Bioluminescence - Knowledge

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that only they can see. The fish may also use this light to communicate with each other to find potential mates. The ability of the fish to see this light is explained by the presence of specialized rhodopsin pigment. The mechanism of light creation is through a suborbital photophore that utilizes gland cells which produce exergonic chemical reactions that produce light with a longer, red wavelength. The dragonfish species which produce the red light also produce blue light in photophore on the dorsal area. The main function of this is to alert the fish to the presence of its prey. The additional pigment is thought to be assimilated from

1167:. They shine when they detect a predator, possibly making the predator itself more vulnerable by attracting the attention of predators from higher trophic levels. Grazing copepods release any phytoplankton cells that flash, unharmed; if they were eaten they would make the copepods glow, attracting predators, so the phytoplankton's bioluminescence is defensive. The problem of shining stomach contents is solved (and the explanation corroborated) in predatory deep-sea fishes: their stomachs have a black lining able to keep the light from any bioluminescent fish prey which they have swallowed from attracting larger predators. 6729: 521: 48: 1249: 980: 1468: 6755: 6743: 927:

less common. It has been attributed to the blockage of emitted light by a number of sources such as the sea floor, and inorganic and organic structures. Visual signals and communication that is prevalent in the pelagic zone such as counter-illumination may not be functional or relevant in the benthic realm. Bioluminescence in bathyal benthic species still remains poorly studied due to difficulties of the collection of species at these depths.

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pelagic water column. The dispersal of bioluminescence across different depths in the pelagic zone has been attributed to the selection pressures imposed by predation and the lack of places to hide in the open sea. In depths where sunlight never penetrates, often below 200m, the significance of bioluminescent is evident in the retainment of functional eyes for organisms to detect bioluminescence.

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on it to produce light, were interchangeable between species, showing that all bioluminescent organisms had a common ancestor. However, he found this hypothesis to be false, with different organisms having major differences in the composition of their light-producing proteins. He spent the next 30 years purifying and studying the components, but it fell to the young Japanese chemist

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settlers; offensive functions of lure, stun or confuse prey, illuminate prey, and mate attraction/recognition. It is much easier for researchers to detect that a species is able to produce light than to analyze the chemical mechanisms or to prove what function the light serves. In some cases the function is unknown, as with species in three families of earthworm (

295:, described catching the animals responsible for luminescence. He mentions pellucids, crustaceans (to which he ascribes the milky whiteness of the water), and cancers (shrimps and crabs). Under the microscope he described the "luminous property" to be in the brain, resembling "a most brilliant amethyst about the size of a large pin's head". 469:

development of increased eye sensitivity and enhanced visual signals. If selection were to favor a mutation in the oxygenase enzyme required for the breakdown of pigment molecules (molecules often associated with spots used to attract a mate or distract a predator) it could have eventually resulted in external luminescence in tissues.

485:). The functional shift from antioxidation to bioluminescence probably occurred when the strength of selection for antioxidation defense decreased as early species moved further down the water column. At greater depths exposure to ROS is significantly lower, as is the endogenous production of ROS through metabolism. 315:"a disturbed electrical condition of the atmosphere" was probably responsible. Daniel Pauly comments that Darwin "was lucky with most of his guesses, but not here", noting that biochemistry was too little known, and that the complex evolution of the marine animals involved "would have been too much for comfort". 1018:, in which the animal matches the overhead environmental light as seen from below. In these animals, photoreceptors control the illumination to match the brightness of the background. These light organs are usually separate from the tissue containing the bioluminescent bacteria. However, in one species, 5281:

Negrebetsky, Vadim V.; Dolgushin, Sergey A.; Shalaev, Pavel V.; Shlykov, Dmitry; Melnik, Olesya A.; Shipunova, Victoria O.; Deyev, Sergey M.; Bubyrev, Andrey I.; Pushin, Alexander S.; Choob, Vladimir V.; Dolgov, Sergey V.; Kondrashov, Fyodor A.; Yampolsky, Ilia V.; Sarkisyan, Karen S. (27 April 2020).

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emit a red glow. This adaptation allows the fish to see red-pigmented prey, which are normally invisible to other organisms in the deep ocean environment where red light has been filtered out by the water column. These fish are able to utilize the longer wavelength to act as a spotlight for its prey

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Bioluminescence is abundant in the pelagic zone, with the most concentration at depths devoid of light and surface waters at night. These organisms participate in diurnal vertical migration from the dark depths to the surface at night, dispersing the population of bioluminescent organisms across the

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period. About 1,500 fish species are known to be bioluminescent; the capability evolved independently at least 27 times. Of these, 17 involved the taking up of bioluminous bacteria from the surrounding water while in the others, the intrinsic light evolved through chemical synthesis. These fish have

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The defense mechanisms for bioluminescent organisms can come in multiple forms; startling prey, counter-illumination, smoke screen or misdirection, distractive body parts, burglar alarm, sacrificial tag or warning coloration. The shrimp family Oplophoridae Dana use their bioluminescence as a way of

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uses emits bioluminescence from its sucker like structures. These structures are believed to have evolved from what are more commonly known as octopus suckers. They do not have the same function as the normal suckers because they no longer have any handling or grappling ability due its evolution of

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Seliger's theory identifies luciferase enzymes as the catalyst for the evolution of bioluminescent systems. It suggests that the original purpose of luciferases was as mixed-function oxygenases. As the early ancestors of many species moved into deeper and darker waters natural selection favored the

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from the mollusc preserved in sugar. Harvey had become interested in bioluminescence as a result of visiting the South Pacific and Japan and observing phosphorescent organisms there. He studied the phenomenon for many years. His research aimed to demonstrate that luciferin, and the enzymes that act

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Darwin also observed a luminous "jelly-fish of the genus Dianaea", noting that: "When the waves scintillate with bright green sparks, I believe it is generally owing to minute crustacea. But there can be no doubt that very many other pelagic animals, when alive, are phosphorescent." He guessed that

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showed that oxygen was involved in the process, in both wood and glowworms. It was not until the late nineteenth century that bioluminescence was properly investigated. The phenomenon is widely distributed among animal groups, especially in marine environments. On land it occurs in fungi, bacteria

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et al. (2010) list as more or less definite functions in marine organisms the following: defensive functions of startle, counterillumination (camouflage), misdirection (smoke screen), distractive body parts, burglar alarm (making predators easier for higher predators to see), and warning to deter

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at mesopelagic depths has remained widely unknown. Benthic habitats at depths beyond the mesopelagic are also poorly understood due to the same constraints. Unlike the pelagic zone where the emission of light is undisturbed in the open sea, the occurrence of bioluminescence in the benthic zone is

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team from Cambridge (England) has started to address the problem that luciferin is consumed in the light-producing reaction by developing a genetic biotechnology part that codes for a luciferin regenerating enzyme from the North American firefly. In 2016, Glowee, a French company started selling

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is a small crustacean living in sediment. At rest it emits a dull glow but when disturbed it darts away leaving a cloud of shimmering blue light to confuse the predator. During World War II it was gathered and dried for use by the Japanese army as a source of light during clandestine operations.

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While sailing in these latitudes on one very dark night, the sea presented a wonderful and most beautiful spectacle. There was a fresh breeze, and every part of the surface, which during the day is seen as foam, now glowed with a pale light. The vessel drove before her bows two billows of liquid

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Mitiouchkina, Tatiana; Mishin, Alexander S.; Somermeyer, Louisa Gonzalez; Markina, Nadezhda M.; Chepurnyh, Tatiana V.; Guglya, Elena B.; Karataeva, Tatiana A.; Palkina, Kseniia A.; Shakhova, Ekaterina S.; Fakhranurova, Liliia I.; Chekova, Sofia V.; Tsarkova, Aleksandra S.; Golubev, Yaroslav V.;

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has a pair of luminescent organs on either side of the inlet siphon. When stimulated by light, these turn on and off, causing rhythmic flashing. No neural pathway runs between the zooids, but each responds to the light produced by other individuals, and even to light from other nearby colonies.

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Organisms often produce bioluminescence themselves, rarely do they generate it from outside phenomena. However, there are occasions where bioluminescence is produced by bacterial symbionts that have a symbiotic relationship with the host organism. Although many luminous bacteria in the marine

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In 1932 E. N. Harvey was among the first to propose how bioluminescence could have evolved. In this early paper, he suggested that proto-bioluminescence could have arisen from respiratory chain proteins that hold fluorescent groups. This hypothesis has since been disproven, but it did lead to

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to other individuals of the same species, such as to attract mates. In the laboratory, luciferase-based systems are used in genetic engineering and biomedical research. Researchers are also investigating the possibility of using bioluminescent systems for street and decorative lighting, and a

1619:. Engineered bioluminescence could perhaps one day be used to reduce the need for street lighting, or for decorative purposes if it becomes possible to produce light that is both bright enough and can be sustained for long periods at a workable price. The gene that makes the tails of 794: 793: 795: 488:

While popular at first, Seliger's theory has been challenged, particularly on the biochemical and genetic evidence that Rees examines. What remains clear, however, is that bioluminescence has evolved independently at least 40 times. Bioluminescence in fish began at least by the

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creates a brief flash quite unlike the prolonged glow produced by luciferase. In a second, much slower step, luciferin is regenerated from the oxidized (oxyluciferin) form, allowing it to recombine with aequorin, in preparation for a subsequent flash. Photoproteins are thus

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Thuesen, Davis et al. showed in 2016 that bioluminescence has evolved independently 27 times within 14 fish clades across ray-finned fishes. The oldest of these appears to be Stomiiformes and Myctophidae. In sharks, bioluminescence has evolved only once. Genomic analysis of

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exhibit luminosity. Luminescent dinoflagellate ecosystems are present in warm water lagoons and bays with narrow openings to the ocean. A different effect is the thousands of square miles of the ocean which shine with the light produced by bioluminescent bacteria, known as

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All bioluminescent organisms have in common that the reaction of a "luciferin" and oxygen is catalyzed by a luciferase to produce light. McElroy and Seliger proposed in 1962 that the bioluminescent reaction evolved to detoxify oxygen, in parallel with photosynthesis.

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phosphorus, and in her wake she was followed by a milky train. As far as the eye reached, the crest of every wave was bright, and the sky above the horizon, from the reflected glare of these livid flames, was not so utterly obscure, as over the rest of the heavens.

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were believed to be the first known example of defensive mimicry, emitting light in imitation of bioluminescent, poisonous click beetles. However, doubt has been cast on this assertion, and there is no conclusive evidence that the cockroaches are bioluminescent.

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plays a role in the regulation of luminescence in many species of bacteria. Small extracellularly secreted molecules stimulate the bacteria to turn on genes for light production when cell density, measured by concentration of the secreted molecules, is high.

1186:) have paired photic organs on each body segment, able to glow with green light; these are thought to have a defensive purpose. They also have organs on the head which produce red light; they are the only terrestrial organisms to emit light of this color. 792: 1108: 1928:

Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and remarks.

914:, or the luminous bacterium is evolving with their host. Coevolutionary interactions are suggested as host organisms' anatomical adaptations have become specific to only certain luminous bacteria, to suffice ecological dependence of bioluminescence. 1066:

emit an orange light from the abdomen when flying and a green light from the thorax when they are disturbed or moving about on the ground. The former is probably a sexual attractant but the latter may be defensive. Larvae of the click beetle

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Rees et al. use evidence gathered from the marine luciferin coelenterazine to suggest that selection acting on luciferins may have arisen from pressures to protect oceanic organisms from potentially deleterious reactive oxygen species (e.g.

556:, the enzyme component. Because of the diversity of luciferin/luciferase combinations, there are very few commonalities in the chemical mechanism. From currently studied systems, the only unifying mechanism is the role of molecular 1300:

die, their luminosity may attract predators to the dead insect thus assisting in the dispersal of both bacteria and nematodes. A similar reason may account for the many species of fungi that emit light. Species in the genera

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is the only known bioluminescent terrestrial mollusk. Pulses of light are emitted from a gland near the front of the foot and may have a communicative function, although the adaptive significance is not fully understood.

