm is the layer that provides the effective purification in potable water treatment, the underlying sand providing the support medium for this biological treatment layer. As water passes through the hypogeal layer, particles of foreign matter are trapped in the mucilaginous

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has no greater resistance to antimicrobials than do stationary-phase planktonic cells, although when the biofilm is compared to logarithmic-phase planktonic cells, the biofilm does have greater resistance to antimicrobials. This resistance to antibiotics in both stationary-phase cells and biofilms

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Biofilms are thought to have arisen during primitive Earth as a defense mechanism for prokaryotes, as the conditions at that time were too harsh for their survival. They can be found very early in Earth's fossil records (about 3.25 billion years ago) as both Archaea and Bacteria, and commonly

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Studies in 2003 discovered that the immune system supports biofilm development in the large intestine. This was supported mainly with the fact that the two most abundantly produced molecules by the immune system also support biofilm production and are associated with the biofilms developed in the

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Biofilm is characterised by heterogenous environment and the presence of a variety of subpopulations. A biofilm structure is composed of metabolically active (both resistant and tolerant) and non-active cells (viable but not culturable cells and persisters) as well as polymer matrix consisting of

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Transformation commonly occurs within biofilms. A phenomenon called fratricide can be seen among streptococcal species in which cell-wall degrading enzymes are released, lysing neighboring bacteria and releasing their DNA. This DNA can then be taken up by the surviving bacteria (transformation).

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produce bundling pili which are homologous to the bacterial TasA filaments, a major component of the extracellular matrix in bacterial biofilms, which contribute to biofilm stability. TasA homologs are encoded by many other archaea, suggesting mechanistic similarities and evolutionary connection

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in pathogenic microbes may provide advanced therapeutic ways for chronic infections caused by biofilms via genetically engineered invasive cheaters who can invade wild-types 'cooperators' of pathogenic bacteria until cooperator populations go to extinction or overall population 'cooperators and

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in sewage treatment works are highly effective removers of pollutants from settled sewage liquor. They work by trickling the liquid over a bed of hard material which is designed to have a very large surface area. A complex biofilm develops on the surface of the medium which absorbs, adsorbs and

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The level of antibiotic resistance in a biofilm is much greater than that of non-biofilm bacteria, and can be as much as 5,000 times greater. The extracellular matrix of biofilm is considered one of the leading factors that can reduce the penetration of antibiotics into a biofilm structure and

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New forms of cleaning procedures are being tested to reduce biofilm formation in these processes which will lead to safer and more productive food processing industries. These new forms of cleaning procedures also have a profound effect on the environment, often releasing toxic gases into the

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microbial species tend to block nets and cages and ultimately outcompete the farmed species for space and food. Bacterial biofilms start the colonization process by creating microenvironments that are more favorable for biofouling species. In the marine environment, biofilms could reduce the

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biofilms exhibit complex structural organization, including the formation of microcolonies and channels that facilitate nutrient and waste exchange. The production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) is a key factor in biofilm development, contributing to the bacterium's adhesion and

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matrices typically enclose bacterial biofilms. The matrix exopolysaccharides can trap QS autoinducers within the biofilm to prevent predator detection and ensure bacterial survival. In addition to the polysaccharides, these matrices may also contain material from the surrounding environment,

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biofilms undergo distinct spatiotemporal dynamics during biofilm dispersal or disassembly, with contrasting consequences in recolonization and disease dissemination. Biofilm dispersal induced bacteria to activate dispersal genes to actively depart from biofilms as single cells at consistent

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Bacteria living in a biofilm usually have significantly different properties from free-floating bacteria of the same species, as the dense and protected environment of the film allows them to cooperate and interact in various ways. One benefit of this environment is increased resistance to

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which results in dental disease. Biofilm on the surface of teeth is frequently subject to oxidative stress and acid stress. Dietary carbohydrates can cause a dramatic decrease in pH in oral biofilms to values of 4 and below (acid stress). A pH of 4 at body temperature of 37 °C causes

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SPP1 phage-resistant cells (lacking the SPP1 receptor protein). Upon exposure to vesicles containing receptors, transduction of pBT163 (a cat-encoding plasmid) occurs, resulting in the expression of the SPP1 receptor protein, opening the receptive bacteria to future phage infection.

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metabolises the pollutants. The biofilm grows rapidly and when it becomes too thick to retain its grip on the media it washes off and is replaced by newly grown film. The washed off ("sloughed" off) film is settled out of the liquid stream to leave a highly purified effluent.

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Along with bacteria, biofilms are often initiated and produced by eukaryotic microbes. The biofilms produced by eukaryotes is usually occupied by bacteria and other eukaryotes alike, however the surface is cultivated and EPS is secreted initially by the eukaryote. Both

1640:, and immune response evasions. Biofilms often form on the inert surfaces of implanted devices such as catheters, prosthetic cardiac valves and intrauterine devices. Some of the most difficult infections to treat are those associated with the use of medical devices. 1458:) without off-target cytotoxicity. The multi-target mechanism of action involves outer membrane permeabilization followed by biofilm disruption triggered by the inhibition of efflux pump activity and interactions with extracellular and intracellular nucleic acids. 412:

including but not limited to minerals, soil particles, and blood components, such as erythrocytes and fibrin. The final stage of biofilm formation is known as development, and is the stage in which the biofilm is established and may only change in shape and size.

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biofilms is highly different from that of planktonic and biofilm cells. Hence, the dispersal process is a unique stage during the transition from biofilm to planktonic lifestyle in bacteria. Dispersed cells are found to be highly virulent against macrophages and

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form a biofilm in response to a number of different factors, which may include cellular recognition of specific or non-specific attachment sites on a surface, nutritional cues, or in some cases, by exposure of planktonic cells to sub-inhibitory concentrations of

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It has been shown that the introduction of a small current of electricity to the liquid surrounding a biofilm, together with small amounts of antibiotic can reduce the level of antibiotic resistance to levels of non-biofilm bacteria. This is termed the

1360:. The infection remains present despite aggressive antibiotic therapy and is a common cause of death in CF patients due to constant inflammatory damage to the lungs. In patients with CF, one therapy for treating early biofilm development is to employ 984:. The resulting activity shift in the biofilm (and resulting acid production within the biofilm, at the tooth surface) is associated with an imbalance of demineralization over remineralization, leading to net mineral loss within dental hard tissues ( 975:

if it is allowed to develop over time. An ecologic shift away from balanced populations within the dental biofilm is driven by certain (cariogenic) microbiological populations beginning to dominate when the environment favors them. The shift to an

1875:(transfer of DNA between pili structures of two adjacent bacteria). Recent studies have also uncovered other mechanisms, such as membrane vesicle transmission or gene transfer agents. Biofilms promote horizontal gene transfer in a variety of ways. 1855:. The exact purpose of these biofilms is unknown, however there is evidence that the EPS produced by diatoms facilitates both cold and salinity stress. These eukaryotes interact with a diverse range of other organisms within a region known as the 1635:

It is suggested that around two-thirds of bacterial infections in humans involve biofilms. Infections associated with the biofilm growth usually are challenging to eradicate. This is mostly due to the fact that mature biofilms display

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is hard to eradicate due to the complexity of its aggregation structure, and it has a significant contribution to developing aggressive medical complications, increase in hospitalization rate, and cost of treatment. The development of

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Phage invasion may play a role in biofilm life cycles, lysing bacteria and releasing their eDNA, which strengthens biofilm structures and can be taken up by neighboring bacteria in transformation. Biofilm destruction caused by the

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to survive the defenses of the host. In particular, the host's polymorphonuclear leukocytes produce an oxidative burst to defend against the invading bacteria, and this response can kill bacteria by damaging their DNA. Competent

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is a fairly common opportunistic pathogen that can form biofilms on various surfaces, including medical devices such as catheters and implants, as well as natural environments like soil and water. The formation of biofilms by

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Biofilms have been found to be involved in a wide variety of microbial infections in the body, by one estimate 80% of all infections. Infectious processes in which biofilms have been implicated include common problems such as

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Chua SL, Hultqvist LD, Yuan M, Rybtke M, Nielsen TE, Givskov M, et al. (August 2015). "In vitro and in vivo generation and characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm-dispersed cells via c-di-GMP manipulation".

1190:, and related pseudomonads which are common plant-associated bacteria found on leaves, roots, and in the soil, and the majority of their natural isolates form biofilms. Several nitrogen-fixing symbionts of legumes such as 1100:

within the biofilms and preventing the exploration of nematodes to feed on susceptible biofilms. This significantly reduced the ability of predator to feed and reproduce, thereby promoting the survival of biofilms.

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been able to quickly and accurately identify bacterial biofilms. Future studies are needed to find means of identifying and monitoring biofilm colonization at the bedside to permit timely initiation of treatment.

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Biofilms are ubiquitous in organic life. Nearly every species of microorganism have mechanisms by which they can adhere to surfaces and to each other. Biofilms will form on virtually every non-shedding surface in

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since it is involved in different types of biofilm-associated chronic infections. Examples of such infections include chronic wounds, chronic otitis media, chronic prostatitis and chronic lung infections in

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involve the use of antimicrobial coatings on medical devices, the development of targeted biofilm disruptors, and improved sterilization protocols. Further research into the molecular mechanisms governing

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functions. However, some organisms will form single-species films under certain conditions. The social structure (cooperation/competition) within a biofilm depends highly on the different species present.

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prophage Pf4 causes detachment of cells from the biofilm. Detachment is a biofilm phenomenon which requires more study, but is hypothesized to proliferate the bacterial species that comprise the biofilm.

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in a biofilm have the survival advantage that they can more easily take up transforming DNA from nearby cells in the biofilm to use for recombinational repair of oxidative damages in their DNA. Competent

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Briandet R, Herry J, Bellon-Fontaine M (August 2001). "Determination of the van der Waals, electron donor and electron acceptor surface tension components of static Gram-positive microbial biofilms".

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are associated with the implantation of a biomedical device. This leads to 2 million cases annually in the U.S., costing the healthcare system over $ 5 billion in additional healthcare expenses.

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has some biofilm phenotypes similar to bacterial biofilms such as differentiation and HGT, which required cell-cell contact and involved formation of cytosolic bridges and cellular fusion events.

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Wang VB, Chua SL, Cai Z, Sivakumar K, Zhang Q, Kjelleberg S, et al. (March 2014). "A stable synergistic microbial consortium for simultaneous azo dye removal and bioelectricity generation".

1719:(MFCs) to generate electricity from a variety of starting materials, including complex organic waste and renewable biomass. Biofilms are also relevant for the improvement of metal dissolution in 809:. The contaminants are metabolised by the bacteria, fungi and protozoa. The water produced from an exemplary slow sand filter is of excellent quality with 90–99% bacterial cell count reduction. 1841:

are known to form biofilms in such a way. Biofilms of fungal origin are important aspects of human infection and fungal pathogenicity, as the fungal infection is more resistant to antifungals.

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Ciofu O, Tolker-Nielsen T, Jensen PØ, Wang H, Høiby N (May 2015). "Antimicrobial resistance, respiratory tract infections and role of biofilms in lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients".

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is a serious concern because of its ability to adhere to and colonize surfaces, protecting itself from host immune responses and antimicrobial agents. This strength makes infections caused by

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stage in which waste water passes over biofilms grown on filters, which extract and digest organic compounds. In such biofilms, bacteria are mainly responsible for removal of organic matter (

6371:"Production and Characterization of the Intra- and Extracellular Carbohydrates and Polymeric Substances (EPS) of Three Sea-Ice Diatom Species, and Evidence for a Cryoprotective Role for EPS" 1907:

may encode biofilm-associated proteins, such as PtgA, PrgB, or PrgC which promote cell adhesion (required for early biofilm formation). Genes encoding type III fimbriae are found in pOLA52 (

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can also secrete an enzyme (murein hydrolase) that destroys non-competent cells (fratricide) causing DNA to be released into the surrounding medium for potential use by the competent cells.