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for use in coal mines, dried fish skins were used in Britain and Europe as a weak source of light. This experimental form of illumination avoided the necessity of using candles which risked sparking explosions of

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that contains bioluminescent bacteria able to produce a long-lasting glow which the fish can control. The glowing esca is dangled or waved about to lure small animals to within striking distance of the fish.

1062:. Two systems are involved according to species; in one, females emit light from their abdomens to attract males; in the other, flying males emit signals to which the sometimes sedentary females respond. 1124:, within the Oplophoridae family, uses its photophores to emit light, and can secrete a bioluminescent substance when in the presence of a predator. This secretory mechanism is common among prey fish. 452:

Harvey wrote a detailed historical account on all forms of luminescence in 1957. An updated book on bioluminescence covering also the twentieth and early twenty-first century was published recently.

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Ow, D. W.; Wood, K. V.; DeLuca, M.; de Wet, J. R.; Helinski, D. R.; Howell, S.H. (1986). "Transient and stable expression of the firefly luciferase gene in plant cells and transgenic plants".

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bioluminescent lights for shop fronts and street signs, for use between 1 and 7 in the morning when the law forbids use of electricity for this purpose. They used the bioluminescent bacterium

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become surprisingly diverse in the deep ocean and control their light with the help of their nervous system, using it not just to lure prey or hide from predators, but also for communication.

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However, the name 'phosphorus', as used in the 17th century, did not necessarily mean the modern element; any substance that glowed by itself could be given this name, meaning "light bearer".

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uses bioluminescence to camouflage its underside by counter-illumination, but a small patch near its pectoral fins remains dark, appearing as a small fish to large predatory fish like

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environment are free-living, a majority are found in symbiotic relationships that involve fish, squids, crustaceans etc. as hosts. Most luminous bacteria inhabit the sea, dominated by

791: 775:). Not all these organisms synthesise coelenterazine: some of them obtain it through their diet. Conversely, luciferase enzymes vary widely and tend to be different in each species. 1197:

is a widely used function of bioluminescence, providing a warning that the creature concerned is unpalatable. It is suggested that many firefly larvae glow to repel predators; some

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ATP bioluminescence is the process in which ATP is used to generate luminescence in an organism, in conjunction with other compounds such as luciferin. It proves to be a very good

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experimented on these light sources, and showed that both they and the glowworm require air for light to be produced. Harvey notes that in 1753, J. Baker identified the flagellate

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have been found to be capable of producing light. More than 700 animal genera have been recorded with light-producing species. Most marine light-emission is in the blue and green

3852:"Phylogenetic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the evolution of bioluminescence and light detection in marine deep-sea shrimps of the family Oplophoridae (Crustacea: Decapoda)" 6684: 1654:, but the maximum lifetime of their product was three days. In April 2020, plants were genetically engineered to glow more brightly using genes from the bioluminescent mushroom 184:, though in some of these, the animals obtain it through their diet. Conversely, luciferases vary widely between different species. Bioluminescence has arisen over 40 times in 910:

In the symbiotic relationship, bacterium benefit from having a source of nourishment and a refuge to grow. Hosts obtain these bacterial symbionts either from the environment,

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Arroyo, Máira Gazzola; Ferreira, Adriano Menis; Frota, Oleci Pereira; Rigotti, Marcelo Alessandro; de Andrade, Denise; Brizzotti, Natalia Seron; et al. (30 June 2017).

839:. In marine coastal habitats, about 2.5% of organisms are estimated to be bioluminescent, whereas in pelagic habitats in the eastern Pacific, about 76% of the main taxa of 648: 358:, having been detected in this way. The navy was interested in predicting when such detection would be possible, and hence guiding their own submarines to avoid detection. 2907:

Shimomura, O.; Johnson, F. H.; Saiga, Y. (1962). "Extraction, purification and properties of aequorin, a bioluminescent protein from the luminous hydromedusan, Aequorea".

405:. He refuted the old idea that bioluminescence came from phosphorus, and demonstrated that the process was related to the oxidation of a specific compound, which he named 3774:

Stanger-Hall, K. F.; Lloyd, J.E.; Hillis, D.M. (2007). "Phylogeny of North American fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): implications for the evolution of light signals".

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Communication by light emission between the zooids enables coordination of colony effort, for example in swimming where each zooid provides part of the propulsive force.

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live in the surface layers of termite mounds in Brazil. They light up the mounds by emitting a bright greenish glow which attracts the flying insects on which they feed.

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uses flashes of light, probably to deter predators. The blue-green light is emitted through the translucent shell, which functions as an efficient diffuser of light.

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Kanie, Shusei; Miura, Daisuke; Jimi, Naoto; Hayashi, Taro; Nakamura, Koji; Sakata, Masahiko; Ogoh, Katsunori; Ohmiya, Yoshihiro; Mitani, Yasuo (27 September 2021).

1052:. The placement of the photophores are within the animals oral reach, which leads researchers to suggest that it uses it bioluminescence to capture and lure prey. 2524: 4671:"A GUS/Luciferase Fusion Reporter for Plant Gene Trapping and for Assay of Promoter Activity with Luciferin-Dependent Control of the Reporter Protein Stability" 6187: 868:

in the surface layers of the sea, which are responsible for the sparkling luminescence sometimes seen at night in disturbed water. At least 18 genera of these

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Di Rocco, Giuliana; Gentile, Antonietta; Antonini, Annalisa; Truffa, Silvia; Piaggio, Giulia; Capogrossi, Maurizio C.; Toietta, Gabriele (1 September 2012).

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considerable interest in the origins of the phenomenon. Today, the two prevailing hypotheses (both concerning marine bioluminescence) are those put forth by

4964:"The first engagement of partners in the Euprymna scolopes-Vibrio fischeri symbiosis is a two-step process initiated by a few environmental symbiont cells" 3353:

Baker, Lydia J.; Freed, Lindsay L.; Easson, Cole G; Lopez, Jose V; Fenolio, Danté; Sutton, Tracey T.; Nyholm, Spencer V.; Hendry, Tory A (1 October 2019).

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but further research is needed to fully establish the function of the luminescence. Such a mechanism would be of particular advantage to soft-bodied

1147:. A cloud of luminescent material is expelled, distracting or repelling a potential predator, while the animal escapes to safety. The deep sea squid 4854:"Antivascular effects of combretastatin A4 phosphate in breast cancer xenograft assessed using dynamic bioluminescence imaging and confirmed by MRI" 376:

when his navigation systems failed. Turning off his cabin lights, he saw the glowing wake of the ship, and was able to fly to it and land safely.

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Sparks, John S.; Schelly, Robert C.; Smith, W. Leo; Davis, Matthew P.; Tchernov, Dan; Pieribone, Vincent A.; Gruber, David F. (8 January 2014).

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Rees, J. F.; et al. (1998). "The origins of marine bioluminescence: Turning oxygen defence mechanisms into deep-sea communication tools".

5623: 700:, but with unusual reaction kinetics. Furthermore, some of the blue light released by aequorin in contact with calcium ions is absorbed by a 5618: 5233: 5039:"Firefly Light Helps Destroy Cancer Cells; Researchers Find That The Bioluminescence Effects of Fireflies May Kill Cancer Cells From Within" 5019: 1680:

in water. Different types of microbial populations are determined through different sets of ATP assays using other substrates and reagents.

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glow has been added to mustard plants. The plants glow faintly for an hour when touched, but a sensitive camera is needed to see the glow.

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Altura, M.A.; Heath-Heckman, E.A.; Gillette, A.; Kremer, N.; Krachler, A.M.; Brennan, C.; Ruby, E.G.; Orth, K.; McFall-Ngai, M.J. (2013).

4802:"Analysis of biodistribution and engraftment into the liver of genetically modified mesenchymal stromal cells derived from adipose tissue" 3091:"Violet bioluminescent Polycirrus sp. (Annelida: Terebelliformia) discovered in the shallow coastal waters of the Noto Peninsula in Japan" 7682: 6057: 2993:

Morise, H.; Shimomura, O.; Johnson, F.H.; Winant, J. (1974). "Intermolecular energy transfer in the bioluminescent system of Aequorea".

7752: 5802: 4753:"Real-Time in Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging for Evaluating the Efficacy of Antibiotics in a Rat Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis Model" 4255: 5649: 4344: 7324: 6032: 8360: 7289: 5060:

Monteiro, Jorge H.S.K.; Sobrinho, Josiane A.; de Bettancourt-Dias, Ana (2021). "Chapter 13. Luminescence Imaging of Cancer Cells".

996:. When seen from below by a predator, the bioluminescence helps to match the squid's brightness and color to the sea surface above. 141:, respectively. Because these are generic names, luciferins and luciferases are often distinguished by the species or group, e.g. 6207: 5992: 7762: 7490: 705: 1157:

portions of its arms which are luminous and continue to twitch and flash, thus distracting a predator while the animal flees.

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Hastings, J. W. (1983). "Biological diversity, chemical mechanisms, and the evolutionary origins of bioluminescent systems".

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Wong, Juliet M.; Pérez-Moreno, Jorge L.; Chan, Tin-Yam; Frank, Tamara M.; Bracken-Grissom, Heather D. (1 February 2015).

3034:"Quantification of bioluminescence from the surface to the deep sea demonstrates its predominance as an ecological trait" 1624: 4209: 7708: 7531: 7372: 6784: 5348:"Effectiveness of ATP bioluminescence assay for presumptive identification of microorganisms in hospital water sources" 2532: 1092:

may be used for long-distance communication, with bioluminescence used at close range to enable mates to "home in". A

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produces light when the animal moves. The following functions are reasonably well established in the named organisms.

7044: 6212: 5527: 354:, since submarines in some waters can create a bright enough wake to be detected; a German submarine was sunk in the 3554:

Young, R. E.; Roper, C. F. (1976). "Bioluminescent countershading in midwater animals: evidence from living squid".

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Dunlap, Paul V.; Ast, Jennifer C.; Kimura, Seishi; Fukui, Atsushi; Yoshino, Tetsuo; Endo, Hiromitsu (October 2007).

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Victor Benno Meyer-Rochow (2009) Bioluminescence in Focus – a collection of illuminating essays Research Signpost:

5177: 3355:"Diverse deep-sea anglerfishes share a genetically reduced luminous symbiont that is acquired from the environment" 1557:. For example, the firefly luciferase gene was used as early as 1986 for research using transgenic tobacco plants. 784: 7505: 7787: 7500: 7367: 7079: 5679: 5663: 5633: 4053:"Bioluminescent signals spatially amplified by wavelength-specific diffusion through the shell of a marine snail" 2724:

DeLeo, Danielle; Bessho-Uehara, Manabu; Haddock, Steven; McFadden, Catherine; Quattrini, Andrea (30 April 2024).

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In a general sense, the principal chemical reaction in bioluminescence involves a light-emitting molecule and an

3156:"The Covert World of Fish Biofluorescence: A Phylogenetically Widespread and Phenotypically Variable Phenomenon" 1201:

glow for the same purpose. Some marine organisms are believed to emit light for a similar reason. These include

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Marcellin, Frances (26 February 2016). "Glow-in-the-dark bacterial lights could illuminate shop windows 2016".

17: 1343:. This may attract night-flying insects and aid in spore dispersal, but other functions may also be involved. 8218: 7817: 7772: 7524: 6777: 4751:

Xiong, Yan Q.; Willard, Julie; Kadurugamuwa, Jagath L.; Yu, Jun; Francis, Kevin P.; Bayer, Arnold S. (2004).