942:. These biofilms can either be in an uncalcified state that can be removed by dental instruments, or a calcified state which is more difficult to remove. Removal techniques can also include 335:

The formation of a biofilm begins with the attachment of free-floating microorganisms to a surface. The first colonist bacteria of a biofilm may adhere to the surface initially by the weak

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Sturbelle RT, de Avila LF, Roos TB, Borchardt JL, da Conceição R, Dellagostin OA, et al. (November 2015). "The role of quorum sensing in Escherichia coli (ETEC) virulence factors".

6757: 1373:, along with other bacteria, is found in 90% of chronic wound infections, which leads to poor healing and high cost of treatment estimated at more than US$ 25 billion every year in the 2016:

rotary devices (such as the CDC Biofilm Reactor®, the Rotating Disk Reactor, the Biofilm Annular Reactor, the Industrial Surfaces Biofilm Reactor, or the Constant Depth Film Fermenter)

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In the environment, fungal biofilms are an area of ongoing research. One key area of research is fungal biofilms on plants. For example, in the soil, plant associated fungi including

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It was generally assumed that cells dispersed from biofilms immediately go into the planktonic growth phase. However, studies have shown that the physiology of dispersed cells from

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Dispersal of cells from the biofilm colony is an essential stage of the biofilm life cycle. Dispersal enables biofilms to spread and colonize new surfaces. Enzymes that degrade the

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Rybtke M, Hultqvist LD, Givskov M, Tolker-Nielsen T (November 2015). "Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Infections: Community Structure, Antimicrobial Tolerance and Immune Response".

1859:, but importantly are the bacteria associated with diatoms, as it has been shown that although diatoms excrete EPS, they only do so when interacting with certain bacteria species. 189:

of microorganisms in which cells that are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) adhere to each other and/or to a surface.

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Qian PY, Lau SC, Dahms HU, Dobretsov S, Harder T (2007). "Marine biofilms as mediators of colonization by marine macroorganisms: implications for antifouling and aquaculture".

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Holguin G, Bashan Y (December 1996). "Nitrogen-fixation by Azospirillum brasilense Cd is promoted when co-cultured with a mangrove rhizosphere bacterium (Staphylococcus sp.)".

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Ibrahim AM (2015). The tragedy of the commons and prisoner's dilemma may improve our realization of the theory of life and provide us with advanced therapeutic ways (Report).

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Scanning electron micrograph of mixed-culture biofilm, demonstrating in detail a spatially heterogeneous arrangement of bacterial cells and extracellular polymeric substances.

256:. Because they have a three-dimensional structure and represent a community lifestyle for microorganisms, they have been metaphorically described as "cities for microbes". 1761:

is also found in the seafood industry where biofilms form from seafood borne pathogens on the seafood itself as well as in water. Shrimp products are commonly affected by

355:. Each hamus is a long tube with three hook attachments that are used to attach to each other or to a surface, enabling a community to develop. Hyperthermophilic archaeon 6727: 4738: 1765:

because of unhygienic processing and handling techniques The preparation practices of shrimp and other seafood products can allow for bacteria buildup on the products.

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creates biofilms that ultimately develop into a highly porous, thread-like structure composed of chains of cells, filaments, and cell clusters. Research has shown that

471:(1) Initial attachment, (2) Irreversible attachment, (3) Maturation I, (4) Maturation II, and (5) Dispersion. Each stage of development in the diagram is paired with a 9058:

King RK, Flick Jr GJ, Pierson D, Smith SA, Boardman GD, Coale Jr CW (2004). "Identification of bacterial pathogens in biofilms of recirculating aquaculture systems".

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Randal Bollinger R, Barbas AS, Bush EL, Lin SS, Parker W (December 2007). "Biofilms in the large bowel suggest an apparent function of the human vermiform appendix".

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In the human environment, biofilms can grow in showers very easily since they provide a moist and warm environment for them to thrive. They can form inside water and

500:, may contribute to biofilm dispersal. Enzymes that degrade the biofilm matrix may be useful as anti-biofilm agents. Evidence has shown that a fatty acid messenger, 6783:

Davis SC, Ricotti C, Cazzaniga A, Welsh E, Eaglstein WH, Mertz PM (2008). "Microscopic and physiologic evidence for biofilm-associated wound colonization in vivo".

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biofilms can also mask their chemical signatures, where they reduced the diffusion of quorum sensing molecules into the environment and prevented the detection of

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contributes to antibiotic resistance. Further, it has been demonstrated that the evolution of resistance to antibiotics may be affected by the biofilm lifestyle.

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Molin S, Tolker-Nielsen T (June 2003). "Gene transfer occurs with enhanced efficiency in biofilms and induces enhanced stabilisation of the biofilm structure".

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are layered accretionary structures formed in shallow water by the trapping, binding and cementation of sedimentary grains by microbial biofilms, especially of

9586:"Photoautotrophic-heterotrophic biofilm communities: a laboratory incubator designed for growing axenic diatoms and bacteria in defined mixed-species biofilms" 1882:

Transmission electron micrograph showing bacteria Escherichia coli that form extensive biofilms using a network of conjugative F-pili. Source: Jonasz Patkowski

3470:"Differential roles of poly-N-acetylglucosamine surface polysaccharide and extracellular DNA in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms" 259:

Biofilms may form on living (biotic) or non-living (abiotic) surfaces and can be common in natural, industrial, and hospital settings. They may constitute a

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Bourne DG, Høj L, Webster NS, Swan J, Hall MR (2006). "Biofilm development within a larval rearing tank of the tropical rock lobster, Panulirus ornatus".

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De Araujo LV, Abreu F, Lins U, Santa Anna LM, Nitschke M, Freire DM (January 2011). "Rhamnolipid and surfactin inhibit Listeria monocytogenes adhesion".

1417:(CSP). CSP also functions as a quorum-sensing peptide. It not only induces biofilm formation, but also increases virulence in pneumonia and meningitis. 792:

and a range of aquatic insect larvae. As an epigeal biofilm ages, more algae tend to develop and larger aquatic organisms may be present including some

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Van Colen C, Underwood GC, Serôdio J, Paterson DM (2014). "Ecology of intertidal microbial biofilms: Mechanisms, patterns and future research needs".

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on its own can cause a biofilm to detach from its surface. A study showed that the type of current used made no difference to the bioelectric effect.

6479:"Fusarium and Candida albicans biofilms on soft contact lenses: model development, influence of lens type, and susceptibility to lens care solutions" 963:

and microbial extracellular products. The accumulation of microorganisms subjects the teeth and gingival tissues to high concentrations of bacterial

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biofilms have been implicated in the deterioration of industrial equipment and processes. For example, biofilm growth in cooling towers can lead to

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upon which many fish feed. Biofilms are found on the surface of and inside plants. They can either contribute to crop disease or, as in the case of

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protect prokaryotic cells by providing them with homeostasis, encouraging the development of complex interactions between the cells in the biofilm.

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Wang X, Yao X, Zhu Z, Tang T, Dai K, Sadovskaya I, et al. (July 2009). "Effect of berberine on Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation".

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Hoffman LR, D'Argenio DA, MacCoss MJ, Zhang Z, Jones RA, Miller SI (August 2005). "Aminoglycoside antibiotics induce bacterial biofilm formation".

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flow chambers or flow cells (such as the Coupon Evaluation Flow Cell, Transmission Flow Cell, and Capillary Flow Cell from BioSurface Technologies)

159: 9904:"Biofilms formed by the archaeon Haloferax volcanii exhibit cellular differentiation and social motility, and facilitate horizontal gene transfer" 8482:

Chan SY, Wong MW, Kwan BT, Fang JK, Chua SL (12 October 2022). "Microbial–Enzymatic Combinatorial Approach to Capture and Release Microplastics".

8439:

Vera M, Schippers A, Sand W (September 2013). "Progress in bioleaching: fundamentals and mechanisms of bacterial metal sulfide oxidation—part A".

6152: 4496:"Biofilms formed by the archaeon Haloferax volcanii exhibit cellular differentiation and social motility, and facilitate horizontal gene transfer" 1886:

Bacterial conjugation has been shown to accelerate biofilm formation in difficult environment due to the robust connections established by the

903:

assets, and the useful life of ships is also reduced due to corrosion and mechanical removal (scraping) of marine organisms from ships' hulls.

842:

have also been shown to create an induced systemic response. This function of the biofilm helps plants build stronger resistance to pathogens.

5398:"Impact of nitrate on the structure and function of bacterial biofilm communities in pipelines used for injection of seawater into oil fields" 1413:

grows in biofilms, genes are specifically expressed that respond to oxidative stress and induce competence. Formation of a biofilm depends on

1048:

can survive the frequent acid stress in oral biofilms, in part, through the recombinational repair provided by competence and transformation.

8697:

Kwok TY, Ma Y, Chua SL (April 2022). "Biofilm dispersal induced by mechanical cutting leads to heightened foodborne pathogen dissemination".

2460:"Initiation of biofilm formation in Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS365 proceeds via multiple, convergent signalling pathways: a genetic analysis" 6826:

Vyas KS, Wong LK (January 2016). "Detection of Biofilm in Wounds as an Early Indicator for Risk for Tissue Infection and Wound Chronicity".

766:

are used in water purification for treating raw water to produce a potable product. They work through the formation of a biofilm called the

339:

and hydrophobic effects. If the colonists are not immediately separated from the surface, they can anchor themselves more permanently using

4678: 1736:

estimated 48 million foodborne illnesses per year. Biofilms have been connected to about 80% of bacterial infections in the United States.

2804:"Cellular hydrophobicity of Listeria monocytogenes involves initial attachment and biofilm formation on the surface of polyvinyl chloride" 1409:

is the main cause of community-acquired pneumonia and meningitis in children and the elderly, and of sepsis in HIV-infected persons. When

9230:

Karunasagar I, Pai R, Malathi G (1994). "Mass mortality of Penaeus monodon larvae due to antibiotic-resistant Vibrio harveyi infection".

6869:

Sanclement J, Webster P, Thomas J, Ramadan H (2005). "Bacterial biofilms in surgical specimens of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis".

1505: 701:

aqueous or humid environments. Biofilms can grow in the most extreme environments: from, for example, the extremely hot, briny waters of

8533:

Liu SY, Leung MM, Fang JK, Chua SL (15 January 2021). "Engineering a microbial 'trap and release' mechanism for microplastics removal".

6430: 9179:

Liu YS, Deng Y, Chen CK, Khoo BL, Chua SL (June 2022). "Rapid detection of microorganisms in a fish infection microfluidics platform".

5947:"Biofilm development on Caenorhabditis elegans by Yersinia is facilitated by quorum sensing-dependent repression of type III secretion" 4184:

Flemming HC, Wingender J, Szewzyk U, Steinberg P, Rice SA, Kjelleberg S (August 2016). "Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life".

1733: 366: 168: 3762: 2246:

Hall-Stoodley L, Costerton JW, Stoodley P (February 2004). "Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases".

10762: 10752: 7113:

Whitchurch CB, Tolker-Nielsen T, Ragas PC, Mattick JS (February 2002). "Extracellular DNA required for bacterial biofilm formation".

271:

cells of the same organism, which, by contrast, are single cells that may float or swim in a liquid medium. Biofilms can form on the

2851: 10139: 8201:"A growing battlefield in the war against biofilm-induced antimicrobial resistance: insights from reviews on antibiotic resistance" 5374: 4763:

Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology, Biosand Filter Manual: Design, Construction, & Installation," July 2007.

4382:"Characterisation of ESKAPE Pathogens with Special Reference to Multidrug Resistance and Biofilm Production in a Nepalese Hospital" 8382:"Engineering PQS biosynthesis pathway for enhancement of bioelectricity production in pseudomonas aeruginosa microbial fuel cells" 10538: 10513: 7197:

Singh PK, Parsek MR, Greenberg EP, Welsh MJ (May 2002). "A component of innate immunity prevents bacterial biofilm development".

6277:

Joubert LM, Wolfaardt GM, Botha A (August 2006). "Microbial exopolymers link predator and prey in a model yeast biofilm system".

519:. Nitric oxide has also been shown to trigger the dispersal of biofilms of several bacteria species at sub-toxic concentrations. 9744:"The F-pilus biomechanical adaptability accelerates conjugative dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation" 4849:"Impact of rhizosphere factors on cyclic lipopeptide signature from the plant beneficial strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S499" 1929:, the competence pilus itself promotes cell aggregation through pilus-pilus interactions at the beginning of biofilm formation. 980:, aciduric, and cariogenic microbiological population develops and is maintained by frequent consumption of fermentable dietary 1242: 3715:"Nitric oxide-mediated dispersal in single- and multi-species biofilms of clinically and industrially relevant microorganisms" 10063: 10044: 10025: 9456: 8926: 8321: 7976: 6461: 5865: 5772: 5203: 4742: 2974: 2890: 2439: 1618:

biofilm formation and persistence is crucial for developing effective strategies to combat its associated risks. The use of

949:

Dental plaque is an oral biofilm that adheres to the teeth and consists of many species of both bacteria and fungi (such as

11311: 10559: 3576:"Biofilm-control strategies based on enzymic disruption of the extracellular polymeric substance matrix--a modelling study" 9003:"Biofilm formation by the fish pathogen Flavobacterium columnare: development and parameters affecting surface attachment" 5599: 3266: 11421: 11416: 1994: 11078: 10818: 10747: 5186:

Bent E (2006). "Induced Systemic Resistance Mediated by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Fungi (PGPF)".

167:

in the vertical section of a silicified biofilm from the Lower Cretaceous. Very shallow hypersaline environment of the

7932:

Lazar V (December 2011). "Quorum sensing in biofilms—how to destroy the bacterial citadels or their cohesion/power?".

5926: 712:

Biofilms can be found on rocks and pebbles at the bottoms of most streams or rivers and often form on the surfaces of

637:, as the dense extracellular matrix and the outer layer of cells protect the interior of the community. In some cases 442:

polysaccharide, extracellular DNA and proteins. Biofilm growth is associated with an escalated level of mutations and

111: 9631:

Thomas CM, Nielsen KM (September 2005). "Mechanisms of, and barriers to, horizontal gene transfer between bacteria".

5236: 233: 197: 130: 9855:"Biofilms: hot spots of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in aquatic environments, with a focus on a new HGT mechanism" 7012:"Low levels of β-lactam antibiotics induce extracellular DNA release and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus" 1293:

It has been shown that biofilms are present on the removed tissue of 80% of patients undergoing surgery for chronic

83: 10574: 10554: 8150:"Evolutionary pathways to antibiotic resistance are dependent upon environmental structure and bacterial lifestyle" 9136:

Wietz M, Hall MR, Høj L (July 2009). "Effects of seawater ozonation on biofilm development in aquaculture tanks".

4998:

Van Wees SC, Van der Ent S, Pieterse CM (August 2008). "Plant immune responses triggered by beneficial microbes".

4699:"Influence of xylem fluid chemistry on planktonic growth, biofilm formation and aggregation of Xylella fastidiosa" 818: 11068: 10995: 10108:"Why Am I Still Sick?" – The Movie, 2012: Documentary on Biofilms: The Silent Role of Biofilms in Chronic Disease 5296:"Pathobiont release from dysbiotic gut microbiota biofilms in intestinal inflammatory diseases: a role for iron?" 4788: 1021: 668: 415:

The development of a biofilm may allow for an aggregate cell colony (or colonies) to be increasingly tolerant or

3421:"Detachment of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans biofilm cells by an endogenous beta-hexosaminidase activity" 1583:

challenging to treat, specifically in hospitals where the bacterium can cause severe, and specific, infections.

882:. On floors and counters, they can make sanitation difficult in food preparation areas. In soil, they can cause 11192: 10923: 2393: 2082: 2022:

microfluidic approaches, such as 3D-bacterial "biofilm-dispersal-then-recolonization" (BDR) microfluidic model

1442: 1414: 458:

process. The process is summarized by five major stages of biofilm development, as shown in the diagram below:

90: 10098: 7442:"Life on the outside: role of biofilms in environmental persistence of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli" 4631:"Biofilms and planktonic cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have similar resistance to killing by antimicrobials" 3793:"Dispersed cells represent a distinct stage in the transition from bacterial biofilm to planktonic lifestyles" 10658: 10523: 2005: 2085: – interdisciplinary research, education, and technology transfer institute of Montana State University 2011: 1749:. Large amounts of Salmonella contamination can be found in the poultry processing industry as about 50% of 10256: 10214: 10132: 9400:"Biofilm formation by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans: development, architecture, and drug resistance" 7834:"Biofilm Formation and Sloughing in Serratia marcescens Are Controlled by Quorum Sensing and Nutrient Cues" 7632:"Comparative analysis of USA300 virulence determinants in a rabbit model of skin and soft tissue infection" 6528:"Propionibacterium acnes biofilm is present in intervertebral discs of patients undergoing microdiscectomy" 1712: 1702:

are mainly responsible for removal of suspended solids (SS), including pathogens and other microorganisms.

1057: 6477:

Imamura Y, Chandra J, Mukherjee PK, Lattif AA, Szczotka-Flynn LB, Pearlman E, et al. (January 2008).

3899:"Distinct bacterial population dynamics and disease dissemination after biofilm dispersal and disassembly" 2657:

An D, Parsek MR (June 2007). "The promise and peril of transcriptional profiling in biofilm communities".

1757:

increases the risk of foodborne illnesses when the poultry products are not cleaned and cooked correctly.

617:

and signalling molecules. This matrix is strong enough that under certain conditions, biofilms can become

11431: 10599: 6963:"Optical imaging of bacterial infection in living mice using a fluorescent near-infrared molecular probe" 1645: 1509: 1501: 407:(AHL). Once colonization has begun, the biofilm grows by a combination of cell division and recruitment. 382: 97: 8056:

Auler ME, Morreira D, Rodrigues FF, Abr Ao MS, Margarido PF, Matsumoto FE, et al. (February 2010).

7493:"Exopolysaccharide production is required for development of Escherichia coli K-12 biofilm architecture" 4039:"Exopolysaccharide production is required for development of Escherichia coli K-12 biofilm architecture" 918:. Stromatolites include some of the most ancient records of life on Earth, and are still forming today. 200:, which is also referred to as slime, is a polymeric conglomeration generally composed of extracellular 11411: 11033: 10629: 10518: 10344: 10316: 7630:

Kobayashi SD, Malachowa N, Whitney AR, Braughton KR, Gardner DJ, Long D, et al. (September 2011).

7583:"Type 1 fimbriae contribute to catheter-associated urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli" 7542:"Antimicrobial resistance pattern in Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infection among inpatients" 6103: 2154: 856: 10091:

Thickness analysis, organic and mineral proportion of biofilms in order to decide a treatment strategy

6131: 4898:"Interactions of Bacillus spp. and plants—with special reference to induced systemic resistance (ISR)" 2294:"Biofilm Cohesive Strength as a Basis for Biofilm Recalcitrance: Are Bacterial Biofilms Overdesigned?" 11426: 11385: 1691: 1547:

from eliminating and destroying bacterial cells. Furthermore, biofilm formation by bacteria, such as

673: 404: 9531:"Biofilm and capsule formation of the diatom Achnanthidium minutissimum are affected by a bacterium" 8611:

Srey S, Jahid ID, Ha SD (June 2013). "Biofilm formation in food industries: A food safety concern".

649:

However, biofilms are not always less susceptible to antibiotics. For instance, the biofilm form of

193:

A biofilm is a system that can be adapted internally to environmental conditions by its inhabitants.

79: 11187: 11110: 11073: 10869: 10648: 10359: 9742:

Patkowski JB, Dahlberg T, Amin H, Gahlot DK, Vijayrajratnam S, Vogel JP, et al. (April 2023).

9474:"Protection of cells from salinity stress by extracellular polymeric substances in diatom biofilms" 7732:"Staphylococcus aureus biofilms prevent macrophage phagocytosis and attenuate inflammation in vivo" 7248:

Oggioni MR, Trappetti C, Kadioglu A, Cassone M, Iannelli F, Ricci S, et al. (September 2006).

6728:"New study first to visually capture biofilm architecture in retrieved implants from live patients" 1867: 1723:

industry, and aggregation of microplastics pollutants for convenient removal from the environment.

1708: 1552: 1405: 1246: 443: 17: 6526:

Capoor MN, Ruzicka F, Schmitz JE, James GA, Machackova T, Jancalek R, et al. (3 April 2017).

6179:"Role of cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides in phototrophic biofilms and in complex microbial mats" 3285:"Molecular mechanisms of biofilm-based antibiotic resistance and tolerance in pathogenic bacteria" 10785: 10699: 10694: 10589: 10503: 10251: 10125: 8662:

Kumar CG, Anand SK (June 1998). "Significance of microbial biofilms in food industry: a review".

8313: 8307: 5945:

Atkinson S, Goldstone RJ, Joshua GW, Chang CY, Patrick HL, Cámara M, et al. (January 2011).

1637: 1598:

resistance to antimicrobial agents. In addition to its role in healthcare-associated infections,

1497: 1482: 1250: 1192: 1186: 1145: 57: 10113:

HD Video Interviews on biofilms, antibiotics, etc. with experts, youtube.com: ADRSupport/biofilm

5849: 5841: 4682: 1878: 446:

which is promoted in due to the packed and dense structure. Bacteria in biofilms communicate by

11263: 11182: 11161: 10811: 10740: 10684: 10241: 10231: 8303: 8255:"Effect of electrical energy on the efficacy of biofilm treatment using the bioelectric effect" 8058:"Biofilm formation on intrauterine devices in patients with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis" 6961:

Leevy WM, Gammon ST, Jiang H, Johnson JR, Maxwell DJ, Jackson EN, et al. (December 2006).

5892:

Michod RE, Bernstein H, Nedelcu AM (May 2008). "Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens".

2509:"Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development" 2431: 2103: 1953: 1556: 1473:

biofilms are responsible for many intestinal infectious diseases. The Extraintestinal group of

1387: 1379: 1369: 1339: 1324: 1282: 1198: 1167: 1156: 1129: 1118: 1088: 1076:

had been extensively studied. Via the production of sticky matrix and formation of aggregates,

1071: 651: 513:, this compound induces cyclo heteromorphic cells in several species of bacteria and the yeast 509: 7356:"The insect antimicrobial peptide cecropin A disrupts uropathogenic Escherichia coli biofilms" 5396:

Schwermer CU, Lavik G, Abed RM, Dunsmore B, Ferdelman TG, Stoodley P, et al. (May 2008).

4135:

Choong FX, Bäck M, Fahlén S, Johansson LB, Melican K, Rhen M, et al. (23 November 2016).

11406: 11303: 10945: 10730: 10674: 10579: 10478: 10354: 10287: 6426: 2124: – Microbial communities including microorganisms which use light as their energy source 1947: 1909: 1872: 1827: 1527: 1314: 642: 638: 455: 416: 148: 6634:

Parsek MR, Singh PK (2003). "Bacterial biofilms: an emerging link to disease pathogenesis".

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Carvalho DB, Fox EG, Santos DG, Sousa JS, Freire DM, Nogueira FC, et al. (July 2019).

8542: 8491: 8393: 8346: 7354:

Kalsy M, Tonk M, Hardt M, Dobrindt U, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Cytrynska M, et al. (2020).

7310: 7206: 6647: 6539: 6382: 6340: 6286: 6252: 6190: 6058: 5901: 5701: 5409: 5358: 5260: 5068: 5007: 4953: 4860: 4240: 3910: 3804: 3481: 3058: 2926: 2708: 2614: 2121: 1716: 1677: 1420:

It has been proposed that competence development and biofilm formation is an adaptation of

1140: 951: 523:

has potential as a treatment for patients that have chronic infections caused by biofilms.