4455:"Red bioluminescence in fishes: on the suborbital photophores of Malacosteus, Pachystomias and Aristostomias" 7304: 4232: 4024:

Gray 1850 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Basommatophora): the Only Light-producing Freshwater Snail in the World".

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where light energy is released by a chemical reaction. This reaction involves a light-emitting pigment, the

8370: 7650: 6694: 6679: 2280: 945: 828: 185: 5607: 3471:"Light and vision in the deep-sea benthos: I. Bioluminescence at 500-1000 m depth in the Bahamian Islands" 429:, but it was another ten years before he discovered the chemical's structure and published his 1957 paper 8007: 6898: 6689: 5695: 3720: 3666:"Bioluminescence in the Deep-Sea Cirrate Octopod Stauroteuthis syrtensis Verrill (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)" 1591:. The characteristics of each chromophore determine which cell area(s) will be targeted and illuminated. 5103: 1545:

Bioluminescent organisms are a target for many areas of research. Luciferase systems are widely used in

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creates a brief display, a few nights after the full moon, when the female lights up to attract males.

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Eed, Heba Ramadan; Abdel-Kader, Nora S.; El Tahan, Mahmoud Helmy; Dai, Tianhong; Amin, Rehab (2016).

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Widder, Edith A. (1999). Archer, S.; Djamgoz, M.B.; Loew, E.; Partridge, J.C.; Vallerga, S. (eds.).

1976: 1446:, to attract its males as prey. In this way they obtain both food and the defensive chemicals named 8345: 8243: 8238: 8208: 8012: 7475: 7357: 6758: 6551: 6546: 5842: 5533:

Lee, John (2016). "Bioluminescence, the Nature of the Light." The University of Georgia Libraries.

1891: 1887: 442: 7516: 7147: 3906: 1867: 613: 8087: 7950: 7860: 7728: 7610: 7580: 7437: 7402: 7122: 7089: 7064: 6459: 6270: 6164: 5892: 5882: 5237: 5038: 5023: 3414:"Phylogenetic analysis of host?symbiont specificity and codivergence in bioluminescent symbioses" 2635: 1781: 1632: 1554: 832: 581: 263: 157: 109: 4576:

Haddock, Steven H. D.; Dunn, Casey W.; Pugh, Philip R.; Schnitzler, Christine E. (8 July 2005).

8355: 8233: 8177: 8112: 7975: 7910: 7845: 7407: 7195: 6903: 6883: 6285: 6275: 5977: 5962: 4711: 4155: 2206: 1149: 1069: 573: 169: 5448:"Gaussia luciferase reporter assay for monitoring biological processes in culture and in vivo" 3934:"Bioluminescence and Biological Aspects of Brazilian Railroad-Worms (Coleoptera: Phengodidae)" 3821: 3605:

Tong, D.; Rozas, N. S.; Oakley, T. H.; Mitchell, J.; Colley, N. J.; McFall-Ngai, M.J. (2009).

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Johnsen, S.; Frank, T. M.; Haddock, S. H. D.; Widder, E. A.; Messing, C. G. (September 2012).

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Harvey, E.N. (1932). "The evolution of bioluminescence and its relation to cell respiration".

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use bioluminescent chemical mixtures or bacterial slurries in the same way as many squid use

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Bioluminescence is used in a variety of ways and for different purposes. The cirrate octopod

992: 462: 288: 278: 35: 4286:"Firefly "femmes fatales" acquire defensive steroids (lucibufagins) from their firefly prey" 4259: 8263: 8228: 8223: 8147: 8142: 8097: 7995: 7965: 7960: 7812: 7675: 7665: 7210: 7049: 6838: 6439: 6401: 5732: 4975: 4912: 4799: 4712:"A bidirectional fluorescent two-hybrid system for monitoring protein-protein interactions" 4521: 4509: 4466: 4406: 4297: 3976: 3863: 3783: 3732: 3618: 3563: 3274: 3167: 3102: 3045: 2951: 2857: 2806: 2688: 2647: 2600: 2469: 2411: 1896: 1562: 1171: 922:

Bioluminescence is widely studied amongst species located in the mesopelagic zone, but the

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In the marine environment, use of luminescence for mate attraction is chiefly known among

8: 8313: 8288: 8152: 8122: 8067: 7980: 7870: 7855: 7802: 7635: 7570: 7452: 7382: 7314: 6913: 6661: 6315: 6124: 6082: 5852: 5812: 3744: 2818: 2676: 2591: 2423: 1656: 1650: 1546: 1097: 1015: 1001: 984: 388: 216: 5597: 4979: 4916: 4525: 4470: 4410: 4301: 3980: 3867: 3787: 3736: 3665: 3622: 3567: 3316:

Miyamoto, C.; Skouris, N.; Hosseinkhani, S; Lin, L. Y.; Meighen, E. A. (November 2002).

3278: 3171: 3106: 3049: 2955: 2861: 2810: 2750: 2725: 2692: 2651: 2604: 2473: 2415: 8324: 8273: 8268: 8077: 8040: 7782: 7738: 7703: 7560: 7485: 7387: 7319: 7309: 7243: 7190: 7001: 6946: 6908: 6833: 6581: 6576: 6444: 6386: 6280: 6129: 6047: 5932: 5912: 5822: 5765: 5480: 5382: 5347: 5328: 5315: 5282: 5115: 5073: 4996: 4963: 4944: 4880: 4834: 4613: 4553: 4508:

Widder, Edith A.; Latz, Michael I.; Herring, Peter J.; Case, James F. (3 August 1984).

4490: 4430: 4137: 4121: 4077: 4052: 3997: 3964: 3693: 3641: 3606: 3587: 3451: 3389: 3354: 3298: 3190: 3155: 3131: 3090: 3066: 3033: 2975: 2889: 2830: 2500: 2457: 2435: 1996: 1422: 1402: 1373: 1340: 848: 600: 528: 347: 74: 5683: 4777: 4752: 4577: 4280: 3413: 2612: 1553:, each producing a different color by fluorescence, and for biomedical research using 588:(PP) as waste products. Other cofactors may be required, such as calcium (Ca) for the 8213: 8182: 7970: 7797: 7605: 7470: 7447: 7185: 6961: 6873: 6858: 6843: 6823: 6591: 6469: 6416: 6335: 6002: 5967: 5907: 5867: 5837: 5807: 5718: 5573: 5557: 5553: 5523: 5506: 5485: 5467: 5428: 5387: 5369: 5332: 5320: 5302: 5077: 5001: 4936: 4928: 4885: 4826: 4782: 4733: 4692: 4651: 4641: 4605: 4597: 4545: 4537: 4482: 4454: 4422: 4394: 4367: 4325: 4320: 4285: 4161: 4129: 4082: 4002: 3933: 3887: 3879: 3827: 3799: 3756: 3748: 3701: 3685: 3646: 3579: 3500: 3492: 3443: 3429: 3394: 3376: 3333: 3290: 3195: 3136: 3118: 3071: 3010: 2967: 2924: 2881: 2873: 2822: 2706: 2616: 2571: 2567: 2505: 2487: 2427: 2366: 2248: 2186: 2175: 2152: 2144: 2058: 2004: 1955: 1833: 1801: 1699: 1616: 1566: 1473: 1433:

swimming beneath it. When such fish approach the lure, they are bitten by the shark.

1336: 1020: 962: 940: 874: 840: 679: 545: 524: 338: 224: 142: 93: 4948: 4838: 4617: 4557: 4494: 4434: 4141: 3962: 3591: 3455: 3302: 2589:

McElroy, William D.; Seliger, Howard H. (December 1962). "Biological Luminescence".

1615:, the light producing organs in bioluminescent organisms, are being investigated by 384: 8365: 8167: 8030: 8022: 7940: 7822: 7807: 7743: 7723: 7640: 7630: 7625: 7590: 7422: 7362: 7233: 7034: 6976: 6888: 6848: 6699: 6391: 6295: 6247: 6159: 6052: 5750: 5570:

Luminous Creatures: The History and Science of Light Production in Living Organisms

5549: 5475: 5459: 5418: 5377: 5359: 5310: 5294: 5065: 4991: 4983: 4920: 4875: 4865: 4816: 4772: 4764: 4723: 4682: 4589: 4529: 4474: 4414: 4315: 4305: 4113: 4102:"Patterns of stimulated bioluminescence in two pyrosomes (Tunicata: Pyrosomatidae)" 4072: 4064: 4033: 3992: 3984: 3945: 3871: 3791: 3740: 3677: 3636: 3626: 3571: 3482: 3433: 3425: 3384: 3366: 3325: 3282: 3185: 3175: 3126: 3110: 3061: 3053: 3002: 2979: 2959: 2916: 2865: 2834: 2814: 2745: 2737: 2696: 2655: 2608: 2563: 2495: 2477: 2439: 2419: 2358: 2245:

Luminous Creatures: The History and Science of Light Production in Living Organisms

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Poisson, Jacques (April 2010). "Raphaël Dubois, from pharmacy to bioluminescence".

1988: 1628: 1347: 1236: 1222: 807:

Bioluminescence occurs widely among animals, especially in the open sea, including

536: 506:

indicates that their ancestor was bioluminescent as long as 540 million years ago.

414: 246: 57: 47: 4768: 4284:; Goetz, Michael A.; Hill, David E.; Smedley, Scott R.; Meinwald, Jarrold (1997). 3239: 2942:

Shimomura, O.; Johnson, F.H. (1975). "Regeneration of the photoprotein aequorin".

2893: 1800:. Vol. III (George and Robert Stephenson). London: John Murray. p. 107. 8303: 8162: 8132: 8127: 8050: 8035: 7915: 7895: 7777: 7645: 7551: 7442: 7352: 7294: 6878: 6804: 6669: 6636: 6497: 6449: 6325: 6300: 6109: 6062: 5987: 5817: 5515: 4924: 4533: 4101: 3963:

Marek, Paul; Papaj, Daniel; Yeager, Justin; Molina, Sergio; Moore, Wendy (2011).

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Seliger, H.H. (1993). "Bioluminescence: excited states under cover of darkness".

1710: 1132: 911: 772: 419: 401: 355: 322: 258: 196: 39: 5191: 5090: 4853: 3875: 3795: 3317: 1812:(ISBN refers to the David & Charles reprint of 1968 with an introduction by 8283: 8107: 8060: 7990: 7985: 7880: 7747: 7620: 7427: 7417: 7397: 7200: 7165: 7104: 6981: 6936: 6828: 6533: 6487: 6482: 6454: 6421: 6290: 6149: 6077: 6067: 5917: 5862: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5667: 4961: 4368:"Courtship, Mating, and Organisation of the Pronotum in the Glowspot Cockroach 4290:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3611:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3329: 3262: 3114: 3029: 2794: 2399: 1922: 1574: 1266: 1160: 1144: 952: 897: 865: 800: 716: 658: 561: 438: 434: 387:

carried out work on bioluminescence in the late nineteenth century. He studied

370: 333: 298: 177: 5364: 5298: 5069: 4801: 4478: 4418: 3988: 3286: 2992: 2660: 1753:"Lab Snapshots by Marek Ples; Microbiology - The biology on a different level" 968: 711:

Overall, bioluminescence has arisen over 40 times in evolutionary history. In

8339: 8308: 7284: 7258: 7215: 7205: 7160: 7127: 7019: 6853: 6808: 6747: 6641: 6606: 6507: 6502: 6477: 6007: 5972: 5947: 5797: 5760: 5660: 5471: 5432: 5373: 5306: 5218: 4932: 4821: 4655: 4601: 4541: 4486: 4281: 4037: 3883: 3752: 3689: 3496: 3447: 3380: 3294: 3122: 2877: 2710: 2620: 2491: 2247:. Montreal & Kingston, London, Chicago: McGill-Queen's University Press. 2148: 2140: 1813: 1793: 1550: 1492: 1459: 1390: 1365: 1248: 1179: 869: 585: 361:

Among the anecdotes of navigation by bioluminescence is one recounted by the

5116:

Dr. Chris Riley, "Glowing plants reveal touch sensitivity", BBC 17 May 2000.