507:, is capable of inducing dispersion and inhibiting growth of biofilm colonies. Secreted by 229: 218: 5506:"Microbial biofilms in dental medicine in reference to implanto-prostethic rehabilitation" 8: 11268: 11153: 11148: 11041: 11011: 10864: 10849: 10452: 8905:

Braithwaite RA, McEvoy LA (2004). "Marine biofouling on fish farms and its remediation".

7730:

Thurlow LR, Hanke ML, Fritz T, Angle A, Aldrich A, Williams SH, et al. (June 2011).

6047:"Biofilm matrix cloaks bacterial quorum sensing chemoattractants from predator detection" 4787:. Morgantown, WV: National Drinking Water Clearinghouse (U.S.). June 2000. Archived from 4286:"Control of cell fate by the formation of an architecturally complex bacterial community" 3047:"Biofilm matrix cloaks bacterial quorum sensing chemoattractants from predator detection" 2055: 1959: 1848:

have been shown to decompose organic matter and protect plants from bacterial pathogens.

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Azeredo J, Azevedo NF, Briandet R, Cerca N, Coenye T, Costa AR, et al. (May 2017).

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Thomas VC, Hancock LE (September 2009). "Suicide and fratricide in bacterial biofilms".

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Sen CK, Gordillo GM, Roy S, Kirsner R, Lambert L, Hunt TK, et al. (November 2009).

6543: 6386: 6344: 6290: 6194: 6062: 5905: 5705: 5546:"Oxygen metabolism, oxidative stress and acid-base physiology of dental plaque biofilms" 5413: 5362: 5346: 5264: 5072: 5011: 4957: 4864: 4334: 4244: 3931: 3914: 3898: 3808: 3485: 3062: 2930: 2712: 2618: 423:

has been shown to be involved in the formation of biofilm in several bacterial species.

11298: 11197: 11006: 10918: 10911: 10689: 10653: 10641: 10488: 10374: 10304: 10292: 10282: 10236: 9994: 9930: 9903: 9879: 9854: 9816: 9719: 9692: 9656: 9566: 9506: 9473: 9398:

Chandra J, Kuhn DM, Mukherjee PK, Hoyer LL, McCormick T, Ghannoum MA (September 2001).

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Chua SL, Liu Y, Yam JK, Tolker-Nielsen T, Kjelleberg S, Givskov M, et al. (2014).

3739: 3714: 3690: 3665: 3641: 3616: 3502: 3469: 3396: 3369: 3243: 3216: 3189: 3163:"Quorum-sensing regulation of the biofilm matrix genes (pel) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa" 3162: 3138: 3103: 3079: 3046: 3022: 2997: 2949: 2910: 2833: 2734: 2638: 2582: 2557: 2538: 2489: 2318: 2293: 2271: 2214: 2189: 2070: 1791: 1180: 1151: 751: 685: 610: 236:(EPSs). The cells within the biofilm produce the EPS components, which are typically a 171: 9530: 9291: 9266: 9122: 8918: 8832: 8675: 8253:

Kim YW, Subramanian S, Gerasopoulos K, Ben-Yoav H, Wu HC, Quan D, et al. (2015).

7517: 7492: 6914:"Bacterial biofilms on the sinus mucosa of human subjects with chronic rhinosinusitis" 5765:

Pathology of dental caries. In: Dental caries: the disease and its clinical management

5724: 5689: 5665: 5648: 5504:

Augustin M, Chifiriuc CB, Lazăr V, Stănescu R, Burlibașa M, Ispas DC (December 2010).

5080: 4558: 4350: 4261: 4228: 4063: 4038: 3551: 3526: 3445: 3420: 2780: 2370: 2345: 1917:

Competence stimulating peptides may play an important role in biofilm formation among

1352:(CF) patients. About 80% of CF patients have chronic lung infection, caused mainly by 11375: 11238: 11204: 11171: 11028: 11023: 10981: 10928: 10804: 10614: 10564: 10457: 10396: 10364: 10326: 10309: 10059: 10040: 10021: 9986: 9935: 9884: 9820: 9808: 9773: 9724: 9648: 9613: 9609: 9558: 9511: 9452: 9429: 9424: 9415: 9399: 9380: 9296: 9282: 9251: 9216: 9204: 9161: 9040: 8975: 8932: 8922: 8887: 8836: 8774: 8736: 8724: 8679: 8628: 8580: 8568: 8519: 8507: 8456: 8421: 8362: 8317: 8284: 8232: 8181: 8130: 8079: 8038: 7982: 7972: 7949: 7914: 7863: 7849: 7814: 7761: 7712: 7681:"Toxin-induced necroptosis is a major mechanism of Staphylococcus aureus lung damage" 7661: 7612: 7581:

Reisner A, Maierl M, Jörger M, Krause R, Berger D, Haid A, et al. (March 2014).

7563: 7522: 7508: 7473: 7422: 7387: 7336: 7299:"Fratricide is essential for efficient gene transfer between pneumococci in biofilms" 7279: 7265: 7222: 7179: 7165: 7130: 7095: 7041: 6992: 6935: 6886: 6843: 6812: 6800: 6796: 6705: 6674:"High Prevalence of Biofilms on Retrieved Implants from Aseptic Pseudarthrosis Cases" 6651: 6616: 6611: 6586: 6567: 6508: 6457: 6400: 6302: 6256: 6218: 6136: 6084: 6027: 5978: 5917: 5871: 5861: 5822: 5817: 5792: 5768: 5729: 5670: 5614: 5567: 5517: 5486: 5435: 5327: 5276: 5232: 5199: 5168: 5119: 5084: 5033: 4971: 4919: 4878: 4873: 4848: 4822: 4720: 4715: 4698: 4660: 4655: 4646: 4630: 4615: 4603: 4562: 4527: 4473: 4413: 4354: 4315: 4266: 4201: 4166: 4109: 4104: 4087: 4068: 4054: 4019: 3977: 3972: 3955: 3936: 3868: 3822: 3744: 3730: 3695: 3646: 3617:"A fatty acid messenger is responsible for inducing dispersion in microbial biofilms" 3597: 3556: 3507: 3450: 3436: 3401: 3347: 3306: 3248: 3194: 3143: 3084: 3027: 2954: 2886: 2825: 2820: 2803: 2784: 2726: 2674: 2630: 2587: 2558:"Signals, regulatory networks, and materials that build and break bacterial biofilms" 2530: 2525: 2508: 2481: 2476: 2459: 2435: 2375: 2361: 2323: 2263: 2219: 2076: 1559:, leading to preventing the inhibition of the pathogen and maintaining its survival. 1009: 968:

depurination of DNA, leaving apurinic (AP) sites in DNA, especially loss of guanine.

860: 497: 104: 33: 9585: 9087: 8468: 7250:"Switch from planktonic to sessile life: a major event in pneumococcal pathogenesis" 7150:"Human skin wounds: a major and snowballing threat to public health and the economy" 6947: 6898: 6855: 6672:

Agarwal A, Mooney M, Agarwal AG, Jayaswal D, Saakyan G, Goel V, et al. (2020).

6314: 6148: 5579: 5131: 5045: 4366: 4252: 3880: 3542: 3217:"Development of Antimicrobial Phototreatment Tolerance: Why the Methodology Matters" 2837: 2738: 2542: 2493: 11090: 10966: 10901: 10584: 10508: 10442: 10297: 9998: 9976: 9966: 9925: 9915: 9874: 9866: 9800: 9763: 9755: 9714: 9704: 9660: 9640: 9605: 9570: 9550: 9501: 9493: 9419: 9411: 9370: 9360: 9327: 9286: 9278: 9247: 9196: 9153: 9118: 9075: 9030: 9022: 8987: 8967: 8914: 8877: 8867: 8828: 8801: 8766: 8714: 8706: 8671: 8624: 8620: 8558: 8550: 8499: 8448: 8411: 8401: 8358: 8354: 8274: 8266: 8222: 8212: 8171: 8161: 8120: 8110: 8069: 8028: 8020: 7945: 7941: 7904: 7894: 7853: 7845: 7804: 7796: 7751: 7743: 7702: 7692: 7651: 7643: 7602: 7594: 7553: 7512: 7504: 7463: 7453: 7414: 7377: 7367: 7326: 7318: 7269: 7261: 7234: 7214: 7169: 7161: 7122: 7087: 7060: 7031: 7023: 6982: 6974: 6925: 6878: 6835: 6792: 6695: 6685: 6643: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6557: 6547: 6498: 6490: 6412: 6390: 6348: 6294: 6248: 6208: 6198: 6126: 6118: 6074: 6066: 6017: 6009: 5968: 5958: 5927:

http://www.hummingbirds.arizona.edu/Faculty/Michod/Downloads/IGE%20review%20sex.pdf

5909: 5853: 5812: 5804: 5719: 5709: 5660: 5557: 5476: 5466: 5425: 5417: 5366: 5317: 5307: 5268: 5224: 5191: 5158: 5111: 5076: 5023: 5015: 4961: 4909: 4868: 4814: 4710: 4650: 4642: 4593: 4554: 4517: 4507: 4463: 4455: 4403: 4393: 4346: 4305: 4297: 4256: 4248: 4213: 4193: 4156: 4148: 4121: 4099: 4058: 4050: 4011: 3967: 3926: 3918: 3858: 3850: 3812: 3734: 3726: 3685: 3677: 3636: 3628: 3587: 3546: 3538: 3497: 3489: 3440: 3432: 3391: 3381: 3337: 3296: 3238: 3228: 3184: 3174: 3133: 3123: 3074: 3066: 3017: 3009: 2944: 2934: 2815: 2776: 2716: 2666: 2642: 2622: 2577: 2569: 2520: 2471: 2365: 2357: 2313: 2305: 2275: 2255: 2209: 2201: 2163: 2150:"Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)" 1887: 1703: 1683: 1487: 1469: 1161: 1069:

interactions between biofilms and bacterivores, such as the soil-dwelling nematode

763: 713: 569: 515: 299: 143: 9971: 9954: 9200: 8805: 7126: 5808: 3342: 3325: 2971: 2106: – Adaptive behavior by microscopic organisms including bacteria and protists 392:

anchor themselves to the matrix or directly to other, earlier bacteria colonists.

11316: 11215: 11100: 10976: 10906: 10859: 10609: 10493: 10447: 10339: 10112: 10102: 9497: 9365: 8406: 8148:

Santos-Lopez A, Marshall CW, Scribner MR, Snyder DJ, Cooper VS (September 2019).

7883:"Antibiofilm and Antivirulence Properties of Indoles Against Serratia marcescens" 7697: 7679:

Kitur K, Parker D, Nieto P, Ahn DS, Cohen TS, Chung S, et al. (April 2015).

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cannot recognize surfaces or aggregate together as easily as motile bacteria.

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Biofilms can also be harnessed for constructive purposes. For example, many

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or be a portion of it. The microbial cells growing in a biofilm are

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Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

2049: 1904: 1740: 1699: 1452:, synergistically clearing infection in vivo (in the insect host 1206: 801: 793: 706: 698: 573: 298:. A cell that switches to the biofilm mode of growth undergoes a 245: 237: 5600:"Responses of cariogenic streptococci to environmental stresses" 4739:"Biological wastewater treatment processes; secondary treatment" 4444:"Bioelectric effect and bacterial biofilms. A systematic review" 3524: 2604: 1297:. The patients with biofilms were shown to have been denuded of 1221:. Among microalgae, one of the main progenitors of biofilms are 11330: 11085: 10179: 9528: 7247: 5505: 2052: – Insoluble protein aggregate with a fibrillar morphology 1852: 1834: 1619: 1298: 1277:, and infections of permanent indwelling devices such as joint 1225:, which colonise both fresh and marine environments worldwide. 1222: 1036:

growing as free-floating planktonic cells suspended in liquid.

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is formed in the first 10–20 days of operation and consists of

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Bacterial adhesion to boat hulls serves as the foundation for

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in behavior in which large suites of genes are differentially

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reveal similarities between archaeal and bacterial biofilms"

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Kaplan JB, Ragunath C, Ramasubbu N, Fine DH (August 2003).

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Biofilms are formed by bacteria that colonize plants, e.g.

1096:, termed as 'quagmire phenotype', resulting in trapping of 1028:

cells reside in an actively growing biofilm. Biofilm grown

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Izano EA, Amarante MA, Kher WB, Kaplan JB (January 2008).

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plays a critical role in preventing immune cells, such as

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biofilm. All photomicrographs are shown to the same scale.

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cells, either alone or when combined with the antibiotic

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biofilms can prevent feeding by obstructing the mouth of

676:. The longest raised mat area is about half a meter long. 253: 9057: 8309:

Microbial Biodegradation: Genomics and Molecular Biology

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form biofilms on legume roots and other inert surfaces.

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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medication but also develop internal resistance toward

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growing in a non-surface attached biofilms surround by

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A peptide pheromone quorum sensing signaling system in

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in the top few millimetres of the fine sand layer. The

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

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Biofilms in aquatic environments are often founded by

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Microbial Biofilms: Current Research and Applications

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Bakker PA, Pieterse CM, van Loon LC (February 2007).

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Ma Y, Deng Y, Hua H, Khoo BL, Chua SL (August 2023).

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Takahashi H, Suda T, Tanaka Y, Kimura B (June 2010).

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Microbial Biofilms: Current Research and Applications

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pools of water. Biofilms are important components of

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ranging from very acidic to very alkaline, to frozen

9100: 9000: 8856:"Fire Ant Venom Alkaloids Inhibit Biofilm Formation" 8336: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7996: 5188:

Multigenic and Induced Systemic Resistance in Plants

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Aggarwal S, Stewart PS, Hozalski RM (January 2016).

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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

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Recent research has shown that the archaeal species

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Efforts to control and prevent biofilm formation by

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Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI)

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in hospitals through its contribution to developing

1269:, and less common but more lethal processes such as 1205:

Along with bacteria, biofilms are also generated by

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in rivers and streams and are grazed by the aquatic