4987: 4593: 4310: 3949: 3631: 3575: 3530: 2456:

Thuesen, Erik V.; Davis, Matthew P.; Sparks, John S.; Smith, W. Leo (2016).

979: 257:

mentions light produced by dead fish and flesh, and that both Aristotle and

8293: 8278: 7935: 7905: 7850: 7733: 7698: 7575: 7074: 6733: 6512: 6492: 6396: 6134: 6017: 5937: 5897: 5887: 5857: 5489: 5447: 5423: 5406: 5391: 5324: 5005: 4940: 4889: 4830: 4786: 4737: 4696: 4609: 4549: 4426: 4133: 4086: 4068: 4006: 3891: 3803: 3760: 3705: 3650: 3504: 3398: 3199: 3140: 3075: 2928: 2920: 2826: 2741: 2509: 2431: 2388:. Adaptive Mechanisms in the Ecology of Vision. Springer. pp. 555–581. 2362: 2156: 1661: 1587:

luminescence cell and animal imaging uses dyes and fluorescent proteins as

1540: 1498: 1210: 1063: 923: 764: 684: 589: 503: 326: 268: 205: 200: 101: 5561: 5463: 4635: 4329: 3719:

Haddock, Steven H.D.; Moline, Mark A.; Case, James F. (14 December 2009).

3664:

Johnsen, S.; Balser, E. J.; Fisher, E. C.; Widder, E. A. (1 August 1999).

3583: 3014: 2885: 2575: 2370: 2008: 1115:

has photophores along its body which it uses in defense against predators.

199:

mentioned that damp wood sometimes gives off a glow. Many centuries later

7585: 7132: 7094: 7069: 7059: 7024: 6971: 6951: 6646: 6621: 6616: 6586: 6369: 6345: 6310: 6119: 6022: 5942: 5902: 5755: 4870: 4687: 4670: 3438: 2971: 2025: 1752: 1588: 1510: 1504: 1447: 1297: 1293: 1194: 957: 237: 31: 3371: 3006: 2797:; Moline, Mark A.; Case, James F. (2010). "Bioluminescence in the Sea". 2726:"Evolution of bioluminescence in Anthozoa with emphasis on Octocorallia" 1467: 8298: 7875: 7840: 7480: 7432: 7377: 7347: 7253: 7170: 7114: 6991: 6941: 6626: 6561: 6350: 6330: 6114: 6087: 5872: 5785: 5156:"Philips launches 'Microbial Home' new forward looking design concepts" 4852:

Zhao, Dawen; Richer, Edmond; Antich, Peter P.; Mason, Ralph P. (2008).

4728: 4125: 3697: 3487: 3470: 2869: 2701: 2636:"Luminous fishes: Endocrine and neuronal regulation of bioluminescence" 2458:"Repeated and Widespread Evolution of Bioluminescence in Marine Fishes" 2000: 1951:

Darwin's Fishes: An Encyclopedia of Ichthyology, Ecology, and Evolution

1636: 1612: 1394: 1368: 1315: 1303: 1227: 1202: 1140: 1128: 1093: 1085: 1081: 1049: 1011: 987: 857: 824: 820: 816: 768: 756: 740: 732: 724: 670: 666: 553: 515: 490: 366: 138: 97: 6742: 4911:(4778). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 856–859. 3057: 1024:, the bacteria are an integral component of the animal's light organ. 8203: 8157: 7885: 7329: 7299: 7099: 7054: 7029: 6966: 6956: 6931: 6923: 6868: 6799: 6651: 6556: 6340: 6104: 6097: 6072: 5982: 5687: 4578:"Bioluminescent and Red-Fluorescent Lures in a Deep-Sea Siphonophore" 2963: 1704: 1673: 1487: 1410: 1398: 1327: 1206: 1198: 1089: 812: 748: 712: 692: 662: 623: 596: 569: 549: 406: 369:, who as a navy pilot had found his way back to his aircraft carrier 362: 273: 254: 192: 173: 165: 146: 134: 117: 64: 5534: 5036: 4902: 4669:

Koo, J.; Kim, Y.; Kim, J.; Yeom, M.; Lee, I. C.; Nam, H. G. (2007).

4117: 3681: 1992: 935: 864:

The most frequently encountered bioluminescent organisms may be the

835:; and in various terrestrial invertebrates, nearly all of which are 630: 277:"as a luminous animal" "just visible to the naked eye", and in 1854 8258: 8187: 7718: 7546: 7225: 7137: 7084: 7039: 6601: 6411: 5957: 5952: 5877: 5279: 5059: 4640:. Richard H. Moore (3rd ed.). New York: Taylor & Francis. 1438: 1430: 1332: 1321: 1289: 1277: 1273: 1258: 1253: 1214: 1164: 1154: 1077: 852: 760: 744: 736: 728: 688: 592: 568:). For example, the firefly luciferin/luciferase reaction requires 396: 351: 329: 242: 89: 69: 2554:

Wilson, Thérèse; Hastings, J. Woodland (1998). "Bioluminescence".

2172: 1643:

launched a microbial system for ambience lighting in the home. An

1599: 1486:

While most marine bioluminescence is green to blue, some deep sea

126:; in others, it is autogenic, produced by the animals themselves. 8248: 8055: 7925: 7920: 7547: 7495: 7155: 6800: 6611: 6571: 6541: 6519: 6139: 5927: 5827: 5675: 5263:"Glow-in-the-dark bacterial lights could illuminate shop windows" 3318:"Common Features of the Quorum Sensing Systems in Vibrio Species" 2723: 1682: 1677: 1640: 1620: 1604: 1514: 1414: 1386: 1378: 1261:; each individual zooid in the colony flashes a blue-green light. 1055: 654: 532: 220: 161: 113: 52: 6360: 5730: 5407:"Bioluminescence-Sensing Assay for Microbial Growth Recognition" 4026:

Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie

2906: 1627:

is researching the use of genetically engineered bioluminescent

1442:

fireflies sometimes mimic the light pattern of another firefly,

1032: 6596: 5922: 3907:"Glow-worms, railroad-worms (Insecta: Coleoptera: Phengodidae)" 2177:

Aglow in the Dark: The Revolutionary Science of Biofluorescence

1690:-based cell viability assays use the substrate coelenterazine. 1522: 1360: 1309: 1218: 1059: 903: 836: 720: 697: 557: 410: 380: 253:, summarizing early work on bioluminescence. Harvey notes that 209: 181: 130: 122: 105: 5640:

Smithsonian Ocean Portal: Bioluminescent animals photo gallery

3315: 1782:

http://www.nature.com/news/glowing-plants-spark-debate-1.13131

3931: 2230:

A History of Luminescence: From the Earliest Times Until 1900

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and others do this, emitting usually greenish light from the

1281: 1231: 1136: 1007: 752: 422:

to be the first to obtain crystalline luciferin. He used the

282: 150: 85: 723:(groups of very different organisms), including polycystine 318: 6092: 5655:

Canon Australia – Tips on How to Photograph Bioluminescence

5650:

Annual Review of Marine Science: Bioluminescence in the Sea

4210:"Oceanic Bioluminescence: an Overview of General Functions" 1526:) utilizes red bioluminescence in appendages to lure fish. 1426: 1406: 1234:

which may have an anti-predator function. The marine snail

808: 116:. In some animals, the light is bacteriogenic, produced by 5345: 4750: 4395:"Standards of evidence for bioluminescence in cockroaches" 2941: 1854:

The Microscope Made Easy and Employment for the Microscope

6154: 6144: 5404: 4668: 4575: 3849: 3663: 3607:"Evidence for light perception in a bioluminescent organ" 3468: 2677:"Illuminating the evolution of bioluminescence in sharks" 2080:"Chesapeake Bay night-lights add sparkle to woods, water" 1872:. Philadelphia & London: J. B. Lippencott. p. 1. 951:

Bioluminescence has several functions in different taxa.

704:, which in turn releases green light in a process called 301:

noticed bioluminescence in the sea, describing it in his

5619:

BBC: Red tide: Electric blue waves wash California shore

5257: 5255: 5178:"Philips Bio-light creates mood lighting with bacteria" 3773: 3604: 3153: 2455: 673:. Like all luciferins, it is oxidised to produce light. 5540:

Wilson, T.; Hastings, J.W. (1998). "Bioluminescence".

5037:

Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (21 April 2003).

4372:(Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865) (Blattodea: Blaberidae)" 1217:

if they were able to deter predation in this way. The

540:. The enzyme is a much larger molecule than luciferin. 168:

ions, and sometimes also the energy-carrying molecule

4851: 4709: 4507: 4365: 4019: 3352: 3088: 2451: 2449: 715:, luciferins tend to vary little: one in particular, 616: 5252: 4100:

Bowlby, Mark R.; Widder, Edith; Case, James (1990).

3845: 3843: 3411: 3263:"Bioluminescence and the Pelagic Visual Environment" 2402:; et al. (2010). "Bioluminescence in the Sea". 5106:

The New Scientist, Issue 2915, Retrieved 7 May 2013

5093:. Siobiolum.ucsd.edu. Retrieved on 20 October 2011. 4020:Meyer-Rochow, V. B.; Moore, S. (1988). "Biology of 2675:Ferrón, Humberto G. (2023). Ballen, Gustavo (ed.). 1385:Bioluminescence is used by a variety of animals to 1230:that emits light. It produces greenish luminescent 1006:In many animals of the deep sea, including several 5283:"Plants with genetically encoded autoluminescence" 4510:"Far Red Bioluminescence from Two Deep-Sea Fishes" 4160:. Marshall Cavendish. January 2004. p. 1115. 3932:Viviani, Vadim R.; Bechara, Etelvino J.H. (1997). 2446: 2174: 642: 603:. Generically, this reaction can be described as: 5520:Bioluminescence: Chemical Principles and Methods. 5129:"Bacteria-Powered Light Bulb Is Electricity-Free" 5022:. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Archived from 4392: 3840: 3718: 2793: 2307:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 974: 8337: 4453:Herring, Peter J.; Cope, Celia (December 2005). 4233:"Biology of Sharks and Rays: Cookiecutter Shark" 4099: 3823:Bioluminescence: Chemical Principles and Methods 1776:Callaway, E. 2013. Glowing plants spark debate. 285:) of fungi as the source of light in dead wood. 267:) mention light from damp wood. He records that 223:of other animals, for example to lure prey, and 5542:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 4571: 4569: 4567: 4448: 4446: 4444: 3214:"Bioluminescence | National Geographic Society" 2556:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 2232:. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. 1607:, genetically engineered to produce luciferase. 1010:species, bacterial bioluminescence is used for 346:Bioluminescence attracted the attention of the 215:The uses of bioluminescence by animals include 156:In some species, the luciferase requires other 5020:"Comprehensive Squid-Vibrio Publications List" 4180: 4051:Deheyn, Dimitri D.; Wilson, Nerida G. (2010). 3938:Annals of the Entomological Society of America 3267:Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 3027: 2900: 2588: 2553: 1954:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–16. 1457:South American giant cockroaches of the genus 683:makes use of another type of protein called a 7532: 6785: 5993:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems 5703: 5236:. Electricite de France. 2015. Archived from 2173:Pieribone, Vincent; Gruber, David F. (2005). 1471:Flashing of photophores of black dragonfish, 176:, luciferins vary little: one in particular, 4629: 4627: 4564: 4441: 4050: 3712: 3462: 2168: 2166: 2020: 2018: 1163:may use bioluminescence for defense against 445:for their 1961 discovery and development of 6058:Freshwater environmental quality parameters 5339: 4452: 3254: 2986: 2841: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2077: 1968: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1852:Harvey cites this as Baker, J.: 1743–1753, 1139:, are bioluminescent. Some squid and small 1120:startling the predator that is after them. 7753:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity 7539: 7525: 6792: 6778: 5710: 5696: 4256:"Glow-in-the-dark shark has killer smudge" 4183:"Bioluminescence in the terrestrial snail 3965:"Bioluminescent aposematism in millipedes" 3553: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2322: 2320: 1892:"Narrative of the Expedition to the Zaire" 803:creating bioluminescence in breaking waves 665:found in many different marine phyla from 96:. Bioluminescence occurs widely in marine 5479: 5422: 5381: 5363: 5314: 5234:"Glowee: A vision of night-time lighting" 5215: 5211: 5209: 5126: 5104:One Per Cent: Grow your own living lights 4995: 4879: 4869: 4820: 4776: 4727: 4686: 4624: 4366:Greven, Hartmut; Zwanzig, Nadine (2013). 4319: 4309: 4076: 3996: 3816: 3640: 3630: 3486: 3437: 3388: 3370: 3189: 3179: 3130: 3065: 2749: 2700: 2659: 2633: 2499: 2481: 2163: 2057:. Harvard University Press. p. 423. 2015: 1974: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1819: 719:, is the light emitting pigment for nine 560:; often there is a concurrent release of 145:. In all characterized cases, the enzyme 7651:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations 7290:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense 5634:TED: Glowing life in an underwater world 4662: 4342: 3549: 3547: 2847: 2044: 1936: 1598: 1466: 1359: 1247: 1107: 1031: 978: 934: 788: 653: 519: 317: 293:Narrative of the Expedition to the Zaire 63: 46: 7683:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model 5445: 5153: 4710:Nordgren, I. K.; Tavassoli, A. (2014). 3528: 3511: 2758: 2398: 2344: 2342: 2326: 2317: 2126: 1534: 677:Instead of a luciferase, the jellyfish 228:bioluminescent plant has been created. 14: 8338: 7491:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense 5717: 5206: 4253: 4208:Young, Richard Edward (October 1983). 4044: 3260: 2674: 2383: 2304: 2242: 2227: 1921: 1908: 1882: 1865: 1825: 1792: 1667: 889: 120:bacteria such as those from the genus 27:Emission of light by a living organism 7520: 6773: 6246: 6245: 5729: 5691: 5192:"E.glowli Cambridge: Parts submitted" 5091:Bioluminescence Questions and Answers 5084: 4757:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 4235:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research 4207: 3856:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3776:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3544: 3322:Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 2531:. National Geographic. Archived from 2199: 2181:. Harvard University Press. pp. 1947: 1581:is an experimental cancer treatment. 691:. When calcium ions are added, rapid 509: 112:, and terrestrial arthropods such as 7506:Predator avoidance in schooling fish 5645:National Geographic: Bioluminescence 5062:Metal Ions in Bio-Imaging Techniques 4633: 4181:Copeland, J.; Daston, M. M. (1989). 3745:10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081028 3237: 2819:10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081028 2525:"Surprising History of Glowing Fish" 2522: 2516: 2424:10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081028 2348: 2339: 2050: 1750: 1579:Bioluminescent activated destruction 7956:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis 6321:Oceanic physical-biological process 6183:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF) 5572:. McGill-Queen's University Press. 5226: 5175: 3904: 3529:Viviani, Vadim (17 February 2009). 2267: 2207:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008" 1676:to test for the presence of living 1594: 449:as a tool for biological research. 24: 7709:Ecological effects of biodiversity 5499: 4230: 3240:"'Milky seas' detected from space" 3238:Ross, Alison (27 September 2005). 2730:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2634:Paitio, José; Oba, Yuichi (2024). 2277:Tennessee Conservationist Magazine 2078:Reshetiloff, Kathy (1 July 2001). 1932:. Henry Colburn. pp. 190–192. 245:. In 1920, the American zoologist 180:, is found in 11 different animal 84:is the production and emission of 25: 8382: 7045:Generalist and specialist species 5583: 5535:http://hdl.handle.net/10724/20031 5446:Tannous, Bakhos A. (April 2009). 5127:Halverson, Nic (15 August 2013). 4343:Sullivan, Rachel (16 July 2014). 4157:Encyclopedia of the Aquatic World 3826:. World Scientific. p. 234. 2613:10.1038/scientificamerican1262-76 2051:Huth, John Edward (15 May 2013). 1288:Some bioluminous bacteria infect 930: 465:in 1993 and Rees et al. in 1998. 7768:Occupancy–abundance relationship 6754: 6753: 6741: 6727: 6359: 6031: 5848:Colored dissolved organic matter 5624:MBARI: Gonyaulax Bioluminescence 5590: 5554:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.14.1.197 5176:Cha, Bonnie (28 November 2011). 4057:Proceedings of the Royal Society 3430:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00157.x 3218:education.nationalgeographic.org 2568:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.14.1.197 1751:Ples, Marek (11 November 2021). 1529: 1243: 785:List of bioluminescent organisms 281:(1813–1871) identified strands ( 108:, microorganisms including some 8361:Counter-illumination camouflage 7788:Relative abundance distribution 7501:Plant defense against herbivory 7368:Competitive exclusion principle 7080:Mesopredator release hypothesis 6193:Latin America and the Caribbean 5680:Field Museum of Natural History 5664:American Natural History Museum 5439: 5398: 5273: 5184: 5169: 5147: 5120: 5109: 5096: 5053: 5030: 5012: 4955: 4896: 4845: 4793: 4744: 4703: 4501: 4386: 4359: 4336: 4274: 4247: 4224: 4201: 4174: 4148: 4093: 4013: 3956: 3925: 3898: 3810: 3767: 3725:Annual Review of Marine Science 3657: 3598: 3475:Journal of Experimental Biology 3405: 3346: 3309: 3231: 3206: 3147: 3082: 3021: 2935: 2799:Annual Review of Marine Science 2717: 2668: 2627: 2582: 2547: 2404:Annual Review of Marine Science 2392: 2377: 2351:Journal of Experimental Biology 2298: 2261: 2236: 2221: 2120: 2098: 2071: 2054:The Lost Art of Finding Our Way 1725: 1625:University of Wisconsin–Madison 1481: 1389:other species. Many species of 917: 880: 875:mareel or the milky seas effect 778: 431:Crystalline Cypridina Luciferin 7373:Consumer–resource interactions 6675:Ecological values of mangroves 6218:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 5064:. Springer. pp. 371–401. 4258:. Science News. Archived from 3261:Widder, Edith (January 2002). 2850:Journal of Molecular Evolution 1876: 1859: 1846: 1786: 1770: 1744: 1714:, 2016 full-length documentary 975:Counterillumination camouflage 236:Before the development of the 13: 1: 8219:Biological data visualization 8046:Environmental niche modelling 7773:Population viability analysis 4769:10.1128/AAC.49.1.380-387.2005 3531:"Terrestrial bioluminescence" 2270:"Lovely and Dangerous Lights" 2082:. Bay Journal. Archived from 1975:Shimomura, O. (August 1995). 1948:Pauly, Daniel (13 May 2004). 1738: 1517:which form part of its diet. 1265:Communication in the form of 1226:is the only known freshwater 1027: 643:{\displaystyle {\ce {->}}} 544:Bioluminescence is a form of 7704:Density-dependent inhibition 6695:Marine conservation activism 6680:Fisheries and climate change 5522:Word Scientific Publishing. 4925:10.1126/science.234.4778.856 4534:10.1126/science.225.4661.512 4254:Milius, S. (1 August 1998). 3721:"Bioluminescence in the Sea" 3324:. World Scientific: 97–100. 3181:10.1371/journal.pone.0083259 2483:10.1371/journal.pone.0155154 687:, in this case specifically 455: 7: 8173:Liebig's law of the minimum 8008:Resource selection function 6899:Metabolic theory of ecology 6690:Human impact on marine life 6567:Davidson Seamount § Ecology 5803:Aquatic population dynamics 3876:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.013 3796:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.013 1977:"A short story of aequorin" 1693: 1084:, especially in the family 650:Oxyluciferin + light energy 10: 8387: 8073:Niche apportionment models 7793:Relative species abundance 6997:Primary nutritional groups 6894:List of feeding behaviours 4968:Environmental Microbiology 4393:Merritt, David J. (2013). 4214:Bulletin of Marine Science 3330:10.1142/9789812776624_0021 3115:10.1038/s41598-021-98105-6 2228:Harvey, E. Newton (1957). 1869:The Nature of Animal Light 1866:Harvey, E. Newton (1920). 1780:, 498:15–16, 4 June 2013. 1538: 1477:, showing red fluorescence 1355: 1189: 1103: 1039:bioluminescent photophores 999: 782: 599:(Mg) ions and ATP for the 513: 251:The Nature of Animal Light 231: 29: 8322: 8254:Ecosystem based fisheries 8196: 8096: 8021: 7894: 7866:Interspecific competition 7831: 7758:Minimum viable population 7691: 7616:Maximum sustainable yield 7601:Intraspecific competition 7596:Effective population size 7559: 7476:Anti-predator adaptations 7461: 7340: 7267: 7224: 7146: 7113: 7010: 6987:Photosynthetic efficiency 6922: 6816: 6721: 6660: 6532: 6468: 6430: 6377: 6368: 6357: 6306:Marine primary production 6258: 6254: 6241: 6200:List of marine ecoregions 6175: 6040: 6029: 5743: 5739: 5725: 5672:Canadian Museum of Nature 5365:10.1186/s12879-017-2562-y 5299:10.1038/s41587-020-0500-9 5070:10.1515/9783110685701-019 4675:Plant and Cell Physiology 4479:10.1007/s00227-005-0085-3 4419:10.1007/s00114-013-1067-9 4185:Quantula (Dyakia) striata 3989:10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.012 3287:10.1080/10236240290025581 2661:10.1016/j.aaf.2023.04.003 2640:Aquaculture and Fisheries 2108:. Encyclopædia Britannica 1520:The angler siphonophore ( 1513:derivatives found in the 1413:on their heads called an 702:green fluorescent protein 447:green fluorescent protein 291:, in his posthumous 1818 8244:Ecological stoichiometry 8209:Alternative stable state 6552:Coastal biogeomorphology 6547:Marine coastal ecosystem 4822:10.3727/096368911X637452 4038:10.1002/iroh.19880730104 2523:Yong, Ed (8 June 2016). 