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A unique group of Archaea that inhabit 131:Learn how and when to remove this message 8752: 8750: 8748: 8746: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8590: 6967:Journal of the American Chemical Society 6825: 5740: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5101: 4939: 4804: 4424: 4380:Pandey R, Mishra SK, Shrestha A (2021). 3154: 2690: 2688: 2656: 1877: 1790: 1519: 684:Thermophilic bacteria in the outflow of 679: 667: 600: 545: 460: 454:Biofilms are the product of a microbial 430: 365: 330: 158: 142: 10539:International Census of Marine Microbes 10514:Hydrothermal vent microbial communities 10015: 8248: 8246: 7058: 6229: 5543: 3887: 3786: 3784: 3324:O'Toole G, Kaplan HB, Kolter R (2000). 3282: 2880: 2844: 2282: 1512:due to the formation of the pathogenic 805:matrix and soluble organic material is 596: 316: 14: 11399: 9853:Abe K, Nomura N, Suzuki S (May 2020). 9007:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 8006: 7925: 7546:The Indian Journal of Medical Research 6725: 6648:10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090720 6451: 6253:10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093316 6177:Rossi F, De Philippis R (April 2015). 5882: 5687: 5402:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 4629:Spoering AL, Lewis K (December 2001). 4373: 4333:Stewart PS, Costerton JW (July 2001). 4233:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3474:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3367: 2998:"Biofilms: Microbial Life on Surfaces" 2995: 2862:from the original on 23 September 2020 2694: 1978: 1707:systems. 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2077:Biomineralization 1992:BioFilm Ring Test 1965:Bacillus subtilis 1704:Slow sand filters 1686:plants include a 1481:, which leads to 1010:Oral microbiology 867:Human environment 861:colorectal cancer 764:Slow sand filters 552:Biofilm dispersal 498:deoxyribonuclease 141: 140: 133: 115: 34:Biographical film 16:(Redirected from 11439: 11427:Membrane biology 11384: 11383: 11374: 11373: 11322:Former groupings 11116: 11115: 10967:Human microbiome 10890: 10889: 10821: 10814: 10807: 10798: 10797: 10784: 10783: 10585:Human microbiome 10509:Coral microbiome 10443:Plant microbiome 10217: 10142: 10135: 10128: 10119: 10118: 10069: 10050: 10031: 10003: 10002: 9984: 9974: 9950: 9944: 9943: 9933: 9923: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9882: 9850: 9825: 9824: 9788: 9782: 9781: 9771: 9739: 9733: 9732: 9722: 9712: 9688: 9665: 9664: 9628: 9622: 9621: 9581: 9575: 9574: 9526: 9520: 9519: 9509: 9469: 9463: 9462: 9444: 9438: 9437: 9427: 9395: 9389: 9388: 9378: 9368: 9344: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9311: 9305: 9304: 9294: 9262: 9256: 9255: 9238:(3–4): 203–209. 9227: 9221: 9220: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9133: 9127: 9126: 9098: 9092: 9091: 9055: 9049: 9048: 9038: 8998: 8992: 8991: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8902: 8896: 8895: 8885: 8875: 8851: 8845: 8844: 8816: 8810: 8809: 8789: 8783: 8782: 8754: 8741: 8740: 8722: 8694: 8688: 8687: 8659: 8646: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8608: 8585: 8584: 8566: 8530: 8524: 8523: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8436: 8430: 8429: 8419: 8409: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8282: 8250: 8241: 8240: 8230: 8220: 8196: 8190: 8189: 8179: 8169: 8145: 8139: 8138: 8128: 8118: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8077: 8062:Medical Mycology 8053: 8047: 8046: 8036: 8004: 7991: 7990: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7912: 7902: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7861: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7812: 7795:(8): 1231–1241. 7776: 7770: 7769: 7759: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7710: 7700: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7659: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7610: 7578: 7572: 7571: 7561: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7520: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7471: 7461: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7413:(3–4): 245–252. 7402: 7396: 7395: 7385: 7375: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7334: 7309:(16): 5897–905. 7294: 7288: 7287: 7277: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7177: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7110: 7104: 7103: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7039: 7022:(4): e00198-12. 7007: 7001: 7000: 6990: 6958: 6952: 6951: 6933: 6918:The Laryngoscope 6909: 6903: 6902: 6871:The Laryngoscope 6866: 6860: 6859: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6723: 6714: 6713: 6703: 6693: 6669: 6660: 6659: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6614: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6565: 6555: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6506: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6398: 6366: 6357: 6356: 6328: 6319: 6318: 6274: 6265: 6264: 6236: 6227: 6226: 6216: 6206: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6157: 6134: 6108: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6082: 6057:(5): 1388–1396. 6051:The ISME Journal 6042: 6036: 6035: 6025: 6002:The ISME Journal 5993: 5987: 5986: 5976: 5966: 5942: 5936: 5925: 5889: 5880: 5879: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5820: 5788: 5779: 5778: 5760: 5754: 5747: 5738: 5737: 5727: 5717: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5668: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5627: 5621:. Archived from 5604: 5595: 5584: 5583: 5565: 5541: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5484: 5474: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5433: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5325: 5315: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5166: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5031: 4995: 4980: 4979: 4969: 4937: 4928: 4927: 4917: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4876: 4844: 4831: 4830: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4794:on 6 April 2016. 4793: 4778: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4745:on 18 April 2011 4735: 4729: 4728: 4718: 4694: 4688: 4687:(primary source) 4686: 4685:on 22 June 2008. 4681:. Archived from 4675: 4669: 4668: 4658: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4601: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4525: 4515: 4491: 4482: 4481: 4471: 4439: 4422: 4421: 4411: 4401: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4313: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4264: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4164: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4107: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4066: 4034: 4028: 4027: 3999: 3986: 3985: 3975: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3934: 3909:(8): 1290–1302. 3903:The ISME Journal 3894: 3885: 3884: 3866: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3820: 3788: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3693: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3644: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3595: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3554: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3505: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3448: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3399: 3389: 3365: 3356: 3355: 3345: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3304: 3280: 3274: 3261: 3256: 3246: 3236: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3192: 3182: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3141: 3131: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3082: 3057:(5): 1388–1396. 3051:The ISME Journal 3042: 3036: 3035: 3025: 2993: 2982: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2952: 2942: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2823: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2724: 2692: 2683: 2682: 2654: 2648: 2647:(primary source) 2646: 2613:(7054): 1171–5. 2602: 2596: 2595: 2585: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2528: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2479: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2423: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2373: 2341: 2332: 2331: 2321: 2289: 2280: 2279: 2243: 2228: 2227: 2217: 2185: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2145: 2088: 2067: 2043: 2038: 2037: 1888:conjugative pili 1684:sewage treatment 1470:Escherichia coli 1463:Escherichia coli 1273:, infections in 1162:Escherichia coli 957:Candida albicans 759:Slow sand filter 741:Pierce's disease 570:aqueous solution 516:Candida albicans 505:-2-decenoic acid 475:of a developing 300:phenotypic shift 136: 129: 125: 122: 116: 114: 73: 49: 41: 21: 11447: 11446: 11442: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11437: 11436: 11397: 11396: 11395: 11390: 11362: 11317:Bacterial phyla 11301: 11289: 11273: 11231: 11225: 11216:Arabinogalactan 11121: 11105: 11053: 10950: 10894: 10882: 10874: 10860:Lysogenic cycle 10841: 10834: 10825: 10795: 10790: 10772: 10709: 10663: 10543: 10494:Marine protists 10467: 10448:Root microbiome 10431: 10340:Biological pump 10321: 10271: 10218: 10209: 10151: 10146: 10103:Wayback Machine 10077: 10072: 10066: 10047: 10028: 10011: 10009:Further reading 10006: 9951: 9947: 9900: 9896: 9851: 9828: 9789: 9785: 9740: 9736: 9689: 9668: 9629: 9625: 9582: 9578: 9527: 9523: 9470: 9466: 9459: 9445: 9441: 9410:(18): 5385–94. 9396: 9392: 9359:(4): e1002585. 9345: 9341: 9312: 9308: 9277:(20): 6558–67. 9263: 9259: 9228: 9224: 9177: 9173: 9134: 9130: 9099: 9095: 9056: 9052: 9013:(18): 5633–42. 8999: 8995: 8948: 8944: 8929: 8903: 8899: 8852: 8848: 8817: 8813: 8790: 8786: 8755: 8744: 8695: 8691: 8660: 8649: 8644: 8640: 8609: 8588: 8531: 8527: 8490:(11): 975–982. 8480: 8476: 8447:(17): 7529–41. 8437: 8433: 8378: 8374: 8335: 8331: 8324: 8300: 8296: 8251: 8244: 8197: 8193: 8146: 8142: 8095: 8091: 8054: 8050: 8005: 7994: 7979: 7965: 7961: 7930: 7926: 7879: 7875: 7830: 7826: 7777: 7773: 7728: 7724: 7691:(4): e1004820. 7677: 7673: 7628: 7624: 7579: 7575: 7538: 7534: 7489: 7485: 7438: 7434: 7403: 7399: 7352: 7348: 7295: 7291: 7260:(5): 1196–210. 7246: 7242: 7219:10.1038/417552a 7195: 7191: 7146: 7142: 7111: 7107: 7076: 7072: 7057: 7053: 7008: 7004: 6973:(51): 16476–7. 6959: 6955: 6910: 6906: 6867: 6863: 6824: 6820: 6781: 6777: 6767: 6765: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6724: 6717: 6670: 6663: 6632: 6628: 6597:(4): 999–1007. 6583: 6579: 6538:(4): e0174518. 6524: 6520: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6450: 6446: 6436: 6434: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6381:(6): 1494–509. 6367: 6360: 6329: 6322: 6275: 6268: 6237: 6230: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6106: 6100: 6096: 6043: 6039: 5994: 5990: 5957:(1): e1001250. 5943: 5939: 5934:Wayback Machine 5890: 5883: 5868: 5838: 5834: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5761: 5757: 5748: 5741: 5686: 5682: 5645: 5641: 5631: 5629: 5628:on 7 April 2014 5625: 5602: 5596: 5587: 5542: 5538: 5527: 5525: 5512:(in Romanian). 5502: 5498: 5451: 5447: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5343: 5339: 5292: 5288: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5184: 5180: 5143: 5139: 5110:(11): 1559–70. 5100: 5096: 5057: 5053: 4996: 4983: 4938: 4931: 4894: 4890: 4845: 4834: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4695: 4691: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4641:(23): 6746–51. 4627: 4623: 4578: 4574: 4543: 4539: 4492: 4485: 4440: 4425: 4378: 4374: 4345:(9276): 135–8. 4331: 4327: 4282: 4278: 4225: 4221: 4182: 4178: 4133: 4129: 4084: 4080: 4035: 4031: 4010:(23): 3628–45. 4000: 3989: 3952: 3948: 3895: 3888: 3838: 3834: 3789: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3711: 3707: 3662: 3658: 3627:(5): 1393–403. 3613: 3609: 3572: 3568: 3523: 3519: 3466: 3462: 3417: 3413: 3366: 3359: 3322: 3318: 3281: 3277: 3271:Wayback Machine 3213: 3206: 3159: 3155: 3100: 3096: 3043: 3039: 2994: 2985: 2979:Wayback Machine 2970: 2966: 2907: 2900: 2893: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2800: 2796: 2765: 2761: 2750: 2746: 2701:Current Biology 2693: 2686: 2655: 2651: 2603: 2599: 2554: 2550: 2505: 2501: 2456: 2449: 2442: 2424: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2398:Quanta Magazine 2392: 2391: 2387: 2342: 2335: 2290: 2283: 2244: 2231: 2186: 2177: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2086: 2065: 2062:Biofilm factory 2039: 2032: 2029: 1999:Wayback Machine 1981: 1925:as well. Among 1901: 1865: 1830: 1824: 1789: 1783: 1729: 1680: 1674: 1633: 1628: 1626:Uses and impact 1567: 1524: 1514:E. coli biofilm 1466: 1402: 1350:cystic fibrosis 1336: 1275:cystic fibrosis 1257:, formation of 1238: 1115: 1079:Yersinia pestis 1060: 1012: 1006: 924: 909: 896: 869: 852: 815: 761: 749: 726:nitrogen-fixing 666: 658:persister cells 599: 562: 555: 486: 473:photomicrograph 470: 440: 429: 333: 324: 319: 265:physiologically 242:polysaccharides 208: 183: 137: 126: 120: 117: 74: 72: 66: 62:primary sources 50: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11445: 11435: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11392: 11391: 11389: 11388: 11378: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11360: 11359: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11333: 11328: 11319: 11314: 11308: 11306: 11295: 11294: 11291: 11290: 11288: 11287: 11281: 11279: 11275: 11274: 11272: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11235: 11233: 11227: 11226: 11224: 11223: 11218: 11207: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11195: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11158: 11157: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11132: 11126: 11124: 11113: 11107: 11106: 11104: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11082: 11081: 11076: 11074:cell structure 11065: 11063: 11059: 11058: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11051: 11050: 11049: 11047:Saccharophilic 11044: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11015: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10964: 10958: 10956: 10952: 10951: 10949: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10936:Microaerophile 10933: 10932: 10931: 10926: 10916: 10915: 10914: 10909: 10898: 10896: 10887: 10876: 10875: 10873: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10846: 10844: 10836: 10835: 10824: 10823: 10816: 10809: 10801: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10788: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10744: 10743: 10733: 10728: 10726:Deep biosphere 10723: 10721:Bioremediation 10717: 10715: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10680:DNA sequencing 10677: 10671: 10669: 10665: 10664: 10662: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10645: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10633: 10632: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10551: 10549: 10545: 10544: 10542: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10484:Marine viruses 10481: 10475: 10473: 10469: 10468: 10466: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10439: 10437: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10429: 10421: 10419:Quorum sensing 10416: 10415: 10414: 10409: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10388: 10387: 10382: 10380:microbial loop 10372: 10370:Microbial cyst 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10331: 10329: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10319: 10314: 10313: 10312: 10302: 10301: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10288:run-and-tumble 10279: 10277: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10228: 10226: 10220: 10219: 10212: 10210: 10208: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10161: 10159: 10153: 10152: 10149:Microorganisms 10145: 10144: 10137: 10130: 10122: 10116: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10093: 10088: 10086:Roberto Kolter 10076: 10075:External links 10073: 10071: 10070: 10064: 10051: 10045: 10032: 10026: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10004: 9965:(3): 313–351. 9945: 9894: 9826: 9799:(9): 537–544. 9783: 9734: 9666: 9639:(9): 711–721. 9623: 9576: 9521: 9464: 9457: 9439: 9390: 9339: 9306: 9257: 9222: 9171: 9128: 9109:(1–4): 27–38. 9093: 9066:(1): 125–133. 9050: 8993: 8958:(4): 399–410. 8942: 8927: 8897: 8846: 8811: 8800:(1): 481–488. 8784: 8742: 8689: 8647: 8638: 8619:(2): 572–585. 8586: 8525: 8474: 8431: 8372: 8329: 8322: 8294: 8242: 8191: 8140: 8109:(3): 743–758. 8089: 8048: 7992: 7977: 7959: 7924: 7873: 7824: 7771: 7722: 7685:PLOS Pathogens 7671: 7642:(6): 937–941. 7622: 7593:(5): 931–939. 7573: 7552:(6): 945–948. 7532: 7483: 7432: 7397: 7346: 7289: 7240: 7189: 7160:(6): 763–771. 7140: 7121:(5559): 1487. 7105: 7070: 7051: 7002: 6953: 6904: 6861: 6818: 6775: 6749: 6715: 6684:(2): 104–108. 6661: 6626: 6577: 6518: 6469: 6462: 6444: 6418: 6358: 6320: 6266: 6228: 6189:(2): 1218–38. 6169: 6094: 6037: 6008:(1): 260–269. 5988: 5951:PLOS Pathogens 5937: 5881: 5866: 5832: 5803:(3): 897–908. 5780: 5773: 5755: 5739: 5680: 5639: 5585: 5556:(3): 198–207. 5536: 5496: 5445: 5408:(9): 2841–51. 5388: 5337: 5286: 5243: 5237: 5211: 5204: 5178: 5151:Phytopathology 5137: 5094: 5051: 4981: 4952:(3): 243–254. 4929: 4908:(5): 493–513. 4888: 4832: 4797: 4765: 4756: 4730: 4689: 4670: 4621: 4572: 4537: 4483: 4454:(9): 786–795. 4423: 4372: 4325: 4276: 4219: 4176: 4127: 4098:(4): 1229–38. 4078: 4049:(12): 3593–6. 4029: 3987: 3946: 3886: 3849:(8): 1165–80. 3832: 3780: 3754: 3725:(3): 370–378. 3705: 3656: 3607: 3566: 3517: 3460: 3431:(16): 4693–8. 3411: 3357: 3316: 3275: 3204: 3173:(14): 5383–6. 3153: 3094: 3037: 3008:(9): 881–890. 2983: 2964: 2898: 2891: 2873: 2843: 2794: 2775:(4): 299–310. 2759: 2744: 2684: 2649: 2597: 2548: 2519:(2): 295–304. 2499: 2447: 2440: 2415: 2385: 2356:(10): 2675–9. 2333: 2281: 2229: 2200:(7): a000398. 2175: 2162:(2): 377–410. 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2098:Floc (biofilm) 2095: 2089: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2059: 2053: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2041:Biology portal 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2002: 1989: 1980: 1977: 1900: 1897: 1892:quorum sensing 1864: 1861: 1823: 1820: 1782: 1781:In aquaculture 1779: 1728: 1725: 1673: 1670: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1566: 1561: 1533:skin infection 1523: 1518: 1479:urinary system 1465: 1460: 1450:nalidixic acid 1443:uropathogenic 1401: 1396: 1345:model organism 1335: 1330: 1267:contact lenses 1237: 1234: 1159:species (e.g. 1136:Staphylococcus 1114: 1111: 1005: 1002: 994:carious lesion 944:antimicrobials 923: 920: 908: 905: 895: 892: 868: 865: 851: 848: 814: 811: 760: 757: 748: 745: 665: 662: 598: 595: 561: 558: 550: 485: 482: 465: 448:quorum sensing 435: 428: 425: 421:quorum sensing 409:Polysaccharide 401:quorum sensing 389:Hydrophobicity 332: 329: 323: 320: 318: 315: 267:distinct from 206: 205: 194: 178: 177: 139: 138: 53: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11444: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11404: 11402: 11387: 11379: 11377: 11369: 11368: 11365: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11338: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11326:Schizomycetes 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11300: 11296: 11286: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11276: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11234: 11228: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11167:Teichoic acid 11165: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11139:Peptidoglycan 11136: 11133: 11131: 11130:Cell membrane 11128: 11127: 11125: 11123: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11108: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11071: 11070: 11067: 11066: 11064: 11060: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10997: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10969: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10959: 10957: 10953: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10921: 10920: 10917: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10904: 10903: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10881: 10877: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10822: 10817: 10815: 10810: 10808: 10803: 10802: 10799: 10787: 10779: 10778: 10775: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10712: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10672: 10670: 10666: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10570:Microbial oil 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10548:Human related 10546: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10534:Picoeukaryote 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10470: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10434: 10428: 10427: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10404: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10392:Microbial mat 10390: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10377: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10328: 10324: 10318: 10315: 10311: 10308: 10307: 10306: 10303: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10285: 10284: 10281: 10280: 10278: 10274: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10225: 10221: 10216: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10185:Nanobacterium 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10175:Cyanobacteria 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10143: 10138: 10136: 10131: 10129: 10124: 10123: 10120: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10100: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10078: 10067: 10061: 10057: 10052: 10048: 10042: 10038: 10033: 10029: 10023: 10019: 10014: 10013: 10000: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9949: 9941: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9898: 9890: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9849: 9847: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9833: 9831: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9787: 9779: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9745: 9738: 9730: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9687: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9679: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9671: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9627: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9596:(1): 133–40. 9595: 9591: 9587: 9580: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9541:(2): 343–55. 9540: 9536: 9532: 9525: 9517: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9484:(8): 987–98. 9483: 9479: 9475: 9468: 9460: 9454: 9450: 9443: 9435: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9394: 9386: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9343: 9334: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9310: 9302: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9261: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9226: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9175: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9144:(4): 266–77. 9143: 9139: 9132: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9097: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9054: 9046: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 8997: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8946: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8901: 8893: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8850: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8815: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8788: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8693: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8670:(1–2): 9–27. 8669: 8665: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8642: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8607: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8529: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8478: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8435: 8427: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8392:(5): e63129. 8391: 8387: 8383: 8376: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8333: 8325: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8298: 8290: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8249: 8247: 8238: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8195: 8187: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8144: 8136: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8085: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8052: 8044: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7974: 7970: 7963: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7928: 7920: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7877: 7869: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7828: 7820: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7784: 7775: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7675: 7667: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7626: 7618: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7577: 7569: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7536: 7528: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7487: 7479: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7436: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7193: 7185: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7144: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7055: 7047: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6957: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6924:(7): 1121–6. 6923: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6877:(4): 578–82. 6876: 6872: 6865: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6834:(1): 127–31. 6833: 6829: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6779: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6720: 6711: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6668: 6666: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6622: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6581: 6573: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6489:(1): 171–82. 6488: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6465: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6432: 6428: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6363: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6327: 6325: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6285:(2): 187–97. 6284: 6280: 6273: 6271: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6233: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6041: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5900:(3): 267–85. 5899: 5895: 5888: 5886: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5785: 5776: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5746: 5744: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5613:(1): 95–107. 5612: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5259:(4): 826–31. 5258: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5238:0-470-01617-5 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5207: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5157:(2): 239–43. 5156: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4934: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4859:(1): 176–91. 4858: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4807:Plant Disease 4801: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4769: 4760: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4592:(6): 467–75. 4591: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4553:(3): 255–61. 4552: 4548: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4488: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4392:: 2201–2212. 4391: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4296:(7): 945–53. 4295: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4239:(8): 2711–6. 4238: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4192:(9): 563–75. 4191: 4187: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3966:(1): 206–24. 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3891: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3785: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3537:(7): 2633–6. 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3362: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3260: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3209: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3111: 3110:P. aeruginosa 3107: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2914: 2905: 2903: 2894: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2814:(6): 618–25. 2813: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2755: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2689: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2568:(2): 310–47. 2567: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2470:(3): 449–61. 2469: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2452: 2443: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2420: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2338: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2286: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2254:(2): 95–108. 2253: 2249: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2144: 2140: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2116:Phage therapy 2114: 2111: 2110:Microbial mat 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2036: 2031: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1976: 1974: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1949: 1943: 1940: 1939:P. aeruginosa 1936: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1919:S. pneumoniae 1914: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1869: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1829: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1727:Food industry 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1657: 1655: 1654:Bacteriophage 1649: 1647: 1641: 1639: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1616:S. marcescens 1612: 1611:S. marcescens 1607: 1605: 1601: 1600:S. marcescens 1596: 1595:S. marcescens 1592: 1591:S. marcescens 1588: 1584: 1582: 1581:S. marcescens 1578: 1577:S. marcescens 1573: 1572: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1432:S. pneumoniae 1428: 1427:S. pneumoniae 1423: 1422:S. pneumoniae 1418: 1416: 1412: 1411:S. pneumoniae 1408: 1407: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1380:P. aeruginosa 1376: 1375:United States 1372: 1371: 1370:P. aeruginosa 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1354:P. aeruginosa 1351: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1340:P. aeruginosa 1334: 1329: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1288: 1287:P. aeruginosa 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1259:dental plaque 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1233: 1232:, see below. 