2141:10.3406/pharm.2010.22136 1826:Freese, Barbara (2006). 1718: 1131:, including at least 70 706:resonant energy transfer 443:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 30:Not to be confused with 8088:Ontogenetic niche shift 7951:Ideal free distribution 7861:Ecological facilitation 7611:Malthusian growth model 7581:Consumer-resource model 7438:Paradox of the plankton 7403:Energy systems language 7123:Chemoorganoheterotrophy 7090:Optimal foraging theory 7065:Heterotrophic nutrition 6460:Paradox of the plankton 6271:Diel vertical migration 6165:Freshwater swamp forest 5883:GIS and aquatic science 5731:General components and 5568:Anctil, Michel (2018). 5352:BMC Infectious Diseases 4988:10.1111/1462-2920.12179 4594:10.1126/science.1110441 4370:Lucihormetica verrucosa 4311:10.1073/pnas.94.18.9723 3913:. University of Florida 3670:The Biological Bulletin 3632:10.1073/pnas.0904571106 3576:10.1126/science.1251214 2243:Anctil, Michel (2018). 1981:The Biological Bulletin 1633:bioluminescent bacteria 1561:bacteria symbiose with 1555:bioluminescence imaging 1045:Stauroteuthis syrtensis 1037:Stauroteuthis syrtensis 946:bioluminescent mushroom 582:adenosine monophosphate 336:from the crystal jelly 249:published a monograph, 110:bioluminescent bacteria 8234:Ecological forecasting 8178:Marginal value theorem 7976:Landscape epidemiology 7911:Cross-boundary subsidy 7846:Biological interaction 7196:Microbial intelligence 6884:Green world hypothesis 6286:Large marine ecosystem 5978:Shoaling and schooling 4069:10.1098/rspb.2010.2203 2921:10.1002/jcp.1030590302 2742:10.1098/rspb.2023.2626 2363:10.1242/jeb.201.8.1211 2329:Naval Research Reviews 2129:Rev Hist Pharm (Paris) 1884:Tuckey, James Hingston 1798:Lives of the Engineers 1608: 1567:Hawaiian bobtail squid 1478: 1382: 1262: 1150:Octopoteuthis deletron 1116: 1070:Pyrophorus nyctophanus 1040: 997: 948: 804: 674: 644: 637: 541: 343: 312: 170:adenosine triphosphate 78: 61: 8239:Ecological humanities 8138:Ecological energetics 8083:Niche differentiation 7946:Habitat fragmentation 7714:Ecological extinction 7661:Small population size 7413:Feed conversion ratio 7393:Ecological succession 7325:San Francisco Estuary 7239:Ecological efficiency 7181:Microbial cooperation 6705:Marine protected area 6632:Salt pannes and pools 6407:Marine larval ecology 6382:Census of Marine Life 6266:Deep scattering layer 6223:San Francisco Estuary 6188:Africa and Madagascar 6013:Underwater camouflage 5793:Aquatic biomonitoring 5733:freshwater ecosystems 5464:10.1038/nprot.2009.28 4345:"Out of the darkness" 3950:10.1093/aesa/90.3.389 3030:Haddock, Steven H. D. 1832:. Arrow. p. 51. 1829:Coal: A Human History 1631:bacteria, for use as 1602: 1577:for bioluminescence. 1539:Further information: 1488:barbeled dragonfishes 1470: 1363: 1251: 1122:Acanthephyra purpurea 1113:Acanthephyra purpurea 1111: 1058:use light to attract 1035: 1000:Further information: 993:Watasenia scintillans 982: 938: 855:light, and the genus 798: 783:Further information: 657: 645: 619: 523: 321: 307: 279:Johann Florian Heller 104:, as well as in some 67: 50: 36:Structural coloration 8264:Evolutionary ecology 8229:Ecological footprint 8224:Ecological economics 8148:Ecological threshold 8143:Ecological indicator 8013:Source–sink dynamics 7966:Land change modeling 7961:Insular biogeography 7813:Species distribution 7552:Modelling ecosystems 7211:Microbial metabolism 7050:Intraguild predation 6839:Biogeochemical cycle 6805:Modelling ecosystems 6440:Marine bacteriophage 6402:Marine invertebrates 5424:10.1155/2016/1492467 5287:Nature Biotechnology 4871:10.1096/fj.07-103713 4809:Cell Transplantation 4716:Molecular BioSystems 2795:Haddock, Steven H.D. 1897:Annals of Philosophy 1617:industrial designers 1563:marine invertebrates 1535:Biology and medicine 1080:, small shrimp-like 861:emits yellow light. 614: 427:Vargula hilgendorfii 186:evolutionary history 8371:Bioelectromagnetics 8314:Theoretical ecology 8289:Natural environment 8153:Ecosystem diversity 8123:Ecological collapse 8113:Bateman's principle 8068:Limiting similarity 7981:Landscape limnology 7803:Species homogeneity 7641:Population modeling 7636:Population dynamics 7453:Trophic state index 6316:Ocean fertilization 6125:Trophic state index 6083:Lake stratification 5813:Aquatic respiration 5629:UF/IFAS: glow-worms 5269:. 26 February 2016. 5154:Swaminathan, Miep. 5026:on 19 October 2014. 4980:2013EnvMi..15.2937A 4917:1986Sci...234..856O 4526:1984Sci...225..512W 4471:2005MarBi.148..383H 4411:2013NW....100..697M 4399:Naturwissenschaften 4302:1997PNAS...94.9723E 4106:Biological Bulletin 4063:(1715): 2112–2121. 3981:2011CBio...21.R680M 3868:2015MolPE..83..278W 3788:2007MolPE..45...33S 3737:2010ARMS....2..443H 3623:2009PNAS..106.9836T 3568:1976Sci...191.1046Y 3372:10.7554/eLife.47606 3279:2002MFBP...35....1W 3172:2014PLoSO...983259S 3107:2021NatSR..1119097K 3050:2017NatSR...745750M 3028:Martini, Séverine; 3007:10.1021/bi00709a028 2956:1975Natur.256..236S 2909:J Cell Comp Physiol 2862:1983JMolE..19..309H 2811:2010ARMS....2..443H 2693:2023Palgy..6612641F 2652:2024AqFis...9..486P 2605:1962SciAm.207f..76M 2592:Scientific American 2474:2016PLoSO..1155154D 2416:2010ARMS....2..443H 2357:(Pt 8): 1211–1221. 1668:ATP bioluminescence 1657:Neonothopanus nambi 1651:Aliivibrio fischeri 1575:experimental models 1547:genetic engineering 1454:cannot synthesize. 1296:larvae. When these 1016:counterillumination 1002:Counterillumination 985:counterillumination 890:Bacterial symbioses 636: 629: 217:counterillumination 204:and some groups of 133:, generally called 51:Flying and glowing 8325:Outline of ecology 8274:Industrial ecology 8269:Functional ecology 8133:Ecological deficit 8078:Niche construction 8041:Ecosystem engineer 7818:Species–area curve 7739:Introduced species 7554:: Other components 7486:Deimatic behaviour 7388:Ecological network 7320:North Pacific Gyre 7305:hydrothermal vents 7244:Ecological pyramid 7191:Microbial food web 7002:Primary production 6947:Foundation species 6582:Intertidal wetland 6577:Intertidal ecology 6445:Marine prokaryotes 6387:Deep-sea community 6281:Iron fertilization 6204:Specific examples 6130:Upland and lowland 6048:Freshwater biology 5913:Microbial food web 5823:Aquatic toxicology 5766:Aquatic adaptation 5719:Aquatic ecosystems 5411:Journal of Sensors 4729:10.1039/c3mb70438f 4688:10.1093/pcp/pcm081 4262:on 7 December 2009 4231:Martin, R. Aidan. 3911:Featured Creatures 3488:10.1242/jeb.072009 3095:Scientific Reports 3038:Scientific Reports 2870:10.1007/BF02101634 2702:10.1111/pala.12641 2026:"How illuminating" 1611:The structures of 1609: 1479: 1423:cookiecutter shark 1403:aggressive mimicry 1383: 1374:Bufoceratias wedli 1263: 1117: 1041: 998: 990:in firefly squid, 949: 827:molluscs; in some 805: 675: 640: 601:firefly luciferase 542: 510:Chemical mechanism 348:United States Navy 344: 153:of the luciferin. 92:. It is a form of 79: 75:Lampyris noctiluca 62: 8351:Fisheries science 8331: 8330: 8214:Balance of nature 7971:Landscape ecology 7856:Community ecology 7798:Species diversity 7734:Indicator species 7729:Gradient analysis 7606:Logistic function 7514: 7513: 7471:Animal coloration 7448:Trophic mutualism 7186:Microbial ecology 6977:Photoheterotrophs 6962:Myco-heterotrophy 6874:Ecosystem ecology 6859:Carrying capacity 6824:Abiotic component 6767: 6766: 6748:Oceans portal 6717: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6592:Hydrothermal vent 6528: 6527: 6417:Seashore wildlife 6248:Marine ecosystems 6237: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6003:Thermal pollution 5968:Ramsar Convention 5908:Microbial ecology 5868:Fisheries science 5808:Aquatic predation 5578:978-0-7735-5312-5 5511:978-81-308-0357-9 4858:The FASEB Journal 4647:978-0-203-88522-2 4637:Biology of fishes 4634:Bone, Q. (2008). 4520:(4661): 512–514. 4376:Entomologie Heute 4296:(18): 9723–9728. 4167:978-0-7614-7418-0 3975:(18): R680–R681. 3833:978-981-4366-08-3 3481:(19): 3335–3343. 3339:978-981-238-156-9 3058:10.1038/srep45750 3001:(12): 2656–2662. 2950:(5514): 236–238. 2400:Haddock, S. H. D. 2286:on 14 August 2014 2254:978-0-7735-5312-5 2192:978-0-674-01921-8 2064:978-0-674-07282-4 1961:978-1-139-45181-9 1839:978-0-09-947884-3 1807:978-0-7153-4281-7 1700:Animal coloration 1571:Euprymna scolopes 1474:Malacosteus niger 1021:Euprymna scolopes 963:Diplocardia longa 941:Mycena chlorophos 796: 680:Aequorea victoria 634: 627: 546:chemiluminescence 525:Protein structure 413:. He sent Harvey 395:) and the marine 339:Aequorea victoria 332:and its cofactor 143:firefly luciferin 94:chemiluminescence 16:(Redirected from 8378: 8031:Ecological niche 8003:selection theory 7823:Umbrella species 7808:Species richness 7744:Invasive species 7724:Flagship species 7631:Population cycle 7626:Overexploitation 7591:Ecological yield 7541: 7534: 7527: 7518: 7517: 7423:Mesotrophic soil 7363:Climax community 7295:Marine food webs 7234:Biomagnification 7035:Chemoorganotroph 6889:Keystone species 6849:Biotic component 6794: 6787: 6780: 6771: 6770: 6757: 6756: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6736: 6734:Lakes portal 6732: 6731: 6730: 6700:Marine pollution 6392:Deep-water coral 6375: 6374: 6363: 6296:Marine chemistry 6256: 6255: 6243: 6242: 6160:Freshwater marsh 6053:Freshwater biome 6035: 5751:Acoustic ecology 5741: 5740: 5727: 5726: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5689: 5688: 5594: 5593: 5565: 5516:Shimomura, Osamu 5494: 5493: 5483: 5452:Nature Protocols 5443: 5437: 5436: 5426: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5385: 5367: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5318: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5259: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5240:on 10 March 2016 5230: 5224: 5223: 5213: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5131:. Archived from 5124: 5118: 5113: 5107: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5016: 5010: 5009: 4999: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4883: 4873: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4824: 4815:(9): 1997–2008. 4806: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4780: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4731: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4690: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4631: 4622: 4621: 4573: 4562: 4561: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4450: 4439: 4438: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4323: 4313: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4080: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4022:Latia neritoides 4017: 4011: 4010: 4000: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3818:Shimomura, Osamu 3814: 3808: 3807: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3644: 3634: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3562:(4231): 1046–8. 3551: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3526: 3509: 3508: 3490: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3441: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3392: 3374: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3193: 3183: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3134: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3069: 3025: 3019: 3018: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2964:10.1038/256236a0 2939: 2933: 2932: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2791: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2704: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2503: 2485: 2453: 2444: 2443: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2346: 2337: 2336: 2324: 2315: 2314: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2285: 2279:. Archived from 2274: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2209:. 8 October 2008 2203: 2197: 2196: 2180: 2170: 2161: 2160: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2022: 2013: 2012: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1945: 1934: 1933: 1919: 1906: 1905: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1863: 1857: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1790: 1784: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1748: 1732: 1729: 1664:into luciferin. 