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1176: 1174: 1173:Cyanobacteria 1170: 1169: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1157:gram-negative 1154: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1119:gram-positive 1110: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1044:appears that 1042: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1020:includes the 1019: 1018: 1011: 1001: 999: 998:toothbrushing 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 974: 973:dental caries 969: 966: 962: 958: 954: 953: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 932:dental plaque 929: 922:Dental plaque 919: 917: 916:cyanobacteria 913: 912:Stromatolites 907:Stromatolites 904: 901: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 874: 864: 862: 858: 850:Mammalian gut 847: 843: 841: 837: 836: 831: 829: 825: 820: 810: 808: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 774: 769: 765: 756: 753: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 727: 723: 722:invertebrates 719: 715: 710: 708: 704: 700: 691: 687: 682: 675: 670: 661: 659: 654: 653: 647: 644: 640: 636: 632: 626: 624: 623:stromatolites 620: 616: 612: 603: 594: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 553: 548: 544: 541: 538:Furthermore, 536: 534: 529: 524: 522: 518: 517: 512: 511: 506: 504: 499: 495: 491: 478: 477:P. aeruginosa 474: 468: 463: 459: 457: 456:developmental 449: 445: 438: 433: 424: 422: 418: 413: 410: 406: 402: 397: 395: 390: 384: 380: 376: 373: 368: 364: 361: 359: 354: 350: 346: 342: 341:cell adhesion 338: 328: 314: 312: 307: 305: 301: 297: 292: 288: 286: 282: 278: 277:dental plaque 274: 270: 266: 262: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 224: 220: 217: 213: 203: 199: 195: 192: 191: 190: 188: 181: 173: 170: 166: 165:cyanobacteria 161: 155: 151: 150: 145: 135: 132: 124: 113: 110: 106: 103: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: – 81: 77: 76:Find sources: 70: 64: 63: 59: 54:This article 52: 48: 43: 42: 39: 35: 30: 19: 11407:Bacteriology 11356:Mendosicutes 11341:Gracilicutes 11321: 11284: 11221:Mycolic acid 11211:Mycobacteria 11209: 11181: 11160: 11096:Coccobacilli 10996:in pregnancy 10962:Extremophile 10946:Aerotolerant 10880:Biochemistry 10842:microbiology 10828:Microbiology 10736:Microswimmer 10630:in pregnancy 10580:Nylon-eating 10463:Spermosphere 10425: 10334: 10224:Microbiology 10055: 10036: 10017: 9962: 9958: 9948: 9911: 9907: 9897: 9862: 9858: 9796: 9792: 9786: 9751: 9747: 9737: 9700: 9696: 9636: 9632: 9626: 9593: 9589: 9579: 9538: 9534: 9524: 9481: 9477: 9467: 9448: 9442: 9407: 9404:J. Bacteriol 9403: 9393: 9356: 9352: 9342: 9326:(1): 87–96. 9323: 9319: 9309: 9274: 9270: 9260: 9235: 9231: 9225: 9184: 9180: 9174: 9141: 9137: 9131: 9106: 9102: 9096: 9063: 9059: 9053: 9010: 9006: 8996: 8955: 8951: 8945: 8910: 8906: 8900: 8863: 8859: 8849: 8824: 8820: 8814: 8797: 8793: 8787: 8762: 8758: 8720:10397/100037 8702: 8698: 8692: 8667: 8663: 8641: 8616: 8613:Food Control 8612: 8538: 8534: 8528: 8487: 8483: 8477: 8444: 8440: 8434: 8389: 8385: 8375: 8342: 8338: 8332: 8308: 8297: 8262: 8258: 8208: 8204: 8194: 8157: 8153: 8143: 8106: 8102: 8092: 8068:(1): 211–6. 8065: 8061: 8051: 8016: 8012: 7968: 7962: 7940:(6): 280–5. 7937: 7933: 7927: 7890: 7886: 7876: 7841: 7837: 7827: 7792: 7788: 7782: 7774: 7739: 7735: 7725: 7688: 7684: 7674: 7639: 7635: 7625: 7590: 7586: 7576: 7549: 7545: 7535: 7500: 7496: 7486: 7449: 7445: 7435: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7363: 7359: 7349: 7306: 7302: 7292: 7257: 7253: 7243: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7157: 7153: 7143: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7083: 7079: 7073: 7054: 7019: 7015: 7005: 6970: 6966: 6956: 6921: 6917: 6907: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6788: 6784: 6778: 6766:. Retrieved 6752: 6740:. Retrieved 6731: 6681: 6677: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6594: 6590: 6580: 6535: 6531: 6521: 6486: 6482: 6472: 6453: 6447: 6435:. Retrieved 6421: 6378: 6374: 6336: 6332: 6282: 6279:Microb. Ecol 6278: 6244: 6240: 6186: 6182: 6172: 6160:. Retrieved 6117:(2): 172–9. 6114: 6110: 6097: 6054: 6050: 6040: 6005: 6001: 5991: 5954: 5950: 5940: 5897: 5893: 5845: 5835: 5800: 5797:J. Bacteriol 5796: 5764: 5758: 5750: 5700:(4): 540–5. 5697: 5693: 5683: 5659:(1): 49–63. 5656: 5652: 5642: 5630:. Retrieved 5623:the original 5610: 5606: 5553: 5549: 5539: 5526:. Retrieved 5513: 5509: 5499: 5465:(2): 111–4. 5462: 5458: 5448: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5379:. Retrieved 5357:(1): 23–37. 5354: 5350: 5340: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5220: 5214: 5187: 5181: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5006:(4): 443–8. 5003: 4999: 4949: 4945: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4856: 4852: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4789:the original 4784: 4780: 4768: 4759: 4747:. 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Retrieved 2397: 2388: 2353: 2349: 2301: 2297: 2251: 2247: 2197: 2193: 2159: 2153: 2143: 2128:Stromatolite 1982: 1972: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1944: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1908: 1903:Conjugative 1902: 1885: 1871:uptake), or 1866: 1850: 1843: 1831: 1801: 1771:rhamnolipids 1767: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1730: 1681: 1661: 1658: 1650: 1642: 1634: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1548: 1540: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1513: 1493: 1486: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1453: 1444: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1378: 1368: 1366: 1353: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1313: 1307: 1303:goblet cells 1292: 1286: 1283:heart valves 1271:endocarditis 1253:infections, 1239: 1227: 1214: 1204: 1197: 1191: 1185: 1179: 1177: 1166: 1160: 1150: 1144: 1143:, including 1134: 1128: 1122: 1116: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1086:. Moreover, 1083: 1077: 1070: 1061: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1015: 1013: 982:carbohydrate 970: 956: 950: 948: 925: 910: 897: 894:Ship fouling 870: 853: 844: 839: 835:Azospirillum 833: 822: 816: 778:Schmutzdecke 777: 773:Schmutzdecke 771: 762: 750: 733:root nodules 711: 695: 650: 648: 627: 608: 563: 551: 539: 537: 532: 527: 525: 521:Nitric oxide 514: 508: 502: 487: 476: 466: 453: 436: 414: 398: 387: 360:calidifontis 356: 334: 325: 308: 289: 258: 211: 209: 201: 186: 185: 147: 127: 118: 108: 101: 94: 87: 75: 55: 38: 29: 11244:Slime layer 10924:Facultative 10912:Facultative 10768:Siderophore 10529:Phycosphere 10385:viral shunt 9908:BMC Biology 9754:(1): 1879. 9353:PLOS Pathog 9232:Aquaculture 9103:Aquaculture 8913:: 215–252. 8827:(1): 60–6. 8564:10397/88307 8211:: 1327069. 8019:(1): 1–18. 7789:MedChemComm 6791:(1): 23–9. 6768:22 December 6742:24 November 6642:: 677–701. 6162:21 December 5516:(1): 9–13. 5381:19 December 4749:13 December 4500:BMC Biology 3864:10356/84100 1973:H. volcanii 1927:V. cholerae 1873:conjugation 1857:phycosphere 1811:aquaculture 1787:Aquaculture 1721:bioleaching 1672:In industry 1631:In medicine 1545:macrophages 1392:lactoferrin 965:metabolites 940:gum disease 936:tooth decay 884:bioclogging 840:Pseudomonas 828:Pseudomonas 813:Rhizosphere 718:food chains 703:hot springs 699:non-sterile 635:antibiotics 494:dispersin B 427:Development 372:hydrophobic 358:Pyrobaculum 296:antibiotics 285:gum disease 281:tooth decay 202:biopolymers 11401:Categories 11351:Mollicutes 11346:Firmicutes 11336:Prokaryota 11254:Glycocalyx 11079:plasticity 11042:Lipophilic 10895:preference 10870:Resistance 10668:Techniques 10499:Microalgae 10407:microbiota 10402:Microbiome 10190:Prokaryote 9982:1822/45004 9703:: 757327. 9478:Biofouling 9187:: 128572. 8866:(7): 420. 8705:: 103914. 8541:: 127079. 8160:: e47612. 6437:12 October 6247:: 401–22. 5029:1874/30010 4781:Tech Brief 3843:Nat Protoc 3773:20 January 2190:"Biofilms" 2136:References 1846:mycorrhiza 1839:microalgae 1826:See also: 1822:Eukaryotic 1815:biofouling 1763:Salmonella 1759:Salmonella 1755:Salmonella 1751:Salmonella 1746:Salmonella 1676:See also: 1666:DC current 1604:biofouling 1439:cecropin A 1390:, such as 1320:antibiotic 1279:prostheses 1265:, coating 1263:gingivitis 1230:eukaryotes 1219:microalgae 1211:eukaryotic 1107:C. elegans 1098:C. elegans 1094:C. elegans 1084:C. elegans 1056:See also: 1008:See also: 978:acidogenic 900:biofouling 631:detergents 619:fossilized 566:substrates 560:Properties 492:, such as 269:planktonic 261:microbiome 216:syntrophic 182:definition 121:April 2021 91:newspapers 58:references 11304:evolution 11278:Composite 11177:Endospore 11135:Cell wall 11111:Structure 11002:Placental 10941:Nanaerobe 10919:Anaerobic 10850:Infection 10741:biohybrid 10595:dysbiosis 10412:holobiont 10310:amoeboids 10293:twitching 9914:(1): 65. 9821:201969291 9535:J. Phycol 9217:247136872 8765:: 41–55. 8737:244234814 8633:0956-7135 8581:224972583 8573:1385-8947 8520:252892619 8512:2328-8930 8345:: 71–76. 8265:: 15016. 8103:Pathogens 7987:682907381 6813:205669081 6758:"biofilm" 6375:J. Phycol 5522:2069-3850 5089:0038-0717 4976:0929-1873 4827:0191-2917 4813:(1): 42. 4616:206168952 4147:: 16024. 3336:: 49–79. 2866:10 August 1923:S. mutans 1804:shellfish 1775:alkaloids 1694:), while 1549:S. aureus 1541:S. aureus 1537:pneumonia 1384:infection 1295:sinusitis 1139:spp, and 1046:S. mutans 1041:S. mutans 1034:S. mutans 1030:S. mutans 1026:S. mutans 1017:S. mutans 988:and then 880:corrosion 784:, fungi, 770:layer or 615:nutrients 590:metabolic 484:Dispersal 379:lava tube 304:regulated 238:polymeric 221:in which 187:Aggregate 163:Probable 80:"Biofilm" 11376:Category 11299:Taxonomy 11232:envelope 11122:envelope 11012:Salivary 10929:Obligate 10907:Obligate 10855:Exotoxin 10832:Bacteria 10786:Category 10705:Staining 10637:placenta 10267:Virology 10262:Mycology 10200:Protozoa 10170:Bacteria 10099:Archived 9991:27868469 9940:25124934 9889:32109282 9813:19851979 9778:37019921 9769:10076315 9729:35058893 9653:16138099 9618:23757240 9563:26986529 9516:25268215 9434:11514524 9385:22496639 9209:35278965 9166:19446976 9088:83791439 9045:23851087 8980:17497196 8937:15596168 8892:31323790 8841:19157797 8779:25846914 8729:34809940 8469:17677624 8461:23720034 8426:23700414 8386:PLOS ONE 8367:24434696 8289:28721233 8237:38188636 8228:10770264 8186:31516122 8135:25438022 8084:20055746 8043:18366134 7954:21497662 7934:Anaerobe 7919:33193228 7868:15866935 7819:31534648 7766:21525381 7717:25880560 7666:21849291 7617:24336940 7568:25109731 7527:10852895 7478:25071733 7427:26386492 7392:32051417 7366:(1): 6. 7341:22706053 7284:16925554 7227:12037568 7184:19903300 7135:11859186 7100:25477303 7086:: 7–23. 7046:22851659 6997:17177377 6948:24785016 6940:16826045 6899:25830188 6891:15805862 6856:42078581 6848:25774966 6805:18211576 6762:Archived 6736:Archived 6710:33842718 6656:14527295 6621:11257008 6572:28369127 6532:PLOS ONE 6513:17999966 6431:Archived 6405:27009999 6315:20431229 6307:16897306 6261:17506679 6223:25837843 6153:Archived 6149:22024410 6141:21109420 6089:35034106 6032:32958848 5983:21253572 5930:Archived 5922:18295550 5876:18792689 5827:11208787 5734:13701660 5675:14938354 5619:15580782 5580:19959528 5491:21976832 5440:18344353 5375:Archived 5332:30602371 5306:(1): 1. 5281:17936308 5173:18944381 5132:13518392 5124:20635120 5046:25880745 5038:18585955 4924:18845426 4883:22029651 4725:17610515 4665:11698361 4608:23848166 4567:12849777 4532:25124934 4478:18924090 4418:34163185 4367:46125592 4359:11463434 4320:18381896 4271:16349345 4206:27510863 4171:28721253 4114:16430696 4073:10852895 4024:26319792 3982:19067751 3941:37270584 3932:10356768 3881:20235088 3873:26158442 3827:25042103 3803:: 4462. 3767:Archived 3749:21261931 3700:17050922 3651:19074399 3602:16339929 3561:15215120 3512:18039822 3455:12896987 3406:18001153 3352:11018124 3311:28369412 3267:Archived 3253:33672375 3199:17496081 3148:31130925 3089:35034106 3032:12194761 2975:Archived 2959:35727984 2860:Archived 2838:24880220 2830:20438621 2789:11397632 2739:49315067 2731:29920261 2679:17573234 2635:16121184 2592:19487730 2543:25140899 2494:43897816 2402:Archived 2380:10781532 2328:26819559 2268:15040259 2224:20519345 2027:See also 1995:Archived 1905:plasmids 1899:Examples 1797:Dead Sea 1700:rotifers 1696:protozoa 1251:catheter 1124:Bacillus 1063:Predator 961:polymers 824:Bacillus 807:adsorbed 790:rotifera 786:protozoa 782:bacteria 768:hypogeal 735:, exist 729:rhizobia 714:stagnant 707:glaciers 664:Habitats 578:protozoa 375:bacteria 311:hydrogel 291:Microbes 246:proteins 169:Urgonian 154:catheter 18:Biofilms 11386:Commons 11285:Biofilm 11264:Fimbria 11249:S-layer 11230:Outside 11091:Bacilli 11007:Uterine 10992:Vaginal 10902:Aerobic 10885:ecology 10840:Medical 10335:Biofilm 10327:Ecology 10298:gliding 10195:Protist 10165:Archaea 9999:3991858 9931:4180959 9880:7189800 9720:8764401 9661:1231127 9598:Bibcode 9571:1446573 9543:Bibcode 9507:4706044 9486:Bibcode 9376:3320593 9301:1917879 9240:Bibcode 9189:Bibcode 9146:Bibcode 9111:Bibcode 9068:Bibcode 9036:3754160 9015:Bibcode 8988:7614961 8960:Bibcode 8883:6669452 8684:9706794 8543:Bibcode 8492:Bibcode 8417:3659106 8394:Bibcode 8347:Bibcode 8280:5515217 8177:6814407 8126:4243439 8034:2706312 7910:7662412 7859:1111991 7810:6748282 7757:3110737 7708:4399879 7657:3156927 7608:3957706 7559:4165009 7469:4076661 7452:: 317. 7383:7016129 7332:3406168 7311:Bibcode 7275:1618759 7235:4423528 7207:Bibcode 7175:2810192 7115:Science 7037:3419523 6988:2531239 6701:8026210 6563:5378350 6540:Bibcode 6504:2223913 6413:9226690 6383:Bibcode 6341:Bibcode 6339:: 2–5. 6287:Bibcode 6214:4500136 6191:Bibcode 6080:9038794 6059:Bibcode 6023:7852553 5974:3017118 5902:Bibcode 5702:Bibcode 5632:3 April 5572:8519478 5482:3183659 5431:2394879 5410:Bibcode 5359:Bibcode 5323:6317250 5261:Bibcode 5069:Bibcode 5008:Bibcode 4954:Bibcode 4861:Bibcode 4523:4180959 4469:3910516 4409:8214009 4311:2279205 4241:Bibcode 4214:4384131 4162:5515270 4122:3041295 3911:Bibcode 3805:Bibcode 3740:3815757 3691:1636254 3642:2648214 3503:2223269 3482:Bibcode 3397:2071939 3244:7926562 3190:1951888 3139:6509751 3122:: 913. 3080:9038794 3059:Bibcode 3023:2732559 2950:9245690 2927:Bibcode 2709:Bibcode 2643:4404961 2615:Bibcode 2583:2698413 2535:9791175 2486:9632250 2408:25 July 2319:4718087 2276:9107205 2215:2890205 2050:Amyloid 1935:E. coli 1853:diatoms 1741:produce 1494:E. coli 1488:E. coli 1475:E. coli 1445:E. coli 1223:diatoms 1207:archaea 802:annelid 794:bryozoa 574:archaea 554: 469: 439: 212:biofilm 105:scholar 11331:Monera 11101:Spiral 10893:Oxygen 10642:uterus 10625:vagina 10590:asthma 10472:Marine 10436:Plants 10276:Motion 10157:Groups 10062: 10043: 10024: 9997: 9989: 9938: 9928: 9887: 9877: 9819: 9811: 9776: 9766: 9727: 9717: 9659: 9651: 9616: 9569: 9561: 9514: 9504: 9455: 9432: 9422: 9383: 9373: 9299: 9292:208993 9289: 9215: 9207: 9164: 9086: 9043: 9033: 8986: 8978: 8935: 8925: 8890: 8880: 8860:Toxins 8839: 8777: 8735: 8727: 8682: 8631: 8579: 8571: 8518: 8510: 8467: 8459: 8424: 8414: 8365: 8320: 8287: 8277: 8235: 8225: 8184: 8174: 8133: 8123: 8082: 8041: 8031: 7985: 7975: 7952: 7917: 7907: 7866: 7856: 7817: 7807: 7764: 7754: 7715: 7705: 7664: 7654: 7615: 7605: 7566: 7556: 7525: 7518:101973 7515: 7476: 7466: 7425: 7390: 7380: 7339: 7329: 7282: 7272: 7233: 7225: 7199:Nature 7182: 7172: 7133: 7098: 7044: 7034: 6995: 6985: 6946: 6938: 6897: 6889: 6854: 6846: 6811: 6803: 6708: 6698: 6654: 6619: 6609: 6570: 6560: 6511: 6501: 6460: 6411: 6403: 6313: 6305: 6259: 6221: 6211: 6147: 6139: 6087: 6077: 6030: 6020: 5981: 5971: 5920: 5874: 5864: 5850:178–88 5825: 5815: 5771: 5732: 5725:221484 5722: 5673: 5617: 5578: 5570: 5528:3 June 5520: 5489: 5479: 5438: 5428: 5330: 5320: 5279: 5235: 5202: 5171: 5130: 5122: 5087: 5044: 5036: 4974: 4922: 4881: 4825: 4723: 4663: 4653: 4614: 4606: 4565: 4530: 4520: 4506:: 65. 4476: 4466: 4416: 4406: 4365: 4357: 4339:Lancet 4318: 4308: 4269: 4262:201713 4259: 4212: 4204: 4169: 4159: 4120: 4112: 4071: 4064:101973 4061: 4022: 3980: 3939: 3929: 3879: 3871: 3825: 3747: 3737: 3698: 3688: 3649: 3639: 3600: 3559: 3552:434209 3549: 3510: 3500: 3453: 3446:166467 3443: 3404: 3394: 3350: 3309: 3251: 3241: 3197: 3187: 3146: 3136: 3087: 3077: 3030: 3020: 2957: 2947: 2889: 2836: 2828: 2787: 2737: 2729: 2677: 2641: 2633: 2607:Nature 2590: 2580: 2541: 2533: 2492: 2484: 2438: 2378: 2371:101960 2368: 2326: 2316: 2274: 2266: 2222: 2212: 1620:indole 1155:) and 1121:(e.g. 990:dentin 986:enamel 873:sewage 798:snails 690:Oregon 250:lipids 107: 100: 93: 86: 78: 11259:Pilus 11213:only: 11193:Porin 11185:only: 11164:only: 11086:Cocci 11062:Shape 10982:Mouth 10955:Other 10758:Omics 10714:Other 10615:mouth 10600:fecal 10205:Virus 10180:Fungi 9995:S2CID 9865:(5). 9817:S2CID 9657:S2CID 9567:S2CID 9425:95423 9213:S2CID 9084:S2CID 8984:S2CID 8733:S2CID 8577:S2CID 8516:S2CID 8465:S2CID 8154:eLife 7231:S2CID 6944:S2CID 6895:S2CID 6852:S2CID 6809:S2CID 6612:90417 6409:S2CID 6311:S2CID 6156:(PDF) 6145:S2CID 6107:(PDF) 5818:94956 5626:(PDF) 5603:(PDF) 5576:S2CID 5128:S2CID 5042:S2CID 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