1595:Light production 1348:Quantula striata 1292:that parasitize 1237:Hinea brasiliana 1223:Latia neritoides 1098:Bermuda fireworm 849:loose-jawed fish 847:. However, some 841:deep-sea animals 799:Huge numbers of 797: 649: 647: 646: 641: 639: 638: 635: 632: 628: 625: 537:Photinus pyralis 247:E. Newton Harvey 58:Photinus pyralis 21: 8386: 8385: 8381: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8375: 8346:Bioluminescence 8336: 8335: 8332: 8327: 8318: 8304:Systems ecology 8192: 8163:Extinction debt 8128:Ecological debt 8118:Bioluminescence 8099: 8092: 8061:marine habitats 8036:Ecological trap 8017: 7897: 7890: 7833: 7827: 7783:Rapoport's rule 7778:Priority effect 7719:Endemic species 7687: 7646:Population size 7562: 7555: 7545: 7515: 7510: 7463: 7457: 7443:Trophic cascade 7353:Bioaccumulation 7336: 7263: 7220: 7142: 7109: 7006: 6918: 6879:Ecosystem model 6812: 6798: 6768: 6763: 6740: 6739: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6709: 6670:Coral bleaching 6656: 6637:Seagrass meadow 6534:Marine habitats 6524: 6498:Coral reef fish 6464: 6450:Marine protists 6426: 6364: 6355: 6326:Ocean turbidity 6301:Marine food web 6250: 6229: 6171: 6110:River ecosystem 6063:Freshwater fish 6036: 6027: 5833:Bioluminescence 5818:Aquatic science 5735: 5721: 5716: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5608:Bioluminescence 5595: 5591: 5586: 5539: 5502: 5500:Further reading 5497: 5444: 5440: 5403: 5399: 5344: 5340: 5278: 5274: 5261: 5260: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5214: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5174: 5170: 5160: 5158: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5110: 5101: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5041:. Science Daily 5035: 5031: 5018: 5017: 5013: 4974:(11): 2937–50. 4960: 4956: 4901: 4897: 4850: 4846: 4804: 4798: 4794: 4749: 4745: 4708: 4704: 4667: 4663: 4648: 4632: 4625: 4574: 4565: 4506: 4502: 4451: 4442: 4391: 4387: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4341: 4337: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4229: 4225: 4206: 4202: 4197:(1–2): 317–324. 4179: 4175: 4168: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4118:10.2307/1542326 4098: 4094: 4049: 4045: 4018: 4014: 3969:Current Biology 3961: 3957: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3905:Branham, Marc. 3903: 3899: 3848: 3841: 3834: 3815: 3811: 3772: 3768: 3717: 3713: 3682:10.2307/1542994 3662: 3658: 3617:(24): 9836–41. 3603: 3599: 3552: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3527: 3512: 3467: 3463: 3410: 3406: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3314: 3310: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3152: 3148: 3087: 3083: 3026: 3022: 2991: 2987: 2940: 2936: 2905: 2901: 2846: 2842: 2792: 2759: 2722: 2718: 2673: 2669: 2632: 2628: 2587: 2583: 2552: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2521: 2517: 2468:(6): e0155154. 2454: 2447: 2397: 2393: 2386:Bioluminescence 2382: 2378: 2347: 2340: 2325: 2318: 2303: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2272: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2241: 2237: 2226: 2222: 2212: 2210: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2171: 2164: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2109: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2032:. 10 March 2011 2024: 2023: 2016: 1993:10.2307/1542194 1973: 1969: 1962: 1946: 1937: 1923:Darwin, Charles 1920: 1909: 1888:Thomson, Thomas 1881: 1877: 1864: 1860: 1851: 1847: 1840: 1824: 1820: 1808: 1791: 1787: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1757:weirdscience.eu 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1711:Life That Glows 1696: 1670: 1597: 1543: 1537: 1532: 1484: 1409:. They have an 1358: 1246: 1192: 1161:Dinoflagellates 1106: 1030: 1004: 977: 933: 920: 892: 883: 866:dinoflagellates 801:dinoflagellates 789: 787: 781: 773:ray-finned fish 631: 626:other cofactors 624: 618: 617: 615: 612: 611: 610: 579: 576:and produces CO 567: 518: 512: 484: 480: 476: 458: 420:Osamu Shimomura 402:Pholas dactylus 383:pharmacologist 356:First World War 323:Osamu Shimomura 264:Natural History 259:Pliny the Elder 234: 197:Pliny the Elder 82:Bioluminescence 43: 40:Phosphorescence 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8384: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8284:Microecosystem 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8185: 8183:Thorson's rule 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8108:Assembly rules 8104: 8102: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8027: 8025: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8005: 7993: 7991:Patch dynamics 7988: 7986:Metapopulation 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7902: 7900: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7881:Storage effect 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7837: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7763:Neutral theory 7760: 7755: 7750: 7748:Native species 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7695: 7693: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7621:Overpopulation 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7567: 7565: 7557: 7556: 7544: 7543: 7536: 7529: 7521: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7467: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7428:Nutrient cycle 7425: 7420: 7418:Feeding frenzy 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7398:Energy quality 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7358:Cascade effect 7355: 7350: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7230: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7201:Microbial loop 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7166:Lithoautotroph 7163: 7158: 7152: 7150: 7148:Microorganisms 7144: 7143: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7119: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7107: 7105:Prey switching 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7016: 7014: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6982:Photosynthesis 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6937:Chemosynthesis 6934: 6928: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6829:Abiotic stress 6826: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6797: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6774: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6751: 6737: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6488:Saltwater fish 6485: 6483:Marine reptile 6480: 6474: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6455:Marine viruses 6452: 6447: 6442: 6436: 6434: 6432:Microorganisms 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6422:Wild fisheries 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6336:Thorson's rule 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6291:Marine biology 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6262: 6260: 6252: 6251: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6202: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6150:Brackish marsh 6147: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6078:Lake ecosystem 6075: 6070: 6068:Hyporheic zone 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6037: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5918:Microbial loop 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5863:Eutrophication 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5843:Cascade effect 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5771:Aquatic animal 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5747: 5745: 5737: 5736: 5723: 5722: 5715: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5668:Ottawa, Canada 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5596: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5584:External links 5582: 5581: 5580: 5566: 5537: 5531: 5513: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5458:(4): 582–591. 5438: 5397: 5338: 5293:(8): 944–946. 5272: 5251: 5225: 5205: 5183: 5168: 5146: 5135:on 25 May 2016 5119: 5108: 5095: 5083: 5052: 5029: 5011: 4954: 4895: 4864:(7): 2445–51. 4844: 4792: 4743: 4722:(3): 485–490. 4702: 4681:(8): 1121–31. 4661: 4646: 4623: 4563: 4500: 4465:(2): 383–394. 4459:Marine Biology 4440: 4405:(7): 697–698. 4385: 4358: 4335: 4282:Eisner, Thomas 4273: 4246: 4223: 4200: 4173: 4166: 4147: 4112:(3): 340–350. 4092: 4043: 4012: 3955: 3944:(3): 389–398. 3924: 3897: 3839: 3832: 3809: 3766: 3731:(1): 443–493. 3711: 3656: 3597: 3543: 3510: 3461: 3424:(5): 507–532. 3404: 3345: 3338: 3308: 3253: 3230: 3205: 3146: 3081: 3032:(April 2017). 3020: 2985: 2934: 2899: 2840: 2757: 2716: 2667: 2646:(3): 486–500. 2626: 2581: 2562:(1): 197–230. 2546: 2535:on 9 June 2016 2515: 2445: 2391: 2376: 2338: 2316: 2297: 2268:Fulcher, Bob. 2260: 2253: 2235: 2220: 2198: 2191: 2162: 2135:(365): 51–56. 2119: 2106:"Luminescence" 2097: 2070: 2063: 2043: 2014: 1967: 1960: 1935: 1907: 1875: 1858: 1845: 1838: 1818: 1806: 1794:Smiles, Samuel 1785: 1769: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1723: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1707: 1702: 1695: 1692: 1669: 1666: 1596: 1593: 1551:reporter genes 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1490:in the genera 1483: 1480: 1377:, showing the 1357: 1354: 1267:quorum sensing 1245: 1242: 1191: 1188: 1180:railroad worms 1178:The larvae of 1105: 1102: 1029: 1026: 976: 973: 969:coelomic fluid 953:Steven Haddock 932: 931:Uses in nature 929: 919: 916: 898:Photobacterium 891: 888: 882: 879: 845:light spectrum 780: 777: 717:coelenterazine 659:Coelenterazine 652: 651: 622: 608: 577: 565: 562:carbon dioxide 514:Main article: 511: 508: 482: 478: 474: 463:Howard Seliger 457: 454: 439:Roger Y. Tsien 435:Martin Chalfie 385:Raphaël Dubois 334:coelenterazine 299:Charles Darwin 233: 230: 178:coelenterazine 26: 18:Bioluminescent 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8383: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8356:Light sources 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8334: 8326: 8321: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8309:Urban ecology 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8168:Kleiber's law 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8095: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7941:Foster's rule 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7558: 7553: 7549: 7542: 7537: 7535: 7530: 7528: 7523: 7522: 7519: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7260: 7259:Trophic level 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7216:Phage ecology 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7206:Microbial mat 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7161:Bacteriophage 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7128:Decomposition 7126: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7075:Mesopredators 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7020:Apex predator 7018: 7017: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6854:Biotic stress 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6815: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6790: 6788: 6783: 6781: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6760: 6752: 6749: 6744: 6738: 6735: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6642:Sponge ground 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6607:Marine biomes 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6508:Demersal fish 6506: 6504: 6503:Deep-sea fish 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6478:Marine mammal 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6362: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6244: 6240: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6034: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6008:Trophic level 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5973:Sediment trap 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5948:Phytoplankton 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5798:Aquatic plant 5796: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5761:Anoxic waters 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5706: 5701: 5699: 5694: 5693: 5690: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5661:New York City 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5603: 5599: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5528:981-256-801-8 5525: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5268: 5267:New Scientist 5264: 5258: 5256: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5221: 5220: 5219:New Scientist 5212: 5210: 5193: 5187: 5179: 5172: 5157: 5150: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5117: 5112: 5105: 5102:(4 May 2013) 5099: 5092: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5040: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4630: 4628: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4588:(5732): 263. 4587: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4371: 4362: 4347:. ABC Science 4346: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4234: 4227: 4220:(4): 829–845. 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4186: 4177: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3844: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3548: 3532: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3439:2027.42/73754 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3341: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3273:(1–2): 1–26. 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3241: 3234: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3166:(1): e83259. 3165: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2915:(3): 223–39. 2914: 2910: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2856:(5): 309–21. 2855: 2851: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2681:Palaeontology 2678: 2671: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2450: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2345: 2343: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2321: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2282: 2278: 2271: 2264: 2256: 2250: 2246: 2239: 2231: 2224: 2208: 2202: 2194: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2178: 2169: 2167: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2131:(in French). 2130: 2123: 2107: 2101: 2086:on 1 May 2019 2085: 2081: 2074: 2066: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2047: 2031: 2030:The Economist 2027: 2021: 2019: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1971: 1963: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1931: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1879: 1871: 1870: 1862: 1855: 1849: 1841: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1822: 1815: 1814:L. T. C. Rolt 1809: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1779: 1773: 1758: 1754: 1747: 1743: 1728: 1724: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1606: 1601: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1542: 1530:Biotechnology 1527: 1525: 1524: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1494: 1493:Aristostomias 1489: 1476: 1475: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1460:Lucihormetica 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1391:deep sea fish 1388: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1367: 1362: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1276:are colonial 1275: 1271: 1268: 1260: 1257:, a colonial 1256: 1255: 1250: 1244:Communication 1241: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1211:brittle stars 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1114: 1110: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1071: 1065: 1064:Click beetles 1061: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1038: 1034: 1025: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1003: 995: 994: 989: 986: 983:Principle of 981: 972: 970: 966: 964: 959: 954: 947: 943: 942: 937: 928: 925: 915: 913: 908: 906: 905: 900: 899: 887: 878: 876: 871: 870:phytoplankton 867: 862: 860: 859: 854: 851:emit red and 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 802: 786: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 694: 690: 686: 682: 681: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 620: 607:Luciferin + O 606: 605: 604: 602: 598: 594: 591: 587: 586:pyrophosphate 583: 575: 571: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 539: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 517: 507: 505: 499: 495: 492: 486: 470: 466: 464: 453: 450: 448: 444: 441:won the 2008 440: 436: 433:. Shimomura, 432: 428: 425: 421: 416: 412: 408: 404: 403: 398: 394: 390: 389:click beetles 386: 382: 377: 375: 374: 368: 364: 359: 357: 353: 349: 341: 340: 335: 331: 328: 325:isolated the 324: 320: 316: 311: 306: 304: 300: 296: 294: 290: 286: 284: 280: 276: 275: 270: 266: 265: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 239: 229: 226: 222: 218: 213: 211: 207: 206:invertebrates 202: 198: 194: 189: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 154: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 127: 125: 124: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 102:invertebrates 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 77: 76: 71: 66: 60: 59: 54: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8333: 8294:Regime shift 8279:Macroecology 8117: 8000: 7996: 7936:Edge effects 7906:Biogeography 7851:Commensalism 7699:Biodiversity 7576:Allee effect 7315:kelp forests 7268:Example webs 7133:Detritivores 6972:Organotrophs 6952:Kinetotrophs 6904:Productivity 6662:Conservation 6513:Pelagic fish 6493:Coastal fish 6397:Marine fungi 6135:Water garden 6018:Water column 5963:Productivity 5938:Pelagic zone 5898:Macrobenthos 5888:Hydrobiology 5858:Ecohydrology 5832: 5606: 5605: 5604:profile for 5601: 5569: 5545: 5541: 5519: 5455: 5451: 5441: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5290: 5286: 5275: 5266: 5242:. 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Retrieved 1756: 1746: 1727: 1709: 1687: 1681: 1671: 1662:caffeic acid 1655: 1649: 1610: 1603:A "Firefly" 1589:chromophores 1584: 1583: 1570: 1565:such as the 1558: 1544: 1541:optogenetics 1521: 1519: 1503: 1499:Pachystomias 1497: 1491: 1485: 1482:Illumination 1472: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1448:lucibufagins 1443: 1437: 1435: 1420: 1401:make use of 1393:such as the 1384: 1372: 1346: 1345: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1302: 1298:caterpillars 1287: 1272: 1264: 1252: 1235: 1221: 1193: 1183: 1177: 1169: 1159: 1148: 1126: 1121: 1118: 1112: 1075: 1068: 1054: 1044: 1042: 1036: 1019: 1005: 991: 961: 950: 939: 924:benthic zone 921: 918:Benthic zone 909: 902: 896: 893: 884: 881:Pelagic zone 863: 856: 817:comb jellies 806: 779:Distribution 741:comb jellies 710: 685:photoprotein 678: 676: 667:comb jellies 590:photoprotein 543: 535: 500: 496: 487: 471: 467: 459: 451: 430: 426: 400: 392: 378: 372: 360: 345: 337: 327:photoprotein 313: 308: 302: 297: 292: 287: 272: 269:Robert Boyle 262: 250: 235: 219:camouflage, 214: 208:, including 201:Robert Boyle 190: 155: 128: 121: 81: 80: 73: 56: 44: 7931:Disturbance 7834:interaction 7656:Recruitment 7586:Depensation 7378:Copiotrophs 7249:Energy flow 7171:Lithotrophy 7115:Decomposers 7095:Planktivore 7070:Insectivore 7060:Heterotroph 7025:Bacterivore 6992:Phototrophs 6942:Chemotrophs 6914:Restoration 6864:Competition 6647:Sponge reef 6622:Rocky shore 6617:Oyster reef 6587:Kelp forest 6470:Vertebrates 6370:Marine life 6346:Viral shunt 6311:Marine snow 6213:Maharashtra 6120:Stream pool 6023:Zooplankton 5943:Photic zone 5903:Meiobenthos 5756:Algal bloom 5682:) webpage: 5548:: 197–230. 4351:17 December 4191:Malacologia 3917:29 November 3862:: 278–292. 3536:26 November 2805:: 443–493. 2410:: 443–493. 2290:28 November 2213:23 November 2112:16 December 2090:16 December 1660:to convert 1639:. In 2011, 1613:photophores 1573:), are key 1511:chlorophyll 1505:Malacosteus 1405:to attract 1294:Lepidoptera 1203:scale worms 1195:Aposematism 1184:Phrixothrix 1172:sea-firefly 1141:crustaceans 1129:cephalopods 1082:crustaceans 1050:photophores 960:), such as 958:Oligochaeta 821:crustaceans 769:vertebrates 765:arrow worms 757:crustaceans 671:vertebrates 424:sea firefly 238:safety lamp 98:vertebrates 32:Iridescence 8340:Categories 8299:Sexecology 7876:Parasitism 7841:Antibiosis 7676:Resistance 7671:Resilience 7561:Population 7481:Camouflage 7433:Oligotroph 7348:Ascendency 7310:intertidal 7300:cold seeps 7254:Food chain 7055:Herbivores 7030:Carnivores 6957:Mixotrophs 6932:Autotrophs 6811:components 6627:Salt marsh 6562:Coral reef 6351:Whale fall 6331:Photophore 6208:Everglades 6176:Ecoregions 6115:Stream bed 6088:Macrophyte 6041:Freshwater 5873:Food chain 5786:Water bird 5358:(1): 458. 5198:6 December 5045:4 December 3418:Cladistics 3365:: e47606. 3223:28 January 2313:: 135–141. 2036:6 December 1987:(1): 1–5. 1904:(65): 392. 1739:References 1637:light bulb 1399:dragonfish 1395:anglerfish 1369:anglerfish 1316:Omphalotus 1304:Armillaria 1215:cnidarians 1199:millipedes 1155:autotomize 1096:worm, the 1094:polychaete 1090:Pheromones 1086:Cyprididae 1028:Attraction 1012:camouflage 988:camouflage 967:where the 858:Tomopteris 825:cephalopod 747:including 733:Phaeodaria 725:radiolaria 633:Luciferase 584:(AMP) and 554:luciferase 529:luciferase 516:Luciferase 504:octocorals 491:Cretaceous 393:Pyrophorus 373:Shangri-La 367:Jim Lovell 365:astronaut 172:(ATP). In 160:, such as 139:luciferase 88:by living 8204:Allometry 8158:Emergence 7886:Symbiosis 7871:Mutualism 7666:Stability 7571:Abundance 7383:Dominance 7341:Processes 7330:tide pool 7226:Food webs 7100:Predation 7085:Omnivores 7012:Consumers 6967:Mycotroph 6924:Producers 6869:Ecosystem 6834:Behaviour 6652:Tide pool 6557:Cold seep 6341:Upwelling 6105:Rheotaxis 6098:Fish pond 6073:Limnology 5998:Substrate 5983:Siltation 5853:Dead zone 5472:1754-2189 5433:1687-725X 5374:1471-2334 5333:216559981 5307:1546-1696 5078:233628296 4933:0036-8075 4656:244632464 4602:0036-8075 4542:0036-8075 4487:0025-3162 3884:1055-7903 3753:1941-1405 3690:0006-3185 3497:0022-0949 3448:0748-3007 3381:2050-084X 3295:1023-6244 3123:2045-2322 3044:: 45750. 2878:1432-1432 2711:0031-0239 2621:0036-8733 2529:Phenomena 2492:1932-6203 2149:0035-2349 1929:1832–1836 1705:Biophoton 1674:biosensor 1621:fireflies 1411:appendage 1328:Pleurotus 1290:nematodes 1280:and each 1278:tunicates 1274:Pyrosomes 1228:gastropod 1207:jellyfish 1165:predators 1078:ostracods 1056:Fireflies 813:jellyfish 749:jellyfish 713:evolution 693:catalysis 663:luciferin 597:magnesium 570:magnesium 550:luciferin 456:Evolution 407:luciferin 363:Apollo 13 274:Noctiluca 255:Aristotle 225:signaling 193:Aristotle 174:evolution 166:magnesium 158:cofactors 151:oxidation 147:catalyzes 135:luciferin 118:symbiotic 114:fireflies 90:organisms 8259:Endolith 8188:Xerosere 8100:networks 7916:Ecocline 7462:Defense, 7138:Detritus 7040:Foraging 6909:Resource 6759:Category 6685:HERMIONE 6602:Mangrove 6412:Seagrass 5958:Pleuston 5953:Plankton 5933:Particle 5878:Food web 5518:(2006). 5490:19373229 5392:28666419 5325:32341562 5006:23819708 4949:32603977 4941:17758108 4890:18263704 4839:21603693 4831:22469297 4787:15616318 4738:24382456 4697:17597079 4618:29284690 4610:16002609 4558:31510972 4550:17750854 4495:86463272 4435:33240197 4427:23740173 4382:: 77–97. 4266:13 March 4239:13 March 4142:42380533 4134:29314963 4087:21159673 4007:21959150 3892:25482362 3820:(2012). 3804:17644427 3761:21141672 3706:28296499 3651:19509343 3592:11284796 3505:22956246 3456:31107773 3399:31571583 3303:85259393 3246:13 March 3200:24421880 3160:PLOS ONE 3141:34580316 3076:28374789 2929:13911999 2827:21141672 2751:11040251 2736:(2021). 2510:27276229 2462:PLOS ONE 2432:21141672 2157:20533808 1925:(1839). 1796:(1862). 1694:See also 1678:microbes 1515:copepods 1452:Photuris 1450:, which 1444:Photinus 1439:Photuris 1431:mackerel 1366:deep sea 1333:mycelium 1322:Panellus 1259:tunicate 1254:Pyrosoma 912:spawning 853:infrared 833:bacteria 761:molluscs 745:cnidaria 737:protozoa 729:Cercozoa 689:aequorin 621:→ 593:aequorin 552:, and a 409:, by an 399:mollusc 352:Cold War 342:in 1961. 330:aequorin 261:(in his 243:firedamp 70:glowworm 8366:Mimicry 8249:Ecopath 8056:Habitat 7926:Ecotype 7921:Ecotone 7898:ecology 7896:Spatial 7832:Species 7692:Species 7563:ecology 7548:Ecology 7496:Mimicry 7464:counter 7408:f-ratio 7156:Archaea 6844:Biomass 6817:General 6809:Trophic 6801:Ecology 6612:Mudflat 6572:Estuary 6542:Bay mud 6520:Seabird 6276:f-ratio 6259:General 6140:Wetland 5928:Neuston 5893:Hypoxia 5838:Biomass 5828:Benthos 5744:General 5676:Chicago 5670:-based 5636:(video) 5598:Scholia 5562:9891783 5481:2692611 5417:: 1–5. 5383:5493863 5316:7610436 5244:4 March 4997:3937295 4976:Bibcode 4913:Bibcode 4905:Science 4881:4426986 4582:Science 4522:Bibcode 4514:Science 4467:Bibcode 4407:Bibcode 4330:9275191 4298:Bibcode 4126:1542326 4078:3107627 3998:3221455 3977:Bibcode 3864:Bibcode 3784:Bibcode 3733:Bibcode 3698:1542994 3642:2700988 3619:Bibcode 3584:1251214 3564:Bibcode 3556:Science 3390:6773444 3275:Bibcode 3191:3885428 3168:Bibcode 3132:8476577 3103:Bibcode 3067:5379559 3046:Bibcode 3015:4151620 2980:4176627 2952:Bibcode 2886:6358519 2858:Bibcode 2835:3872860 2807:Bibcode 2689:Bibcode 2648:Bibcode 2601:Bibcode 2576:9891783 2539:11 June 2501:4898709 2470:Bibcode 2440:3872860 2412:Bibcode 2371:9510532 2009:7654844 2001:1542194 1890:(ed.). 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